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Species-specific disturbance calls of five commercially-important characiform species are described, the Curimatidae commonly called branquinhas: Potamorhina latior, Potamorhina altamazonica and Psectrogaster amazonica; Prochilodontidae: jaraquí Semaprochilodus insignis and curimatã Prochilodus nigricans. All species have a two-chambered swimbladder and the sonic mechanism, present exclusively in males, utilises hypertrophied red muscles between ribs that adhere to the anterior chamber. The number of muscles is unusually plastic across species and varies from 1 to 4 pairs suggesting considerable evolution in an otherwise conservative system. Advertisement calls are produced in river confluences in the Madeira Basin during the high-water mating season (January-February). Disturbance calls and sampling allowed recognition of underwater advertisement choruses from P. latior, S. insignis and P. nigricans. The advertisement calls of the first two species have largely similar characteristics and they mate in partially overlapping areas in the Guaporé River. However, P. latior sounds have a lower dominant frequency and it prefers to call from river confluences whereas S. insignis shoals occur mostly in the main river channel adjacent to the confluence. These results help identify and differentiate underwater sounds and evaluate breeding areas during the courtship of commercially important characids likely to be affected by two hydroelectric dams.

Resumen La Cachama negra (Colossoma macropomum) es un pez nativo de Sur América. En Colombia, no hay estudios publicados sobre protocolos estandarizados para su crioconservación seminal. La implementación de esta biotecnología permitiría su producción comercial continua e introducción en bancos de recursos genéticos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la crioconservación sobre el semen de C. macropomum sometido a diferentes crioprotectores y sistemas de empaque con miras a consolidar un protocolo eficiente para la especie. Se utilizó semen de tres machos sexualmente maduros (4.6 ± 1.6 kg). El semen fue diluido en una proporción 1:4 usando tres diferentes agentes crioprotectores (Dimetilsulfoxido 10% [DMSO], Metanol 10% [MET], Etilenglicol 5% [ETG]) con o sin la inclusión de yema de huevo 12% (YH) y glucosa 5.5%. Además, fueron evaluados dos sistemas de empaque (pajillas de 0.5 ml y macrotubos de 2.0 ml), las cuales fueron expuestas a vapores de nitrógeno líquido (NL) y luego almacenadas durante 8 meses. El semen fue descongelado en baño de agua a 37°C por 60 s y se determinó la motilidad masal (%) [MM], duración de la motilidad (s) [DM], integridad de membrana plasmática (%) [IMP] y fertilidad (%). La motilidad postdescongelación en todos los tratamientos fue significativamente diferente (P

Dagosta, Fernando C.P., Pinna, Mário De (2019): The Fishes Of The Amazon: Distribution And Biogeographical Patterns, With A Comprehensive List Of Species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2019 (431): 1-167, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.431.1.1, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-american-museum-of-natural-history/volume-2019/issue-431/0003-0090.431.1.1/The-Fishes-of-the-Amazon--Distribution-and-Biogeographical-Patterns/10.1206/0003-0090.431.1.1.full

Steindachnerina nigrotaenia (Boulenger, 1902) Fig. 2, Tab. 2 Curimatus nigrotaenia Boulenger, 1902:2 [type-locality: Mato Grosso, rio Coxip��].- Eigenmann, 1910:421 [reference]. - Vari, 1989, tables 2, 3 [assignment to Steindachnerina]. - Tortonese, 1961:184 [Catalog: three syntypes]. - Litz & Koerber, 2014:9 [Check list; synonym of Steindachnerina brevipinna]. Curimata nigrotaenia.- Fern��ndez-Y��pez, 1948:73 [reference].- Fowler, 1950:288 [literature compilation].- Fowler, 1975:369 [reference].- Ringuelet, 1975:72 [Argentina, rio Paraguai system]. Steindachnerina nigrotaenia.- Britski, 1996:74 (previous resurrection).- Britski et al., 1999:72 [diagnose in key; shortened description; text-figure; Pantanal do Mato Grosso].- Britski et al., 2007: 96 [diagnose in key; shortened description; text figure; Pantanal do Mato Grosso].- Polaz et al., 2014:125 [list of species from Parque Nacional do Pantanal Matogrossense]. Steindachnerina insculpta.- Vari, 1991:71 [in part, material from rio Paraguai basin, not from upper rio Paran�� basin]. - Aguilera et al., 2018:1018 [Argentina: r��o San Francisco, Bermejo river basin, Jujuy, and Madrej��n El Divisadero, Bermejo river basin, Salta]. Steindachnerina brevipinna. - Vari, 1991:97 [in part, material from Mato Grosso, upper rio Paraguai]. ? Curimata nasa.- G��ry et al., 1987:425, fig. 41 [material from arroyo Trementina, rio Paraguai basin]. Diagnosis. Steindachnerina nigrotaenia can be distin- guished from all congeners, except S. binotata (Pearson, 1924), S. biornata, S. dobula (G��nther, 1868), S. hypostoma (Boulenger, 1887), S. insculpta, S. leucisca (G��nther, 1868), S. notograptos Lucinda & Vari, 2009, and S. varii G��ry, Planquette, Le Bail, 1991, by possessing an unpigmented dorsal fin (vs. a dorsal fin with a spot of dark pigmentation on the basal portion of the middle rays). Steindachnerina nigrotaenia has 43 to 48 perforated scales in the lateral line series running from the supracleithrum to the middle rays of the caudal fin, differing from S. binotata, S. leucisca and S. notograptos, which have 50 or more perforated scales in that series and from S. biornata and S. varii which have fewer than 40 perforated scales in the lateral line series. Steindachnerina nigrotaenia differs from S. hypostoma by possessing a relatively shallower body with greatest body depth 24-27% of SL (vs. 29-34% of SL). Steindachnerina nigrotaenia differs from S. dobula and S. varii by having a dark midlateral stripe extending from the rear of the opercle posteriorly onto middle rays of caudal fin (vs. dark midlateral stripe beginning posterior to a verti- cal line through the dorsal-fin origin, and continuing posteriorly to the middle rays of the caudal fin). Steindachnerina nigrotaenia differs from the very similar S. insculpta by the generally higher number of perforated scales along the lateral line series (43 to 48, 45 most frequent, vs. 40 to 45, 42 most frequent and 44 and 45 in only 1.3% of specimens examined for this feature, respectively; Fig. 3), by the total number of scale rows in the transverse series from the dorsal-fin origin to the pelvic-fin base (13 to 16, 14 most frequent, vs. 12 to 14, 12 most frequent and 13.5 and 14 in only 6.4% and 1.3% of specimens examined for this feature, respectively; Fig. 4). Steindachnerina nigrotaenia can also be discriminated from congeners by a combination of the following features: multiple lobulated fleshy processes on the roof of the oral cavity, absence of a wide, flattened prepelvic region of the body, possession of 43 to 48 perforated scales in the lateral line series, 13 to 16 scales in the transversal series, lack of a dark spot on the basal portions of the dorsal fin and the presence of a dark midlateral stripe along the lateral surface of the body. Description. Morphometric data of lectotype, paralecto- types and other specimens are summarized in Tab. 2. Body relatively elongate, somewhat compressed. Dorsal profile of head slightly convex anteriorly, straight from the line above orbit to rear of head. Dorsal profile of body straight or very slightly convex from rear of head to origin of dorsal fin; straight at dorsal-fin base; straight from base of last dorsal-fin ray to caudal peduncle. Dorsal surface of body transversely rounded anteriorly, with indistinct median keel immediately anterior to dorsal fin, smoothly rounded transversely posterior to dorsal fin. Ventral profile of body gently curved from tip of lower jaw to caudal peduncle. Prepelvic region obtusely flattened, with median series of scales proximate to pelvic-fin origin, median series irregularly arranged anteriorly. Barely discernable median keel posterior to pelvic-fin origin. Dorsal-fin margin rounded; anteriormost rays three to 3.5 times the length of ultimate ray. Pectoral-fin margin acute, extending one-half to two-third the distance to origin of pelvic fin in smaller adults, barely beyond that point in largest specimens examined. Pelvic-fin margin acute; pelvic fin extending about one half the distance to origin of anal fin. Caudal fin forked. Adipose fin well developed. Anal fin emarginate, anteriormost branched rays 2.5 to three times the length of ultimate ray. Head profile pointed; upper jaw distinctly longer, mouth inferior; buccopharyngeal complex on roof of the oral cavity in adults consisting of multiple lobulated fleshy bodies; nostrils very close, anterior circular, posterior crescent-shaped with aperture closed by thin flap of skin separating nares; adipose eyelid present, more developed anteriorly, with broad, vertically ovoid opening over center of eye. Pored lateral-line scales from supracleithrum to medial caudal-fin rays 43(1), 44(9), 45*(22), 46(10), 47(1) or 48(1), 2 to 3 over caudal-fin base; series of scales from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 6(8), 7*(31) or 8(5); series of scales from lateral line to pelvic-fin base 6*(39), 6.5(3) or 7(2); total series of scales from dorsal fin to base pelvic-fin base 13(4), 14*(36), 14.5(5), 15(3) or 16(1); series of scales from lateral line to first ray of anal fin 5*(6), 5.5(8) or 6(29); circumpeduncular scales 16*(36), 17(1), 18(3) or 20(3); predorsal scales 11*(13), 12(19) or 13(10); scales from dorsal fin to adipose fin 12*(7), 13(17), 14(16) or 15(3); scales from adipose fin to caudal fin 8(3), 9(10), 10(19), 11(8) or 12*(2); prepelvic scales 18(1), 19(8), 20*(10), 21(12), 22(5), 23(4) or 24(1); scales from pelvic fin to anus 8*(13), 9(21), 10(7) or 11(2); scales from anus to anterior margin of anal fin 2(4), 3(31) or 4*(9); scales from posterior margin of anal fin to anteroventral margin of caudal fin 8(1), 9(6), 10(16), 11*(16) or 12(2). All scales of lateral line pored with canals in scales straight. Dorsal-fin rays ii,8,ii*; pectoral-fin rays i,12(3), i,13(7), i,14*(20), i,15(9) or i,16(4); pelvic-fin rays i,8*(41) or i,9(3); anal-fin rays ii-iii,5,ii(2) or ii-iii,6,ii*(42); caudal- -fin rays i,8,9,i*(38). Total vertebrae 28(8) or 29 (2). Coloration in alcohol. Overall coloration of specimens re- taining guanine on scales silvery to silvery golden, darker on dorsal portions of head and body. Ground coloration of specimens lacking guanine on scales tan to yellow, darker dorsally, with irregular patch of dark pigmentation extending from rear of orbit across opercle; degree of intensity of dark pigmentation and extent of patch variable among individuals. Irregular, dark longitudinal stripe extending along lateral line from supracleithrum to base of middle caudal-fin rays. Stripe slightly wider posteriorly, continuous posteriorly with dusky stripe on middle caudal-fin rays. Stripe in adults continuous, about one scale wide; not as well developed in juveniles, consisting of discrete spots surrounding pores of lateral line. Caudal-fin with stripe more prominent on the anterior portion of rays. Anterior margin and distal portions of dorsal fin typically dusky in adults. Ventral lobe and dorsal rays of dorsal lobe of caudal fin dusky. All caudal-fin rays outlined by small chromatophores on membranes. Adipose fin dusky distally. Dorsal fin with dusky anterior region in many specimens, without any discrete spot on middle rays. Other fins hyaline. Sexual dimorphism. Secondary sexual characters were not found. Geographical distribution. Steindachnerina nigrotaenia is distributed along the rio Paraguai basin (Fig. 5). Material examined. All from Brazil, rio Paraguai basin. BMNH 1902.2.10.30, 43.5 mm SL, Mato Grosso, rio Coxip��, F. Silvestri. Lectotype of Curimatus nigrotaenia (designated herein). MSNG 14859, 3, 42.7, 51.2, 52.2 mm SL, same data as lectotype. Paralectotypes of Curimatus nigrotaenia (designated herein). MNRJ 11206, 3, 59.8 - 85.7 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Acorizal, rio Acorizal at bridge along road from Acorizal to Ba��s. MNRJ 11207, 1, 102.0 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Acorizal, ribeir��o Ba��s. MNRJ 11214, 1, not measured, Mato Grosso, Acorizal, ribeir��o Tangar��, along road from Acorizal to Cuiab��. MZUSP 4383, 3; MZUSP 4449, 1, 39.2 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Santo Antonio do Leverger, rio Cuiab��. MZUSP 21512, 16, Mato Grosso, Cuiab��, rio Coxip�� da Ponte, 15��38���S 56��03���W. MZUSP 21656, 6, Mato Grosso, Santo Antonio do Leverger, rio Cuiab��. MZUSP 21662, 2, Mato Grosso, Bar��o do Melga��o, rio Cuiab��, Boca do Croar��, 16��11���S 55��57���W. MZUSP 38015, 2, Mato Grosso, C��ceres, Porto Lim��o. MZUSP 38079, 1, Mato Grosso do Sul, Coxim, rio Taquari, Ilha da Goiaba, 18��30���00���S 54��45���00���W. MZUSP 40068, 4, Mato Grosso do Sul, Aquidauana, rio Aquidauana, Baia da On��a or Jatob��, Fazenda Alegrete, 20��28���00���S 55��48���00���W. MZUSP 45476, 9, Mato Grosso, rio Paraguai at C��ceres and vicinities. MZUSP 47762, 130, Mato Grosso, Bar��o de Melga��o, rio Cuiab��. MZUSP 54139, 1, rio Apa, small bay of the river. MZUSP 56234, 1, Mato Grosso, Chapada dos Guimar��es, rio Casca. MZUSP 59541, 41, Mato Grosso do Sul, Corumb��, rio Vermelho, Fazenda Xaroes, 19��36���73���S 56��55���42���W. MZUSP 74361, 4, Mato Grosso, Santo Antonio do Leverger, rio Cuiab��, 3 km from the town. MZUSP 75480, 2, Mato Grosso, C��ceres, ribeir��o das Flexas, along road from C��ceres to Cuiab�� at about 69 km E of C��ceres. MZUSP 78750, 3, Mato Grosso, Porto Estrela, rio Saloba, along road at Esta����o Ecol��gica da Serra das Araras, 15��39���03���S 57��13���29���W. MZUSP 78845, 1, Mato Grosso, Diamantino, downstream of waterfall in the rio Paraguai, 14��28���32���S 56��23���32���W. MZUSP 78946, 1, Mato Grosso, Santo Antonio do Leverger, rio Cuiab��. MZUSP 87785, 2, Mato Grosso, Tangar�� da Serra, rio Sepotuba, salto Maciel, 15��55���59���S 57��39���00��� W. MZUSP 89954, 2, Mato Grosso, rio Sepotuba. MZUSP 90075, 8, Mato Grosso, Curvel��ndia, lower rio Sepotuba, 15��53���34���S 57��38���44���W. MZUSP 90181, 14, Mato Grosso, lower rio Sepotuba. MZUSP 90422, 27, Mato Grosso, Curvel��ndia, rio Sepotuba, 15��46���07���S 57��38���54���W. MZUSP 90702, 3, Lambari d���Oeste, rio Sepotuba, at mouth of a creek, 15��10���00���S 57��41���00���W. MZUSP 91014, 1, Barra do Bugres, rio Sepotuba, 15��06���52���S 57��39���57���W. MZUSP 91060, 2, C��ceres, rio Sepotuba, artificial lagoon downstream of the bridge, 15��14���08���S 57��41���46���W. LBP 5636, 1 (tissue 27395), Mato Grosso, Cuiab��, rio Coxip��, rio Paraguai. LBP 8573, 1 (tissue 43355), Mato Grosso, Barra do Bugres, rio Paraguai. LBP 9818, 6 (tissues 45230���45234, Mato Grosso do Sul, Miranda, rio Paraguai. LBP 9862, 1 (tissue 45408), Mato Grosso do Sul, Miranda, rio Paraguai., Published as part of Britski, Heraldo A., Melo, Bruno F., Vari, Richard P. & Oliveira, Claudio, 2019, Revalidation and redescription of Steindachnerina nigrotaenia and redescription of S. insculpta (Characiformes: Curimatidae), pp. 1-14 in Neotropical Ichthyology 17 (1) on pages 5-9, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180076, http://zenodo.org/record/3650458, {"references":["Boulenger GA. Descriptions of new fishes and reptiles discovered by Dr. F. Silvestri in South America. Ann Mag Nat Hist. 1902; 9 (52): 284 - 88. (Series 7).","Eigenmann CH. Catalogue of the freshwater fishes of tropical and South Temperate America. In: Scott WB (editor). Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896 - 1899. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart'sche. Verlagsbuchhandlung; 1910. p. 375 - 511. (Zoology, vol 3, part 4).","Vari RP. A Phylogenetic study of the tropical Characiform Family Curimatidae (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithson Contrib Zool. 1989; 47: 1 - 73.","Tortonese E. Catalogo del tipi de pesci del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova. (Parte I). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale ' Giacomo Doria'. 1961; 72: 179 - 91.","Litz TO, Koerber S. Check list of the freshwater fishes of Uruguay (CLOFF-UY). Ichthyol Contrib Peces Criollos. 2014; 28: 1 - 40.","Fernandez-Yepez A. Los Curimatidos (peces fluviales de Sur America): Catalogo descriptivo con nuevas adiciones genericas y especificas. Boletin Taxonomica del Laboratorio de Pesqueria de Caiguire. 1948; 1: 1 - 86.","Fowler HW. Os peixes de agua doce do Brasil. Arq Zool Est Sao Paulo. 1950; 6: 205 - 404.","Fowler HW. A catalog of world fishes (XXII). Volume (III) Orders Mormyrida, Characida, Gymnotida, Silurida and Anguillida. Quat J Taiwan Mus. 1975; 28 (1 / 2): 1 - 124.","Ringuelet RA. Zoogeografia y ecologia de los peces de aguas conti- nentales de Argentina y consideraciones sobre las areas ictiologi- cas de America del Sur. Ecosur. 1975; 2 (3): 1 - 122.","Britski HA. Revalidacao de Steindachnerina nigrotaenia (Boulenger, 1902) (Pisces, Characiformes). In: 7 º Encontro de Biologos. Ribeirao Preto: CRB- 1 (SP, MT, MS); 1996. p. 03 - 21.","Britski HA, Silimon KZS, Lopes BS. Peixes do Pantanal: manual de identificacao. 1 st ed. Brasilia / Corumba: Embrapa; 1999.","Britski HA, Silimon KZS, Lopes BS. Peixes do Pantanal: manual de identificacao. 2 nd ed. Brasilia: Embrapa; 2007.","Polaz CNM, Melo BF, Britzke R, Resende EK, Machado FA, Lima JAF, Petrere Junior M. Fishes from the Parque Nacional do Pantanal Matogrossense, upper Paraguai River basin, Brazil. Check List [serial on the Internet]. 2014; 10 (1): 122 - 30. Available from: http: // dx. doi. org / 10.15560 / 10.1.122","Vari RP. Systematics of the Neotropical Characiform genus Steindachnerina Fowler (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithson Contrib Zool. 1991; 507: 1 - 118.","Aguilera G, Teran GE, Alonso F, Mirande JM. First record of Steindachnerina insculpta (Fernandez-Yepez, 1948) (Characiformes, Curimatidae) in Argentina. Check List [serial on the Internet]. 2018; 14 (6): 1017 - 20. Available from: https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 14.6.1017","Gery J, Mahnert V, Dlouhy C. Poissons Characoides non Characidae du Paraguay (Pisces, Ostariophysi). Rev Suisse Zool. 1987; 94 (2): 357 - 464."]}

