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A survey was undertaken during 2018 to assess silicon (Si) status of soils and to determine its critical limits in soils and plants. A total of 100 surface soil samples (0–15 cm) were collected fro...

Plutonium(VI) spectrophotometry is a precise analytical method for determining the concentration of plutonium solutions. It is simple and cost-effective to implement in nuclear environments such as glove boxes and hot-cells. Uncertainties were assessed at 0.64% (k = 1) for solutions of 0.150 mg g−1 initially prepared in a glove box. The critical limit of the method was estimated at 0.002 mg g−1 at 99% confidence. The good performances of the technique in the present work are due to a rigorous spectra processing as well as preparation steps conducted by weight control.

There is a critical limit of thrust force during drilling operation in a composite laminate below which no delamination takes place, which is known as the “critical thrust force”. In this paper, various critical thrust force models have been discussed in detail for circular- and elliptical-shaped delaminations around the drilled hole. Critical thrust force models for circular-shaped delamination for isotropic composite laminates and anisotropic composite laminates for different loadings like point load, uniformly distributed load, triangular load, and their combinations using different drill geometries have been discussed. With elliptical-shaped delamination, critical thrust force models for anisotropic composite laminates are discussed for: point load, uniformly distributed load, combined point plus distributed load, and point load for antisymmetric composite laminates. At several locations, graphs have been created to illustrate the dependence of various parameters on the critical thrust force. These graphs will be of use for practising engineers while selecting tool or/and machining parameters during drilling of polymer matrix composites. A tool designer can get good insight from these graphs while designing an optimal drilling tool. The paper highlights the importance of load distribution across the drill causing deflection leading to damage due to delamination in composite laminates. Special drill geometries help in better distribution of thrust forces towards periphery and improve the critical thrust force for the prevention of damage due to delamination during drilling in composite laminates.

From a homeland security point of view, it is important to detect the transportation of radioactive materials or potential radioactive contamination. The most commonly used devices are radiation portal monitors with plastic scintillation detectors. A signal from such detectors is processed by an amplitude analyser which can separate pulses into several mutually independent energy windows (representing energy intervals of gamma radiation). Therefore, the most appropriate method of evaluation is by the use of algorithms for multidimensional processing. This article describes a novel generalised approach designed with respect to the properties of radiation portal monitors. It includes a description of formulas and a whole algorithm as well as the procedure for determining the appropriate critical and detection limits. The predicted probability distribution for the proposed method of calculation was verified by simulations and experimental measurements. The algorithm was also compared with a commonly used gross counting algorithm.

The critical limit of nitrogen in soil and plant (CAU R-1) was determined through a pot culture experiment with twenty five soils of Imphal West district of Manipur, India for predicting the response of rice to nitrogen application. All the soil samples were clayey in texture and acidic in reaction with the mean pH value of 5.16, electrical conductivity ranged from 0.06 to 0.14 dSm-1 with an average of 0.1 dSm-1, organic carbon content from 1.06 to 2.62 % with mean value of 2.03%, cation exchange capacity of the soils from 12.20 to 20.20 meq/100g with mean value of 16.06 meq/100g. Available nitrogen content in soils varied from 185.00 to 331.06 kg N/ha with an average value of 267.24 kg N/ha. Available nitrogen in the soils was positively and significantly correlated with plant N content (r=0.653**), dry matter yield (r=0.556**), plant N uptake (r=0.726**) in control pots. There was also a positive and significant correlation between available N and bray’s per cent yield (r = 0.519**). The critical limit of available N was established at 257 kg N/ha for soil and 1.04 % for 45 days old rice plants. Soil containing N below this critical limit may respond economically to N fertilization for growing rice.

U ovom radu prikazana je provedba HACCP sustava kod proizvodnje pršuta. Na samom poĉetku opisani su opći propisi i smjernice HACCP sustava kvalitete. Zatim su saţeto i jasno definirani i opisani svi koraci tehnološkog procesa proizvodnje pršuta, konstruirani dijagrami, te je opisan proizvod. Slijedila je analiza rizika svih koraka tehnološkog procesa, identificirane su CCP ocjenjivanjem rizika i primjenom dijagrama odluka. Za identificirane CCP izraĊen je HACCP plan za kontrolu i provoĊenje osiguranja kvalitete finalnog proizvoda. HACCP system implementation in technological process of prosciutto is described in this paper. In the begining of this paper legal acts and general guidelines of HACCP system are described. Afterwards, all steps of technological procceses of prosciutto are defined and described. Diagrams are shown and products are described. Risk analysis is done for every step of technological process, CCP are identified by risk evaluation and application of decision diagrams. These risks represented the basic of HACCP plan for control and ensuring the quality final products.

