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The cultural and behavioral problems for primary stage pupils is regarded as one of the most important themes which acquired the attention of the concerned in the field of education and the attention of these studies in the education process. The problems for primary stage pupils includes the phenomenon of dropping from school which happen to many students at this stage. The research includes the following points: An introduction that includes a summary of the educational process and childhood and its relation to child rearing. The General framework which includes the problem, importance in addition to the objective. The Cultural problems for Primary Stage Pupils The problem of cultural care of pupils in schools. The problem of inter pupils relationships. The problem of teacher - pupils relationships. The difficulties faced by pupils in school. The behavioral problems includes: Intelligence and cultural environment. Shyness of pupils. The curricula which pupils tend to reject. Phenomenon of dropping from school The results and recommendations which the researcher comes through.

Objetivo: conhecer as práticas de cuidado em saúde realizadas no período puerperal pelas famílias das agricultoras de um município do Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Método: estudo qualitativo, realizado em um território rural de um município da região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre maio e setembro de 2014, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas gravadas. Os dados foram analisados segundo a proposta operativa de Minayo. Resultados: foram abordadas 25 participantes que praticam a agricultura familiar. A presente pesquisa evidenciou o quanto a herança cultural ainda influencia nos cuidados à saúde da puérpera e do recém-nascido. Sendo a alimentação, a amamentação, a higiene, as atividades laborais, os cuidados mais citados durante o período puerperal. Considerações Finais: compreende-se a importância do enfermeiro estar atento aos principais cuidados culturais realizados pelas famílias, procurando entendê-los, para assim realizar o cuidado integral à saúde.

This article focuses on cultural misunderstanding in care relations, starting from the analysis of the effects misunderstanding causes in the relation between doctor and migrant patient. The Western medical model tends to be based on objective data, which can be diagnosed through more and more precise and detailed techniques, but it excludes human and cultural aspects of subjectivity and relation from care. This exclusion creates distance, which increases when doctor and patient do not share a cultural homogeneity but differ for their language and the way they conceive their body, health, and disease. By showing some clinical examples, this contribution points out how specialized competence can cause dark areas of obscurity, disagreement, and misunderstanding, although being successful in many distressing situations. The interpretation of misunderstanding in the field of healthcare delimits our observation to disease, treatment, and the relation between doctor and patient, but the identification and comprehension of misunderstanding are possible also, focusing our attention on the organizational and institutional environment where misunderstanding takes place.

During the medical professionals receiving their education, the educational facilities and the environment are almost isolated, and the understanding of the related clinical professionals is limited. During the student period, interactive learning opportunities among different professionals shall be established to enhance mutual understanding and facilitate teamwork after entering the workplace. Therefore, this study explores the effectiveness of teamwork in senior nursing students via investigating the efficiency of Truku tribal’s integrative situational cases into inter-professional education workshop. Taking the inter-professional education workshop model as an intervention strategy, senior college students from the Department of Medicine, Physical Therapy and Nursing were invited to participate in the 4-h workshop, before and after the first class. Employing the team-based self-designed questionnaire to collect the differences in cultural care and teamwork cognitive ability before and after the workshop participation, the SPSS 22.0 version software was used for descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis. A total of 45 valid pre-test questionnaires were collected, with a 100% recovery rate; and 43 valid post-test questionnaires were collected, with a 95.56% response rate. Independent t test or two-sample t-test was used for “the workshop of the intervention on the integration of the Truku member’s health cases into inter-professional education”, the teamwork ability (t = − 3.27, p

Aims. The purpose of this study was to describe the challenge of cross-cultural care encounters from perspective of imported nurses in Lhasa, Tibet, as well as investigate the relationship of cross-cultural care encounters and its influencing factors. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was designed among 300 imported nurses and 255 patients selected from four comprehensive hospitals (including two Grade III Class A hospitals and two Grade III Class B hospitals) in Lhasa. The average number, standard deviations, constituent ratios, T-tests, rank-sum tests, one-way ANOVAs, multiple stepwise regression analyses, and Pearson correlation analysis were used to analyze cross-cultural care encounters and its influencing factors. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. The cross-cultural care encounter of nurses was 61.73±11.86, mainly relating to age, technical titles, Tibetan language ability, and participation in humanistic training. Age, gender, educational level, technical titles, Tibetan language ability, years working in Tibet, and participation in language and humanities training were the influencing factors (P<0.05). The average total score of culturally competent care of imported nurses in Lhasa was 218±31.09. Cross-cultural care encounters of nurses were positively correlated with culturally competent care (r=0.126, P<0.01) and the needs of patients’ cultural care (r=0.183). Conclusion. The scores of culturally competent care and cross-cultural care encounter of imported nurses were at a high level, and their culturally competent care was in the second stage of “conscious and incapable” status. The cross-cultural care encounter of nurses is positively related to culturally competent care and the needs of patients’ cultural care. Abilities of language communication, understanding of Tibetan culture, and enhancement of the cultural ability needed optimization.