Steindachnerina insculpta (Fern��ndez-Y��pez, 1948) Fig. 6, Tab. 2 Cutimata elegans Amaral Campos, 1945:46 [Brazil: rio Mogi Gua��u].- Britski, 1972:83 [Brazil, S��o Paulo, rio Paran�� basin]. - Foresti et al., 1974:249 [karyotypes].- Nomura, 1977:727 [Brazil: rio Mogi-Gua��u; meristic].- Nomura, Taveira, 1979:331 [life history]. Cruxentina insculpta Fern��ndez-Y��pez, 1948:53, figs. 27, 28 [type-locality: Brazil: S��o Paulo, rio Tatuhy (= Tatu��); autorship cited as Amaral Campos].- Britski, 1969:200, 203 [correction of originally cited authorship, depositary and collector; meristic and morphometrics].- Fowler, 1975:368 [reference].- Vari, 1989, tables 2, 3 [assignment to Steindachnerina]. Curimata elegans.- Gomes, Monteiro, 1955:88, 103, 129 [S��o Paulo, Pirassununga; occurrence in flowing and still waters].- Oliveira et al., 1988:594 [in part, Brazil, S��o Paulo, rio Mogi-Gua��u and Botucatu; not Minas Gerais, Tr��s Marias; chromosome counts]. Pseudocurimata elegans elegans.- Godoy, 1975: 88, 103, 129, fig. 132A, 133 [Brazil: S��o Paulo, rio Mogi-Guassu; life history data; meristic and morphometrics; not cited occurrence in drainage basins other than upper rio Paran��]. Steindachnerina insculpta.- Venere, Galetti J��nior, 1989:18, 19, fig. 19 [upper rio Paran�� basin, rio Mogi-Gua��u and rio Passa- Cinco; karyotype information].- Vari, 1991:71 [in part Brazil, material from upper rio Paran�� basin above Sete Quedas; not from rio Paraguai system and from Goi��s]. - Koerber et al., 2017:16 [reference; type locality mistakenly referred to as being in Venezuela]. ? Curimata nasa.- G��ry et al., 1987:425, fig. 41 [material from arroyo Porooco and Itaipu Lake, rio Paran�� basin]. Diagnosis. Steindachnerina insculpta can be distinguished from congeners, except S. binotata, S. biornata, S. dobula, S. hypostoma, S leucisca, S. nigrotaenia, S. notograptos, and S. varii by possessing a plain dorsal fin (vs. dorsal fin with a spot of dark pigmentation on the basal portion of the middle rays). Steindachnerina insculpta has 40 to 45 scales in the lateral line series, differing from S. binotata, S. leucisca, S. hypostoma, S. notograptos, and S. gracilis which have 46 or more scales and from S. biornata which has 31 to 34 scales in the lateral line series. Steindachnerina insculpta differs from S. dobula and S. varii by having a dark midlateral stripe extending from rear of opercle posteriorly onto middle rays of caudal fin (vs. dark midlateral stripe beginning posterior to vertical line from dorsal-fin origin). Steindachnerina insculpta differs from the very similar S. nigrotaenia by the lower modal number of perforated scales in the lateral line series (40 to 45, 42 most frequent vs. 43 to 48, 45 most frequent and 43 in only 2.27% of specimens examined for this feature; Fig. 3), and by the total number of scale rows in the transverse series from the dorsal-fin origin to the pelvicfin base (12 to 14, 12.5 most frequent, 13.5 and 14 less frequent vs. 13 to 16, 14 most frequent; 13 in only 8.16% of specimens examined for this feature; Fig. 4). Steindachnerina insculpta can also be discriminated from its congeners by a combination of the following features: multiple lobulated fleshy processes on the roof of the oral cavity, absence of a wide, flattened prepelvic region of the body, 40 to 45 scales on the lateral line, 12 to 14 scales on the transversal series, lack of a dark spot on basal portions of the dorsal fin and the presence of a dark midlateral stripe along the body. Description. Morphometric data of Steindachnerina insculpta are summarized in Tab. 2. Body relatively elongate, somewhat compressed. Dorsal profile of head very slightly convex anteriorly, straight from above orbit to rear of head. Dorsal profile of body straight or very slightly convex from rear of head to origin of dorsal fin; straight at base of dorsal fin; straight from base of last dorsal-fin ray to caudal peduncle. Dorsal surface of body transversely rounded anteriorly, with indistinct median keel immediately anterior to dorsal fin, smoothly rounded transversely posterior to dorsal fin. Ventral profile of body gently curved from tip of lower jaw to caudal peduncle. Prepelvic region obtusely flattened, with median series of scales proximate to pelvicfin origin, median series less regularly arranged anteriorly. Median keel barely discernable posterior to pelvic-fin origin. Dorsal-fin margin rounded; anteriormost rays three to three and half times length of ultimate ray. Pectoral-fin margin acute, extending one-half to two-third distance to origin of pelvic fin in smaller adults, barely beyond that point in the largest examined specimens. Pelvic-fin margin acute; pelvic fin extending about one-half distance to origin of anal fin. Caudal fin forked. Adipose fin well developed. Anal fin emarginate, anteriormost branched rays two and one-half to three times the length of ultimate ray. Head pointed in profile; upper jaw distinctly longer, mouth inferior; buccopharyngeal complex on roof of oral cavity in adults consisting of multiple lobulated fleshy bodies; nostrils very close, anterior circular, posterior crescent-shaped with aperture closed by thin flap of skin separating nares; adipose eyelid present, more developed anteriorly, with broad, vertically ovoid opening over center of eye. Total pored lateral-line scales 40 (3), 41(13), 42(31), 43(28), 44(1) or 45(1); two to three scales over caudal fin. Longitudinal series of scales from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 6(51), 6.5(23) or 7(4); longitudinal series of scales from lateral line to base of pelvic fin 5(26), 5.5(49) or 6(3); total lateral series from dorsal-fin origin to pelvic-fin base 12(23), 12.5(29), 13(20), 13.5(5) or 14(1); longitudinal series of scales from lateral line to first ray of anal fin 4.5(9) or 5(69); circumpeduncular scales 16(77) or 17(1); predorsal scales 10(7), 11(38), 12(17) or 13(5); scales from end of dorsal fin to adipose fin 12(6), 13(34) or 14(37); scales from end of adipose fin to anteriormost dorsal caudal-fin ray 8(3), 9(14), 10(35), 11(16) or 12(4); prepelvic scales 19(3), 20(11), 21(26), 22(11), 23(15) or 24(4); scales from pelvic fin to anus 7(5), 8(23), 9(38), 10(10) or 11(1); scales from anus to anal-fin origin 2(8), 3(51) or 4(2); scales from end of anal fin to anteriormost ventral caudal-fin ray 9(13), 10(37), 11(19) or 12(4); all scales of lateral line pored, canals in scales of lateral line straight. Dorsal-fin rays ii-iii,8,ii(76); pectoral-fin rays i,12(2), i,13(17), i,14(40), i,15(18) or i,16(1); pelvic-fin rays i,7(1), i,8(76) or i,9(1); anal-fin rays ii-iii,6,ii(76) or iii5,ii(1); caudal-fin rays i,8,9,i(78). Total vertebrae 28(8) or 29(3). Coloration in alcohol. Overall coloration of specimens retaining guanine on scales silvery to silvery golden, darker on dorsal portions of head and body. Ground coloration of specimens lacking guanine on scales tan to yellow, darker dorsally, with irregular patch of dark pigmentation extending from rear of orbit across opercle; degree of intensity of dark pigmentation and extent of patch variable among individuals. Irregular, dark longitudinal stripe extending along lateral line from supracleithrum to base of middle caudal-fin rays. Stripe slightly wider posteriorly, continuous posteriorly with dusky stripe on middle caudal-fin rays. Stripe in adults continuous, about one scale wide; not as well developed in juveniles, consisting of discrete spots surrounding pores of lateral line. Caudal-fin stripe more prominent on anterior portion of rays. Anterior margin and distal portions of dorsal fin typically dusky in adults. Ventral lobe and dorsal rays of dorsal lobe of caudal fin dusky. All caudal-fin rays outlined by small chromatophores on membranes. Adipose fin dusky distally. Dorsal fin with dusky anterior region in many specimens, without any discrete spot on middle rays. Other fins hyaline. Sexual dimorphism. Secondary sexual characters were not found. Geographical distribution. Steindachnerina insculpta is restricted to the upper rio Paran�� basin (Fig. 5). Material examined. All from Brazil, upper rio Paran��. CAS 20312, holotype of Cruxentina insculpta, 95.3 mm SL, S��o Paulo, rio Tatuhy (= Tatu��, SP). MZUSP 1376, 1, paratype of Cruxentina insculpta, 105.6 mm SL, rio Tatuhy (= Tatu��). USNM 295275, 5, 76.3 ���104.0 mm SL; MZUSP 20381, 98, Alfredo de Castilho, c��rrego do Moinho. USNM 295272, 5 (4, 66.7-78.4 mm SL); MZUSP 21515, 26, Miguel��polis, Volta Grande reservoir. USNM 295271, 22 (5, 51.8-87.8); MNRJ 5669, 5 (3, 74.4-81.7); MZUSP 20700, 15; MZUSP 20704, 33; MZUSP 20739, 19; MZUSP 20741, 1; MZUSP 20744, 2; MZUSP 20750, 74 (10, 80.9-90.4); MZUSP 20791, 1; BMNH 1946.12.23:97-111, 11, 69.9-79.5 mm SL, rio Mogi-Gua��u, Emas. MZUSP 20672, 36; MZUSP 20691, 17, rio Mogi-Gua��u, Cachoeira de Emas. USNM 295274, 9; MZUSP 20711, 10, rio Mogi-Gua��u, Pirassununga. CAS 41729, 4 66.0- 91.9 mm SL; NWW 67002, 3; NMW 68914, 2, Piracicaba, rio Piracicaba. MZUSP 20755, 64; MZUSP 20758, 37; MZUSP 20768, 1, Corumbata��, rio Corumbata��. MZUSP 21317, 10, 88.7 - 101.4 mm SL; USNM 295266, 2, Borborema, rio Tiet��. MZUSP 21525, 1, Marimbondo, rio Grande. MZUSP 21429, 106, Ilha Solteira, rio Paran��. MZUSP 21603, 2, Pedreira, rio Jaguari. MZUSP 20865, 1, rio Pardo, usina de Limoeiro. MZUSP 21471, 1, Botucatu. Minas Gerais: MZUSP 21505, 2, Alfenas, rio Grande, Furnas reservoir. MZUSP 21502, 1, Boa Esperan��a, rio Grande. Mato Grosso do Sul: MZUSP 20683,15; MZUSP 20714, 84; MZUSP 20853, 18, Tr��s Lagoas, usina de Jupi��, rio Paran��. MZUSP 20824, 1; MZUSP 20894, 1, Tr��s Lagoas, rio Sucuri��. Paran��: MZUSP 21620, 103, rio Paran��, Gua��ra, above Sete Quedas. LBP 3192, 4 (tissues 19389��� 19390), S��o Paulo, Conchas, rio Tiet��; LBP 5207, 8 (tissue 26343), Paran��, Porto Rico, rio Paran��; LBP 6671, 1 (tissue 32081); LBP 19770, 1 (tissue 32158), Paran��, Marilena, rio Paran��; NUP 1424, 4; NUP 4576, 6, Gua��ra, rio Paran��, Itaipu reservoir. NUP 1753, 7, Santa Helena, rio Paran��, Itaipu reservoir. NUP 7513, 4, Foz do Igua��u, rio Paran��, Reservat��rio Itaipu., Published as part of Britski, Heraldo A., Melo, Bruno F., Vari, Richard P. & Oliveira, Claudio, 2019, Revalidation and redescription of Steindachnerina nigrotaenia and redescription of S. insculpta (Characiformes: Curimatidae), pp. 1-14 in Neotropical Ichthyology 17 (1) on pages 10-11, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180076, http://zenodo.org/record/3650458, {"references":["Fernandez-Yepez A. Los Curimatidos (peces fluviales de Sur America): Catalogo descriptivo con nuevas adiciones genericas y especificas. Boletin Taxonomica del Laboratorio de Pesqueria de Caiguire. 1948; 1: 1 - 86.","Amaral Campos A. Sobre os caracideos do rio Mogi-Guacu (Estado de Sao Paulo). Arq Zool Est Sao Paulo. 1945; 4 (11): 431 - 66.","Britski HA. Peixes de agua-doce do estado de Sao Paulo: Sistematica. In: Comissao Interestadual da bacia do Parana- Uruguai. Poluicao e piscicultura. Sao Paulo: Faculdade de Saude Publica da USP. 1972; p. 83 - 108.","Foresti F, Oliveira LM, Angeleli WA. Caracterizacao cromossomica em peixes do genero Curimatus (Cypriniformes: Curimatidae). Cienc Cult. 1974; 26: 249.","Nomura H. Caracteres meristicos do saguiru, Curimatus elegans Steindachner, 1874 do rio Mogi Guacu, Sao Paulo (Osteichthyes, Curimatidae). Rev Bras Biol. 1977; 37 (4): 727 - 29.","Nomura H, Taveira ACD. Biologia do saguiru, Curimatus elegans Steindachner, 1874 do Mogi Guacu, Sao Paulo (Osteichthyes, Curimatidae). Rev Bras Biol. 1979; 39 (2): 331 - 39.","Britski HA. Lista dos tipos de peixes das colecoes do Departamento de Zoologia da Secretaria da Agricultura do Estado de Sao Paulo. Pap Avulsos Zool. 1969; 22 (19): 197 - 215.","Fowler HW. A catalog of world fishes (XXII). Volume (III) Orders Mormyrida, Characida, Gymnotida, Silurida and Anguillida. Quat J Taiwan Mus. 1975; 28 (1 / 2): 1 - 124.","Vari RP. A Phylogenetic study of the tropical Characiform Family Curimatidae (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithson Contrib Zool. 1989; 47: 1 - 73.","Gomes AL, Monteiro FP. Estudo da populacao total de peixes da represa da Estacao Experimental de Biologia e Piscicultura, em Pirassununga, Sao Paulo. Rev Biol Marina Valpso. 1955; 6: 82 - 154.","Oliveira C, Almeida Toledo LF, Foresti F, Britski HA, Toledo Filho SA. Chromosome formulae of Neotropical freswater fishes. Rev Bras Genet. 1988; 11 (3): 577 - 624.","Godoy MP. Peixes do Brasil, subordem Characoidei; bacia do Rio Mogi Guassu. Piracicaba: Editora Franciscana; 1975.","Venere PC, Galetti Junior PM. Chromosome evolution and phylogenetic relationships of some neotropical Characiformes of the Family Curimatidae. Rev Bras Gen. 1989; 12 (1): 17 - 25.","Vari RP. Systematics of the Neotropical Characiform genus Steindachnerina Fowler (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithson Contrib Zool. 1991; 507: 1 - 118.","Koerber S, Vera-Alcaraz HS, Reis RE. Checklist of the Fishes of Paraguay (CLOFPY). Ichthyol Contrib Peces Criollos. 2017; 53: 1 - 99.","Gery J, Mahnert V, Dlouhy C. Poissons Characoides non Characidae du Paraguay (Pisces, Ostariophysi). Rev Suisse Zool. 1987; 94 (2): 357 - 464."]}