The conception of critical limit (CL) of a nutrient element distinguishes its deficiency from sufficiency, which could advise fertilizer application. A pot culture experiment was conducted during Rabi season (2019–2020) to study the CL of sulphur (S) in soil and plant. A total of 20 soil samples collected from intensive cropping areas of three agroecological zones (AEZs) of Bangladesh were used in the experiment. The 0.15% CaCl2 extractable S (expressed as available S) contents of the test soils ranged from 6.84 mg/kg to 38 mg/kg. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. BARI gom 30 and mustard (Brassica napus L.) cv. BINA sorisha 9 were used as test crops in this study. There were two rates of S application to soil-0 and 15 mg/kg for wheat and 0 and 18 mg/kg for mustard from gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O). Each S treatment was replicated thrice. Dry matter yield, S content and S uptake by the crops increased with added S. For mustard, the CL of soil S was estimated to be 14 mg/kg by graphical procedure and 11 mg/kg in statistical method while plant tissue concentration showed the CL of 0.35% in both methods. The CL of soil S for wheat was found to be 14 mg/kg and 11 mg/kg in graphical and statistical methods, respectively, and the CL of plant tissue concentration was recorded as 0.14%, in both methods. It is expected that mustard and wheat crops would respond to S fertilization in soils containing S at or below the CL. The results would be useful for predicting crop (wheat and mustard) response to S fertilizer and developing efficient S fertilizer management to promote sustainable crop production.

Critical limit (CL) determination of zinc (Zn) is very important for predicting response of maize crop to its application in soils and for the crop’s actual fertilizer requirement. This stu...

The local buckling behavior of pipes under combined external pressure and axial tension is investigated by experiments and FE models in the present study. The tension-pressure interaction collapse envelops are generated for two different loading paths involving pressure followed by tension and tension followed by pressure. Ten experiments are conducted to study the effect of different loading paths on the collapse pressure of pipes with the same geometric and material parameter. Furthermore, an extensive parametric study of the FE models is performed whose results are in good agreement with the experiments. The results of the experiments and FE models indicate that critical limit load of the P→T loading path is more severe than that of the T→P loading path. The reason is explained by analyzing the stress distribution and ovalization of the local buckling cross section. Based on the large amount of FE analyses, a new interaction formula is proposed to estimate the limit loads of pipes for the P→T loading path. And the formula, verified by experiments, is more accurate comparing with the method proposed in offshore standard DNV-OS-F101.

High-pressure conditions in diesel engines can often surpass the thermodynamic critical limit of the working fluid. Consequently, the injection of fuel at these conditions can lead to complex behaviors that remain only incompletely understood. This study is concerned with investigating the application of a diffuse-interface method in conjunction with a finite-rate chemistry model in large-eddy simulations of diesel spray injection and ignition in a supercritical ambient environment. The presented numerical approach offers the capability of simulating these complex conditions without the need for parameter tuning that is commonly employed in spray-breakup models. Numerical simulations of inert and reacting n-dodecane sprays — under the Engine Combustion Network Spray A and Spray D configurations — are studied, and results are compared with experimental data for liquid/vapor penetration lengths and ignition timing. In addition, parametric studies are performed to identify flow sensitivities arising from the variation in nozzle diameters between both injectors, along with the impact of low-temperature oxidation on ignition in Spray D simulations. Spray A simulations are found to be insensitive to turbulence, and predictions for penetration length and ignition behavior are in good agreement with experiments. In contrast, Spray D predictions for penetration length and ignition delay demonstrated significant sensitivities to in-nozzle turbulence, introducing uncertainty to the predicted results and stipulating the need for quantitative measurements for model evaluation.

