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Members of Venturiales (Dothideomycetes) are widely distributed, and comprise saprobes, as well as plant, human and animal pathogens. In spite of their economic importance, the general lack of cultures and DNA data has resulted in taxa being poorly resolved. In the present study five loci, ITS, LSU rDNA, tef1, tub2 and rpb2 are used for analysing 115 venturialean taxa representing 30 genera in three families in the current classification of Venturiales. Based on the multigene phylogenetic analysis, morphological and ecological characteristics, one new family, Cylindrosympodiaceae, and eight new genera are described, namely Bellamyces, Fagicola, Fraxinicola, Fuscohilum, Neofusicladium, Parafusicladium, Pinaceicola and Sterila. In addition, 12 species are described as new to science, and 41 new combinations are proposed. The taxonomic status of 153 species have been re-evaluated with 20 species excluded from Venturiales. Based on this revision of Venturiales, morphological characteristics such as conidial arrangement (solitary or in chains) or conidiogenesis (blastic-solitary, sympodial or annellidic), proved to be significant at generic level. Venturia as currently defined represents a generic complex. Furthermore, plant pathogens appear more terminal in phylogenetic analyses within Venturiaceae and Sympoventuriaceae, suggesting that the ancestral state of Venturiales is most likely saprobic.

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antarctica, Cladosporium arenosum from marine sediment sand. Argentina, Kosmimatamyces alatophylus (incl. Kosmimatamyces gen. nov.) from soil. Australia, Aspergillus banksianus, Aspergillus kumbius, Aspergillus luteorubrus, Aspergillus malvicolor and Aspergillus nanangensis from soil, Erysiphe medicaginis from leaves of Medicago polymorpha, Hymenotorrendiella communis on leaf litter of Eucalyptus bicostata, Lactifluus albopicri and Lactifluus austropiperatus on soil, Macalpinomyces collinsiae on Eriachne benthamii, Marasmius vagus on soil, Microdochium dawsoniorum from leaves of Sporobolus natalensis, Neopestalotiopsis nebuloides from leaves of Sporobolus elongatus, Pestalotiopsis etonensis from leaves of Sporobolus jacquemontii, Phytophthora personensis from soil associated with dying Grevillea mccutcheonii. Brazil, Aspergillus oxumiae from soil, Calvatia baixaverdensis on soil, Geastrum calycicoriaceum on leaf litter, Greeneria kielmeyerae on leaf spots of Kielmeyera coriacea. Chile, Phytophthora aysenensis on collar rot and stem of Aristotelia chilensis. Croatia, Mollisia gibbospora on fallen branch of Fagus sylvatica. Czech Republic, Neosetophoma hnaniceana from Buxus sempervirens. Ecuador, Exophiala frigidotolerans from soil. Estonia, Elaphomyces bucholtzii in soil. France, Venturia paralias from leaves of Euphorbia paralias. India, Cortinarius balteatoindicus and Cortinarius ulkhagarhiensis on leaf litter. Indonesia, Hymenotorrendiella indonesiana on Eucalyptus urophylla leaf litter. Italy, Penicillium taurinense from indoor chestnut mill. Malaysia, Hemileucoglossum kelabitense on soil, Satchmopsis pini on dead needles of Pinus tecunumanii. Poland, Lecanicillium praecognitum on insects’ frass. Portugal, Neodevriesia aestuarina from saline water. Republic of Korea, Gongronella namwonensis from freshwater. Russia, Candida pellucida from Exomias pellucidus, Heterocephalacria septentrionalis as endophyte from Cladonia rangiferina, Vishniacozyma phoenicis from dates fruit, Volvariella paludosa from swamp. Slovenia, Mallocybe crassivelata on soil. South Africa, Beltraniella podocarpi, Hamatocanthoscypha podocarpi, Coleophoma podocarpi and Nothoseiridium podocarpi (incl. Nothoseiridium gen. nov.) from leaves of Podocarpus latifolius, Gyrothrix encephalarti from leaves of Encephalartos sp., Paraphyton cutaneum from skin of human patient, Phacidiella alsophilae from leaves of Alsophila capensis, and Satchmopsis metrosideri on leaf litter of Metrosideros excelsa. Spain, Cladophialophora cabanerensis from soil, Cortinarius paezii on soil, Cylindrium magnoliae from leaves of Magnolia grandiflora, Trichophoma cylindrospora (incl. Trichophoma gen. nov.) from plant debris, Tuber alcaracense in calcareus soil, Tuber buendiae in calcareus soil. Thailand, Annulohypoxylon spougei on corticated wood, Poaceascoma filiforme from leaves of unknown Poaceae. UK, Dendrostoma luteum on branch lesions of Castanea sativa, Ypsilina buttingtonensis from heartwood of Quercus sp. Ukraine, Myrmecridium phragmiticola from leaves of Phragmites australis. USA, Absidia pararepens from air, Juncomyces californiensis (incl. Juncomyces gen. nov.) from leaves of Juncus effusus, Montagnula cylindrospora from a human skin sample, Muriphila oklahomaensis (incl. Muriphila gen. nov.) on outside wall of alcohol distillery, Neofabraea eucalyptorum from leaves of Eucalyptus macrandra, Diabolocovidia claustri (incl. Diabolocovidia gen. nov.) from leaves of Serenoa repens, Paecilomyces penicilliformis from air, Pseudopezicula betulae from leaves of leaf spots of Populus tremuloides. Vietnam, Diaporthe durionigena on branches of Durio zibethinus and Roridomyces pseudoirritans on rotten wood. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antarctica, Apenidiella antarctica from permafrost, Cladosporium fildesense from an unidentified marine sponge. Argentina, Geastrum wrightii on humus in mixed forest. Australia, Golovinomyces glandulariae on Glandularia aristigera, Neoanungitea eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus grandis, Teratosphaeria corymbiicola on leaves of Corymbia ficifolia, Xylaria eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus radiata. Brazil, Bovista psammophila on soil, Fusarium awaxy on rotten stalks of Zea mays, Geastrum lanuginosum on leaf litter covered soil, Hermetothecium mikaniae-micranthae (incl. Hermetothecium gen. nov.) on Mikania micrantha, Penicillium reconvexovelosoi in soil, Stagonosporopsis vannaccii from pod of Glycine max. British Virgin Isles, Lactifluus guanensis on soil. Canada, Sorocybe oblongispora on resin of Picea rubens. Chile, Colletotrichum roseum on leaves of Lapageria rosea. China, Setophoma caverna from carbonatite in Karst cave. Colombia, Lareunionomyces eucalypticola on leaves of Eucalyptus grandis. Costa Rica, Psathyrella pivae on wood. Cyprus, Clavulina iris on calcareous substrate. France, Chromosera ambigua and Clavulina iris var. occidentalis on soil. French West Indies, Helminthosphaeria hispidissima on dead wood. Guatemala, Talaromyces guatemalensis in soil. Malaysia, Neotracylla pini (incl. Tracyllales ord. nov. and Neotracylla gen. nov.) and Vermiculariopsiella pini on needles of Pinus tecunumanii. New Zealand, Neoconiothyrium viticola on stems of Vitis vinifera, Parafenestella pittospori on Pittosporum tenuifolium, Pilidium novae-zelandiae on Phoenix sp. Pakistan, Russula quercus-floribundae on forest floor. Portugal, Trichoderma aestuarinum from saline water. Russia, Pluteus liliputianus on fallen branch of deciduous tree, Pluteus spurius on decaying deciduous wood or soil. South Africa, Alloconiothyrium encephalarti, Phyllosticta encephalarticola and Neothyrostroma encephalarti (incl. Neothyrostroma gen. nov.) on leaves of Encephalartos sp., Chalara eucalypticola on leaf spots of Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla, Clypeosphaeria oleae on leaves of Olea capensis, Cylindrocladiella postalofficium on leaf litter of Sideroxylon inerme, Cylindromonium eugeniicola (incl. Cylindromonium gen. nov.) on leaf litter of Eugenia capensis, Cyphellophora goniomatis on leaves of Gonioma kamassi, Nothodactylaria nephrolepidis (incl. Nothodactylaria gen. nov. and Nothodactylariaceae fam. nov.) on leaves of Nephrolepis exaltata, Falcocladium eucalypti and Gyrothrix eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus sp., Gyrothrix oleae on leaves of Olea capensis subsp. macrocarpa, Harzia metrosideri on leaf litter of Metrosideros sp., Hippopotamyces phragmitis (incl. Hippopotamyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Phragmites australis, Lectera philenopterae on Philenoptera violacea, Leptosillia mayteni on leaves of Maytenus heterophylla, Lithohypha aloicola and Neoplatysporoides aloes on leaves of Aloe sp., Millesimomyces rhoicissi (incl. Millesimomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Rhoicissus digitata, Neodevriesia strelitziicola on leaf litter of Strelitzia nicolai, Neokirramyces syzygii (incl. Neokirramyces gen. nov.) on leaf spots of Syzygium sp., Nothoramichloridium perseae (incl. Nothoramichloridium gen. nov. and Anungitiomycetaceae fam. nov.) on leaves of Persea americana, Paramycosphaerella watsoniae on leaf spots of Watsonia sp., Penicillium cuddlyae from dog food, Podocarpomyces knysnanus (incl. Podocarpomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Podocarpus falcatus, Pseudocercospora heteropyxidicola on leaf spots of Heteropyxis natalensis, Pseudopenidiella podocarpi, Scolecobasidium podocarpi and Ceramothyrium podocarpicola on leaves of Podocarpus latifolius, Scolecobasidium blechni