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:37:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:34:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1679-62252019000100207.pdf: 6483517 bytes, checksum: 939cb7a7efaa60e96283033676f384ea (MD5) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Steindachnerina nigrotaenia is resurrected from the synonym of S. brevipinna and considered a valid species. The previous designation of the lectotype of S. nigrotaenia is considered invalid and a new lectotype is designated herein. Steindachnerina nigrotaenia and S. insculpta are redescribed based on type specimens and on additional material from the rio Paraguai and the upper rio Parana basins, respectively. The two species can be separated by the number of scales of the lateral line and of the transverse series and by phylogenetic analyses of molecular data. Univ Sao Paulo, Museu Zool, Av Nazare 481, BR-04264000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, IBB UNESP, Inst Biociencias, Dept Morfol, R Prof Dr Antonio CW Zanin 250, BR-18618689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Vertebrate Zool, Washington, DC 20560 USA Univ Estadual Paulista, IBB UNESP, Inst Biociencias, Dept Morfol, R Prof Dr Antonio CW Zanin 250, BR-18618689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil CNPq: 404991/2018-1 FAPESP: 16/11313-8 FAPESP: 14/26508-3

The Curimatidae family plays an ecological role in the recycling and distribution of nutrients and constitutes a major food source for several commercially important fishes.Curimata mivartii, a member of this family, is considered a short-distance migratory species (≤100 km), categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as a near threatened species, based on its declining population densities and habitat disturbance and fragmentation. Since population genetics and species-specific molecular tools remain unknown for all members of the Curimatidae family, this study developed a set of microsatellite loci and studied the population genetics ofC. mivartiiin the lower section of the Colombian Magdalena-Cauca basin. The results showed high levels of genetic diversity and evidence of gene flow even between locations separated over 350 km. This information provides a baseline for designing conservation and management programs forC.mivartiiand constitutes the first study of population genetics in Curimatidae.

Detritivores of the fish family Curimatidae are assigned to eight genera, one of which, the Curimatopsis, with only five species, is the least speciose genus and sister to other seven genera in the family. Ongoing morphological investigations reveal, however, the likely existence of additional species. In this study, fifty-one specimens of Curimatopsis from multiple rivers of the Amazon, Paraguay and Suriname drainages were identified morphologically according to the present species concepts and then barcoded using the universal cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) mitochondrial marker. Species delimitation analyses were conducted using Bayesian methods through the general mixed Yule-coalescent analysis combined with conventional likelihood, genetic distance and haplotypic diversity approaches. We found eleven well-supported clusters that represent four of the named species and seven cryptic, undescribed species of Curimatopsis. Our results show a clear delimitation of species boundaries constrained by distinct Amazonian river ecotones that may have promoted intrageneric lineage diversification. This is the first of a series of genetic studies applicable to future taxonomic, phylogenetic and evolutionary studies across the Curimatidae.

The book “Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes” represents the most cohesive data compilation for the rio Paraná floodplain. However, considering the dynamicity of the taxonomy of freshwater fishes, several new records and taxonomic changes occurred along the past years. Therefore, the results of that publication were revisited, providing an update of the species list, their taxonomic status, records and geographic distribution, and also new keys for genera and species. The species included were those recorded in the rio Paraná basin, from the mouth of the rio Paranapanema to the Itaipu Reservoir, following the general methodology presented in the book. A total of 10 orders, 41 families, 126 genera, and 211 species were registered, with an increase of one order, six families, 14 genera, and 29 species when compared to the book. Additionally, four new genera recently described, five synonymization proposals, 14 new identifications, four new combinations, 12 new species recently described, 34 new records, and nine misidentified species were recorded. These results are associated with the redirection of human and financial resources to that area, which enabled monitoring and intensive exploration of its watercourses; as well as training of taxonomists, and new taxonomic resolutions. RESUMO O livro “Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes” representa a compilação de dados mais coesa para esta área. No entanto, considerando a dinamicidade da taxonomia de peixes de água doce, vários novos registros e alterações taxonômicas ocorreram ao longo desses dez anos. Assim, os resultados daquela publicação foram revisitados, fornecendo uma atualização da lista, status taxonômico, registros e distribuição geográfica das espécies, além de novas chaves de identificação para espécies e gêneros. Foram incluídas as espécies registradas na bacia do rio Paraná, entre a foz do rio Paranapanema e o reservatório de Itaipu, seguindo a metodologia geral apresentada no livro. Foi registrado um total de 10 ordens, 41 famílias, 126 gêneros e 211 espécies, com um aumento de uma ordem, seis famílias, 13 gêneros e 29 espécies quando comparado à primeira versão. Além disso, quatro gêneros novos descritos recentemente, cinco sinonimizações, 14 novas propostas de identificação, quatro novas combinações, 12 espécies novas descritas recentemente, 34 novos registros e nove espécies identificadas erroneamente foram registradas. Estes resultados estão associados ao redirecionamento de recursos humanos e financeiros para esta área, o que permitiu o monitoramento e exploração intensiva de seus corpos d’água; bem como a formação de taxonomistas e novas resoluções taxonômicas.