Objectives: to understand the beliefs, expressions, and practices of generic care used by the Mapuche community in Puerto Aguirre and acknowledge the professional care offered to promote health. Method: a qualitative research based on ethnonursing carried out during seven trips to Puerto Aguirre between July 2018 and January 2019. A total of seven key informants and seven general informants were interviewed. Information was collected through observations, field notes, conversations, and interviews. Results: the scientific property of ethnonursing was verified. Three themes that structure the cultural care practices in the studied community emerged: Mapuche identity as the main value to preserve cultural care; The essesntial presence of women to carry out meaningful experiences and care practices among the Mapuche; and Mapuche value and use of cultural and professional care practices to promote health. Conclusion: the research recognizes the full validity of the Cultural Care Theory. Nursing and, in general, the different health professions tend to become popular, and professional knowledge is complemented, thus learning and improving cultural care in the community. RESUMO Objetivos: compreender as crenças, expressões e práticas genéricas de cuidado utilizadas pela comunidade mapuche em Puerto Aguirre e reconhecer o cuidado profissional oferecido à promoção da saúde. Método: pesquisa qualitativa baseada na etnoenfermagem, realizada durante sete viagens a Puerto Aguirre, realizadas entre julho de 2018 e janeiro de 2019. Foram entrevistados sete informantes-chave e sete informantes gerais. As informações foram compiladas por meio de observações, anotações de campo, conversas e entrevistas. Resultados: confirmou-se a propriedade científica da etnoenfermagem, identificando três temas que estruturam as práticas de cuidado cultural na comunidade estudada: A identidade mapuche como principal valor para preservar o cuidado cultural; A presença de mulheres é essencial para realizar experiências e práticas de cuidado significativas entre os mapuches; e Os mapuches valorizam e usam práticas de cuidado cultural e profissional para promover a saúde. Conclusão: a pesquisa reconhece a validade plena da Teoria do Cuidado Cultural, uma vez que a enfermagem e, em geral, as diferentes profissões da saúde, tendem a se popularizar e o conhecimento profissional é complementado, aprendendo e aprimorando o cuidado cultural na comunidade. RESUMEN Objetivos: comprender las creencias, expresiones y prácticas de cuidados genéricos utilizados por la comunidad mapuche en Puerto Aguirre y reconocer la atención profesional ofrecida a la Promoción de la Salud. Método: investigación cualitativa basada en la Etnoenfermería, llevada a cabo durante siete viajes a Puerto Aguirre realizado entre julio de 2018 y enero de 2019. Se entrevistó a un total de siete informantes claves y siete informantes generales. Las informaciones fueron recopiladas por intermedio de observaciones, notas de campo, conversaciones y entrevistas. Resultados: se constató la propiedad científica de la Etnoenfermería, identificándose tres temas que estructuran las prácticas de cuidado cultural en la comunidad estudiada: La identidad mapuche como principal valor para preservar el cuidado cultural; La presencia de mujeres es esencial para la realización de experiencias y prácticas de atención significativas entre los mapuches; y Los mapuches valoran y utilizan las prácticas de cuidado cultural y profesionales para promover la salud. Conclusión: la investigación reconoce la plena vigencia de la Teoría del Cuidado Cultural, pues la enfermería y, en general, las diferentes profesiones de la salud, tienden a popularizarse y el conocimiento profesional se complementa, aprendiéndose y mejorando así el cuidado cultural en la comunidad.

In order to prepare nurses to effectively provide holistic nursing care to an increasingly diverse patient population, nurse educators must incorporate cultural care practices into the nursing curricula. Specifically, teaching culturally competent end-of-life care is essential but can pose challenges for distance education programs. The purpose of this article is to identify multiple learning strategies utilized in an online nursing program to teach students how to provide culturally competent end-of-life care.

Resumen: El cuidado en el puerperio en las zonas indígenas tiene que ver con la cosmovisión de sus propias creencias, costumbres, tradiciones y normas relacionadas con la salud o el tratamiento de la enfermedad. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue revisar la evidencia existente de las costumbres, las creencias y acciones asociadas al puerperio en las mujeres indígenas, ya que será el primer paso para integrar esta práctica en esquemas alternativos de atención, cuyo objetivo sea la eliminación paulatina de los riesgos asociados a una maternidad en condiciones de desigualdad, inaccesibilidad y marginación. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica mediante la búsqueda en bases de datos desde el año 2008 hasta mayo de 2018, concluyendo que el área de conocimiento de la Enfermería Transcultural requiere compromiso del personal de enfermería, pues supone huir de los estereotipos y superar los prejuicios a fin de establecer una relación efectiva con el usuario, aceptando las diferencias culturales, viendo esto como una oportunidad de crecimiento y no como un problema. Abstract: Postpartum care in indigenous areas has to do with the worldview of their own beliefs, customs, traditions and norms related to health or the treatment of disease. The objective of this current work was to review the existing evidence of the customs, beliefs and actions associated with the postpartum or puerperium period in indigenous women, since it will be the first step to integrate this practice into alternative care schemes, whose objective is the gradual elimination of risks associated with maternity in conditions of inequality, inaccessibility and marginalization. A biblioinline-graphic review was carried out by searching through databases from 2008 to May 2018, concluding that the area of knowledge of Transcultural Nursing requires commitment from nursing staff, since it means avoiding stereotypes and overcoming prejudices in order to establish an effective relationship with the user, accepting cultural differences, seeing this as an opportunity for growth and not as a problem.

Schools of nursing are challenged with choosing from an increasing number of applicants and the need to prepare as many successful nurses as possible to meet the nursing shortage. Strategies have included increasing student enrollment, utilizing accelerated programs, and changing admission criteria. This study describes the demographic characteristics of three classes of nursing students admitted under different criteria to the same nursing school. The value of maintaining a high level of ethnic diversity is guided by Leininger's theory of cultural care diversity and universality. Although changes occurred in the demographic constitution of each nursing class, ethnic diversity was maintained as admission criteria were made more stringent.

