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The Mattei Site (38BU1765) is a Late Archaic site situated on an elevated marine sand deposit in an upland area of the Atlantic coastal strand near the May River in Beaufort County, South Carolina (Daniel Elliot, personal communication, November 12, 2019). Stalling Phase pottery sherds, chert tool fragments, and multiple features were noted at the site. Sediment samples were collected from two distinct features and submitted for pollen and phytolith analysis.

One sediment sample from a single-feature, earth oven site (the Fort Nugent Road site) was submitted for flotation and macrofloral analysis. This site is located in Oak Harbor, Whidbey Island, Island County, Washington in the Salish (S’Kllam) cultural area.

Two sediment samples and four rocks recovered in a trench at CA-SHA-2435 (Keswick Boat Ramp Cabin), situated on an ancestral terrace and hill along the Sacramento River, were submitted for analysis. A major historic (1890s to early 1900s) copper mining and smelting operation was located in this vicinity. A prehistoric camp is overlain by a cabin foundation and possible ore roasting features.

The Ski Lake Site is located in the southern Teton Range, Teton County, Wyoming. Nine charcoal samples and twelve bulk sediment samples excavated from two paleoseismic trenches at this site were submitted for analysis. The goal of these analyses was to isolate and identify charcoal for possible radiocarbon dating.

The Sundog Site (24LC2289) represents a prehistoric, short-term occupation and is situated on a large bench near the head of Indian Creek adjacent to the Gates of the Mountains Wilderness Area in Helena National Forest, Lewis and Clark County, Montana. Thirteen lithics recovered from the site were selected and submitted for protein residue analysis to identify animals hunted or processed at the site.

Earth Mounds 33 and 34 are located in the Wathayn locality on the Weipa Peninsula of northern Cape York in Queensland, Australia. Evidence suggests that occupation of the earth mounds at Wathayn began after 2000 BP, with the height of occupation occurring between 500 and 100 BP. Use of the earth mounds on the Weipa Peninsula continued well after European settlement, with evidence for Aboriginal adoption of new technologies suggestive of occupation into the modern era (Stevenson et al. 2015:28). The Wathayn traditional owners continue to use the same cooking methods as those associated with the earth mounds (Foghlú 2017:62). The appearance and gradual predominance of earth mounds on the landscape could signal new diets adopted in the mid-Holocene (Robert Jones, personal communication, 18 June 2019; Foghlú 2017:66). Therefore, pollen, phytolith, and starch analyses of sediment from Earth Mounds 33 and 34 at Wathayn were sought to investigate whether or not components of diet could be detected, and, through the resultant data, specific questions about changing environment, demographics, and subsistence could be answered.

Sites 24ME163 and 24ME1105 are lithic scatters located along Sheep Creek in the Little Belt Mountains of the Northern Rocky Mountains, Meagher County, Montana. Recent excavations at the sites discovered hearth features at both sites and numerous fire-cracked rock (FCR) at Site 24ME163 (Lynn Peterson, personal communication, July 23, 2019). Hearth feature fill recovered at Site 24ME163 was submitted for macrofloral analysis and AMS radiocarbon age determination. Charcoal samples recovered from a hearth at Site 24ME1105 were submitted for identification and AMS radiocarbon age determination.

The Santa Barbara Presidio site (CA-SBA-133) is a 19th Century Spanish/Mexican Period site located in Santa Barbara, California. Two bulk sediment samples excavated from a trash pit at the fort were submitted for flotation and macrofloral analysis. The goal of the project is to better understand the trading relationship between the presidio soldiers and the local Chumash tribe.

Midland Site #8 (20MD38), is a multi-component prehistoric site located in Chippewassee Park, Midland County, Michigan. The site was originally situated on stratified floodplain alluvium near the confluence of the Chippewa and Tittabawasee Rivers. In the 1970s, the city of Midland built Chippewassee Park and buried the site under a gravel parking lot and cleared grassy area (Kevin Schwarz, personal communication, November 12, 2018). Current archaeological investigations were conducted by ASC Group in Spring 2017 prior to the construction of a new bridge for the —20 road. Sediment, groundstones, and lithic samples were submitted to PaleoResearch Institute for phytolith and starch analysis; in addition to two lithic samples submitted for protein residue analysis. The objective of these analyses is to better understand the subsistence practices of Archaic and Woodland cultures of central Michigan. Despite the typically limited macrobotanical evidence at prehistoric sites in Michigan, successful phytolith and starch analyses of archaeological samples in Ottawa County, Michigan, suggest that similar analyses, in addition to protein residue analysis, may help to indicate food processing strategies at Midland Site #8 (Hambacher et al. 2016; Ladwig and Cummings 2013). ASC Group posed two specific questions of the evidence prior to sample submission: 1. Does phytolith and starch evidence uphold the interpretation that Middle Woodland bladelets were multi-use tools, which included the processing of plants, and; 2. Does protein residue on Jack’s Reef horizon (JRH) projectiles support the hypothesis that JRH peoples living in riverine environments used projectiles in fishing?