Cyphocharax 1. Lateral line with 31 to 36 scales; transverse series above lateral line with 4½ to 7 scale rows.................... C. modestus 1’. Lateral line with 39 to 45 scales; transverse series above lateral line with 7½ to 9 scale rows............. C. nagelii, Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 43, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395

Steindachnerina insculpta (Fernández-Yépez, 1948) Fig. 12 Body elongated; greatest body depth contained 2.9 to 3.4 and caudal peduncle depth 7.7 to 9.1 times in SL; head length 3.2 to 3.7, predorsal distance 2.0 to 2.2 and caudal peduncle length 9.1 to 9.7 in SL; snout length 3.0 to 3.4, horizontal orbital diameter 3.0 to 3.4 and least interorbital width 2.4 to 2.6 in HL. Mouth terminal; premaxilla, dentary and maxilla without teeth in adults. Lateral line with 34-40 pored scales; transverse series above lateral line with 6½- 7½ scale rows and below with 4½-5½ scale rows. Dorsal fin with 11, pectoral fin with 12-15, pelvic fin with 9, anal fin with 9 or 10 and caudal fin with 19 rays (Vari, 1991). Ground color silvery; black conspicuous longitudinal stripe along lateral line to distal margin of median caudal-fin rays, larger on caudal peduncle. Yellowish fins; dorsal fin with few scattered black chromatophores (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Maximum standard length. 144.0 mm (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Distribution. Upper rio Paraná basin., Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 45, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395, {"references":["Vari RP. Systematics of the Neotropical Characiform genus Steindachnerina Fowler (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution Press; 1991. (Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology; no. 507).","Pavanelli CS, Graca WJ, Zawadzki CH, Britski HA, Vidotti AP, Avelino GS, Verissimo S. Fishes from the Corumba Reservoir, Paranaiba River drainage, upper rio Parana basin, State of Goias, Brazil. Check List. 2007; 3 (1): 58 - 64."]}

Steindachnerina brevipinna (Eigenmann, Eigenmann, 1889) Fig. 12 Body elongated; greatest body depth contained 2.6 to 3.2 and caudal peduncle depth 6.6 to 8.3 times in SL; head length 3.1 to 3.7, predorsal distance 1.9 to 2.1 and caudal peduncle length 8.3 to 9.3 in SL; snout length 2.9 to 3.7, horizontal orbital diameter 2.8 to 3.6 and least interorbital width 2.2 to 2.6 in HL. Mouth terminal; premaxilla, dentary and maxilla without teeth in adults. Lateral line with 33-37 pored scales; transverse series above lateral line with 5½- 6½ scale rows and below with 4½-5½ scale rows. Dorsal fin with 10-12, pectoral fin with 11-14, pelvic fin with 9, anal fin with 9 or 10 and caudal fin with 19 rays (Vari, 1991). Ground color silvery; black conspicuous longitudinal stripe along lateral line to distal margin of median caudalfin rays, larger on caudal peduncle. Yellowish fins; dorsal fin black blotch on the base of median rays, sometimes little conspicuous (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Maximum standard length. 160.0 mm (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Distribution. Río de la Plata basin. Remarks. Steindachnerina brevipinna is a non-native species from the upper rio Paraná, and its occurrence can be associated with the filling of the Itaipu Reservoir and the consequent inundation of the Sete Quedas Falls., Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 45, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395, {"references":["Vari RP. Systematics of the Neotropical Characiform genus Steindachnerina Fowler (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution Press; 1991. (Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology; no. 507).","Pavanelli CS, Graca WJ, Zawadzki CH, Britski HA, Vidotti AP, Avelino GS, Verissimo S. Fishes from the Corumba Reservoir, Paranaiba River drainage, upper rio Parana basin, State of Goias, Brazil. Check List. 2007; 3 (1): 58 - 64."]}

Cyphocharax modestus (Fernández-Yépez, 1948) Fig. 12 Body deep; greatest body depth contained 2.4 to 2.9 and caudal peduncle depth 6.6 to 7.7 times in SL; head length 3.2 to 3.7, predorsal distance 1.9 to 2.1 and caudal peduncle length 10.7 to 10.9 in SL; snout length 3.0 to 3.7, horizontal orbital diameter 3.1 to 3.8 and least interorbital width 2.2 to 2.5 in HL. Mouth terminal; premaxilla, dentary and maxilla without teeth in adults. Lateral line with 31- 36 pored scales; transverse series above lateral line with 5½-7 scale rows and below with 4½-6 scale rows. Dorsal fin with 11 or 12, pectoral fin with 14-16, pelvic fin with 9 or 10, anal fin with 8 or 9 and caudal fin with 19 rays (Vari, 1992). Ground color silvery; dark-brown inconspicuous longitudinal band along lateral line to distal margin of median caudal-fin rays, larger on caudal peduncle. Hyaline fins (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Maximum standard length. 132.0 mm (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Distribution. Paraná-Paraguay system., Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 43, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395, {"references":["Vari RP. Systematics of the Neotropical characiform genus Cyphocharax Fowler (Pisces, Ostariophysi). Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution Press; 1992. (Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology; no. 529).","Pavanelli CS, Graca WJ, Zawadzki CH, Britski HA, Vidotti AP, Avelino GS, Verissimo S. Fishes from the Corumba Reservoir, Paranaiba River drainage, upper rio Parana basin, State of Goias, Brazil. Check List. 2007; 3 (1): 58 - 64."]}

Cyphocharax nagelii (Steindachner, 1881) Fig. 12 Body elongated; greatest body depth contained 3.0 to 3.4 and caudal peduncle depth 7.7 to 8.3 times in SL; head length 3.3 to 3.7, predorsal distance 2.0 to 2.2 and caudal peduncle length 10.3 to 10.7 in SL; snout length 3.1 to 3.4, horizontal orbital diameter 3.3 to 4.0 and least interorbital width 2.6 to 2.8 in HL. Mouth terminal; premaxilla, dentary and maxilla without teeth in adults. Lateral line with 39-45 pored scales; transverse series above lateral line with 7½-9 scale rows and below with 6½-7½ scale rows. Dorsal fin with 11 or 12, pectoral fin with 13-15, pelvic fin with 9 or 10, anal fin with 8 or 9 and caudal fin with 19 rays (Vari, 1992). Ground color silvery; dark-brown inconspicuous longitudinal band along lateral line to distal margin of median caudal-fin rays, larger on caudal peduncle. Hyaline fins (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Maximum standard length. 165.0 mm (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Distribution. Upper rio Paraná basin., Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 44, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395, {"references":["Vari RP. Systematics of the Neotropical characiform genus Cyphocharax Fowler (Pisces, Ostariophysi). Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution Press; 1992. (Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology; no. 529).","Pavanelli CS, Graca WJ, Zawadzki CH, Britski HA, Vidotti AP, Avelino GS, Verissimo S. Fishes from the Corumba Reservoir, Paranaiba River drainage, upper rio Parana basin, State of Goias, Brazil. Check List. 2007; 3 (1): 58 - 64."]}

Steindachnerina 1. Dorsal fin with a black blotch on the base of median rays, sometimes little conspicuous................... S. brevipinna 1’. Dorsal fin without black blotch on the base of median rays...................................................................... S. insculpta, Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 44, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395

Cyphocharax boiadeiro, new species (Figs. 1���2) Holotype. LIRP 14133, 42.9 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Alto Araguaia, c��rrego do Sapo, upriver Couto Magalh��es falls, rio Araguaia, 17��31���10.6���S 53��15���33.0���W, 7���8 Aug 2002, A.L.A. Melo & L.S.F. Martins. Paratypes. All from Brazil: LBP 1446, 3, 46.5���60.7 mm SL (tissues 12595 and 12596), Mato Grosso, Alto Araguaia, rio Boiadeiro, rio Araguaia basin, 17��19���19.4���S 53��14���25���W, 6 May 2003, C. Oliveira et al. LBP 22741, 3, 34.1���41.4 mm SL, same data as holotype. LIRP 4424, 13, 17.0��� 47.9 mm SL, same data as holotype. LIRP 4499, 6, 18.1���45.7 mm SL, same data as holotype. MZUSP 41841, 1, 49.2 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Alto Araguaia, swamp at c��rrego do Rancho, rio Araguaia basin, 17��15���00���S 53��23���00���W, 24 Sep 1988, L.P.S. Portugal & M.M.A. Oliveira. MZUSP 73319, 5, 24.0��� 53.4 mm SL, Mato Grosso, Alto Araguaia, c��rrego Sapinho, km 747.64 of the Ferronorte railroad, rio Araguaia basin, 17��25���55���S 53��14���34���W, 19 May 2001, C.R. Moreira & F.C. T. Lima. Diagnosis. Cyphocharax boiadeiro differs from all congeners, except C. saladensis, C. signatus and C. spilotus, by having a distinct longitudinal dark stripe running from supracleithrum to the caudal peduncle, stripe interrupted in some specimens, and with a gradual fading of that pigmentation at the vertical line through adiposefin insertion to anterior margin of the dark mark on the caudal peduncle (Figs. 1���2) (vs. absence of such pigmentation pattern). Cyphocharax boiadeiro can be distinguished from C. saladensis by having the dark patch of pigmentation restricted to the midlateral surface of the caudal peduncle in specimens longer than 40 mm SL (vs. dark patch of pigmentation on caudal peduncle more elongate and rounded, extending anteriorly to vertical line through or anterior to adipose fin in specimens longer than 40 mm SL). Cyphocharax boiadeiro differs from C. signatus by having 13���16 pectoral-fin rays (vs. 10���12), the non-prolongation of the anal-fin rays (vs. relatively elongate anal-fin rays) and the caudal peduncle not shortened (vs. caudal peduncle relatively short). It differs from C. spilotus by having nine branched dorsal-fin rays (vs. 10���12 branched dorsal-fin rays). Cyphocharax boiadeiro differs from all congeners, except C. aninha, C. gangamon, C. punctatus, C. saladensis, C. signatus and C. vexillapinnus by the presence of a truncate laterosensory system that results in specimens with incomplete pored scales that increase in larger specimens (vs. laterosensory system developed with complete lateral line). Cyphocharax boiadeiro further differs from C. laticlavius, C. modestus and C. naegelii by the presence of a rounded to horizontally elongated patch of dark pigmentation restricted to the midlateral surface of the caudal peduncle (vs. prolongation of the dark stripe of the midlateral surface of body into the caudal peduncle). Cyphocharax boiadeiro further differs from C. helleri, C. multilineatus and C. pantostictus by the presence of a single dark stripe along the midlateral surface of the body (vs. multiple series of longitudinal dark stripes or spot rows running between scale rows in the midlateral surface of the body). It can be also distinguished from C. biocellatus, C. jagunco, C. lundi, C. punctatus, C. vanderi and C. voga by the well-defined dark stripe (vs. presence of two or more dark spots along the lateral surface of body). Description. Morphometric data is presented in Table 1. Body moderately elongate. Dorsal profile of head moderately convex from tip of snout to dorsal-fin origin; slightly convex along dorsal-fin base; straight from base of last dorsal-fin ray to adipose-fin origin and then slightly concave to origin of anteriormost dorsal caudal-fin procurrent ray. Ventral profile of head convex from anterior margin of lower lip to isthmus. Ventral profile of body smoothly convex from isthmus to pelvic-fin origin, convex from that point to terminus of anal-fin base and then slightly concave to origin of anteriormost ventral caudal-fin procurrent ray. Prepelvic region somewhat flattened transversely. Postpelvic region of body transversely rounded. TABLE 1. Morphometric data for holotype and 25 paratypes of Cyphocharax boiadeiro. Range includes holotype and all paratypes. SD = standard deviation. Head profile rounded anteriorly, overall profile of head pointed. Upper jaw longer than lower jaw. Mouth subterminal, horizontally aligned with ventral margin of orbits. Nostrils very close; anterior nostrils circular to ovoid, posterior nostrils crescent-shaped with aperture not closed by thin flap of skin separating nares. Adipose eyelid slightly developed anterior to orbit. Dorsal fin pointed, with distal margin straight and first and second branched rays longest. Distal margin of pectoral fin slightly rounded. Tip of adpressed pectoral fin reaches three or four scales short of vertical through pelvic-fin origin. Pelvic fin profile pointed. Tip of adpressed pelvic fin reaches three or four scales short of analfin origin. Caudal fin forked. Adipose fin present. Anal fin emarginate, anteriormost branched rays twice length of ultimate ray. Tip of adpressed anal fin reaches one scale short of origin of ventralmost caudal-fin ray. Lateral line longitudinal scales from supracleithrum to hypural joint 27 (9), 28* (12) or 29 (3). Pored scales 6 (5), 7 (2), 8 (5), 9 (2), 11 (2), or 12 (1) in specimens smaller than 30 mm SL; pored scales 10 (2), 12* (1), 18 (1), 27 (2), or 28 (1) in specimens larger than 30 mm SL; number of pored scales increasing with standard length. Continuous series of scales posterior to hypural joint 2* (17) or 3 (7). Scales in transverse series from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 4 (1) or 5* (23). Scales in transverse series from lateral line to anal-fin origin 4* (26). Scales between anus and anal-fin origin 1* (25). Middorsal series of scales from tip of supraoccipital to dorsal-fin origin 10 (17), 11* (5), or 12 (1). Circumpeduncular scales 14 (6), 15 (5), or 16* (12). Adherent scales present over basal portions of pelvic fin; scales primarily covering last unbranched fin-ray. Dorsal-fin rays iii,9* (26), first unbranched ray very short. Anal-fin rays iii,7* (23) or iii,8 (3), first ray very short. Pelvic-fin rays i,7 (2), i,8* (21), ii,8 (2) or i,9 (1). Pectoral-fin rays i,12 (2), i,13 (4), i,14* (12) or i,15 (3). Total vertebrae 28 (4) or 29 (1). Coloration in alcohol. Ground coloration of specimens fixed in alcohol brownish; those fixed in formalin yellowish. Overall coloration of larger specimens lacking guanine on scales. Upper lip, snout, and dorsal portion of head and opercle with small, dark chromatophores; lower jaw with field of dark chromatophores, more so along margin of lower lip. Margins of scales along lateral, dorsolateral, and dorsal surface of body outlined by series of small dark chromatophores, forming reticulate patern; more difuse pattern of small chromatophores imparting darker coloration on dorsal and dorsolateral regions of body. Dark pigmentation absent on scales on lateral surface of body ventral to horizontal through base of pectoral fin and on abdominal region. Deep-lying dusky stripe resulted from concentration of dark chromatophores under the midlateral scale series that run along midlateral surface of body from supracleithrum to anterior margin of the dark mark on the caudal peduncle. Stripe most evident in central region under dorsal fin. Stripe fainter from point under adipose-fin origin to anterior margin of the dark mark on the caudal peduncle. Stripe interrupted in some specimens; juveniles with low concentration of chromatophores in that region (Fig. 2). Rays of dorsal, caudal, and anal fins distinctly outlined by small, dark chromatophores. Pectoral and pelvic fins scattered by small, dark chromatophores. Adipose fin dusky. Distribution. Cyphocharax boiadeiro is only known from headwaters of the rio Araguaia, Amazon basin (Fig. 3), at the municipality of Alto Araguaia, Goi��s / Mato Grosso state boundary in central Brazil. Etymology. The specific epithet boiadeiro is in reference to the rio Boiadeiro, one of the paratype localities near municipality of Alto Araguaia, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The name also honors the boiadeiros (cowboys in English and vaqueros in Spanish), cattle handlers mounted on horseback who perform multiple ranch-related tasks. Boiadeiros from central Brazil preserve their classic traditions and influenced regional lifestyles, food and music. A noun in apposition. Remarks. No synapomorphies supporting the monophyly of Cyphocharax were identified in a broad intergeneric relationships study within the Curimatidae (Vari, 1989) and the anatomical study associated to the taxonomic revision of genus (Vari, 1992). In addition, these studies could not resolve interspecific phylogenetic relationships although morphological variations associated to body and fin pigmentation, laterosensory system, and modifications in the infraorbitals provided support to putative intrageneric subunits. One of them contains 26 species of Cyphocharax (C. aninha, C. biocellatus, C. gangamon, C. gilbert, C. gillii, C. gouldingi, C. helleri, C. jagunco, C. laticlavius, C. lundi, C. meniscaprorus, C. mestomyllon, C. modestus, C. naegelii, C. oenas, C. pantostictus, C. punctatus, C. saladensis, C. santacatarinae, C. sanctigabrielis, C. signatus, C. spilotus, C. spiluropsis, C. spilurus, C. vanderi, and C. voga) that possess a patch of dark pigmentation on the midlateral surface of the caudal peduncle (Vari, 1992, Vari et al., 2012; Wosiacki & Miranda, 2013; Melo & Vari, 2014; Dutra et al., 2016) despite in absence of a phylogenetic analysis. Cyphocharax boiadeiro also shares such putative synapomorphy. Truncation of the laterosensory canal system resulting in incomplete series of pored scales is another putative synapormorphy proposed to include Cyphocharax punctatus, C. saladensis and C. vexillapinnus (Vari, 1992) supplemented by C. signatus and C. aninha (Wosiacki & Miranda, 2013). Vari (1992) extensively discussed such feature as a derived condition and concluded that the incomplete poring but ontogenetically lengthened lateral line in C. punctatus (i.e. number of pored scales increases proportionally with the size of specimens) is not homologous with the constant truncated lateral line of C. saladensis, C. vexillapinnus (Vari, 1992), C. signatus and C. aninha (Wosiacki & Miranda, 2013). The pattern observed in C. boiadeiro follows the ontogenetic lengthening as that observed in C. punctatus, and in fact in C. gangamon as well, which points to a close relationship among these species. Cyphocharax gangamon possesses incomplete lateral line in specimens of about 25 mm SL, increasing to a complete series in specimens greater than 32 mm SL (Vari, 1992), pattern comparable to C. punctatus and C. boiadeiro. Interestingly, members of this broader group (C. aninha, C. boiadeiro, C. gangamon, C. punctatus, C. saladensis, C. signatus, C. vanderi and C. vexillapinnus) contain fewer scales along the longitudinal series from supracleithrum to hypural joint (27���30, rarely 31 in C. vexillapinnus), with sole exception of C. aninha (29���35). Thus, such morphological features shared among them might support a putative monophyletic lineage., Published as part of Melo, Bruno F., 2017, Cyphocharax boiadeiro, a new species from the upper rio Araguaia, Amazon basin, Brazil (Characiformes: Curimatidae), pp. 114-120 in Zootaxa 4247 (2) on pages 115-119, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4247.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/438213, {"references":["Vari, R. P. (1989) A Phylogenetic Study of the Neotropical Characiform Family Curimatidae (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 471, 1 - 71. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.471","Vari, R. P. (1992) Systematics of the Neotropical Characiform Genus Cyphocharax Fowler (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 529, 1 - 137. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.529","Vari, R. P., Sidlauskas, B. L. & Le Bail, P. - Y. (2012) New species of Cyphocharax (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Curimatidae) from Suriname and French Guiana and a discussion of curimatid diversity on the Guiana Shield. Cybium, 36, 63 - 69.","Wosiacki, W. B. & Miranda, D. P. S. M. (2013) Description of a new small species of the genus Cyphocharax (Characiformes: Curimatidae) from the lower Amazon basin. Copeia, 2013, 627 - 633.","Melo, B. F. & Vari, R. P. (2014) New species of Cyphocharax (Characiformes: Curimatidae) from the upper rio Negro, Amazon basin. Neotropical Ichthyology, 12, 327 - 332. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / 1982 - 0224 - 20130153","Dutra, G. M., Penido, I. S., Mello, G. C. G. & Pessali, T. C. (2016) Two new species of Cyphocharax (Teleostei: Characiformes: Curimatidae) from headwaters of the Jequitinhonha and Sao Francisco river basins, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Zootaxa, 4103 (2), 154 - 164. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4103.2.5"]}