espanolResumen: El cuidado esta presente en todas las culturas y tiene caracteristicas diferentes. Una etapa del curso de vida donde se evidencia con mas claridad el cuidado cultural en las comunidades indigenas es en la etapa reproductiva. Este trabajo se trata acerca de una investigacion cualitativa de tipo etnografico interpretativo, que busca describir, explicar e interpretar las practicas de cuidado cultural en el continuo reproductivo de la mujer Embera Katio. Emergieron cuatro categorias de analisis: preparacion de la mujer Embera para albergar la semilla que brotara de sus entranas; resguardando la semilla del pueblo Embera en el vientre materno; cuando brota la semilla: surge una nueva vida y, la armonia y restablecimiento de la salud en la diada madre-hijo. Se concluye que el continuo reproductivo de la mujer Embera Katio esta representado por un conjunto de practicas de cuidado de orden intergeneracional, que se encuentran soportadas en un conocimiento y comportamiento cultural especifico, que garantiza la proteccion de la mujer y su descendencia. Se destacan en esta sintesis interpretativa las siguientes practicas de cuidado cultural: el Jemene: rito que marca el inicio de la mujer Embera Katio a la vida fertil; la alimentacion: una manera de preservar el bienestar de la madre y su hijo por nacer; la verticalizacion del parto y el uso de plantas medicinales durante el trabajo de parto; los consejos y el acompanamiento de la partera tradicional durante el embarazo, parto y posparto y por ultimo, el reposo y la armonia de la madre y el recien nacido en el posparto. EnglishAbstract: Care is present in all cultures and has different characteristics in each one of them; a stage of the life course where the cultural care in the indigenous communities is most clearly evidente is in the reproductive stage. Qualitative ethnographic interpretive research, which seeks to describe, explain and interpret cultural care practices in the reproductive continuum of Embera Katio women. Results: four categories of analysis emerged as described below: preparation of the Embera woman to house the seed that will sprout from her; sheltering the seed of the Embera people in the mother's womb; when the seed sprouts: a new life emerges and the harmony and restoration of health in the mother-child dyad. Conclusions: the reproductive continuum of the Embera Katio woman is represented by a set of care practices of intergenerational order, which are supported by knowledge and specific cultural behavior, which guarantees the protection of the woman and her offspring. The following cultural care practices stand out in this interpretive synthesis: the Jemene: rite that marks the beginning of the Embera Katio woman to the fertile life; feeding: a way to preserve the welfare of the mother and her unborn child; the verticalization of childbirth and the use of medicinal plants during labor; the advice and accompaniment of the traditional midwife during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum and, lastly, rest and harmony of the mother and newborn in the postpartum period. portuguesResumo: O cuidado esta presente em todas as culturas e possui caracteristicas diferentes em cada uma delas; uma etapa do curso de vida em que o cuidado cultural nas comunidades indigenas e mais evidente e no estagio reprodutivo. Metodologia: Pesquisa interpretativa etnografica qualitativa, que procura descrever, explicar e interpretar praticas de cuidado cultural no continuum reprodutivo de mulheres de Embera Katio. Resultados: emergiram quatro categorias de analise, conforme descrito a seguir: preparacao da mulher Embera para abrigar a semente que brotara de dentro dela; abrigando a semente do povo Embera no ventre da mae; Quando a semente brota: uma nova vida emerge e a harmonia e restauracao da saude na diade mae-filho. Conclusoes: o continuum reprodutiva das mulheres Embera Katio, e representado por um conjunto de praticas de ordem cuidado intergeracional, que sao suportados em conhecimentos especificos e comportamento cultural, que garante a proteccao das mulheres e sua prole. As seguintes praticas de cuidado cultural destacam-se nesta sintese interpretativa: o jemene: rito que marca o inicio da mulher Embera Katio para a vida fertil; alimentacao: uma forma de preservar o bem-estar da mae e do feto; a verticalizacao do parto e o uso de plantas medicinais durante o trabalho de parto; o aconselhamento e acompanhamento da parteira tradicional durante a gravidez, parto e pos-parto e, por ultimo, descanso e harmonia da mae e do recem-nascido no periodo pos-parto.

Objetivo: Analisar os fatores que influenciam o cuidado de mulheres quilombolas no puerpério. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de natureza qualitativa, embasado na etnoenfermagem e no referencial teórico da Teoria da Diversidade e Universalidade do Cuidado de Madeleine Leininger, com o objetivo de descrever o cuidado de mulheres quilombolas no período pós-parto salientando os cuidados culturais e religiosos da comunidade. Resultados: As mulheres quilombolas utilizam de conhecimentos culturais, empíricos e religiosos para realizar a assistência em saúde. Ao utilizarem as plantas, sabem para que estão utilizando, pois especificam que tipo de planta é, bem como a sua indicação, é o que se observa na fala de uma das entrevistadas a seguir, se faz uso também de rezas, curas e banhos de sol para auxiliar no processo de recuperação. Conclusão: Os estudos sobre os diferentes tipos de cuidado e a medicina natural, juntamente com os fatores que os engloba, permite uma melhor visão da circunspecção da identidade cultural e dos conhecimentos empíricos atribuídos aos diferentes públicos assistidos pelos profissionais de saúde.

The study's objective was to explore and describe the perceptions of midwives regarding the role of traditional birth attendants during postnatal care. The purpose of the study was to improve the standard of postnatal care, and to empower midwives with knowledge and skills regarding indigenous postnatal care practices, in order to meet the cultural care needs of postnatal patients from different cultural backgrounds. South Africa, as a developing country, has midwives who discharge postnatal patients after six hours post-delivery if the condition of both the mother and the baby is satisfactory; therefore, the traditional birth attendants render postnatal care at home. As a result, the midwives are not aware of the indigenous postnatal care practices used by the traditional birth attendants when taking care of postnatal women. Knowledge gained from this study may assist midwives to identify and address indigenous practices that are a threat to the health of women; to improve the standard of postnatal care. A qualitative approach using in-depth face-to-face interviews with midwives was followed. The findings revealed two themes, namely: (1) positive perceptions of midwives regarding the role of traditional birth attendants; and (2) negative perceptions of midwives regarding the role of traditional birth attendants. It is recommended that there should be teamwork between the midwives and the traditional birth attendants in order to strengthen the referral system of postnatal patients between the clinics or hospitals post-delivery and to enhance and maintain continuity of postnatal care.