To better determine the lower limit of titanium content for the formation of acicular ferrite, C–Mn steel welds varying the titanium concentration at a minimal level from nearly zero to about 30 ppm have been investigated. Optical and SEM observations of as-deposited weld microstructures showed that when the titanium content increased from 1 to 9 ppm or higher, a dramatic change in weld microstructure from one dominant with ferrite with second phase to one with acicular ferrite takes place, being attributed to a concurrent increase in nucleation potency of inclusions for acicular ferrite plates. These results suggest that the critical limit of titanium required is about 9 ppm or even lower for the present weld system. In TEM, the inclusions of titanium-containing welds were found to be partly covered with a titanium-rich phase, indicating that this phase plays an important role in promoting the nucleation ability of inclusions and thus in developing a weld microstructure composed of a high proportion of acicular ferrite.

Con el objetivo de diseñar una estrategia para revertir la baja productividad y rentabilidad que presenta el cultivo de maíz en el municipio de Villaflores, se estudiaron las características químicas y físicas de los suelos en 236 parcelas mecanizables distribuidas en 13 ejidos y siete tipos de suelos. Las determinaciones se interpretaron tomando como base la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-021-SEMARNAT-2000. Los resultados indican una acidez generalizada en los suelos, con pH promedio de 5.2 (±0.9), 52% de los sitios con pH menores a 5; 208 casos presentaron acidez intercambiable en 64.4% de ellos, el valor fue mayor a 0.5 meq 100 g-1, considerado límite crítico para las plantas. En promedio la materia orgánica (MO) fue de 1.7% (±1.3) y en ningún caso el contenido superó a 2.5%. La capacidad de intercambio catiónica (CIC) fue 11.4 (±16.8) meq 100 g-1, e influenciada por el pH (R2= 0.65), MO (R2= 0.32) y contenido de arcilla (R2 =0.68). En 94% de los sitios con baja MO, la CIC depende significativamente del contenido de arcilla. En cuanto al porcentaje de saturación de la CIC, 59% de los casos son deficientes en Ca, 18% en Mg y 58% en K 40% de los sitios están por debajo del límite crítico de 15 ppm de P. El 90 y 46% de los casos presentó deficiencias de Boro y Zinc. Bajo estas condiciones se hace patente la necesidad de una estrategia que permita aumentar la calidad del suelo y las prácticas de agricultura puedan ser sostenibles.

A Monte Carlo simulation based sequence design method is proposed to investigate the role of site-directed point mutations in protein misfolding. Site-directed point mutations are incorporated in the designed sequences of selected proteins. While most mutated sequences correctly fold to their native conformation, some of them stabilize in other nonnative conformations and thus misfold/unfold. The results suggest that a critical number of hydrophobic amino acid residues must be present in the core of the correctly folded proteins, whereas proteins misfold/unfold if this number of hydrophobic residues falls below the critical limit. A protein can accommodate only a particular number of hydrophobic residues at the surface, provided a large number of hydrophilic residues are present at the surface and critical hydrophobicity of the core is preserved. Some surface sites are observed to be equally sensitive toward site-directed point mutations as the core sites. Point mutations with highly polar and charged amino acids increases the misfold/unfold propensity of proteins. Substitution of natural amino acids at sites with different number of nonbonded contacts suggests that both amino acid identity and its respective site-specificity determine the stability of a protein. A clash-match method is developed to calculate the number of matching and clashing interactions in the mutated protein sequences. While misfolded/unfolded sequences have a higher number of clashing and a lower number of matching interactions, the correctly folded sequences have a lower number of clashing and a higher number of matching interactions. These results are valid for different SCOP classes of proteins.

The use of silica fertilizer still has been included in cultivation technology: however, nutrient status for paddy soil is rarely reported in Indonesia. It is necessary to carry out a research on the determination of nutrient status and the influence of silica fertilizer on rice production. The aims of this research are to investigate the effect trass on soil chemical properties, discover of silica fertilizer on rice production and determine the nutrient status of Si by Cate Nelson and Contiunous Curves. The results showed that the effect of trass has a significant on soil chemical properties such as pH H 2 O and available Si. The nutrient status of Si was estimated by using several different extractants namely H 2 O; CaCl 2 ; Ammonium Acetate pH 4.8; and Acetate Buffer pH 4 gives a critical limit value of 13, 17, 34, and 37 mg kg -1 , equivalent to 28 mg kg -1 , 36 mg kg -1 , 73 mg kg -1 , and 79 mg kg -1 SiO 2 , respectively. Meanwhile, the Si availability in the medium class based on Continuous Curves Method extracted by H 2 O; 0.01 M CaCl 2 ; NH 4 OAc pH 4.8; and Na-acetate pH 4 were 18-34, 33-41, 44-79, and 42-81 mg SiO2 kg -1 , espectively. Burned trass with dose of 10 g kg -1 gives the highest rice production of 44.19 g pot -1 equivalent to 7.07 ton ha -1 .