Curimatus albula L��tken 1874 was described from the Ribeir��o da Mata at Lagoa Santa, a tributary of Rio das Velhas, Rio S��o Francisco basin. The species validity was questioned by L��tken (1875) himself, who suggested that the species could be a synonym of Curimatus gilbert Quoy & Gaimard, a species described from the Rio Macacu, a coastal river tributary of Guanabara bay, Rio de Janeiro. That synonymy was only formally proposed by Eigenmann (1910), and followed by most subsequent authors (e. g. Nielsen, 1974; Vari, 1992), except for Fowler (1975), who erroneously listed C. albula as the senior synonym of C. gilbert. Vari (1989) posteriorly removed both nominal species from Curimatus Oken (= Curimata Bosch) reallocating them in Cyphocharax Fowler, based on the lack of synapomorphic conditions present in other valid curimatid genera. Vari (1989) considered that those nominal species belonged to a major group within Cyphocharax also including C. grandocule Fern��ndez-Y��pez, C. modestus Fern��ndez-Y��pez, C. santacatarinae Fern��ndez-Y��pez, and C. voga Hensel, based on the presence of a rhomboidal caudal pigmentation and ���random body spotting���. Later, Vari (1992) included C. grandocule along with C. albula in the synonymy of C. gilbert, and listed several characters allowing further distinction of that species from the remaining species of the group (i.e., number of vertebrae, scales in transverse series, and pigmentation characters). Among the characters involving the pigmentation pattern, Vari (1992) stressed the lack of randomly arranged dark spots on the lateral and dorsolateral surfaces of the body in C. gilbert (versus present in C. voga). Contradicting Vari (1992), the examination of type specimens of Curimatus albula revealed the presence of a series of dark blotches along the mid-lateral portion of the body (Fig. 1A���B). Although fainted, the presence of such character in C. albula was reported in the redescription of the species, and also reported in Reinhardt���s field notes (L��tken, 1875, 2010). Subsequent authors (e. g. Eigenmann, 1910; Nielsen, 1974; Vari, 1992) failed to recognize such distinguishing character from C. gilbert, which lacks those pigmentation elements on the lateral and dorsolateral surfaces of the body as diagnosed by Vari (1992). Indeed, those pigment elements are absent in specimens of C. gilbert from its type locality and throughout its distribution range along the Brazilian coastal drainages. Moreover, C. albula also differs from C. gilbert by the inconspicuous longitudinal stripe, the presence of light brown spots on the dorsal portion of flanks and the narrow, horizontally ovate caudal blotch. These findings are considered herein a refutation of the traditional synonymy between Curimatus albula and Cyphocharax gilbert, and we consider that the former should be recognized distinct from the latter, keeping the combination proposed by Vari (1989) as Cyphocharax albula. Additionally to the recognition of Cyphocharax albula as a valid species, lies the fact that C. lundi Dutra, Penido, Mello & Pessali (Fig. 1C) was also described from a tributary of the Rio das Velhas (Dutra et al., 2016). Meristic, morphometric (Table 1), and coloration pattern comparisons between type specimens of both species completely overlapped not allowing the recognition of C. lundi as a valid species. Therefore, C. albula should be kept as the valid name given its priority (ICZN Article 23). In addition to the nomenclatural changes proposed above, it is also suggested herein that the diagnosis of C. albula should be the same as that proposed by Dutra et al. (2016) to distinct its junior synonym from all congeners: the presence of 7���11 midlateral blotches along the lateral line, the presence of light brown spots on the dorsal portion of flanks; the presence of 1���2 pored scales posterior to the hypural joint; the complete lateral line; and the presence of 5���6 scales rows above lateral line. Examined material. In addition to the material examined in Dutra et al. (2016), the following specimens were examnined in the present study: Cyphocharax albula: MCNIP 807, holotype of Cyphocharax lundi, 73.7 mm SL. MCNIP 1611, paratype of Cyphocharax lundi, 1, 84.6 mm SL. MNHN 9588, paralectotypes of Curimatus albula, 2, 56.2-64.2 mm SL. MNRJ 49066, 1, 125.7 mm SL. MPEG 33715, paratype of Cyphocharax lundi, 1, 69.9 mm SL. MZUSP 73728, 1, 71.2 mm SL. MZUSP 73732, 1, 90.1 mm SL. ZMUC P241361 (formelly ZMUC 52), lectotype of Curimatus albula (only photos and X-ray), 81.7 mm SL. Cyphocharax gilbert: CAS 20352, holotype of Pseudocurimata grandocule (only photos and X-ray), 80.6 mm SL. MNHN 5430, holotype of Curimatus gilbert, 83.2 mm SL. MZUSP 1958, paratype of Pseudocurimata grandocule, 1, 121.7 mm SL., Published as part of Dutra, Guilherme Moreira, Penido, Iago De Souza, Pessali, Tiago Casarim & Netto-Ferreira, Andre Luiz, 2017, Ressurrection of Curimatus albula L��tken (Characiformes: Curimatidae), a senior synonym of Cyphocharax lundi Dutra, Penido, Mello & Pessali in Zootaxa 4344 (3) on pages 597-598, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4344.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1043815, {"references":["Lutken, C. F. (1874) Characinae novae Brasiliae centralis a clarissimo J. Reinhardt in provincia Minas-Geraes circa oppidulum Lagoa Santa in lacu ejusdem nominis, flumine Rio das Velhas et rivulis affluentibus collectae, secundum characteres essentiales breviter descriptae. Oversigl over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger, 3, 127 - 143.","Lutken, C. F. (1875) Velhas-Flodens Fiske et bidrag til Brasiliens ichthyologi. Danske Vidensksbernes Selskab Skrifler, Copenhagen, 12 (2), 122 - 254.","Eigenmann, C. H. (1910) Catalogue of the Freshwater Fishes of Tropical and South Temperate America. Report of the Princeton University Expedition to Patagonia, 1896 - 1899, 3 (4), 375 - 511.","Nielsen, J. G. (1974) Fish Types in the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 115 pp.","Vari, R. P. (1992) Systematics of the Neotropical Characiform Genus Cyphocharax Fowler (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 529, 1 - 137.","Fowler, H. W. (1975) A Catalogue of World Fishes (XXIII). Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum, 28 (3), 277 - 402.","Vari, R. P. (1989) A Phylogenetic Study of the Neotropical Characiform Family Curimatidae (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 471, 1 - 71. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.471","Lutken, C. F. (2010) PeiXes do Rio das Velhas: Uma contribuicao para a Ictiologia do Brasil. In: Alves C. B. M. & Pompeu, P. S. (Org.), Peixes do Rio das Velhas: passado e presente. Belo Horizonte, Argvmentvum, pp. 25 - 166.","Dutra, G. M., Penido, I. S., Mello, G. C. G. & Pessali, T. C. (2016) Two new species of Cyphocharax (Teleostei: Characiformes: Curimatidae) from headwaters of the Jequitinhonha and Sao Francisco river basins, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Zootaxa, 4103 (2), 154 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaXa. 4103.2.5"]}

This paper is the first study on host-parasite relationship in wild Curimata incompta Vari, 1984 (Curimatidae) from Amazon river system, Northern Brazil. In 40 specimens examined from December 2012 to November 2013, 615,818 parasites were collected, such as Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Piscinoodinium pilullare, Urocleidoides sp., Posthodiplostomum sp., Gorytocephalus elongorchis and Braga patagonica. The parasites’ component community had a low Brillouin diversity (0.16 ± 0.15), a low species richness (3.1 ± 0.7), a low evenness (0.09 ± 0.09) and a high dominance of Berger–Parker (0.96 ± 0.06). I. multifiliis was the dominant parasite species and it showed the highest prevalence and intensity in the host population. There was an aggregate dispersion of parasites, but the low parasitism did not affect the body condition of the host. The occurrence of parasites in C. incompta was due to their life habits and food behavior. This study, besides expanding the geographical distribution of G. elongorchis in Brazil, records the first occurrence of these six parasites in C. incompta.