espanolEl presente articulo se genera a partir de los resultados de la investigacion: Creencias y practicas de cuidado cultural de mujeres con morbilidad materna extrema (Hoyos & Munoz, 2017). Objetivo: Describir las creencias y practicas de cuidado cultural de mujeres que tuvieron morbilidad materna extrema, inasistentes al control prenatal y atendidas en un Hospital de la ciudad de Medellin-Colombia. Metodo: Cualitativo, etnografico, utilizando la etnoenfermeria propuesto por Leininger y la entrevista etnografica de Spradley. Muestra: 17 mujeres con morbilidad materna extrema, inasistentes a control prenatal. Resultados: Se encontro 3 temas generales y 2 taxonomias. Conclusiones: El estudio concluyo que la mujer con morbilidad materna extrema, inasistente al control prenatal tiene sus propios modos de cuidado a si misma y al hijo por nacer cuando esta enferma, porque el acceso a los servicios en salud materna es deficiente. EnglishThe present article is generated from the results of the research: Beliefs and cultural care practices of women with extreme maternal morbidity (Hoyos & Munoz, 2017). Objective: To describe the cultural care beliefs and practices of women who had extreme maternal morbidity, who were not in control of prenatal care and who were treated at hospital in the city of Medellin, Colombia. Sample: 17 women with extreme maternal morbidity, not in control of prenatal care. Method: Qualitative, ethnographic, using ethno-nursing proposed by Leininger and Spradley's ethnographic interview. Results: 3 general topics and 2 taxonomies were found. Conclusions: The study concluded that women with extreme maternal morbidity, who do not have prenatal care, have their own ways of caring for themselves and their unborn child when they are sick, because access to maternal health services is poor. portuguesEste artigo tem sua origen no projeto da pesquisa: Crencas e praticas de cuidados culturais de mulheres com extrema morbidade materna (Hoyos & Munoz, 2017). Objetivo: Descrever as crencas e praticas de atencao cultural de mulheres que tiveram morbidade materna extrema, que nao controlavam o pre-natal e que foram atendidas em um hospital da cidade de Medellin, na Colombia. Metodo: Qualitativo, etnografico, utilizando a etno-enfermagem proposto pela entrevista etnografica de Leininger e Spradley. Amostra: 17 mulheres com extrema morbidade materna, nao controlando o pre-natal. Resultados: Foram encontrados 3 topicos gerais e 2 taxonomias. Conclusoes: O estudo concluiu que as mulheres com morbidade materna extrema, que nao controlam o pre-natal, tem suas proprias formas de cuidar de si mesmas e do nascituro quando estao doentes, porque o acesso aos servicos de saude materna e fraco.

Objective: To describe the core experiences of Boyaca women, undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer, during 2017. Methodology: Qualitative ethnographic type according to the small-scale ethnonursing, of Leininger's transcultural theory. The participants included ten women key informants and eight general informants. The analysis of the information obtained in the interviews was developed in four phases: 1. Collection, description and documentation of raw data; 2. Identification and categorization of the descriptors and components; 3. Contextual and pattern analysis; 4. Central themes, research findings, theoretical formulations, and recommendations. The analysis was made taking into account the guide proposed by Leininger. The factors of the social and cultural structure, of the model of the rising Sun The experiences of care experienced by women were described identifying a total of two hundred and eight codes and twenty recurring patterns, which were analyzed and according to the level of coding were labeled and coded giving rise to six themes: 1. The accompaniment an important part in the care of the woman subjected to Mastectomy; 2. The strength of faith; 3. Unpleasant effects of treatment; 4. Experience lived; 5. Importance of care in recovery; 6. Feeding basic support in recovery. © 2019 Universidad de Alicante. All rights reserved.

Background: The purpose of this study is to explore the cultural aspects of client care are satisfactory included in the nursing curriculum in Sultanate of Oman. This concept will be examined through reviewing the Omani Ministry of Health’s (MoH) approach to designing, developing, and implementing a general nursing curriculum. Method: This case-study, qualitative design explored whether nursing education addressed cultural congruent care adequately through the review of educational policy documents, semistructured qualitative individual interviews and focus groups. The data was collected from the MoH’s nursing education decision makers, educators, students and service users (public) over a period of six months. To identify themes, data was analysed using Ritchie and Spencer’s five-stage analytical framework. Using purposeful sampling to select study participants from the MoH nursing education decision makers, educators, students and service users. Results: The study reveal that the MoH’s current approach to nursing curriculum falls short of what Denis Lawton considers a culturally competent curriculum. Conclusion: The study proposes to re-examine the cultural care content in the nursing education in Oman.

La Sicilia è la seconda regione d’Italia per estensione delle formazioni naturali a Quercus suber (L.).Sugherete più o meno degradate sono presenti in tutte le province, il cui stato qualitativo oggi risulta carente a causa dei frequenti incendi, pascolo eccessivo e mancanza di adeguate cure colturali, ma certamente tra tutte le cause la principale è l’assenza di pianificazione. Da questa premessa affiora la necessità di conoscere e governare in modo congruo la superficie boscata siciliana attraverso la redazione di Piani di Gestione Forestale, mirando al ripristino dell’efficienza, della funzionalità e, in particolar modo, della produzione sostenibile dei boschi a sughera. Con il presente lavoro si descrivono i risultati degli studi propedeutici effettuati per la redazione di un Piano di Gestione Forestale con indirizzo multifunzionale del bosco Tardara, sughereta pura del Comune di Tusa. Sicily is the second region of Italy, after Sardinia, for the extension of natural formations of Quercus suber (L.). Cork forests, more or less degraded whose quality status is lacking because of the frequent fires, excessive grazing and lack of adequate cultural care, are present in all the provinces, certainly among all the causes the main one is the absence of planning. From this premise surfaces the need to know and govern in a congruous way this study case of a Sicilian wooded area through the drafting of Forest Management Plans, aiming at the restoration of efficiency, functionality and, in particular, of the sustainable production of cork from oak woods. The present paper describes the results of the preparatory studies