Carl’s Cave (Site 24LC0242) is located on the east side of Holter Lake near the entrance to the Gates of the Mountain, Lewis and Clark County, Montana. This shallow cave is situated in a limestone outcrop approximately 8 meters above the lake (Dr. Lauri Travis, personal communication, September 3, 2019). Multiple flakes and boiling stones were recovered from the interior of the cave. Two boiling stones were selected for organic residue (FTIR) analysis to determine if the stones retained an organic signature of their use.

As designed for the Intercontinental Potash, Inc. (ICP) Ochoa Project, a proposed ICP plant facility will be built approximately 2 km east of the Double X Ranch and 35 km west of the town of Jal in Lea County, New Mexico. Samples from three prehistoric sites (LA 108617, LA 172154, and LA 172155), collected during cultural resource data recovery, were submitted for phytolith and starch analyses. In addition to phytolith and starch analyses, pollen analysis was performed on three of the seven ground stone samples (Samples 12, 15, and 43)—one from each site. Originally, sediment samples also were collected from a caliche-armored low area and the modern surface for phytolith analysis; however, only the ceramic-sherd and ground stone samples were designated for analysis at this time. These analyses aim to provide a better understanding of the nature of subsistence strategies at Sites LA 108617, LA 172154, and LA 172155 (Wheeler and Gibson 2013:13).

A hearth feature excavated at Site 27-GR-236 is located along the Pemigewassat River near the town of Plymouth in Grafton County, New Hampshire. Artifacts observed in association with the hearth suggest affiliation with Early Woodland cultures (Mark Doperalski, personal communication, August 26, 2019). Charcoal collected from the feature was submitted for AMS radiocarbon age determination to assess whether the hearth is indeed prehistoric and what species were used in the hearth.

The Fort Argyle Site (9BN28) is situated upon a bluff on the west bank of the Ogeechee River on the eastern margin of the modern Fort Stewart US Army Reservation in Bryan County, Georgia. The site contains the historical Fort Argyle, which was an important early colonial outpost (AD 1733–1767). Eleven sediment samples collected primarily from palisade trenches were submitted for pollen and phytolith analysis in conjunction with Phase III archaeological work. In addition, individual samples represent a cellar, a pit, and the chimney base. Parasite analysis was also conducted on one of the sediment samples (Sample 343) from a cellar in Zone A. Analyses were conducted to determine an environmental signature of Fort Argyle and its surroundings during and shortly following its occupation.

The Kahanahou WWPS Upgrade and Sewer Improvements Project area in Kāne‘ohe, which includes Site SIHP #50-80-10-0343 and SIHP #50-80-10-8820, is located in the district of Ko‘olaupoko on the windward (ko‘olau) side of O‘ahu. Site SIHP #50-80-10-0343 represents the Kalokohanahou Fishpond, a loko kuapā (fishpond with seawalls) likely in use by the 14th century (if not earlier) and filled in the 1940s for residential development (G. Farley, personal communication, 3 June 2019; Kikuchi 1972:9,213). SIHP #50-80-10-8820 represents a stratum of either agricultural fields or natural alluvium. Sediment samples from both sites were submitted for pollen analysis. All samples also were analyzed for starches. Pollen analysis of the sample from Site SIHP #50-80-10-0343 seeks to identify the vegetative environment of Kalokohanahou Fishpond prior to 1940, while the remaining analyses look to determine whether SIHP #50-80-10-8820 represents culturally modified agricultural fields or unmodified alluvial sediments.

Five textiles were examined using handheld X-ray Fluorescence technology to identify the presence of toxins.