B chromosomes are additional elements to standard karyotypes observed in different species of fishes, especially in Curimatidae. However, despite studies demonstrating the occurrence of Bs, little is known about their origin and evolution. To better understand the genomic composition and evolutionary processes involving B chromosomes, microdissection of B microchromosomes in Steindachnerina insculpta was conducted. Chromosome painting revealed the totally hybridized B and markings on A chromosomes both in S. in sculpta and in Cyphocharax spilotus, demonstrating a strong homology between these different species. In specimens of C. modestus, which do not have Bs, the signals were observed on A chromosomes. Cloning and sequencing of some B fragments revealed that the B microchromosome in S. insculpta is composed of repetitive elements, homologous to the DIRS-4 LTR retrotransposon of Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis. FISH with clone pSi48 with the DIRS-4 retroelement revealed signals on all A chromosomes in the 2 species and also on the B, suggesting the insertion of repetitive elements in these species.

Summary The present work provides the estimates of morphometric relationships for 22 native freshwater fish species (11 Characidae, five Loricariidae, two Heptapteridae, one Astroblepidae, one Crenuchidae, one Curimatidae and one Erythrinidae) collected in the Alto Madre de Dios River (Cuzco and Madre de Dios, Peru) in June 2012 using a mobile backpack electrofishing unit. These are the first length–weight relationships reported for 24 species, mostly endemic to the Amazonian basin. Knowledge regarding these biometric relationships can be relevant in the management and conservation of the local fishes and fisheries.

A new species of Curimatopsis is described from the Rio Nhamunda, Amazon basin in northern Brazil. The new species is distinguished from congeners by the presence of a distinctive concentration of dark pigmentation over the entire lower lobe of the caudal fin, reticulate pattern of body pigmentation, lower jaw longer than and overlapping the anterior portion of the upper jaw, crescent-shaped posterior nostril and by morphometric and meristic data. Comments on the phylogenetic position of the new species within Curimatopsis are also provided.

This paper describes light and ultrastructural observations and molecular analysis of a fish-infecting myxosporean, Henneguya gilbert n. sp., which was found infecting the gill epithelium of the commercially important freshwater teleost fish Cyphocharax gilbert (Curimatidae) collected in the estuarine region of Guandu River, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The parasite occurs in the gills, forming whitish spherical to ellipsoidal polysporic cysts measuring up to ~ 750 μm, and displaying asynchronous development. Mature myxospores are ellipsoidal with a bifurcated caudal process. The length, width and thickness of the body of the myxospore are 12.0 × 5.3 × 3.6 μm, respectively; two equal caudal processes are 16.8 μm long, and the total length of the myxospore is 27.2 μm. There are two unequal polar capsules: the larger measures 5.5 μm length × 1.3 μm width and has a polar filament with 9–10 coils; the smaller is 4.0 μm long × 1.3 μm wide and has a polar filament with 7–8 coils. The sporoplasm is binucleated and presents a spherical vacuole surrounded by numerous globular sporoplasmosomes. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the small subunit rRNA sequencing, using maximum likelihood method reveals the parasite clustering together with other myxobolids that are histozoic and parasitize freshwater fish of the order Characiformes, thereby strengthening the contention that the host phylogenetic relationships and aquatic environment are the strongest evolutionary signals for myxosporeans of the family Myxobolidae.

Cyphocharax boiadeiro, new species, is described from the upper rio Araguaia, a tributary of the Amazon basin in central Brazil. The new species is readily distinguished from its congeners by the presence of a distinct longitudinal dark stripe from supracleithrum to the caudal peduncle and by a combination of morphometric, meristic, and pigmentation features. Morphological characters supporting putative subunits of Cyphocharax are also discussed.

Specimens of Braga patagonica Schiödte & Meinert, 1884 (Isopoda: Cymothoidae) from freshwater fishes deposited in Ichthyological Collection of Amazon National Research Institute (INPA), in central Amazon and from fishes from eastern Amazon (Brazil) were investigated. Prevalence, infection intensity and body measures of B. patagonicafor different populations of this cymothoid in wild fishes species from Amazon were carried out. Four species of Serrasalmidae, one Characidae, one Cichlidae, one Cynodontidae, one Curimatidae, one Acestrorhynchidae and one Sciaenidae were recorded as new hosts for B. patagonicain the Amazon. This study indicates a low intensity and low parasitic specificity of B. patagonica, and also recorded the first parasitism by this ectoparasite in farmed Colossoma macropomum, describing its highly pathogenic effect.

The nucleolus is an important nuclear structure where transcription of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) takes place. During mitotic division, the nucleolus passes through different processes that inactivate rDNA transcription; in meiosis, its reassembly takes place during telophase II. The objective of this study was to identify the activity patterns and localization of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) during meiotic division in fish species of the family Curimatidae. For this analysis, the meiotic division in five curimatid species was studied using silver nitrate impregnation, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and base-specific fluorochrome staining. Silver nitrate staining indicated the presence of a nucleolus in interphase nuclei, one chromosome pair in the spermatogonial metaphases, and one bivalent at the pachytene stage. No Ag-NORs were identified for cells at the diplotene, diakinesis, metaphase I, or metaphase II stages; however, FISH confirmed the presence of Ag-NORs in the nuclei, in spermatogonia, and at the pachytene phase. FISH identified this region during the other stages of meiosis, as did fluorochrome CMA3 staining, which revealed fluorescent marks corresponding to NORs during all stages of meiosis analyzed. The gene activity and localization of this ribosomal sequence during the different stages involved will also be discussed.

Chilodontidae is a small family of eight described characiform species popularly known as headstanders. These small to moderately sized fishes are well known to aquarists, who prize their striking spotted pigmentation and unusual behaviors, and to systematists, who have revised both chilodontid genera in recent memory and studied their phylogenetic relationships using a comprehensive morphological dataset. However, no molecular phylogeny for the family has ever been proposed. Here, we reconstruct phylogenetic relationships for all eight known chilodontid species using three mitochondrial and two nuclear loci. Results largely agree with the previous morphological hypothesis, and confirm the monophyly of the family as well as its included genera, Caenotropus and Chilodus. The molecular topology differs slightly from the morphological hypothesis by placing Caenotropus maculosus rather than C. mestomorgmatos as the sister to the remaining three congeners, and by reconstructing the Curimatidae as the closest outgroup family, rather than the Anostomidae. However, the topologies supported by the morphological data were only slightly less likely and could not be rejected via Shimodaira-Hasegawa tests. Within Chilodus, two described species with distinctive pigmentation (C. fritillus and C. zunevei) appear embedded within the broad distributed C. punctatus clade, suggesting the presence of cryptic taxa with polymorphic pigmentation within the present concept of C. punctatus. Future work should combine morphological and molecular data to revisit the taxonomy and systematics of Chilodus and determine species limits within the C. punctatus-group sensu lato.

Dutra, Guilherme Moreira, Penido, Iago De Souza, Mello, Gabriel Caetano Guimarães De, Pessali, Tiago Casarim (2016): Two new species of Cyphocharax (Teleostei: Characiformes: Curimatidae) from headwaters of the Jequitinhonha and São Francisco river basins, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Zootaxa 4103 (2): 154-164, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4103.2.5

Cyphocharax jagunco, new species (Fig. 1) Holotype. MCNIP 1612, 48.5 mm SL, Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Município Olhos D´água, Vereda Volta da Capoeira, tributary of Ribeirão da Areia, Rio Jequitinhonha drainage, 17 ° 15 ' 25.98 "S 43 ° 43 ' 35.91 "W, 0 2 Jan 2015, T. C. Pessali, I. S. Penido and J. C. Oliveira. Paratypes. All collected with the holotype. MCNIP 1613, 2, 42.7–50.8 mm SL. MPEG 33714, 1, 51.9 mm SL. Diagnosis. Cyphocharax jagunco is distinguished from congeners, except C. lundi, C. punctatus, and C. vanderi, by the presence of a midlateral series of irregular patches of dark pigmentation along the lateral line (vs. presence of a series of dark stripes or spots running between most scale rows in C. helleri, C. multilineatus, and C. pantostictus; a patch of dark pigmentation on the dorsal fin in C. notatus and C. vexillapinnus; a single midlateral stripe in C. laticlavius; a patch of dark pigmentation on the caudal peduncle in C. aninha, C. biocellatus, C. gilbert, C. gangamon, C. gillii, C. gouldingi, C. meniscaprorus, C. mestomyllon, C. modestus, C. nagelii, C. oenas, C. saladensis, C. sanctigabrieli, C. santacatarinae, C. signatus, C. spilotus, C. spiluropsis, C. spilurus and C. voga; or no pronounced pigmentation pattern on body in C. abramoides, C. aspilos, C. derhami, C. festivus, C. leucostictus, C. magdalenae, C. microcephalus, C. nigripinnis, C. platanus, C. pinnilepis, C. plumbeus and C. stilbolepis). Cyphocharax jagunco differs from C. punctatus and C. vanderi by possessing 10–17 irregular patches of dark pigmentation along lateral line, including one on the caudal peduncle (vs. 4–5 in C. punctatus and 4–6 in C. vanderi); and the 1 or 2 pored scales posterior to the hypural joint (vs. 3 or 4). Cyphocharax jagunco also differs from C. punctatus by the complete lateral line (vs. incomplete). Cyphocharax jagunco can also be distinguished from C. lundi by the absence of light brown spots above lateral line (vs. presence); the number of scales in the lateral line, 29–30 (vs. 36); and the number of scales rows above lateral line, 4 ½ or 5 (vs. 5 ½– 6 ½). Description. Morphometric data given in Table 1. Body robust. Dorsal profile of head convex from margin of upper lip to vertical through anterior nostril, nearly straight from that point to supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body convex from tip of supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin; slightly convex on base of dorsal fin; nearly straight from last dorsal-fin ray to adipose-fin origin and then slightly concave to origin of anteriormost dorsal procurrent ray. Ventral profile of body convex to base of last anal-fin ray; and then concave to origin of anteriormost ventral procurrent ray. Greatest body depth at vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Head compressed, greatest depth at nape. Mouth terminal. Upper jaw slightly longer than lower jaw. Nostrils close together and separated by thin flap of skin. Anterior nostril circular, near midpoint between snout tip and anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril crescent-shaped, closer to anterior margin of eye than snout. Adipose eyelid restricted to anterior margin of eye. Eye on anterior one-half of head length. Branchial membranes joined at isthmus. Percent of head length All scales of lateral line pored with primary laterosensory canal straight. Pored lateral-line scales from supracleithrum to hypural joint 29 *(3) or 30 (1). Pored scales on basal portions of caudal fin posterior to hypural joint 1 (2) or 2 *(2). Scales in transverse series from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 4 ½ (2) or 5 *(2). Scales in transverse series from anal-fin origin to lateral line 5 *(4). Scales between anus and anal-fin origin 1 (2) or 2 *(2). Middorsal series of scales from rear of supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin 10 *(1), 11 (2) or 12 (1). Scales covering proximal portion of caudal-fin rays. Caudal-fin scales similar in size to those on posterior portion of caudal peduncle. Pectoral fin pointed, i, 12 (1), i, 13 *(2) or i, 14 (1) rays; tip of adpressed pectoral fin reaching vertical through eighth scale of lateral line. Dorsal-fin pointed, ii, 9 *(4) rays; first unbranched ray about one-half length of second unbranched ray, first and second branched ray larger than others, branched rays gradually decreasing in size posteriorly. Pelvic fin emarginate, i, 8 *(4) rays. Pelvic-fin origin at vertical through fourth unbranched ray of dorsal fin. Tip of adpressed pelvic fin reaching anus. Anal fin emarginate, ii, 7 *(4) rays; first unbranched ray about onethird length of second unbranched ray, first branched ray larger than others, subsequent branched rays gradually decreasing in size. Adipose fin present. Caudal fin forked with lobes somewhat pointed, i, 9 / 8,i*(4) rays. Coloration in alcohol. Ground color of body dark brown, becoming progressively yellowish ventrally. Dorsum densely covered by dark chromatophores. Ventrum with only scarce chromatophores. Lateral surface of body with series of 10 to 17 irregular dark blotches. Blotch on caudal peduncle horizontally elongated forming a large ovoid spot sometimes extending to base of middle caudal-fin rays. Centers of dark blotches dorsal to lateral line anterior of vertical through last dorsal-fin ray. Posterior to that point, centers of dark blotches on lateral line. Ground color of head dark brown becoming progressively yellower ventrally. Neurocranium densely covered by dark chromatophores from upper lip to horizontal through ventral margin of fourth infraorbital bone. Dark chromatophores concentrated on anterior-middle portion of operculum and becoming scarce at margins of bone. All fins overall hyaline. Dorsal and caudal fin with scattered dark chromatophores increasing in density at fin bases. Adipose fin with concentration of dark chromatophores at borders. Coloration in life. Based on a photograph of the paratype (MCNIP 1613), taken immediately after fixation (Fig. 1 b). Ground coloration of body and head golden, progressively white silvery ventrally. Scales of two or three dorsalmost rows iridescent blue. All fins overall hyaline. Distribution and habitat. Known from Vereda Volta da Capoeira, tributary of Ribeirão da Areia, Rio Jequitinhonha drainage (Fig. 2). The Vereda Volta da Capoeira is a small stream of clear water 0.4 to 0.7 meters wide and maximum depth of 0.5 meters. Its water flow slowly over a hydromorphic soil with lots of organic matter. The bed is completely shaded by herbaceous vegetation (Fig. 3). Small swampy pools can be found along its margins. The new species was collected near the headwaters, 800 m above sea level. It occurs syntopically with Astyanax aff. fasciatus, Characidium spp. and Corydoras sp. Etymology. The species name “ jagunco ” is in reference to the Portuguese term “ jagunço ”, a noun that probably derived of “jagun-jagun” from Yoruba (Africa), which means warrior. In Brazil, “ jagunço ” is equivalent to "roughneck". The species name is also an honor to the modernist Brazilian masterpiece by João Guimarães Rosa “Grande Sertão: Veredas”. The story, which is narrated and starred by a “ jagunço ”, occurs in the northern portion of Minas Gerais state, a region that includes the type locality of the species. A noun in apposition.