espanolObjetivo: Describir las experiencias de cuidado que tienen las mujeres Boyacenses, Sometidas a mastectomia por cancer de mama, durante el ano 2017. Metodologia: Cualitativo de tipo etnografico segun la Etnoenfermeria de pequeno alcance, de la teoria transcultural de Leininger. Participaron 10 mujeres informantes claves y 8 personas informantes generales. El analisis de la informacion obtenida en las entrevistas, se desarrollo en 4 fases: 1. Recoleccion, descripcion y documentacion de datos en bruto; 2. Identificacion y categorizacion de los descriptores y componentes; 3. Analisis contextual y de patrones; 4. Temas centrales, hallazgos de investigacion, formulaciones teoricas, y recomendaciones. El analisis se realizo teniendo en cuenta la guia propuesta por Leininger. Los factores de la estructura social y cultural, del modelo del Sol naciente. Se describieron las experiencias de cuidado vividas por las mujeres identificando en total 208 codigos y 20 patrones recurrentes, que se analizaron y segun el nivel de codificacion se etiquetaron y codificaron dando origen a seis temas: 1. El acompanamiento una parte importante en el cuidado de la mujer sometida a Mastectomia; 2. La fuerza de la fe; 3. Efectos desagradables del tratamiento; 4. La experiencia vivida; 5. Importancia del cuidado en la recuperacion; 6. Alimentacion soporte basico en la recuperacion. portuguesObjetivo: Descrever as experiencias de cuidados que tem as mulheres Boyacenses submetidos a mastectomia por câncer de mama durante 2017. Metodologia: Qualitativa etnografica de acordo com etnoenfermagem pequeno intervalo, a teoria transcultural de Leininger. Os participantes incluiram 10 informantes-chave e 8 informantes gerais. A analise das informacoes obtidas nas entrevistas foi desenvolvida em 4 fases: 1. Coleta, descricao e documentacao de dados brutos; 2. Identificacao e categorizacao dos descritores e componentes; 3. Analise contextual e padrao. Temas centrais, resultados de pesquisas, formulacoes teoricas e recomendacoes. A analise foi feita levando em consideracao o guia proposto por Leininger. Os fatores da estrutura social e cultural, do modelo do Sol nascente. Cuidar experiencias vividas por mulheres que identificam total de 208 codigos e 20 padroes recorrentes que foram analisados e codificacao nivel rotulados e codificados dando origem a seis questoes: 1. Acompanhando uma parte importante no cuidado descrito mulher submetida a mastectomia; 2. A forca da fe; 3. Efeitos desagradaveis do tratamento; 4. Experiencia vivida; 5. Importância do atendimento na recuperacao; 6. Alimentar suporte basico na recuperacao. EnglishObjective: To describe the core experiences of Boyaca women, undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer, during 2017. Methodology: Qualitative ethnographic type according to the small-scale ethno-nursing, of Leininger's transcultural theory. The participants included ten women key informants and eight general informants. The analysis of the information obtained in the interviews was developed in four phases: 1. Collection, description and documentation of raw data; 2. Identification and categorization of the descriptors and components; 3. Contextual and pattern analysis; 4. Central themes, research findings, theoretical formulations, and recommendations. The analysis was made taking into account the guide proposed by Leininger. The factors of the social and cultural structure, of the model of the rising Sun The experiences of care experienced by women were described identifying a total of two hundred and eight codes and twenty recurring patterns, which were analyzed and according to the level of coding were labeled and coded giving rise to six themes: 1. The accompaniment an important part in the care of the woman subjected to Mastectomy; 2. The strength of faith; 3. Unpleasant effects of treatment; 4. Experience lived; 5. Importance of care in recovery; 6. Feeding basic support in recovery.

INTRODUCTION: As an important factor in the quality of nursing care, cultural competence of nurses should be assessed to improve the quality of care provided. Nursing care is sensitive to culture; therefore, it is necessary to design a tool for evaluation of cultural competence. In this regard, the present study intended to develop a cultural competence questionnaire for Iranian nurses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this methodological study, 350 nurses working in all educational hospitals affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences were selected through convenience sampling. Questions related to cultural care were selected by experts of this field, and a questionnaire was designed and its validity and reliability were examined. RESULTS: A 20-item questionnaire was developed which assessed the three areas of learning and education, awareness and knowledge, and skills. Cronbach's alpha of the whole questionnaire was 0.912, and its validity based on the Kaiser–Mayer–Olkin Index was 0.891. CONCLUSION: This study provides proper evidence regarding the strength of factor structure and the reliability of the developed questionnaire; therefore, it can be considered as a scientific tool for research, educational, and practical purposes in Iranian nurses.

The present study aimed to describe the beliefs and practices of cultural care in women who had major causes of severe maternal morbidity, not in the prenatal control and attended at an institution of III level of health care in the city of Medellín. It was a research of a qualitative, ethnographic type, a method used was the ethno-infertility proposed by Leininger, the sample composed of 17 women with severe maternal morbidity, not in control of prenatal, who were interviewed several times until data saturation was achieved; Then, they were collected and analyzed through the ethnographic analysis proposed by Spradley. Results: 5 general themes and 2 taxonomies were found. The study concluded that women with severe maternal morbidity, unresponsive to prenatal care, have their own modes of care for themselves and the unborn child when they are ill, because access to maternal health services is deficient. Similarly, the nursing care offered to these women should be based on the knowledge of cross-cultural nursing proposed by Leininger. Keywords: Nursing, ethno-nursing, care, cultural care, severe maternal morbidity Resumen: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo describir las creencias y prácticas de cuidado desde lo cultural en mujeres que tuvieron causas principales de morbilidad materna extrema, inasistentes al control prenatal y atendidas en una institución de III nivel de atención en salud de la ciudad de Medellín. Fue una investigación de tipo cualitativo, etnográfico, método utilizado fue la etnoenfermería propuesto por Leininger, la muestra compuesta por 17 mujeres con morbilidad materna extrema, inasistentes a control prenatal, éstas fueron entrevistadas varias veces hasta lograr la saturación de datos; luego, se recolectaron y analizaron mediante el análisis etnográfico propuesto por Spradley. Resultados: Se encontró 5 temas generales y 2 taxonomías. El estudio concluyó que la mujer con morbilidad materna extrema, inasistente al control prenatal tiene sus propios modos de cuidado a sí misma y al hijo por nacer cuando está enferma, porque el acceso a los servicios en salud materna es deficiente. De igual forma, el cuidado de enfermería que se ofrece a estas mujeres debe hacerse con base al conocimiento de la enfermería transcultural propuesto por Leininger. Resumo: Este estudo de pesquisa teve como objetivo descrever as crenças e práticas de cuidado desde a cultura em mulheres que tiveram causas principais de mobilidade materna extrema, desacompanhada de controle pré-natal e atendidas em uma instituição de III nível de atenção em saúde da cidade de Medellín. Foi uma pesquisa de tipo qualitativo, etnográfico onde método utilizado foi a etnoenfermaria proposto por Leininger, a amostra composta por 17 mulheres com mobilidade materna extrema, desacompanhadas de controle pré-natal, estas foram entrevistadas várias vezes até a saturação de dados; depois foram coletados e analisados mediante à analise etnográfico proposta por Spradley. Resultados: Foram encontrados 5 temas gerais e 2 taxonomias. O estudo concluiu que a mulher com mobilidade materna extrema com controle pré-natal inexistente tem suas próprias maneiras de cuidar de si e o filho por nascer quando ela está doente, porque o acesso a serviços de saúde materna é deficiente. Da mesma forma, cuidados de enfermagem que é oferecido a estas mulheres deve fazer com base no conhecimento da enfermagem transcultural proposto por Leininger Maestría