on leaves of Blechnum capense, Stomiopeltis syzygii on leaves of Syzygium chordatum, Strelitziomyces knysnanus (incl. Strelitziomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Strelitzia alba, Talaromyces clemensii from rotting wood in goldmine, Verrucocladosporium visseri on Carpobrotus edulis. Spain, Boletopsis mediterraneensis on soil, Calycina cortegadensisi on a living twig of Castanea sativa, Emmonsiellopsis tuberculata in fluvial sediments, Mollisia cortegadensis on dead attached twig of Quercus robur, Psathyrella ovispora on soil, Pseudobeltrania lauri on leaf litter of Laurus azorica, Terfezia dunensis in soil, Tuber lucentum in soil, Venturia submersa on submerged plant debris. Thailand, Cordyceps jakajanicola on cicada nymph, Cordyceps kuiburiensis on spider, Distoseptispora caricis on leaves of Carex sp., Ophiocordyceps khonkaenensis on cicada nymph. USA, Cytosporella juncicola and Davidiellomyces juncicola on culms of Juncus effusus, Monochaetia massachusettsianum from air sample, Neohelicomyces melaleucae and Periconia neobrittanica on leaves of Melaleuca styphelioides × lanceolata, Pseudocamarosporium eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus sp., Pseudogymnoascus lindneri from sediment in a mine, Pseudogymnoascus turneri from sediment in a railroad tunnel, Pulchroboletus sclerotiorum on soil, Zygosporium pseudomasonii on leaf of Serenoa repens. Vietnam, Boletus candidissimus and Veloporphyrellus vulpinus on soil. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.

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The family Plectosphaerellaceae (Glomerellales, Sordariomycetes) includes numerous plant pathogenic genera and soil-borne fungal species. Ten genera are currently accepted, including several taxa that occupy an unresolved position within the family. To address this issue, a multilocus sequence analysis was carried out using partial gene sequences from the 28S large subunit nrRNA gene (LSU), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the nrDNA region, including the 5.8S nrRNA gene, the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α), tryptophan synthase (TS), actin (ACT) and the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), based on a large set of isolates mainly from the CBS collection. Results of the molecular data combined with a detailed morphological study resolved 22 genera in the family, of which 12 are newly described. Additionally, 15 new species and 10 new combinations are proposed. An epitype and neotype are also introduced for Stachylidium bicolor and Plectosphaerella cucumerina, respectively. Key words: Acremonium, New taxa, Phylogeny, Plant pathogens, Plectosphaerella, Soil fungi, Taxonomy, Taxonomic novelties: new genera: Brunneochlamydosporium Giraldo López & Crous, Chlamydosporiella Giraldo López & Crous, Furcasterigmium Giraldo López & Crous, Fuscohypha Giraldo López & Crous, Musidium Giraldo López & Crous, Nigrocephalum Giraldo López & Crous, Paragibellulopsis Giraldo López & Crous, Paramusicillium Giraldo López & Crous, Phialoparvum Giraldo López & Crous, Summerbellia Giraldo López & Crous, Sayamraella Giraldo López & Crous, Theobromium Giraldo López & Crous, New species: Brunneochlamydosporium macroclavatum Giraldo López & Crous, B. terrestre Giraldo López & Crous, Fuscohypha expansa Giraldo López & Crous, Gibellulopsis aquatica Giraldo López & Crous, G. catenata Giraldo López & Crous, Lectera humicola Giraldo López & Crous, L. phaseoli Giraldo López & Crous, Musicillium tropicale Giraldo López & Crous, M. elettariae Giraldo López & Crous, Paramusicillium asperulatum Giraldo López & Crous, Phialoparvum bifurcatum Giraldo López & Crous, Plectosphaerella humicola Giraldo López & Crous, Summerbellia oligotrophica Giraldo López & Crous, Sayamraella subulata Giraldo López & Crous, Theobromium fuscum Giraldo López & Crous, Sodiomyces alkalinus Grum-Grzhim., Debets & Bilanenko, New combinations: Brunneochlamydosporium cibotii (J.F.H. Beyma) Giraldo López & Crous, B. nepalense (W. Gams) Giraldo López & Crous, Chlamydosporiella restricta (J.F.H. Beyma) Giraldo López & Crous, Furcasterigmium furcatum (W. Gams) Giraldo López & Crous, Gibellulopsis fusca (Thirum. & Sukapure) Giraldo López & Crous, G. serrae (Maffei) Giraldo López & Crous, Musidium stromaticum (W. Gams & R.H. Stover) Giraldo López & Crous, Nigrocephalum collariferum (Weisenb. & R. Kirschner) Giraldo López & Crous, Paragibellulopsis chrysanthemi (Hirooka et al.) Giraldo López & Crous, Sodiomyces alcalophilus (Okada) Giraldo López & Crous, Typification: lectotypification: Stachylidium bicolor Link, Epitypification: Stachylidium bicolor Link, Neotypification: Venturia cucumerina Lindf