Cyphocharax lundi, new species (Fig. 4) Holotype. MCNIP 807, 73.7 mm SL, Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Município Confins, Karst of Lagoa Santa, Córrego Capão de Santana, tributary of Córrego do Jaques, itself a tributary of the Rio das Velhas, Rio São Francisco drainage, 19 ° 36 ’ 55.61 ”S 43 ° 57 ’ 20.46 ”W, 0 6 Nov 2012, G. C. G. Mello and A. A. Rodrigues. Paratype. All from Brazil, Minas Gerais State, Karst of Lagoa Santa, Córrego Capão de Santana, tributary of Córrego do Jaques, itself a tributary of the Rio das Velhas, Rio São Francisco drainage. MCNIP 1611, 1, 84.6 mm SL, Município Lagoa Santa, 19 ° 36 ’ 10.8 ”S 43 ° 56 ’ 22.54 ”W, 30 Oct 2011, G. C. G. Mello and J. S. Saliba. MPEG 33715, 1, 69.9 mm SL, Município Confins, 19 ° 36 ’ 55.61 ”S 43 ° 57 ’ 20.46 ”W, 12 Apr 2012, G. C. G. Mello and A. A. Rodrigues. Diagnosis. Cyphocharax lundi is distinguished from congeners, except C. jagunco, C. punctatus, and C. vanderi by the presence of a midlateral series of irregular patches of dark pigmentation along the lateral line (vs. presence of a series of dark stripes or spots running between most scale rows in C. helleri, C. multilineatus, and C. pantostictus; a patch of dark pigmentation on the dorsal fin in C. notatus and C. vexillapinnus; a single midlateral stripe in C. laticlavius; a patch of dark pigmentation on caudal peduncle in C. aninha, C. biocellatus, C. gilbert, C. gangamon, C. gillii, C. gouldingi, C. meniscaprorus, C. mestomyllon, C. modestus, C. nagelii, C. oenas, C. saladensis, C. sanctigabrieli, C. santacatarinae, C. signatus, C. spilotus, C. spiluropsis, C. spilurus and C. voga; or no pronounced pigmentation pattern on body in C. abramoides, C. aspilos, C. derhami, C. festivus, C. leucostictus, C. magdalenae, C. microcephalus, C. nigripinnis, C. platanus, C. pinnilepis, C. plumbeus and C. stilbolepis). Cyphocharax lundi differs from C. jagunco, C. punctatus and C. vanderi by the presence of light brown spots above lateral line (vs. absence); and the number of scales in the lateral line, 36 (vs. 29–30 in C. jagunco, 27–30 in C. punctatus, and 27–29 in C. vanderi). It is further distinguished from C. punctatus and C. vanderi by possessing 7–11 irregular patches of dark pigmentation along the lateral line, including the caudal-peduncle spot (vs. 4–5 in C. punctatus and 4–6 in C. vanderi); the 1–2 pored scales posterior to the hypural joint (vs. 3 or 4). Cyphocharax lundi also differs from C. punctatus by the presence of lateral line complete (vs. incomplete). It is further distinguished from C. vanderi by the number of scales rows above lateral line, 5 ½– 6 ½ (vs. 4 ½). Cyphocharax lundi also distinguished from C. jagunco by the number of scales rows above lateral line, 5 ½– 6 ½ (vs. 4 ½ or 5). Description. Morphometric data given in Table 1. Body elongate. Dorsal profile of head convex from margin of upper lip to vertical through anterior nostril, nearly straight from that point to supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body convex from tip of supraoccipital spine to base of last dorsal-fin ray; nearly straight from base of last dorsal-fin ray to adipose-fin origin and then slightly concave to origin of anteriormost dorsal procurrent ray. Ventral profile of body convex to base of last anal-fin ray; and then concave to origin of anteriormost ventral procurrent ray. Greatest body depth at vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Head compressed, greatest depth at nape. Mouth terminal. Upper jaw very slightly longer than lower jaw. Nostrils place close together and separated by thin flap of skin. Anterior nostril circular, closer to snout tip than to anterior margin of eye. Posterior nostril crescent-shaped; near midpoint between snout tip and anterior margin of eye. Nostrils separated by thin flap of skin. Adipose eyelid restricted to anterior margin of eye. Eye on middle of head length, laterally oriented. Branchial membranes joined at isthmus. All scales of lateral line pored with primary laterosensory canal straight. Pored lateral-line scales from supracleithrum to hypural joint 35 (1) or 36 *(2). Pored scales on basal portions of caudal fin posterior to hypural joint 1 (1) or 2 *(1). Scales in transverse series from dorsal-fin origin to lateral line 5 ½(2) or 6 ½*(1). Scales in transverse series from anal-fin origin to lateral line 4 (1), 5 *(1) or 5 ½(1). Scales between anus and anal-fin origin 1 *(2) or 2 (1). Middorsal series of scales from rear of supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin 12 (1) or 13 *(2). Scales covering proximal portion of caudal-fin rays. Caudal fin scales similar in size to those on posterior portion of caudal peduncle. Pectoral fin pointed, i, 13 *(1), i, 14 (1) or i, 15 (1) rays; tip of adpressed pectoral fin reaching vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal-fin pointed, ii, 9 *(3) rays; first unbranched ray about one-half length of second unbranched ray, second unbranched ray and first branched ray larger than others, branched rays gradually decreasing in size. Pelvic fin emarginated, i, 8 *(3) rays. Pelvic-fin origin at vertical through fifth branched ray of dorsal fin. Tip of adpressed pelvic fin reaching one scale short of anus. Anal fin emarginated, ii, 7 *(3) rays; first unbranched ray about one-third length of second unbranched ray, first branched ray larger than others, subsequent branched rays gradually decreasing in size. Adipose fin present. Caudal fin forked, lobes somewhat pointed, i, 9 / 8,i*(3) rays. Coloration in alcohol. Ground color of body light brown, becoming progressively white silvery ventrally. Body overall covered by dark chromatofores from dorsum becoming scarcely ventrally. Laterodorsal region of body with small light brown spots, irregular in shape, from point immediately posterior of head to caudal peduncle. Lateral surface of body with series of 7 to 11 irregular dark blotches. Last blotch on caudal peduncle horizontally elongated forming a large ovoid spot sometimes extending to base of middle caudal-fin rays. Centers of blotches typically near or slightly above lateral line. Ground color of head light brown becoming progressively lighter ventrally. Neurocranium covered by chromatophores from upper lip to fourth or fifth infraorbitals bone and middle of operculum. Infraorbitals, operculum and suboperculum silvery retaining guanine. All fins overall hyaline. Dorsal and caudal fin scattered dark chromatophores increasing in density at fin base. Adipose fin with concentration of dark chromatophores at borders. Coloration in life. Based on a photograph of the paratype (MCNIP 1611), taken immediately after fixation (Fig. 4 B). Ground coloration of body and head yellowish silver. All fins overall hyaline. Distribution and habitat. Known from Karst of Lagoa Santa, Córrego Capão de Santana, tributary of Córrego do Jaques, itself a tributary of the Rio das Velhas, Rio São Francisco drainage (Fig. 2). The Córrego Capão de Santana is a surface drainage of the karst area of Lagoa Santa with approximately 5.0 meters wide and maximum depth of 1.6 meters. It is characterized by murky waters of moderate flow, sandy substrate with small size pebbles, and vegetation on its margins (Fig. 5). Cyphocharax lundi occurs syntopically with 18 other species, among them: Astyanax cf. bockmanni, Astyanax fasciatus, Hyphessobrycon santae, Lepidocharax burnsi, Piabina argentea, Poecilia reticulata, Rhamdia aff. quelen and Rhamdiopsis microcephala. Etymology. The specific epithet “ lundi ” is in honor to the Danish naturalist Peter W. Lund (1801–1880), in recognition to his contributions in paleontology, archeology, zoology and speleology. Lund made his major scientific discoveries in the karst area of Lagoa Santa, which includes the type locality of this species. A noun in the genitive case.

Cyphocharax aninha, new species, is described from the Rio Mopeco, a left tributary of the Rio Paru, left of the lower Rio Amazonas. Cyphocharax aninha differs from its congeners by having the infraorbital sensory canal absent or greatly reduced, even in large individuals (more than 30.0 mm SL), and fleshy or osseous canal restricted to infraorbital 5; the presence of a broad ellipsoid, vertical elongate spot over the caudal peduncle and the base of the caudal-fin rays, between the dorsal and ventral margins of the caudal peduncle. The new species can also be distinguished from all congeners by the combination of morphometric, meristic, and pigmentation characters. Comments on other small species and possible relationships of the new species with its congeners are presented. Cyphocharax aninha, nova especie, e descrita do Rio Mopeco, afluente esquerdo do Rio Paru, afluente esquerdo do baixo Amazonas. Cyphocharax aninha difere de seus congeneres por apresentar canal sensorial infraorbital ausente ou extrem...

Most studies on dactylogyrid monogeneans in Argentina have been carried out during 1980s and 1990s. Many of these species have been later synonymised and other remain under a confusing taxonomic status, particularly those parasitising Cyphocharax voga (Hensel) (Teleostei: Curimatidae). In order to clarify the identity of dactylogyrids, new material was collected from fishes in Lake Chascomús, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. A total of four species was found in the gills of C. voga. Two known species, Curvianchoratus singularis (Suriano, 1980) Suriano, 1986 and Palombitrema triangulum (Suriano, 1981) Suriano, 1997, are redescribed and their generic and specific status discussed, and two new species are described. Urocleidoides surianoae n. sp. can be distinguished from its congeners by having an anterior medial projection in the ventral bar and a laminar ligament connecting the base of the male copulatory organ and accessory piece. Annulotrematoides bonaerensis n. sp. differs from its congeners principally by having a ventral bar with an anterior medial projection. The diversity of dactylogyrids harboured by C. voga indicates the need of further studies in the Pampas region, which will provide interesting and valuable sources of evidence for future zoogeographical and evolutionary research on dactylogyrids in the Neotropics. Fil: Rossin, Maria Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencia Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentina Fil: Timi, Juan Tomas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencia Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentina

Pseudocurimata boulengeri is an endemic species of Ecuador, which sustains a large group of fisher families. The biological data of this species correspond to reports from lotic systems of Los Ríos province; nevertheless, their trend in a lentic system is not yet known. This paper describes the sex ratio, length-weight relationship, gonad development, spawning season and size at reproductive maturity of P. boulengeri, inhabiting the lentic system of Chongón dam, Ecuador. Fish were caught between 2003 and 2009 using gill nets (2.5"). The total length (Lt) of caught specimens ranged from 10.5 to 35.5 cm, spawning occurred between the months of October and March, and size at first maturity for females was estimated at 17.9 cm (Lt) and 20.0 cm (Lt) for males. Between May and October male and female ratios were as expected (1:1), whereas for May, November and April, females ratios were higher than males, situation that coincided with the spawning season. The limnetic conditions and high production characteristics of Chongón dam, have promoted the availability of a great amount of food for this species, which may have allowed P. boulengeri to have a more extended reproductive season in this favorable environment. Pseudocurimata boulengeri, es una especie endémica del Ecuador, que da sustento a un importante grupo de familias de pescadores. Los antecedentes biológicos para esta especie corresponden a reportes en los sistemas loticos de la Provincia de los Ríos, se desconoce si estos parámetros siguen igual tendencia en un sistema lentico. En este trabajo se describe la proporción de sexo, la relación talla peso total, el desarrollo gonadal, la época de desove y el tamaño de primera madurez reproductiva de P. boulengeri, en el embalse de Chongón, Ecuador. Se capturaron peces con redes de enmalle (2.5") entre 2003 y 2009. La longitud total (Lt) de los peces capturados fue de 10.5 a 36.0 cm, el desove ocurre de noviembre a marzo y el tamaño de primera madurez para las hembras se estimó en 17.96 cm (Lt) y para los machos en 20.05 cm (Lt). La proporción de machos y hembras entre mayo y octubre, se ajusta a lo esperado (1:1), mientras que entre noviembre y abril, la proporción de hembras fue mayor que los machos, situación que coincide con la época de desove. Las características limnéticas y productivas del embalse, harían que esta especie pueda disponer de una mayor cantidad de alimento y un ambiente más favorable que le permitiría tener una postura más extendida en el año.