The Tomoka Mound and Midden Complex (Site 8VO81) is located in Tomoka State Park, Volusia County, Florida. During excavations at the site, two Busycon spp. shell vessels (Samples FS 227.01 and FS 276.01) were recovered from the northwest bank of a narrow peninsula extending into the Tomoka Basin (Jon Endonino, personal communication, February 19, 2019). The location of the shell vessels and their association with shell middens and mortuary mounds suggests affiliation with the Thornhill Lake phase of the Late Archaic Mount Taylor culture (~5600–4700 cal yr BP). The shell vessels (Table 1) were subjected to Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and phytolith analyses. The objective for these analyses is to determine what the vessel contents might have been, if any.

No abstract released.

CA-SHA-1991 (the Tanya Site) is located along Olney Creek in the Sacramento Valley of Shasta County, California. The local environment is primarily oak woodland interspersed with areas of manzanita chaparral. This site is believed to be a late prehistoric period occupation associated with the Wintu tribe. One liter of sediment was collected in 1996 and is associated with the floor of a large, circular dance or assembly house. This sample was sent to PaleoResearch Institute for flotation and macrofloral analysis of seeds and charcoal.

Midnight Terror Cave lies in the Cayo District, ca. 16 km southwest of Belmopan, in central Belize. Studies of the cave by California State University, Los Angeles, in association with the Belizean Institute of Archaeology, revealed eight naturally divided sections (called ‘Operations’). Significant quantities (more than 10,000 bones and bone fragments) of calcified human remains from the Late Classic period (AD 600–900) lay on the surface of the cave floor (Prout and Brady 2018:3). Operations V and VIII, in particular, contained the greatest quantities of bones. Teeth from both Operations V and VIII were submitted for dental calculus analysis, with the objective to better understand the diets and dental health of the deceased.

In Minnesota, understanding ceramic periods of prehistory and their attendant subsistence practices is of critical importance. Our previous study (Scott Cummings 2017) indicates that problems with radiocarbon dates on ceramics are not unique to this period. Instead, the entire prehistoric record is affected. The natural Minnesota landscape contributes dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and organic carbon (DOC), confounding efforts to create a clean radiocarbon record. When graphing all dates from Minnesota the oldest dates are on bones. This trend generally holds true whether investigating individual sites with multiple dates, cultures, or regions of the state. This is particularly obvious when examining the dates on bones obtained from stratigraphic deposits at LaMoille (21WN1). At that site dates on both bone collagen and burned bone appear to be too old. Therefore, one of the first steps involved in evaluating bone ages is to date calcined bones to compare with the previously-obtained dates on bone collagen and burned bones at LaMoille. In addition, modern reference bones, other body parts, and aquatic plants, as well as sediment, were dated to observe any offsets present. Specifically, catfish, aquatic plant, aquatic grass, and lake sediment, all from Albert Lea Lake, were examined as reference material. Animal bones from modern populations include two bison samples (one vertebra and one horn core), muskrat bones from three lakes, and bones of “known” age from historic deposits at Historic Fort Snelling (21HE99) that included a human phalanx from a ca. 1904 fill and a bison bone from a latrine deposit expected to represent AD 1825–1835. This expands the efforts examining reference samples (fish and wild rice) as part of the previous study (Scott Cummings 2017) that produced dates offset from the time of collection. Given the previously identified anomalies, additional samples were submitted to answer specific questions on a site-by-site basis. Six archaeological sites including Historic Fort Snelling, LaMoille, Blazing Star Shore (21FE76), the Preece Site (21BL26), the Crace Site (21ML3), and the Wilford Site (21ML12) had curated remains that were submitted for this study. These populations of modern materials and archaeological sites are discussed separately below. The unifying theme to this study is pursuit of information concerning recovery of concurrent or discrepant dates from stratigraphic or feature proveniences where more than one type of material was available to date. When possible, radiocarbon ages were obtained for short-lived botanics, charcoal, bones, and charred food crust from archaeological settings. Expansion of the radiocarbon database to include dates on this variety of remains is the first step in creating better site and regional chronologies.

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of several locations on a shirt in the Buffalo Bill Museum collection identified pigments present in the pigment used on the shirt and/or to cure the hide.