Heat waves are rapidly increasing in frequency and length around the globe. These periods of elevated temperatures are inducing extreme thermal stress in many organisms. One dramatic result of heat waves is mass mortality events, notably in birds. Although much attention is given to lethal events, little is known about how more common sublethal temperatures affect behaviour, especially in endotherms. For example, male song sparrows, Melospiza melodia atlantica, sing at lower rates at higher temperatures. We hypothesized that simulated heat waves may also reduce the ability of females to discriminate between sexual signals. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying whether female zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata, responded more to conspecific song or heterospecific song while at their typical housing temperature compared to temperatures above their upper critical temperature. We collected data on how often the birds selected conspecific over heterospecific songs and how much effort the birds invested in sampling those songs using a matched-pairs design. During housing temperature trials, females preferred conspecific song compared to heterospecific song. In contrast, females no longer showed a preference for conspecific song at temperatures above their upper critical limit, although the birds invested similar effort in sampling songs in both treatments. Our findings provide the first experimental evidence that high temperatures affect female preference for a mating signal in an endotherm. Our results highlight the need for future work to investigate this overlooked effect of climate change on endotherms. Because thermoregulatory processes are phylogenetically conserved, our results generate useful predictions for future studies of heat wave effects on mating behaviours in endotherms.

Pasteurized milk (PM) is a perishable product requiring storage at cold temperatures to maintain its shelf life. However, the temperature fluctuations during transportation, handling, and storage could affect the number of microbial counts of the product. A time-temperature indicator (TTI) can be used to monitor product conditions in real time, so consumers know the condition of the product during transportation and storage. This study aims to determine the ability of a mixed vegetable oil (VOB) as a TTI indicator and evaluate the validity of TTI as an indicator of PM microbiological degradation. The VOB was produced from a mixture of palm oil (PO), canola oil (CA), and olive oil (OV) at ratios of 50:40:10 (C1), 50:25:25 (C2), and 50:10:40% (v/v) (C3), with the addition of 0.25% (m/v) of red dye (C.I. 16255). The VOBs were tested its for diffusion length, diffusion kinetics, and the accuracy of the prediction model of each indicator at isother-mal temperatures. The VOB indicator can be applied to monitor the total growth of microbes in PM. The value of the activation energy (Ea) of each indicator was 34.289 (C1), 35.294 (C2) and 40.646 kJ/mol (C3), while the Ea value of the microbial spoilage in PM was 58.105 kJ/mol. The difference between the Ea PM value and each indicator was less than 25 kJ/mol. Indicating that the accuracy of the prediction model was good. At storage temperature of 29°C, the critical limit for PM spoilage occurs after 24 hours of storage which correlated with the diffusion length indicator of 6.50 (C1), 6.25 (C2), and 5.5 cm (C3). Overall, the indicators observed can be used to monitor the microbiological spoilage of PM, so that the actual quality of PM before consumption can be estimated.