13 páginas Objetivo: describir el significado de las prácticas de cuidado cultural en un grupo de gestantes adolescentes asistentes al control prenatal del Hospital Niño Jesús de Barranquilla, Colombia, y de su hijo por nacer. Método: estudio cualitativo etnográfico, en el que se aplicó el concepto propuesto por Leininger. Las participantes fueron: 10 gestantes adolescentes entre 15 y 19 años, y 12 enfermeras con experiencia en el área. Las primeras como informantes clave, y las segundas como informantes generales. Resultados: el significado de las prácticas de cuidado cultural, para las gestantes adolescentes, se clasifica en tres temas: 1) prácticas de cuidado transmitidas de generación en generación, predominando la línea femenina; 2) la confianza en Dios y el apoyo de la familia como una forma de cuidarse; 3) dar a luz un hijo sano. Conclusiones: las prácticas de cuidado de las gestantes adolecentes están enraizadas en sus creencias, mitos y valores culturales heredados de generación en generación, lo que muestra patrones de cuidado cultural. Este aspecto debe ser identificado por enfermería para ofrecer cuidados que sean culturalmente congruentes con esta población. Objective: Describe what cultural care practices mean for a group of pregnant teenagers receiving prenatal care at the Hospital Niño Jesús in Barranquilla (Colombia) and for their unborn children. Method: This is a qualitative ethnographic study in which the concept proposed by Leininger was applied. The participants included 10 pregnant teenagers between 15 and 19 years of age, and 12 nurses with experience in the area. The teenagers took part as key informants and the nurses, as general informants. Results: The meaning of cultural care practices for pregnant teenagers is classified according to three themes: 1) care practices handed down from generation to generation, predominantly through the female line; 2) trust in God and support from the family as a type of care; 3) giving birth to a healthy child. Conclusions: The care practices of pregnant teenagers are rooted in their beliefs, myths and the cultural values handed down from one generation to the next, all of which reveal cultural care patterns. Nursing should identify this aspect in an effort to provide care that is culturally congruent with this population. Objetivo: descrever o significado das práticas de cuidado cultural num grupo de gestantes adolescentes participantes do controle pré-natal do Hospital Niño Jesús de Barranquilla (Colômbia) e de seu filho que está por nascer. Método: estudo qualitativo etnográfico, no qual se aplicou o conceito proposto por Leininger. As participantes foram: dez gestantes adolescentes entre 15 e 19 anos, e 12 enfermeiras com experiência na área. As primeiras como informantes-chave, e as segundas, como informantes gerais. Resultados: o significado das práticas de cuidado cultural para as gestantes adolescentes se classifica em três temas: 1) práticas de cuidado transmitidas de geração em geração, com predomínio da linha feminina; 2) a confiança em Deus e o apoio da família como uma forma de se cuidar; 3) dar à luz um filho saudável. Conclusões: as práticas de cuidado das gestantes adolescentes estão enraizadas em suas crenças, mitos e valores culturais herdados de geração em geração, o que mostra padrões de cuidado cultural. Esse aspecto deve ser identificado por enfermagem para oferecer cuidados que sejam culturalmente congruentes com essa população. Universidad de La Sabana

The Olympic Games constitutes the world's largest sporting event. Nurses play an important, but poorly discussed, role in emergency care, routine clinical care and preventive care for athletes from many cultures as well as an enormous influx of spectators. In this article, we discuss five important considerations when preparing nurses to provide safe care for Olympians: elite athletes as a cultural group; caring for the Olympic family; disaster preparedness and security; infection control; and principles of transcultural nursing. Because of the nature of the sports and types of injuries and the effects of climate, these challenges differ somewhat between the summer and winter Olympics. Nevertheless, the Olympic games provide a tremendous opportunity to experience transcultural nursing and to highlight how nurses play a significant role in the care of the athletes, the Olympic family, and the spectators.