Site AZ T:12:206(ASM), formerly AZ T:12:54(ASU), represents agricultural field cells, lateral canals, and an artifact scatter on an alluvial terrace above the north bank of the Salt River in Maricopa County, Arizona. Given its proximity, Site AZ T:12:206 may be an extension of the previously recorded village Site AZ T:12:52(ASM). During Phase II data recovery of the site, WestLand Resources, Inc. revealed prehistoric lateral canals (running more-or-less parallel to the Salt River) in association with agricultural field cells, which appear to be associated with the late Sacaton and early Soho culture phases (ca. AD 1100) (M. Chenault, personal communication, 22 April 2019; Haury 1978:39). Furthermore, WestLand confirmed the presence of the historical Meridian Canal, a remnant of extensive canal building supplying agricultural fields north from the Salt River in the last quarter of the 19th century (Dibble & Associates Consulting Engineers 2000:50). To gain further insight into prehistoric agricultural practices, WestLand submitted eight sediment samples from across the field system to PaleoResearch Institute for phytolith analysis.

Site IO-544 comprises a scatter of burnt caliche and stain that likely represent a hearth feature situated on a low dunal ridge in the Tularosa Basin region of Sierra County, New Mexico. Epsilon Systems Solutions recorded and collected a sediment sample from Site IO-544 during archaeological investigation of the White Sands Missile Range Rhodes Canyon project. Epsilon submitted the collected sediment sample to PaleoResearch Institute for macrofloral analysis and AMS radiocarbon age determination. From the sediment sample, Epsilon seeks both to verify the interpretation of the stain as a hearth and to indicate possible cultural affiliations.

A former agricultural field system identified on the outskirts of Picuris Pueblo contains many terraces, grids, and other rock alignments. Some features may have been constructed as early as the thirteenth century CE. Ceramics recovered suggest most of the area investigated was used between 1500 and 1700 CE. One sediment sample was collected from ashy deposits immediately below a circular platform of thermally altered rocks, suggesting use as a thermal feature. Dozens of features of similar construction were observed in the fields. The sample was submitted for pollen and phytolith analysis to identify signatures representing agricultural crops that may have been grown in the fields.

Bull Creek camp (Site 34BV176) is situated on a terrace overlooking Bull Creek, 1.85 km northwest of the junction of north/south-trending US 83 and east/west-trending US 412 in Beaver County, Oklahoma. Five flaked lithic artifacts were recovered from a portion of the site dominated by butchered bison (Bison spp.) bones and a few Camelid bones (Leland Bement, personal communication, February 4, 2019 and April 26, 2019). The Oklahoma Archaeological Survey submitted the lithics to PaleoResearch Institute for protein residue analysis to determine if they had been used to process animals.

Twelve lithics were recovered from the Early Archaic Bridge Site (15LV98) located in Livingston County, Kentucky. The lithics were submitted for protein residue (CIEP) analysis to determine animals processed at the site.

Located in Buck County, Pennsylvania, the Split Site (36BU0449) is situated in a diabase boulder field, perched above extensive wetlands draining into Ridge Valley Creek. The site is divided into eastern and western halves by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension, which destroyed portions of the archaeological site during construction in the 1950s (Joel Dworsky, personal communication, November 5, 2019). The eastern half (Split Site East) produced a high volume of archaeological materials and cultural features. Eight projectile points and two stone cobble tools were recovered from the A and AB Horizons. The cobble tools and the projectile points were submitted for phytolith/starch and protein residue analyses, respectively, to determine what plants and animals were processed in the eastern half of the site.

Site 32OL0510 is situated on a small ridge above minor, meandering tributary creeks of Square Butte Creek, approximately 3.5 km west of the town of Center in Oliver County, North Dakota. Three prehistoric stone circle features and associated lithic tools comprise the site. Ethnoscience, Inc., submitted four lithic samples recovered from the site to PaleoResearch Institute for protein residue (CIEP) analysis. Additionally, four sediment samples were collected—two from the center of the features and two from the site perimeter—and submitted for macrofloral analysis. Through these protein residue and macrofloral analyses, Ethnoscience aims to uncover whether or not the site contributes to scholarly understanding of regional prehistoric flora and fauna exploitation. Furthermore, by comparing results from macrofloral analysis between the interior and exterior of a stone circle, Ethnoscience seeks to identify differences between the abundance or diversity of flora residuals.

Locality 7842-2 is an eroded stain in the middle of a two-track near the town of Douglas in Converse County, Wyoming (John Greer, personal communication, 12 June 2019). One sediment sample was submitted for macrofloral analysis and AMS radiocarbon age determination.