The concentration of seven heavy metals in water samples was analyzed along the southwest coast of Ghana in the wet and dry seasons using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Some physicochemical properties of the water samples were also determined to assess the quality of the water. The ranges of metal concentration in water in the wet season were; As (1.23–7.84 µg/L), Cu (4.10–24.09 µg/L), Pb (4.08–57.98 µg/L), Se (BDL-0.38 µg/L), Zn (2.86–17.75 µg/L) and Hg (0.023–0.068 µg/L), whereas the ranges of metal concentration in the dry season were; As (2.30–5.78 µg/L), Pb (25.47–70.73 µg/L), Se (0.081–0.158 µg/L), Zn (0.79–22.80 µg/L) and Hg (0.004–0.047 µg/L). The results of physicochemical properties of water in the wet season were pH (6.83 to 7.52), EC (291.15–780.64 µS/cm), TDS (195.07–523.02 mg/L), DO (2.98–4.39 mg/L), BOD (3.33 to 6.84 mg/L), salinity (0.01 to 0.30 ppt) and temperature (27.06–30.94 °C), whereas the dry season recorded the ranges of pH (6.84–6.95), EC (516.83 to 660.67 µS/cm), TDS (307.07–442.65 mg/L), DO (1.71–3.04 mg/L), BOD (4.25–13.38 mg/L), salinity (0.22–0.28ppt) and temperature (28.46–30.44 °C). The results showed that the concentration of heavy metals in water was below the WHO standard except Pb which exceeded the limit. The mean heavy metal pollution index (HPI) were 130 and 143 for wet and dry seasons, respectively, indicating that the water HPI was above the critical limit (HPI > 100), hence unfit for drinking. All the physicochemical properties analyzed were within the WHO permissible limits except BOD.

An understanding of spin frequency ($\nu$) evolution of neutron stars in the low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) phase is essential to explain the observed $\nu$-distribution of millisecond pulsars (MSPs), and to probe the stellar and binary physics, including the possibility of continuous gravitational wave emission. Here, using numerical computations we conclude that $\nu$ can evolve in two distinctly different modes, as $\nu$ may approach a lower spin equilibrium value ($\nu_{\rm eq,per}$) for persistent accretion for a long-term average accretion rate ($\dot{M}_{\rm av}$) greater than a critical limit ($\dot{M}_{\rm av,crit}$), and may approach a higher effective spin equilibrium value ($\nu_{\rm eq,eff}$) for transient accretion for $\dot{M}_{\rm av} < \dot{M}_{\rm av,crit}$. For example, when $\dot{M}_{\rm av}$ falls below $\dot{M}_{\rm av,crit}$ for an initially persistent source, $\nu$ increases considerably due to transient accretion, which is counterintuitive. We also find that, contrary to what was suggested, a fast or sudden decrease of $\dot{M}_{\rm av}$ to zero in the last part of the LMXB phase is not essential for the genesis of spin-powered MSPs, and neutron stars could spin up in this $\dot{M}_{\rm av}$-decreasing phase. Our findings imply that the traditional way of $\nu$-evolution computation is inadequate in most cases, even for initially persistent sources, and may not even correctly estimate whether $\nu$ increases or decreases., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters

Dilution of the water chemistry caused by reduced acidification has lately received increased attention, both in Europe and North America. There has also been a declining trend in the supply of sea salts. Several studies have predicted detrimental effects on aquatic life due to dilution. A population of brook trout living in River Hunnedal in southwestern Norway was studied for 14 years (2006–2019).Despite acceptable water chemistry with respect to pH and inorganic Al, limited reproduction was found. With median conductivity, Ca and Na of 7.1– 8.6 μScm−1, and 0.17–0.19 and 0.9–1.0 mgL−1, respectively, the water at the study sites was found to be extremely dilute. We detected a significant positive effect of Na on the densities of brook trout fry, while a less distinct effect of Ca was found. However, due to the correlation between Ca and Na we cannot conclude that Ca is unimportant. For all samplings without catch of fry (n = 13), Na was 0.86 ± 0.15 mgL−1, suggesting a critical limit for Na slightly below 1 mgL−1.We suggest that the reproduction of brook trout was restricted by the highly dilute water and the subsequent scarcity of essential ions. Acidification recovery . Water chemistry . Dilution . Calcium. Sodium. Mountain streams . Brook trout