Some families of Characiformes present the tendency toward stability of the karyotypic macrostructure as Curimatidae, which contains species with a 2n = 54 karyotype and metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes, however, some Potamorhina species contradict to this tendency. Some species of the central Amazon exhibit different diploid number and show intraspecific variation in the location of heterochromatin. By performing cytogenetic characterization by localization of heterochromatin and the nucleolus organizer region, as well as physical chromosome mapping using probes targeting 5S and 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), retroelement of Xiphophorus 1 (Rex1), Rex3, telomeres, and tropomyosin 1 (TPM1), we attempted to understand the evolutionary mechanisms involved in the differentiation of the Potamorhina species. The analyses showed that the heterochromatic regions of the examined species are distinct and transposable elements are involved in this evolutionary process, considering that the dynamic regions of the genome appear to include the terminal regions and particularly the heterochromatin-rich centromeric regions, which are involved in fission and fusion processes and promote the differentiation of chromosome pairs that bear ribosomal sites; these pairs were similar in the central Amazon species. Thus, we propose a phylogeny for this genus.

Summary Curimatella lepidura and Steindachnerina elegans are small forage fish, constituting an important link in the food chain, serving as food for larger commercial fish. In this study, characteristics of the eggs, of the oocyte's surface ultrastructure and of the embryogenesis are first described for these species. Absolute fecundity was 40864 ± 8769 oocytes for C. lepidura and 22089 ± 8710 oocytes for S. elegans. Oocytes of both species are yellowish, weakly adhesive and with a post-fertilization diameter of 1019.5 ± 20.6 μm and 978.75 ± 29.16 μm for C. lepidura and S. elegans, respectively. The ultrastructural analysis, using scanning electron microscopy, showed that the oocyte's surface of both species has pore canals over the entire surface and a funnel-shaped micropyle. At 24°C, the embryonic development of C. lepidura was completed 25 h after fertilization, and blastopore closure occurred in 7 h 30 min. In S. elegans, larvae hatched 20 h after fertilization, and blastopore closure occurred in 7 h 15 min. The fertilization rate was 74.5 ± 7.96 and 71.2 ± 10.8% for C. lepidura and S. elegans, respectively. This study provides important support for clarifying phylogenetic relationships and in ecological and zoological understanding of Neotropical Curimatidae fish.

The flood pulse is a key factor that drives the biota of large rivers with adjacent floodplains, but the direction and intensity of its effects are not uniform for all trophic guilds of fish. In this study, we tested the existence of intra- and inter-annual changes in the relative condition factors (kn) of three Curimatidae: Potamorhina altamazonica, Potamorhina latior, and Psectrogaster rutiloides. We used weight and length data from fish that were caught in eight floodplain lakes of the Rio Solimões. These data were from experimental fisheries during each season of the hydrological cycle: flooding, flood, drying, and dry from 2004, 2005, and 2006. In general, there are similar patterns of intra-annual changes for these three species, with the highest estimates of kn during high water conditions. The lowest values were observed during the drying and dry seasons of 2005, when an extreme drought occurred in the Amazon basin. Higher values were observed during the same seasons in the year post-drought. We hypothesized that these patterns would be explained by the biological characteristics of these species and the effects of intra-annual hydrological changes, mainly the flood pulse effect, and by inter-annual climatic events, which are determined by global climate phenomena.

A new species of Steindachnerina, family Curimatidae, is described from the headwaters of the Rio Jamanxim in the central portion of the Rio Tapajos basin of the Brazilian Amazon. The species is distinguished from its congeners on the basis of pigmentation and various meristic and morphometric features. The phylogenetic placement of the new species within Steindachnerina is investigated, and notwithstanding the similarities in pigmentation patterns between that species and S. fasciata, those forms were not found to be closely related. The new species represents the first reported occurrence of a species of Steindachnerina within the Rio Tapajos, the fifth largest component of the Amazon. The occurrence of a second species of the genus, S. fasciata, in the Rio Teles Pires, another tributary of the Rio Tapajos basin is also documented. Steindachnerina brevipinna, a species widespread through major portions of the Rio de La Plata system, is confirmed to occur in the Rio Xingu of the Amazon basin.

In the present work, six curimatid species were analyzed: Cyphocharax voga (Hensel, 1870), Cyphocharax spilotus (Vari, 1987), Cyphocharax saladensis (Meinken, 1933), Cyphocharax modestus (Fernández-Yépez, 1948), Steindachnerina biornata (Braga & Azpelicueta, 1987) and Steindachnerina insculpta (Fernández-Yépez, 1948) collected from two hydrographic basins. All samples presented 2n=54 meta-submetacentric (m-sm) chromosomes and FN equal to 108, and 1 or 2 B microchromosomes in the mitotic and meiotic cells of the six sampled populations showing inter-and intraindividual variation. The analysis of the meiotic cells in Cyphocharax saladensis, Cyphocharax spilotus, and Cyphocharax voga showed a modal number of 54 chromosomes in the spermatogonial metaphases and 27 bivalents in the pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis and in metaphase I stages, and 27 chromosomes in metaphase II; in Cyphocharax modestus, Steindachnerina biornata, and Steindachnerina insculpta, spermatogonial metaphases with 54 chromosomes and pachytene and metaphase I with 27 bivalents were observed. The B microchromosome was observed as univalent in the spermatogonial metaphase of Cyphocharax spilotus, in the pachytene stage in the other species, with the exception of Cyphocharax saladensis, and Steindachnerina biornata in metaphase I. New occurrences of the B microchromosome in Cyphocharax voga, Cyphocharax saladensis and Steindachnerina biornata were observed, confirming that the presence of this type of chromosome is a striking characteristic of this group of fish.

Cyphocharax pinnilepis, a species of curimatid characiform apparently endemic to the Rio de Contas system in Bahia, Brazil, is described as new. It is only the sixth member of the Curimatidae known from the coastal rivers of Brazil across the expanse from south of the mouth of the Amazon River to the state of Sao Paulo, but the third curimatid species from the Rio de Contas. The basis for the assignment of the species to Cyphocharax is discussed, and it is diagnosed from congeners on details of pigmentation, the pattern of scales on the lobes of the caudal fin, meristics, and morphometrics.

In order to examine the ecological relationships of metazoan parasites and their hosts, 63 specimens of Steindachnerina brevipinna have been collected from April to September 2006, in the rivers Guairacá and Corvo, tributaries of the low Paranapanema River. Five different parasite species have been found (Paranaella sp., Sphicterodiplostomum musculosum, Cosmoxynema vianai, Travnema travnema and Spinoxyuris sp.), with parasite richness from 1 to 4. The dominance index (C > 0.25) was calculated for S. musculosum and aggregation of S. musculosum and Paranaella sp. were reported. There were no associations or covariations between the species of parasites. Values did not show interference of parasite abundance at different gonadal maturity stages. The relative condition factor (Kn) did not show significant values regarding quantitative and qualitative data on parasitism. Statistical tests were significant between the prevalence and the abundance of parasites and the standard length of the hosts, as well as for the parasite abundance in different months and tributaries.

Dutra, Guilherme Moreira, Penido, Iago De Souza, Pessali, Tiago Casarim, Netto-Ferreira, Andre Luiz (2017): Ressurrection of Curimatus albula Lütken (Characiformes: Curimatidae), a senior synonym of Cyphocharax lundi Dutra, Penido, Mello & Pessali. Zootaxa 4344 (3): 597-600, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1043815, {"references":["Dutra, G.M., Penido, I.S., Mello, G.C.G. & Pessali, T.C. (2016) Two new species of Cyphocharax (Teleostei: Characiformes: Curimatidae) from headwaters of the Jequitinhonha and Sao Francisco river basins, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Zootaxa, 4103 (2), 154-164.","https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaXa.4103.2.5","Eigenmann, C.H. (1910) Catalogue of the Freshwater Fishes of Tropical and South Temperate America. Report of the Princeton University Expedition to Patagonia, 1896-1899, 3 (4), 375-511.","Lutken, C.F. (1874) Characinae novae Brasiliae centralis a clarissimo J. Reinhardt in provincia Minas-Geraes circa oppidulum Lagoa Santa in lacu ejusdem nominis, flumine Rio das Velhas et rivulis affluentibus collectae, secundum characteres essentiales breviter descriptae. Oversigl over det Kongelige Danske Fidenskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger, 3, 127-143.","Lutken, C.F. (1875) Velhas-Flodens Fiske et bidrag til Brasiliens ichthyologi. Danske Fidensksbernes Selskab Skrifler, Copenhagen, 12 (2), 122-254.","Lutken, C.F. (2010) PeiXes do Rio das Velhas: Uma contribuicao para a Ictiologia do Brasil. In: Alves C.B.M. & Pompeu, P.S. (Org.), Peixes do Rio das Felhas: passado e presente. Belo Horizonte, Argvmentvum, pp. 25-166.","Fowler, H.W. (1975) A Catalogue of World Fishes (XXIII). Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum, 28 (3), 277-402.","Nielsen, J.G. (1974) Fish Types in the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 115 pp.","Vari, R.P. (1989) A Phylogenetic Study of the Neotropical Characiform Family Curimatidae (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 471, 1-71.","https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.471","Vari, R.P. (1992) Systematics of the Neotropical Characiform Genus Cyphocharax Fowler (Pisces: Ostariophysi). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 529, 1-137."]}

Toxicants on fish may induce genetic alterations that can be used as genotoxic markers. We evaluated DNA damage using alkaline comet assay applied on erythrocytes after in vivo exposure of Prochilodus lineatus to different concentrations of Cypermethrin (0.300, 0.150, 0.075 and 0.000 µg/L) as a probable chemical mutagen. The results revealed a significantly higher level of DNA damage at all concentrations of Cypermethrin tested compared to control and background level (p

A new species, Steindachnerina notograptos, is described from the middle portions of the Rio Tocantins drainage, Brazil. The possession of a small, fleshy, lobulate body situated on each side of the posterior limit of the medial fold of the buccopharyngeal complex is autapomorphic for S. notograptos. The combination of other aspects of the buccopharyngeal complex along with meristic and pigmentation features further distinguish the species from all of its congeners.

The freshwater ichthyofauna of the Cubatão River basin was studied. This drainage belongs to the Atlantic rainforest biome in Paraná state coastal region, southern Brazil. Considering fish collection data and extensive new collections, 41 species were listed of the families Characidae, Erythrinidae, Crenuchidae, Curimatidae, Heptapteridae, Pseudopimelodidae, Callichthyidae, Trichomycteridae, Loricariidae, Gymnotidae, Cichlidae, Anablepidae, Poeciliidae, and Synbranchidae. The river studied showed the ichthyofaunistic pattern of the coastal drainages of the Atlantic rainforest biome of southeastern Brazil, characterized by a high degree of endemism. A key for species identification is provided.

Este estudo apresenta dados referentes à composição da dieta de Lontra longicaudis em um arroio costeiro com vegetação ripária, localizado na região sul da Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Entre fevereiro de 2007 e maio de 2008, 242 amostras de fezes e seis restos alimentares foram coletados em um trecho de aproximadamente 1.100 m do arroio Bolaxa, na Área de Proteção Ambiental da Lagoa Verde. Os itens identificados como os mais consumidos foram peixes (82,6%), seguidos por crustáceos decápodes (20,6%). Outros itens, encontrados em menor freqüência, foram: aves, mamíferos, répteis, anfíbios, insetos e moluscos. Na análise dos restos alimentares, foi possível a identificação de Conepatus chinga (Carnivora: Mephitidae) e Rhamdia quelem (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae). Dentre os peixes, a família mais freqüente nas amostras fecais foi Cichlidae (59,5%), seguida por Curimatidae (32,6%). Outras famílias, encontradas em menor freqüência, foram Erythrinidae, Heptapteridae, Characidae, Mugilidae, Callichthyidae e Synbranchidae. Foi verificada uma dieta variada, reflexo, em parte, da influência dos ecossistemas adjacentes sobre a área de estudo. This paper presents data on diet of Lontra longicaudis in a coastal stream with riparian canopy in southern Coastal Plain on Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. From February 2007 to May 2008, 242 feces samples and six feeding remains were collected in na approximately 1,100 m length stretch of Bolaxa stream, at Reserve Area of Lagoa Verde. The most common items identified were fishes (82,6%), followed by decapod crustaceans (20,6%). Other items, found less often, were birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, insects and mollusks. In the feeding remains it was possible to identify Conepatus chinga (Carnivora: Mephitidae) and Rhamdia quelem (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae). Among the fishes, the most common family in the feces sample was Cichlidae (59,5%) followed by Curimatidae (32,6%). Other families, found less often, were Erythrinidae, Heptapteridae, Characidae, Mugilidae, Callichthyidae and Synbranchidae. A varied diet was observed, in parts as effect of the surrounding environments influence on the study area.

The ultrastructure and histology of teeth of members of the order Characiformes, in conjunction with the examination of cleared and stained sections and teeth, revealed characters pertinent to understanding the relationships among the Anostomoidea (Curimatidae, Prochilodontidae, Anostomidae, and Chilodontidae), Hemiodontidae, and Parodontidae. The superimposition of these characters onto cladograms of Characiform phylogeny based on morphological and molecular characters confirmed the monophyly of the Anostomoidea, but resulted in conflicting interpretations concerning the relationships of the Hemiodontidae and Parodontidae.