Site 48SW13143 (18-WAS-008) is located on the southeastern slope of a northeast/southwest-trending low ridge complex in the Washakie Basin of Sweetwater County, Wyoming. During data recovery excavation in connection with the Mountain Gas Resources Caprock 1599-23-41H Pipeline Evaluative Testing, three sub-surface basin hearth features, including Features 1 and 3, were discovered within an area (ca. 8 x 6 m) containing four previously recorded, scattered hearth features and a possible ash dump with rubbish. Radiocarbon age determination of charcoal from Feature 1 yielded 2530 ± 30 RCYBP (Beta-452411), indicating a cultural affiliation with the Dead Man Wash phase of the Late Archaic period. This occupation was confirmed by three additional radiocarbon dates of 2470 ± 30, 2420 ± 30, and 2430 ± 30 BP. Four sediment samples from Site 48SW13143 were submitted for pollen analysis with the purpose of better understanding the environment at the site during its prehistoric occupation, as well as to reveal possible subsistence indicators.

Site 13DB674 is situated on terrace within an actively cultivated cornfield extending southeast of the junction of east/west-trending Seippel Road and north/south-trending Cousins Road in Dubuque County, Iowa. A lithic artifact concentration consisting of tertiary flake reductions was discovered at the site, with cultural materials recovered from two separate stratigraphic formation members, recognized by geologists as Gunder (c. 10,500–3,000 BP) and Roberts Creek (c. 4,000–500 BP) (Leah Rogers, personal communication, 16 April 2019). Archaeologists with Tallgrass Archaeology identified a diagnostic projectile point and propose affiliation with the Godar/Raddatz industry and the Middle to Late Archaic periods (5,000–3,500 BP). Tallgrass recovered 22 sediment samples from two loci at the site during excavations from 2012 and 2013. A surface sediment control was also collected. All sediment samples were submitted to PaleoResearch Institute for pollen analysis to better understand past environments at the site.

Site 34MC1149 is located on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers fee-owned lands at Pine Creek Lake, 21 km northeast of the town of Fort Towson, Oklahoma. When the site was occupied in the Late Sanders (ca. AD 1200–1300) and McCurtain phases (ca. AD 1300–1700), it was situated on an upland landform overlooking the Little River Valley (Shannon R. Ryan, personal communication, January 21, 2019). R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates (RCG&A) submitted a nearly complete ceramic vessel (Sample 1) to PaleoResearch Institute for ceramic residue, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and radiocarbon age determination analyses. Through these analyses, RCG&A aims to: 1. Determine the presence of residue on the ceramic in extractable quantities; 2. Understand vessel use; 3. Learn about foods used in the vessel, if any, and; 4. Reveal affiliation with local cultural contexts via age determination.

The Cedar Fork Creek Mastodon site appears to be a PaleoIndian Proboscidean bone workshop located in Morrow County, Ohio. It is believed that the remains of a mastodon are buried somewhere under a modern day bog-like pond (George DeMuth, personal communication, September 23, 2019). It is also believed the prehistoric people harvested and dragged parts of the mastodon away to the workshop located on a nearby hill. The mastodon remains were then likely processed for food and for making useful tools. The center of the site contains large amounts of bone fragments with evidence of cut marks. Five chipped stone scraper tools recovered from peripheral units further from the bone-dense units were submitted for protein residue analysis to determine what animals may have been processed at the site.

The Warm Springs Valley Fault is a strike-slip fault in the northern Walker Lane, Washoe County, Nevada. In the autumn of 2018, a team from the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR) opened a trench across the Warm Springs Valley Fault. The objectives of the UNR geologists is to better understand the timing and recurrences of earthquakes related to the fault. Three sediment samples (Samples WSV_C14#11, WSV_C14#10, and WSV_C14#9) were submitted to PaleoResearch Institute by UNR to recover charcoal for AMS radiocarbon age determination, with the goal of providing a timeline of earthquakes at the fault.

Elk Park is located in Jefferson County, Montana, to the southwest of Helena and northeast of Butte. One bulk sediment sample, extracted from a small pond, approximately 60 cm above the Glacier Peak eruption ash, was submitted for flotation and charcoal recovery and analysis aimed toward identifying materials appropriate for AMS dating.