Since the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrom Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV‑2) in Germany, intensive care beds have been kept free for patients suffering from Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19). Also, after the number of infections had declined, intensive care beds were kept free prophylactically; however, the percentage of beds reserved for COVID-19 differ in the individual federal states in Germany. The aim of this article is to define a necessary clearance quota of intensive beds for COVID-19 patients in Germany. An escalation and de-escalation scheme was created for rising and falling numbers of infected patients.Data from the COVID-19 resource board of the state of Baden-Württemberg, the daily situation report of the Robert Koch Institute (RKI), the register of COVID-19 intensive care beds of the German Interdisciplinary Association for Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine (DIVI) as well as the daily report of COVID-19 Baden-Württemberg from April to November 2020 were used for the calculation.At the end of November 2020 approximately 13.5% of intensive care beds in Germany were used by COVID-19 patients. Of all persons tested positive for SARS-CoV‑2, 1.5% were admitted to an intensive care unit. The hospitalization rate was 6% and the mean age of infected persons was 43 years. Based on these numbers hospitals are recommended to keep 10% of intensive care beds available for COVID-19 patients in the case of less than 35 new infections/100,000 in the catchment area, 20% should be kept free in case of an advanced warning level of 35 new infections/100,000 inhabitants and 30% for a critical limit of 50 new infections/100,000 inhabitants. Further internal hospital triggers, such as the occupancy of the intensive care beds with COVID-19 patients, should be considered.If the number of infections is low a general nationwide retention rate of more than 10% of intensive care beds for COVID-19 patients is not justified. Locally increasing numbers of infections require a local dynamic approach. If the number of infections increases, the free holding capacity should be increased according to a step by step concept in close coordination with the local health authorities and other internal hospital triggers. In order not to overwhelm hospital capacities in the event of local outbreaks, a corresponding relocation concept should be considered at an early stage.HINTERGRUND: Seit der Ausbreitung des Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrom Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV‑2) in Deutschland werden Intensivbetten für Patienten, die an Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) erkrankt sind, frei gehalten. Auch nach Rückgang der Infektionszahlen wurden Intensivbetten prophylaktisch frei gehalten; dies geschah in den einzelnen Bundesländern jedoch in sehr unterschiedlicher Weise. Anhand der Literatur soll für das Infektionsgeschehen in Deutschland und insbesondere in Baden-Württemberg bei Stand Ende November 2020 eine notwendige Freihaltequote für COVID-19-Patienten definiert und für ansteigende und fallende Infektionszahlen ein Eskalations- /Deeskalationsschema erstellt werden.Für die Kalkulation wurden für die Monate April bis November 2020 Daten aus dem COVID-19-Resource-Board des Landes Baden-Württemberg, dem täglichen Lagebericht des Robert-Koch-Instituts (RKI) zur Coronaviruskrankheit 2019 (COVID-19), dem Aktuellem Lage‑/Situationsbericht des RKI zu COVID-19, dem DIVI-Intensiv-Register zur Erfassung der an COVID-19 erkrankten intensivpflichtigen Patienten sowie dem Tagesbericht COVID-19 Baden-Württemberg verwendet.Ende November 2020 sind ca. 13,5 % der Intensivbetten deutschlandweit mit COVID-19-Patenten belegt. 1,5 % der positiv auf SARS-CoV‑2 Getesteten wurden auf eine Intensivstation aufgenommen; die Hospitalisierungsrate belief sich auf 6 % bei einem mittleren Erkrankungsalter von 43 Jahren. Kliniken wird bei einer 7‑Tage-Inzidenz von weniger als 35/100.000 Neuinfektionen empfohlen, eine Freihaltequote von 10 % an Intensivbetten für COVID-19-Patienten zu kalkulieren, bei einer Vorwarnstufe von 35/100.000 Neuinfektionen im Einzugsgebiet 20 % und bei einer kritischen Grenze von 50/100.000 30 % der Intensivbetten. Weitere klinikinterne Trigger, wie die Auslastung der Intensivstationen, sollen berücksichtigt werden.Bei niedrigen Infektionszahlen war eine generelle landesweite Freihaltequote an Intensivbetten für COVID-19-Patienten im September 2020 nicht gerechtfertigt. Lokal ansteigende und wieder abfallende Infektionszahlen erfordern ein lokales dynamisches Vorgehen. Ein Stufenkonzept in enger Abstimmung mit den örtlichen Gesundheitsbehörden sowie weitere klinikinterne Trigger definieren die Freihaltekapazität. Um bei lokalen Ausbrüchen die Krankenhauskapazitäten nicht zu überfordern, soll frühzeitig ein entsprechendes Verlegungskonzept ins Auge gefasst werden.

With the continuous miniaturization in device dimension to reach the expectation raised by semiconductor users, the shape and size of the MOSFET are changing periodically. The journey started in the year 1960, reached the milestone, and still going on to create history. Due to continuous downscaling, the device dimensions have already reached the critical limit and further miniaturization is a challenge. As a result of which some unwanted effects were raised unknowingly to suppress the device performances while entering into nanoscale. To overcome these kinds of barriers, different device architectures were proposed to keep the journey on. This paper focused on those types of advanced structures in MOSFET, which kept Moore’s law alive.