Resumo OBJETIVO Discutir as práticas de prevenção do câncer do colo do útero de mulheres quilombolas. MÉTODO Estudo qualitativo, realizado em 2014 com vinte mulheres de uma comunidade quilombola, localizada na Bahia. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e analisados através da etnoenfermagem. RESULTADOS As quilombolas apontaram como práticas preventivas para o câncer do colo uterino o cuidado cultural, através do uso de plantas medicinais, e o cuidado profissional, caracterizado pela realização do Papanicolau. Contudo, uma maioria de mulheres não realizavam prevenção. CONCLUSÃO Questões de ordem social, cultural e de acesso relacionam-se com as práticas preventivas para o câncer do colo uterino de quilombolas. Assim, torna-se imprescindível um planejamento de cuidados congruentes com a realidade dessas mulheres. Resumen OBJETIVO Discutir las prácticas de prevención del cáncer de cuello de útero de mujeres quilombolas. MÉTODO Estudio cualitativo, realizado en 2014 con veinte mujeres de una comunidad quilombola, localizada en Bahía. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de entrevista semiestructurada y analizados a través de la etnoenfermería. RESULTADOS Las quilombolas apuntaron como prácticas preventivas para el cáncer de cuello uterino el cuidado cultural a través del uso de plantas medicinales y el cuidado profesional, caracterizado por la realización del Papanicolau. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las mujeres no realizaron prevención. CONCLUSIÓN Cuestiones de orden social, cultural y de acceso se relaciona con las prácticas preventivas para el cáncer de cuello uterino de quilombolas. Así que se torna imprescindible un planeamiento de cuidados congruentes con la realidad de esas mujeres. Abstract OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to discuss practices of cervical cancer prevention among Quilombola Women. METHOD This study used, in 2014, a qualitative research approach aiming twenty women from a quilombola community (people who live in quilombos, descendants of Afro-Brazilian slaves), which is located in Bahia. A semi-structured interview was developed by researchers in order to collect data. The Ethno-nursing Research method was used to analyze the data. RESULTS The use of cultural care through medicinal plants, and the nursing professional care (Pap Smear exam procedure) were stated by Quilombola women as serving as prevention practices against cervical cancer. However, most women stated that they did not use any prevention practices. CONCLUSION Social, cultural and health access issues are practices that are linked to the cervical cancer prevention among Quilombola Women. Therefore, it is indispensable to create an appropriate care plan for Quilombola women’s reality.

Resumen Objetivo principal: Explorar los cuidados en los hijos de inmigrados y la relación enfermera-padres inmigrados. Metodología: Estudio de casos cualitativo con enfoque etnográfico. Observación en dos hospitales y un centro de atención primaria. Veinticuatro entrevistas semiestructuradas grabadas. Análisis cualitativo mediante comparaciones constantes. Resultados principales: Los resultados se articulan en tres grandes bloques: (1) Ser padre o madre inmigrado, (2) El sistema sanitario y los inmigrados, y (3) Los cuidados culturales. Conclusión principal: Se constataron diferencias en la percepción en relación a cuidados específicos como la higiene, el colecho, el método canguro, el cordón umbilical, la ropa, la lactancia materna y la alimentación. Factores como la barrera idiomática, los roles de género, los patrones familiares, entre otros, influyen en las diferencias encontradas. La relación inmigrante (padres) / profesionales viene determinada por la sociedad en la que ambos están inmersos (culturas de origen y culturas autóctonas) y el contexto institucional (culturas profesionales). Abstract Objective: To explore the care provided to immigrant children and the relationships between nurses and immigrant parents within the Madrid health services (Spain). Methods: Qualitative case-study design with ethnographic approach. Field observations took place in two hospitals and a primary health care center. Twenty-four interviews were recorded and qualitative analysis of the data was conducted via the constant comparison method. Results: Results are shown in three sections: (1) Being an immigrant parent; (2) The health system and immigrants; and (3) Cultural care. Conclusions: The differences between the immigrant parents and the Spanish parents were centered on practices such as child hygiene, co-sleeping, the kangaroo-mother method, caring for the umbilical cord, clothing, and breastfeeding. The language barrier, gender roles, family composition and other socioeconomic factors influence the care. When studying the relationships between nurses and immigrants, the context in which these occur is highly relevant, and includes both the societal context and that of the health services.