The Bog Lemming Trench is located on the Sadie Creek Fault, approximately 3.25 km northwest of the town of Crescent, Clallam County, Washington. Four bulk soil samples were submitted to recover charred remains suitable for AMS radiocarbon age determination.

Samples from the Scoggins/Gates Fault Study in Washington County, Oregon were submitted to PaleoResearch Institute for analysis and recovery of appropriate charred materials for radiocarbon age determination. Twenty bulk and fifteen detrital charcoal samples were submitted for identification. In addition, two sediment samples from sag pond deposits were submitted for pollen analysis. Due to budgetary constraints, none of the charcoal was processed for radiocarbon dating at PaleoResearch Institute.

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of an icon painting from Kevin Zwiezen yielded images that detail the distribution of elements across the artwork.

The Ward Block F Project is located in the Kaka’ako neighborhood of the city of Honolulu, O’ahu, Hawai’i, along the coast between Downtown Honolulu and Waikiki. Excavation of Site CSH 2 uncovered berms and pans related to historic period (post-1778) salt production below 20th century fill deposits. Eleven sediment samples were collected from Site CSH 2 for pollen analysis to determine the extent of historic human modification of the coastal landscape into salt production complexes.

The James W. Hatch Site (36CE0544) is located 80 meters west of Slab Cabin Run, a tributary of Spring Creek near the base of Nittany Mountain, Centre County, Pennsylvania. Site surroundings include Millbrook Marsh Nature Center, a marsh ecosystem preserve, and the Pennsylvania State University campus. The geology of the site demonstrates complexly folded and faulted Cambrian and Ordovician carbonate rocks, which is common in the western Appalachian Mountains. Diagnostic lithic finds recovered from the site by the Cultural Research Institute (CRI) at Juniata College include notched projectile points and a scraper from the late Paleoindian or Early Archaic cultural periods (Jonathan Burns, personal communication, September 13, 2018). The Energy and Environmental Sustainability Laboratory at Penn State tested and returned 14C dates for 17 samples, indicating occupation at the Hatch Site from the Early Archaic through the Late Woodland cultural periods (9048 ± 36 to 853 ± 43 CAL yr BP). CRI submitted six sediment samples to PaleoResearch Institute. PaleoResearch conducted pollen analysis on three samples from the Millbrook Marsh and macrofloral analysis on three samples from the Hatch Site.

Swallow Shelter (5JF331) is located in the foothills of the Colorado Front Range. Nestled in the hogback area, the surrounding vegetation includes Gambel's oak (Quercus gambelii), grasses, and forbs. Excavation over the period of years has yielded numerous artifacts, including a collection of decorated burned and calcined bone. A portion of one of the decorated, calcined bone fragments was selected for AMS radiocarbon dating.

Sites 42SA27020 and 42SA27022 were recorded by Montgomery Archaeological Consultants as part of the MOAC 17-083 project in the Spanish Valley, approximately 9.5 mi southeast of the city of Moab, San Juan County, Utah. At Site 42SA27020, Montgomery archaeologists recorded a structure and associated midden, which was discovered in association with Pueblo II-III cultural materials, including three Mesa Verde Grey Ware ceramic body sherds (Jessica DelBozque, personal communication, December 21, 2018). Four sediment samples (Samples 432, 563, 571, and 573) from fill or use/activity surfaces were collected by Montgomery and submitted to PaleoResearch Institute for pollen analysis. A further three sediment samples (Samples 304, 431, and 569) were recovered from feature fills and submitted for macrofloral analysis. Montgomery recognized Site 42SA27022 as a possible subsurface structure and associated artifact scatter. The artifact scatter at Site 42SA27022 included cultural materials affiliated with the Pueblo II-III Periods, such as a San Juan Red Ware sherd and a Mesa Verde Black-on-White Ware sherd. A single sample (Sample 36) was collected from Site 42SA27022 and submitted to PaleoResearch Institute for pollen analysis.

Seven samples from a variety of locations (Table 1) constituting Batch XXV were submitted for pollen analysis.