Thermal noise associated with the mechanical loss of current highly reflective mirror coatings is a critical limit to the sensitivity of gravitational-wave detectors. Several alternative coating materials show potential for reducing thermal noise, but cannot be used due to their high optical absorption. Multimaterial coatings have been proposed to enable the use of such materials to reduce thermal noise while minimizing their impact on the total absorption of the mirror coating. Here we present experimental verification of the multimaterial concept, by integrating aSi into a highly reflective SiO_{2} and Ta_{2}O_{5} multilayer coating. We show a significant thermal noise improvement and demonstrate consistent optical and mechanical performance. The multimaterial coating survives the heat treatment required to minimize the absorption of the aSi layers, with no adverse effects from the different thermomechanical properties of the three materials.

This paper investigates the effects of the under bump metallization (UBM) on Electromigration (EM) reliability of SAC solder joints and presents evidence suggestive of hidden mechanisms controlling the EM failure. This conclusion is based on the observation that the EM resistance does not show a monotonic increase with UBM thickness, but rather decreases above a certain critical limit. Since a thicker UBM would provide a greater supply of Cu, our observation contradicts the conventional view on the role of UBM on prolonging EM failure. We initially ascribed it to the increased of EM-prone microstructures or weak- links at the SAC/UBM interface active in thicker UBM layers. This is considered to be due to a more even distribution of EM flux across the joint by reducing current crowding at the corners of the joint. However, switching the test configuration, reducing current crowding, yielded results that disagreed with our proposition. It is found that the impact of the current configuration, and thereby the level of current crowding, on EM resistance does not vary much with the UBM thickness. This defies initial prediction that there would be a smaller impact in samples with thicker UBMs when the current configuration is switched. These results suggest that the EM failure mechanism is affected by UBM in a more complicated manner. Considering hidden factors such as the change in thermal stress with UBM thickness that act against the growth of EM void is necessary in order to better understand the mechanism.

We study a critical limit in which asymptotically-AdS black holes develop maximal conical deficits and their horizons become non-compact. When applied to stationary rotating black holes this limit coincides with the "ultraspinning limit" and yields the Superentropic black holes whose entropy was derived recently and found to exceed the maximal possible bound imposed by the Reverse Isoperimetric Inequality. To gain more insight into this peculiar result, we study this limit in the context of accelerated AdS black holes that have unequal deficits along the polar axes, hence the maximal deficit need not appear on both poles simultaneously. Surprisingly, we find that in the presence of acceleration, the critical limit becomes smooth, and is obtained simply by taking various upper bounds in the parameter space that we elucidate. The Critical black holes thus obtained have many common features with Superentropic black holes, but are manifestly not superentropic. This raises a concern as to whether Superentropic black holes actually are superentropic. We argue that this may not be so and that the original conclusion is likely attributed to the degeneracy of the resulting first law., 24 pages, 2 figures, version accepted by JHEP