Fig. S1. Consensus phylogram (50 % majority rule) resulting from a Bayesian analysis of the ITS sequence alignment of sequences generated in this study and reference sequences from NCBI GenBank. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) > 0.85 are shown at the nodes and thickened lines represent nodes with PP = 1.00. The scale bar represents the expected changes per site. Species and culture collection numbers are indicated. The tree was rooted to Ascocoryne sarcoides (culture NRRL 50072). Fig. S2. Consensus phylogram (50 % majority rule) resulting from a Bayesian analysis of the LSU sequence alignment of sequences generated in this study and reference sequences from NCBI GenBank. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) > 0.85 are shown at the nodes and thickened lines represent nodes with PP = 1.00. The scale bar represents the expected changes per site. Species and culture collection numbers are indicated. The tree was rooted to Ascocoryne sarcoides (culture NRRL 50072). Fig. S3. Consensus phylogram (50 % majority rule) resulting from a Bayesian analysis of the act sequence alignment of sequences generated in this study and reference sequences from NCBI GenBank. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) > 0.85 are shown at the nodes and thickened lines represent nodes with PP = 1.00. The scale bar represents the expected changes per site. Species and culture collection numbers are indicated. The tree was rooted to Ascocoryne sarcoides (culture NRRL 50072). Fig. S4. Consensus phylogram (50 % majority rule) resulting from a Bayesian analysis of the rpb1 sequence alignment of sequences generated in this study and reference sequences from NCBI GenBank. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) > 0.85 are shown at the nodes and thickened lines represent nodes with PP = 1.00. The scale bar represents the expected changes per site. Species and culture collection numbers are indicated. The tree was rooted to Ascocoryne sarcoides (culture NRRL 50072). Fig. S5. Consensus phylogram (50 % majority rule) resulting from a Bayesian analysis of the rpb2 sequence alignment of sequences generated in this study and reference sequences from NCBI GenBank. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) > 0.85 are shown at the nodes and thickened lines represent nodes with PP = 1.00. The scale bar represents the expected changes per site. Species and culture collection numbers are indicated. The tree was rooted to Ascocoryne sarcoides (culture NRRL 50072). Fig. S6. Consensus phylogram (50 % majority rule) resulting from a Bayesian analysis of the tef1 sequence alignment of sequences generated in this study and reference sequences from NCBI GenBank. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) > 0.85 are shown at the nodes and thickened lines represent nodes with PP = 1.00. The scale bar represents the expected changes per site. Species and culture collection numbers are indicated. The tree was rooted to Ascocoryne sarcoides (culture NRRL 50072). Fig. S7. Consensus phylogram (50 % majority rule) resulting from a Bayesian analysis of the full set 6-gene (ITS, LSU, act, tef1, rpb1, rpb2) sequence alignment. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) > 0.85 are shown at the nodes and thickened lines represent nodes with PP = 1.00. The scale bar represents the expected changes per site. Species and culture collection numbers are indicated. The tree was rooted to Ascocoryne sarcoides (culture NRRL 50072).Fig. S8. Consensus phylogram (50 % majority rule) resulting from a Bayesian analysis of the full set 4-gene (ITS, LSU, act, tef1) sequence alignment. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) > 0.85 are shown at the nodes and thickened lines represent nodes with PP = 1.00. The scale bar represents the expected changes per site. Species and culture collection numbers are indicated. The tree was rooted to Ascocoryne sarcoides (culture NRRL 50072).Fig. S9. Consensus phylogram (50 % majority rule) resulting from a Bayesian analysis of the full set 2-gene (rpb1, rpb2) sequence alignment. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) > 0.85 are shown at the nodes and thickened lines represent nodes with PP = 1.00. The scale bar represents the expected changes per site. Species and culture collection numbers are indicated. The tree was rooted to Ascocoryne sarcoides (culture NRRL 50072).