La Alberca Rockshelter is a highland cliff painting site located in the Tancítaro volcanic range foothills, Michoacan, Mexico. The site exhibits Mesoamerican motifs on the primary rock panel, while Archaic motifs are distributed throughout the cliff walls. Excavations at the rockshelter recovered obsidian flakes, an obsidian arrowhead, a smoothing or polishing rock, faunal remains, and a human skeleton. The burial included grave goods, and upon further excavation, it appears to have been positioned so the skeleton would not roll out of the rockshelter (Steven Hackenberger, personal communication, August 20, 2018). Sediment samples exhibiting different color characteristics from different locations in the La Alberca Rockshelter were submitted for pollen, parasite, phytolith, and/or X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis.

The Memorial Church Site is located in Jamestown, James City County, Virginia. During excavation of the 1906–07 Memorial Church in July 2018, Jamestown Rediscovery uncovered eastern and western foundations for the original 1617 church. Within the chancel of the 1617 church, a single graveshaft (JR4269) was recorded. Subsequently, Jamestown Rediscovery submitted two sediment samples (JR4269A.20 and JR4269A.22) to PaleoResearch Institute for pollen, phytolith, starch, macrofloral, organic residue (FTIR), and elemental composition (XRF) analyses. Through these analyses, Jamestown Rediscovery aims to better comprehend the diet of the individual (JR4300) buried in the center of the chancel, and perhaps gain insight into the wider subsistence of early 17th century Jamestown.

Sites 5DA3208 and 5DA3419 are located south of the town of Parker in Douglas County, Colorado. A 2017 excavation of Site 5DA3208 by ERO Resources revealed a multicomponent prehistoric open camp centered on a knoll overlooking Newlin Gulch (Marcus Espinosa, personal communication, November 21, 2018). Based upon identification of associated cultural materials, ERO suggests that Site 5DA3208 was most intensely occupied during the Late Archaic period. Additional evidence for Early Ceramic and Middle Archaic cultural components were also discovered at Site 5DA3208. Site 5DA3419 is situated on the eastern edge of Oak Gulch on the northern escarpment of the Palmer Divide, northeast of Site 5DA3208. Excavation by ERO in 2017 revealed Site 5DA3419 to be a multicomponent prehistoric site. A variety of features and artifacts linked the site to two phases of Early Ceramic and single phases of Late Archaic and Middle Archaic cultural components. ERO submitted two samples (Samples CN782 and CN111) from Site 5DA3208 and four samples (Samples CN1124, CN3093, CN2491, and CN2717) from Site 5DA3419 to PaleoResearch Institute. PaleoResearch conducted pollen and starch analyses on Samples CN782, CN1124, and CN2491 and solely pollen analysis on Samples CN111, CN3093, and CN2717. The objective of ERO is to assess the use of metates at both sites, with specific instruction to examine the samples from Site 5DA3419 for evidence of burning.

Sites CA-MEN-3638 and CA-MEN-3678 were recorded by Pacific Legacy as part of the Caltrans Willits Bypass Project and are located in Mendocino County, California. Site CA-MEN-3638 is a prehistoric cultural deposit situated on the northern cut-bank of Upp Creek in the western region of the Little Valley wetlands. A ground stone pestle (Sample 0256) recovered from Site CA-MEN-3638 was submitted to PaleoResearch Institute for pollen and starch analysis. Site CA-MEN-3678 is a prehistoric lithic scatter and habitation midden situated in the lacustrine basin of the Little Lake Valley in the Northern Coast Ranges (Lisa Shapiro, personal communication, December 19, 2018). A slate biface (Sample 0058) recovered from Site CA-MEN-3678 was submitted to PaleoResearch for protein residue analysis.

The Eaton Site is a multicomponent site situated on a knoll overlooking Cazenovia Creek in West Seneca, Erie County, New York. The site was utilized intermittently from late Paleoindian times to the early 19th Century (William Engelbrecht, personal communication, October 31, 2018). The major occupation of the site was an AD 1550 Iroquoian village. Three chert lithics recovered from an Iroquoian longhouse during the 1990 Buffalo State, State University of New York Field School were submitted for protein residue (CIEP) analysis.

A stone pipe fragment was recovered by Lifeways of Canada from the Junction Site (Site DkPi-2), near the junction of Hwy 2 and Crowsnest Highway, 3 km west of Fort MacLeod in southern Alberta, Canada. Given its association with other cultural materials, Lifeways of Canada suggest affiliation with the Old Women’s Phase. Lifeways of Canada submitted the stone pipe fragment to PaleoResearch for pollen, phytolith, starch, macrofloral, Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) elemental composition analysis.