O direito de desfrutar de uma vida sexual e reprodutiva segura e satisfatória, muitas vezes, é negado à mulher com transtorno mental. Apesar da conferência do Cairo ter emanado diretivas concernentes ao atendimento integral a saúde da mulher, esta recebe, nos serviços de saúde, um cuidado delimitado ao período da gravidez e fragmentado na medida em que a ênfase está nas questões voltadas à reprodução. Tal situação toma maiores proporções na mulher com transtorno mental, na medida em que, frequentemente, esta enfrenta situações de estigma e preconceito, não sendo vista como suficientemente capaz de autocuidar-se. A saúde sexual e reprodutiva da mulher com transtorno mental é um tema globalmente emergente, com discussão ainda incipiente na realidade do país de Cabo Verde. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral: compreender as influências que moldam a assistência à saúde sexual e reprodutiva da mulher com transtorno mental na rede de serviços de saúde da ilha de São Vicente/Cabo Verde/África. Especificamente, o presente estudo objetiva: (1) identificar a percepção dos profissionais de saúde acerca da saúde sexual e reprodutiva da mulher com transtorno mental; (2) identificar as referências de natureza cultural, acadêmicas e institucionais que os profissionais utilizam para moldar a assistência à saúde sexual e reprodutiva prestada às mulheres com transtorno mental. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, descritivo, de natureza qualitativa, que utilizou como referencial teórico a teoria da Diversidade e Universalidade do Cuidado Cultural de Leininger, desenvolvido com 17 profissionais de saúde que prestam atendimento a essas mulheres nos cinco Centros de Saúde, no Centro Reprodutivo e no Serviço de Psiquiatria do hospital geral de São Vicente/Cabo Verde. Os dados foram coletados a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas, por meio de videoconferência entre Brasil e Cabo Verde, nos meses de setembro e outubro de 2018 e, posteriormente, submetidas à técnica de análise temática. Foram respeitados todos os preceitos éticos e legais da Resolução 466/12 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde que trata de pesquisas com seres humanos. Os resultados, apresentados no formato de dois artigos científicos, apontam que a percepção dos profissionais de saúde em relação à saúde sexual e reprodutiva da mulher com transtorno mental é influenciada pelo contexto socioeconômico e cultural do país, o que leva a uma invisibilidade das competências dessas mulheres para o cuidado da sua saúde e a saúde de seu(s) filho(s). Essa situação agrava-se ainda mais devido ao fato de alguns profissionais considerarem que o cuidado dessas mulheres é da responsabilidade unicamente da psiquiatria. Nesse contexto, fica comprometida a prestação de cidados integrais à saúde sexual e reprodutiva dessas mulheres nos serviços de cuidados primários, o que acaba comprometendo a autonomia e os direitos sexuais e reprodutivos dessa população específica. Concluiu-se que os estigmas em relação aos transtornos mentais contribuem para aumentar as dificuldades dos profissionais para tratar das questões inerentes a saúde sexual e reprodutiva das mulheres, particularmente, a dificuldade para reconhecerem as competências desse grupo para cuidar de sua própria saúde. Em consequência, a assistência dispensada não responde as necessidades dessas mulheres, sendo que o principal foco é delimitado a prevenção da gravidez. The right to enjoy a safe and satisfying sexual and reproductive life is often denied to a woman with a mental disorder. Although the Cairo conference emanated directives concerning the integral care of women's health, it receives, in the health services, a care limited to the period of pregnancy and fragmented insofar as the emphasis is on issues of reproduction. This situation takes on greater proportions in the woman with mental disorder, since she often faces situations of stigma and prejudice, and is not seen as sufficiently capable of self-care. The sexual and reproductive health of women with mental disorders is a globally emerging issue, with a still incipient discussion in the reality of the country of Cape Verde. The purpose of this study was to understand the influences that shape the sexual and reproductive health care of women with mental disorders in the health services network of the island of São Vicente / Cape Verde / Africa. Specifically, the present study aims to: (1) identify the perception of health professionals about the sexual and reproductive health of women with mental disorders; (2) identify the cultural, academic and institutional references that practitioners use to shape sexual and reproductive health care provided to women with mental disorders. This is an exploratory, descriptive study of a qualitative nature, using Leininger's theory of Diversity and Universality of Cultural Care as a theoretical reference, developed with 17 health professionals who provide care to these women in the five Health Centers in the Reproductive Center and in the Psychiatric Service of the general hospital of São Vicente / Cape Verde. The data were collected from semi-structured interviews, through videoconference between Brazil and Cape Verde, in the months of September and October of 2018 and, later, submitted to the thematic analysis technique. All the ethical and legal precepts of Resolution 466/12 of the National Health Council dealing with research with human beings were respected. The results, presented in the form of two scientific articles, indicate that the perception of health professionals regarding the sexual and reproductive health of women with mental disorders is influenced by the socioeconomic and cultural context of the country, which leads to an invisibility of the competences of these women women to take care of their health and the health of their child (ren). This situation is further aggravated by the fact that some professionals consider that the care of these women is solely the responsibility of psychiatry. In this context, it is committed to provide full citizenship to the sexual and reproductive health of these women in primary care services, which endangers the autonomy and sexual and reproductive rights of this specific population. It was concluded that stigmas in relation to mental disorders contribute to increase the difficulties of professionals to deal with issues related to women's sexual and reproductive health, particularly the difficulty in recognizing the competencies of this group to take care of their own health. As a result, the care provided does not meet the needs of these women, and the main focus is on the prevention of pregnancy.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo describir las creencias y prácticas de cuidado desde lo cultural en mujeres que tuvieron causas principales de morbilidad materna extrema, inasistentes al control prenatal y atendidas en una institución de III nivel de atención en salud de la ciudad de Medellín. Fue una investigación de tipo cualitativo, etnográfico, método utilizado fue la etnoenfermería propuesto por Leininger, la muestra compuesta por 17 mujeres con morbilidad materna extrema, inasistentes a control prenatal, éstas fueron entrevistadas varias veces hasta lograr la saturación de datos; luego, se recolectaron y analizaron mediante el análisis etnográfico propuesto por Spradley. Resultados: Se encontró 5 temas generales y 2 taxonomías. El estudio concluyó que la mujer con morbilidad materna extrema, inasistente al control prenatal tiene sus propios modos de cuidado a sí misma y al hijo por nacer cuando está enferma, porque el acceso a los servicios en salud materna es deficiente. De igual forma el cuidado de enfermería que se ofrece a estas mujeres debe hacerse con base al conocimiento de la enfermería transcultural propuesto por Leininger. Palabras claves: Enfermería, etnoenfermería, cuidado, cuidado cultural, morbilidad materna extrema. Resumo: Este estudo de pesquisa teve como objetivo descrever as crenças e práticas de cuidado desde a cultura em mulheres que tiveram causas principais de mobilidade materna extrema, desacompanhada de controle pré-natal e atendidas em uma instituição de III nível de atenção em saúde da cidade de Medellín. Foi uma pesquisa de tipo qualitativo, etnográfico onde método utilizado foi a etnoenfermaria proposto por Leininger, a amostra composta por 17 mulheres com mobilidade materna extrema, desacompanhadas de controle pré-natal, estas foram entrevistadas várias vezes até a saturação de dados; depois foram coletados e analisados mediante à analise etnográfico proposta por Spradley. Resultados: Foram encontrados 5 temas gerais e 2 taxonomias. O estudo concluiu que a mulher com mobilidade materna extrema com controle pré-natal inexistente tem suas próprias maneiras de cuidar de si e o filho por nascer quando ela está doente, porque o acesso a serviços de saúde materna é deficiente. Da mesma forma, cuidados de enfermagem que é oferecido a estas mulheres deve fazer com base no conhecimento da enfermagem transcultural proposto por Leininger. Palavras-chave: Enfermagem, etnoenfermagem, Cuidado cultural, morbidade materna extrema. Abstract: The present study aimed to describe the beliefs and practices of cultural care in women who had major causes of extreme maternal morbidity, not in the prenatal control and attended at an institution of III level of health care in the city of Medellín. It was a research of a qualitative, ethnographic type, a method used was the ethno-infertility proposed by Leininger, the sample composed of 17 women with extreme maternal morbidity, not in control of prenatal, who were interviewed several times until data saturation was achieved; Then, they were collected and analyzed through the ethnographic analysis proposed by Spradley. Results: 5 general themes and 2 taxonomies were found. The study concluded that women with extreme maternal morbidity, unresponsive to prenatal care, have their own modes of care for themselves and the unborn child when they are ill, because access to maternal health services is deficient. Similarly, the nursing care offered to these women should be based on the knowledge of cross-cultural nursing proposed by Leininger. Keywords: Nursing, ethno-nursing, care, cultural care, extreme maternal morbidity. Maestría