1. siječnja 2009. godine na snagu je stupila Odredba Zakona o hrani (NN 46/07) prema kojoj su svi subjekti u poslovanju s hranom, osim na razini primarne proizvodnje, dužni uspostaviti sustav upravljanja sigurnošću hrane koji se temelji na principima HACCP sustava. U skladu s time svi subjekti u poslovanju s hranom do tog datuma bili su dužni uspostaviti i implementirati u svoje proizvodne pogone HACCP sustav. HACCP sustav ima veliku ulogu u sprječavanju opasnosti ili snižavanju razine opasnosti na prihvatljivu razinu te kontroli kritičnih točaka. Svaka organizacija koja se bavi proizvodnjom i preradom hrane mora imati sustav kontrole kvalitete hrane. Svrha ovog rada je prikazati uspostavu sustava kontrole HACCP sustava u proizvodnom pogonu mljekare I-PAK d.o.o. u procesu proizvodnje sira iz mješine te opisati pojedine korake pri uvođenju HACCP sustava u proces proizvodnje. U radu su korišteni podaci i iskustva iz tvrtke I-PAK d.o.o. Također, opisani su svi rizici, pripadajuće kontrolne mjere, analiza rizika i utvrđivanje kritičnih kontrolnih točaka u procesu proizvodnje sira iz mješine u pogonu I-PAK d.o.o. Određivanje kritičnih kontrolnih točaka provedeno je pomoću analize opasnosti i uz pomoć stabla odluke. Navedena je sva dokumentacija i ostale radnje koja obuhvaća HACCP sustav. On January 1, 2009, The regulation of the Food Act (NN 46/07) was put into effect, under which all food business operators, except those at the primary production level, are required to establish a food safety management system based on the principles of the HACCP system. Accordingly, by this date, all food business operators were required to establish and implement in their manufacturing facilities a HACCP system. The HACCP system plays a major role in preventing hazards or reducing hazard levels to an acceptable level and controlling critical points. Every food production and processing organization must have a food quality control system. The purpose of this paper is to show the establishment of the HACCP control system in the production facility of the dairy I-PAK d.o.o. in the process of production of cheese from bladder and describe the individual steps in introducing the HACCP system into the production process. This paper uses data and experience from dairy I-PAK d.o.o. Also, all the risks, related control measures, risk analyzes and identification of critical control points are explained in the process of production of cheese from bladder from dairy I-PAK d.o.o. The determination of critical control points was performed using a hazard analysis and with the help of a decision tree. All documentation and other actions covered by the HACCP system are listed.

To establish a critical limit in soils and plant, an experiment was conducted in red and lateritic soil (Alfisols) of farmer’s field in tribal-dominated Panchayat Kurum, Palkot block, Gumla distric...

At the nautical bottom approach, part of the fluid mud layers can be included in the available depth if they present favorable rheology. As it is difficult to perform in situ rheological profiles, the most adopted procedure is to correlate these properties with other easier measurable ones, typically density. One technique for assessing in situ density profiles is the use of a tuning fork density probe. Density is calculated through frequency and amplitude signals, based in a specific algorithm from the employed device. This method requires a calibration, using local sediment at several densities, as it is conditioned by the rheology of the mud. In order to link the rheological properties of the fluid mud to the response of the tuning fork, first, an algorithm for density calculation was proposed and compared to the standard equipment software. Then, mud samples from different regions in Brazil were employed and a single curve associating the densitometer amplitude signal and the yield stress of the samples was obtained. The proposed approach enables a quick rheological assessment without laboratory rheological tests. It simplifies the steps of the protocol for establishing the critical limit once applying the nautical bottom concept, and it can be replied to other ports and navigation channels.

Critical values of boron (B) for wheat nutrition in soil and plant were determined through a pot experiment with twenty-one surface soils of Alluvial flood plain and Red-latertic belt comprising th...

Exoplanet discoveries have motivated numerous efforts to find unseen populations of exomoons, yet they have been unsuccessful. A plausible explanation is that most discovered planets are located on close-in orbits, which would make their moons prone to tidal evolution and orbital detachment. In recent models of tidally-driven migration of exomoons, evolving planets might prevent what was considered their most plausible fate (i.e. colliding against their host planet), favouring scenarios where moons are pushed away and reach what we define as the "satellite tidal orbital parking" distance ($a_\mathrm{stop}$), which is often within the critical limit for unstable orbits and depends mainly on the system's initial conditions: mass-ratio, semi-major axes, and rotational rates. By using semi-analytical calculations and numerical simulations, we calculate $a_\mathrm{stop}$ for different initial system parameters and constrain the transit detectability of exomoons around close-in planets. We found that systems with $M_\mathrm{m}/M_\mathrm{p} \geq 10^{-4}$, which are less likely to form, are also stable and detectable with present facilities (e.g. Kepler and TESS) through their direct and secondary effects in planet+moon transit, as they are massive, oversized, and migrate slowly. In contrast, systems with lower moon-to-planet mass ratios are "ephemeral" and hardly detectable. Moreover, any detection, confirmation, and full characterisation would require both the short cadence capabilities of TESS and high photometric sensitivity of ground-based observatories. Finally, despite the shortage of discovered long-period planets in currently available databases, the tidal migration model adopted in this work supports the idea that they are more likely to host the first detectable exomoon., 11 pages, 8 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS