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Maxillary incisors usually erupt in the early mixed dentition stage but eruption anomalies can arise and are frequently caused by local factors. A failure of eruption affects the developing occlusion and has the potential to influence the psychological development of the child. Furthermore, impaction of frontal teeth can result in esthetic, functional and phonetic problems in addition to causing root resorption and chronic or acute infections. As general guidelines of managing the delayed eruption or impaction of these teeth, it is recommended for the clinician to ensure the existence of enough space in the dental arch and remove any impediment in the path of eruption. In addition to this, the eruption should further be aided through surgical exposure, with or without subsequent orthodontic traction. In order to appoint the appropriate treatment plan, various factors – such as patient age, medical history, associated systemic diseases or conditions, compliance, etiology and position of the un-erupted tooth, can influence the decision-making process,. Thorough clinical appraisal associated to appropriate paraclinical investigation is a prerequisite, but also an interdisciplinary approach is advised, in order to enhance the treatment outcome.

The purpose of the study. This study proposes an analysis of local inflammatory status by evaluating Quigley Hein indices, papillary bleeding indices (PBI) and gingival Lõe and Silness indices, accompanied by a detailed assessment of systemic status (VSH, CRP) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and synthetic and biological DMARDs therapy. Results and discussions. DMARDs determine the level of CRP and FR markers, the rate of erythrocyte sedimentation, and cartilage and bone damage. In the present study, serum levels of VSH and CRP recorded individual values higher than the maximum reference limit for 48.2% and respectively 46.3% of the patients, the mean level being significantly higher in the advanced stages of the disease. Measurement of oral markers revealed the the lowest average level of Quigley Hein score in patients treated with Sulfasalazine + Rituximab, while the highest values were recorded for Leflunomide + Etanercept therapy. The lowest average level for GI score was seen in patients treated with Methotrexate + Adalimumab and Leflunomide + Adalimumab, and the largest was found in patients treated with Leflunomide + Rituximab and Methotrexate + Rituximab. Regarding the treatment of RA, we could not establish a clear effect on oral health ratios of conventional and synthetic DMARDs combined therapy. However, it is important to note that, in contrast, in patients receiving biological DMARDs treatment, the average level of oral health indices was significantly lower. Thus, we can note the positive influence that this class of drugs, especially those that act on TNF-α, generates it on local status. Conclusions. To maintain oral health, patients with AR are encouraged to achieve proper oral hygiene. Consultation of the periodontist is necessary to determine the course of treatment.

Desquamative gingivitis (DG) is a clinical term that describes erythema, desquamation and erosions of the gingiva, of various etiologies. Although the clinical aspect is not specific for a certain disease, an accurate diagnosis of the underlying disorder is necessary because the disease course, prognosis and treatment vary according to the cause. DG may inflict significant oral discomfort, which is why patients typically present to the dentist for a first consultation, rendering it important for these specialists to be informed about this condition. Our paper aims to review the ethiopatogenesis and diagnostic approach of DG, focusing on the most common underlying disorders (autoimmune bullous dermatoses and lichen planus) and on the management of these patients. Potential etiological agents leading to an inflammatory immune response in the oral mucosa and DG appearance include genetic predisposition, metabolic, neuropsychiatric, infectious factors, medication, dental materials, graft-versus-host reaction and autoimmunity. A thorough anamnesis, a careful clinical examination, paraclinical explorations including histopathological exam and direct immunofluorescence are necessary to formulate an appropriate diagnosis. Proper and prompt management of these patients lead to a better prognosis and improved quality of life, and must include management in the dental office with sanitizing the oral cavity, instructing the patient for rigorous oral hygiene, periodic follow-up for bacterial plaque detection and removal, as well as topical and systemic therapy depending on the underlying disorder, based on treatment algorithms. A multidisciplinary approach for the diagnosis and follow-up of DG in the context of pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, cicatricial pemhigoid or lichen planus is necessary, including consultations with dermatologists, oral medicine specialists and dentists.

Wearing surgical face masks is among the measures taken to mitigate coronavirus disease (COVID-19) transmission and deaths. Lately, concern was expressed about the possibility that gases from respiration could build up in the mask over time, causing medical issues related to the respiratory system. In this research study, the carbon dioxide concentration and ethylene in the breathing zone were measured before and immediately after wearing surgical face masks using the photoacoustic spectroscopy method. From the determinations of this study, the C2H4 was established to be increased by 1.5% after one hour of wearing the surgical face mask, while CO2 was established to be at a higher concentration of 1.2% after one hour of wearing the surgical face mask, when the values were correlated with the baseline (control).

Measuring ammonia from the environmental air is a sensitive and prioritized issue due to its harmful effects on humans, ecosystems, and climate. Ammonia is an environmental pollutant that has an important role in forming secondary inorganic aerosols, the main component of fine particulate matter concentrations in the urban atmosphere. Through this study, we present a gas analyzer that utilizes the technique of laser photoacoustic spectroscopy to measure ammonia concentration in three different sites located in Magurele, (44°20′58″ N 26°01′47″ E, 93 m altitude), Romania, from March to August 2021 at the breathing level of 1.5 m above ground. The ammonia concentrations from the ambient air were elevated in summer (mean of 46.03 ± 8.05 ppb (parts per billion)) compared to those measured in spring (18.62 ± 2.92 ppb), which means that atmospheric temperature affects ammonia concentrations. The highest mean ammonia concentrations occurred in August, with an ammonia concentration level of 100.68 ± 11.12 ppb, and the low mean ammonia concentrations occurred in March, with an ammonia level concentration of 0.161 ± 0.03 ppb. The results confirm that meteorological characteristics (i.e., temperature) and motor vehicles are major contributors to the elevated ammonia levels during the monitoring period.

Cadmium (Cd) is not considered a fundamental element for plants inducing general growth disturbances and inhibition in many species of plants. The purpose of our research was to examine the ethylene (C2H4) and ammonia (NH3), emissions in alfalfa sprouts with or without Cd, using infrared laser photoacoustic spectroscopy (IR LPAS), in order to suggest new markers that may add a better knowledge of Cd effect. The responses of alfalfa sprouts to C2H4 and NH3 may fluctuate, depending on tissue sensitivity and the phase of plant development. From the determinations of this study, the C2H4 was established to be inhibited, while NH3 was established to be in a higher concentration with the amount of Cd added to the alfalfa seeds for growth when the values were correlated to the control and BIOalfalfa sprouts (Sonnentor).

The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of oral lesions and conditions in young and elderly population. The authors analyzed a number of 1324 patiens, treated in our clinic, between 2011-2017, divided into 4 subgroups. Prevalence of one or several oral lesions was of 51,29% patients. We identified a wide range of oral heterogeneous lesions, the first place being held by burning mouth syndrome and chronic candidiasis in the elderly, and by aphtous stomatitis and acute candidiasis in the young. The results of our study may provide important information on the types and incidence of oral mucosal lesions in the northern region of Romania and seems to be similar to the level predicted for young and elderly patients in our country.

Gingival overgrowth is one of the most frequent side effect of immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporine A in renal transplant patients. The exact pathogenesis of this pathology is uncertain but several influencing factors have been hypothesized such as age, gender, genetic predisposition, oral hygiene status, pharmacokinetic variables, immunological changes and concomitant use of other medications. Current treatment options for this pathology include conservative measures (plaque control, oral hygiene improvement, drug replacement) associated or not with surgical therapy. The oral specialist plays an integral role on the transplant team in establishing a clinical protocol that assists the organ transplant recipient in maintaining optimal oral health.

Epidermolysis bullosa is a group of genetically transmitted rare conditions characterized by tegumentary fragility, lesions on oral mucosa and dental caries. This autosomal disease includes three types of manifestations depending on the histopathological location of the lesions: simplex type-intraepidermic, jonctional – at the epidermis limit and distrophic – going beyond the structure of the dermis. Epidermolysis bullosa also includes the autosomal recessive subtype or Hallopeau-Siemens disease (RDEB-HS) characterized by severe oral mucosal lesions, such as blisters, ulcerations, scars, triggered by minor trauma (mastication of solid food). Oral cavity lesions vary in severity and frequency, ranging from small vesicles and up to eroding bullas, leaving large ulcerative areas in mucosa. The consequence is the appearance of sclero-atrophic scars in oral mucosa, resulting in a size reduction of the oral vestibule, ankyloglossy, microstomia, the occurrence of esophageal, pharyngeal or even malignant degeneration of residual lesions. In the dental tissues, the disease is manifested by the predisposition to the appearance of carious lesions, or enamel mineralization defects – imperfect amelogenesis. Material and method: This study analyzes, using clinical and histopathological criteria, the case of an 11-year-old patient diagnosed with Hallopeau-Siemens dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. In this context, the authors investigated both tegumentary and oral cavity lesions. Results: The extraoral clinical examination reveals the presence of multiple vesicular-bullous lesions located all over the tegumentary surface, including the cephalic extremity, followed by the occurrence of synechiae scars, accompanied in the upper limbs by pseudo-syndactilia. Intraoral clinical examination reveals mucosal lesions with variable fluid contents located on the keratinized areas (the attached gum, the dorsal face of the tongue), as well as on the non-keratinized mucosa (jugal, floor of the mouth). The patient also has multiple coronary odontal lesions affecting both temporary and definitive dentition and poor oral hygiene. Conclusions: Understanding the lesion formation and manifestation mechanism, its evolution and method of healing is a priority in the treatment of patients with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, both for the dentist and the dento-alveolar surgeon. The tissue fragility of the oral mucosa, as well as the predisposition to the appearance of carious lesions and dental dystrophies require a specific approach to the patient in establishing the correct therapy management.

Lichen planus is a mucosal-cutaneous genodermatosis with a high involvement of oral mucosa. Oral lichenoid reactions are viewed as lichen planus-like lesions described in the literature in the field as pathological entities as such, or as forms of exacerbation of a pre-existent lichen planus. Drugs and dental materials are triggering factors for these lesions. If the diagnosis for lichen planus can be established based on a clinical examination or a clinical examination confirmed histopathologically, in case of lichenoid reactions, the diagnosis is difficult to establish due to their common features with lichen planus. This study is a retrospective review of histopathological features of lichen planus compared to oral lichenoid reactions conducted on patients from the Outpatient Unit within the Oral and Maxillofacial Clinic of „Sf. Spiridon” Emergency Clinical Hospital in Iasi. Although the histopathological and clinical features of idiopathic lichen planus and lichenoid reactions are quite similar, the study discovered a few features that differentiate them and also revealed the need for running additional examinations confirming the features of each condition.

The distomolars are supernumerary teeth that forms behind of maxillary and mandibular third molars. The etiology of this numerary anomaly has multiple theories but none of them is fully accepted. Most of the time, supernumerary teeth are associated with genetics syndromes like labio-palatal cleft, cleidocranial dysostosis, Gardner syndrome, but at healthy patients the prevalence is very low. This study presents three cases diagnosticated at Hospital “Sf. Spiridon” Iasi, Oral and MaxilloFacial department, with maxillary distomolars at patients without any associated syndromes. The anomaly did not had local complications, it was diagnosticated following paraclinic exams like panoramic radiographs and cone-beam computer tomography.

Even the minor surgery, anesthesia, by interrupting the normal course of life, bringing the patient into a state of dependence on the attending physician, the medical staff, the drugs, the preoccupation with the type of anesthesia, the duration and the course of the intervention, its success or complications, logically inspires a sense of fear. So, it is normal for the patient to be concerned about the method, technique and quality of anesthesia and surgery, the possibility of deficiency in the installation or the duration of anesthesia that could cause pain during the intervention or immediately afterwards. The problem of dento-alveolar surgery interventions in a dental practice ward presents multiple aspects and needs, in the context of increasing dental care both in private or state practice. Loco-regional anesthesia is the method by which chemical, physical or electric current are used to temporarily insensify the anatomical region on which it is intervening, while keeping the consciousness intact; in this kind of anesthesia only painful sensitivity is abolished, the thermal, tactile, and pressure sensitivities being retained, referred to by the American authors as “loco-regional analgesia”. In recent years new intraosseous anesthesia techniques have been developed and introduced on the market: the Stabident system; X-type; Quicksleeper; Intraflow; Hypo. With regard to injection methods of anesthetics, computerized electronic systems for the administration of anesthetics have appeared on the market. Intraoral application sites influence the time of installation and the duration of anesthesia after application of the local anesthetic.

In the present research we propose a model to assess the water vapors adsorption capacity of a SiO2 trap in the breathing circuit, aiming to reduce the loading of interfering compounds in human breath samples. In this study we used photoacoustic spectroscopy to analyze the SiO2 adsorption of interfering compounds from human breath and numerical simulations to study the flow of expired breath gas through porous media. As a result, the highest adsorption rate was achieved with a flow rate of 300 sccm, while the lowest rate was achieved with a flow rate of 600 sccm. In the procedure of H2O removal from the human breath air samples, we determined a quantity of 213 cm3 SiO2 pearls to be used for a 750 mL sampling bag, in order to keep the detection of ethylene free of H2O interference. The data from this study encourages the premise that the SiO2 trap is efficient in the reduction of interfering compounds (like water vapors) from the human breath.

Dental extraction can trigger certain sequences of complex processes that involve both hard (alveolar bone) and soft tissue (periodontal ligament, gingiva) remodeling. Type 2 diabetes is a serious risk factor for many oral pathologies, both in terms of progression and severity, but also regarding subsequent rehabilitation possibilities. The aim of this study was to establish whether certain molecules: osteoprotegerin (OPG), kappa B nuclear factor receptor activator ligand (RANKL), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 18 (IL-18), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and oxidative stress markers—total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC)—evaluated in saliva are modified post-extraction in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects and whether there is a correlation with HbA1c levels. The aforementioned markers plus HbA1c were investigated in a group of systemically healthy subjects (n = 45) and in a type 2 diabetes mellitus group (n = 41) before and three months after a tooth extraction. Diabetes patients’ recorded increased levels of OPG, RANKL, TNF-α, MMP-9, IL-18 and TOS compared to controls both pre- and post-extraction. In both study groups, the average OPG, HGF and TAC level recorded an upward trend three months post-extraction. TNF-α registered a statistically significant decrease only in the diabetes group after dental extraction, together with a decrement of mean HbA1c levels in the diabetes group. By plotting the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve, at baseline RANKL, TNF-α, IL-18, MMP-9, TOS and OPG were good predictors of HbA1c levels. Post-extraction, there was a significant correlation between HbA1c and oxidative status biomarkers, however the linear regression model indicated the influence of all studied salivary markers in HbA1c determinism, in a considerable proportion. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that several oxidative status markers and proinflammatory biomarkers are modified in the saliva of diabetic patients and they correlate to HbA1c levels, thus being potential indicators of the post-extraction healing status in the oral cavity.

The congenital absence of teeth represents one of the most common anomalies of the craniofacial skeleton and it was observed back in the Palaeolithic age. The anthropological studies showed that with human evolution and diet changes, jaw bones change their size (decrease) in the anteroposterior direction. Upper lateral incisors agenesis causes aesthetic disorders that may be treated by: orthodontic space closure through mesialization of the canines and their reshaping, orthodontic space opening and implant-retained prosthesis and autotransplant of extracted premolars.The aim of this study is to present a clinical case of bilateral upper lateral incisors agenesis and its multidisciplinary treatment.The multidisciplinary treatment approach includes these stages: orthodontic, surgical and prosthetic treatment. After a clinical examination and in conjunction with complementary examinations and a discussion with the patient’s parents, the following treatment stages were set: orthodontic space opening, prosthetic surgical treatment (bone grafting and resorbable collagen membrane), insertion of dental implants with fixed prosthesis on implants and orthodontic treatment with recalibration of spaces for occlusal balancing. In conclusion, treatment decisions of this anomaly should consider the final physiognomic aspect, age, sagittal occlusal relationships and finally the patient’s profile

Rampant caries is the most aggressive and rapidly progressing type of carious disease. The management of these patients represents one of the most challenging experiences in any dental office because of the gravity and high risk of recurrence. The early diagnosis of this condition and identification of the risk factors allows the control of the disease and avoid repetitive, inefficient and aggressive operative procedures. Besides the traditional preventive methods, the effort of the dental team should focus on making the patient aware of the individual risk factors, and change his behavior and attitude towards systemic and oral health. This is a presentation of the case of a young patient with rampant caries, which illustrates the complexity of the pathology and the multitude factors involved in the etiology of the disease

Severe prognosis of oral cancer lies in the absence of manifest clinical symptoms at onset of this pathology. Early signs of malignant oral lesions are not easy to discover. Therefore, chances for cure of these patients are greatly diminished also by the late intervention of the specialist doctor. On the other hand, the preventive oncological examination aims to identify any clinical and histopathological modifications of the oral mucosa raising suspicion, especially of the lesions localized in high risk areas for the appearance of malignant lesions. In this context, the epithelial dysplasia is seen as the most important indicator for malignant transformation of oral mucosa. The study aims is to assess the efficiency of the complementary examination using the device ViziLite Plus. It is an additional method used in standard examination with incandescent light. The method based on the principle of chemiluminescence is a non-invasive procedure able to underline the asymptomatic dysplastic lesions in oral cavity. Even if it is not a screening and a perfect diagnosis technology, this device has an accuracy of 100% in discovering any pathological oral lesion. The method is easy to use and many studies showed that it is the best procedure in discovering suspicious oral lesions (with the improvement of visualization of over 60%). Considering all described advantages, ViziLite Plus remains today the most predictive complementary test in the diagnosis of high risk oral lesions

Left atrial strain (LASr) represents a relatively new but promising technique for left atrial and left ventricle function evaluation. LASr was strongly linked to myocardial fibrosis and endocardial thickness, suggesting the utility of LASr in subclinical cardiac dysfunction detection. As CKD negatively impacts cardiovascular risk and mortality, underlying structural and functional abnormalities of cardiac remodeling are widely investigated. LASr could be used in LV diastolic dysfunction grading with an excellent discriminatory power. Our objectives were to assess the impact and existing correlations between LASr and cardiovascular outcomes, as reported in clinical trials, including patients with CKD. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for full-text papers. As reported in clinical studies, LASr was associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, including cardiovascular death and major adverse cardiovascular events (HR 0.89, 95% CI, 0.84–0.93, p < 0.01), paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (OR 0.847, 95% CI, 0.760–0.944, p = 0.003), reduced exercise capacity (AUC 0.83, 95% CI, 0.78–0.88, p < 0.01), diastolic dysfunction (p < 0.05), and estimated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (p < 0.001). Despite limitations attributed to LA deformation imaging (image quality, inter-observer variability, software necessity, learning curve), LASr constitutes a promising marker for cardiovascular events prediction and risk evaluation in patients with CKD.

Photoacoustic spectroscopy is one of the most exciting areas of research in physics and chemistry, covering a broad range of applications from agricultural to biological, including atmospheric monitoring, space science, and air-quality measurements to security and workplace surveillance, in addition to its great potential in preclinical and clinical biomedical applications [...]

Gases produced inside harvested fruit sensitively influence the continuing quality of the stored fruit and its maximum time of storability. In this work, the evolution of gaseous volatiles inside “Golden Delicious” apples were studied using CO2 laser photoacoustic spectroscopy with the aim of developing new methods for in-storage fruit quality monitoring. Studying the concentrations of volatile organic compounds generated inside “Golden Delicious” apples during storage, it was found that the concentrations of these compounds depended on the stage of maturity reached during fruit maturation and on the conditions of preservation. Numerical simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics software were used to study the conversion of ethylene to ethanol in the course of respiration processes occurring inside stored food. Experimental data obtained by means of photoacoustic spectroscopy were used to critically assess the simulation results. Using the combination of both techniques, new prospects for the development and implementation of advanced schemes of fruit storage and preservation have emerged.

In this review, applications of near-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy are presented as an opportunity to evaluate human respiration because the measurement of breath is fast, intact and simple to implement. Recently, analytical methods for measuring biomarkers in exhaled air have been extensively developed. With laser-based photoacoustic spectroscopy, volatile organic compounds can be identified with high sensitivity, at a high rate, and with very good selectivity. The literature review has shown the applicability of near-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy to one of the problems of the real world, i.e., human health. In addition, the review will consider and explore different breath sampling methods for human respiration analysis.

Lead (Pb) is the most prevalent heavy metal pollutant in the natural environment. Pb is not a fundamental element for plants, but they absorb it when it is present in their environment, having no known physiological activity. The aim of our research was to evaluate the efficacy of laser photoacoustic spectroscopy as a tool to monitor changes induced by Pb in plant respiration by highlighting two molecular markers (C2H4 and CO2). To better understand Pb phytotoxicity, we monitored the plantlets evolution as well as the morphology of the root cells. Firstly, we showed that the treatment hinders the plantlet’s development. Furthermore, using laser photoacoustic spectroscopy, we found a decrease in the concentration of C2H4 and CO2 vapors measured in the respiration of treated plants. Finally, fluorescence microscopy results showed that in Pb treated plantlets, the cell roots morphology is clearly altered as compared with the untreated ones. All the results are well correlated and can help further in understanding Pb phytotoxicity.

This paper focuses on the dissociation of carbon dioxide (CO2) following the absorption processes of microwave radiation by noncontact metal wire (tungsten). Using a microwave plasma generator (MPG) with a single-mode cavity, we conducted an interaction of microwaves with a noncontact electrode in a CO2 atmosphere. High energy levels of electromagnetic radiation are generated in the focal point of the MPG’s cylindrical cavity. The metal wires are vaporized and ionized from this area, subsequently affecting the dissociation of CO2. The CO2 dissociation is highlighted through plasma characterization and carbon monoxide (CO) quantity determination. For plasma characterization, we used an optical emission spectroscopy method (OES), and for CO quantity determination, we used a gas analyzer instrument. Using an MPG in the CO2 atmosphere, we obtained a high electron temperature of the plasma and a strong dissociation of CO2. After 20 s of the interaction between microwaves and noncontact electrodes, the quantity of CO increased from 3 ppm to 1377 ppm (0.13% CO). This method can be used in space applications to dissociate CO2 and refresh the atmosphere of closed spaces.

Ethylene is a classical plant hormone and has appeared as a strong molecule managing many physiological and morphological reactions during the life of a plant. With laser-based photoacoustic spectroscopy, ethylene can be identified with high sensitivity, at a high rate and with very good selectivity. This research presents the dynamics of trace gases molecules for ethylene released by cherry flowers, apple flowers and strawberry flowers. The responses of distinctive organs to ethylene may fluctuate, depending on tissue sensitivity and the phase of plant development. From the determinations of this study, the ethylene molecules at the flowers in the nitrogen flow were established in lower concentrations when the value is correlated to the ethylene molecules at the flowers in synthetic air flow.

Oral candidiasis is the most frequent lesion encountered in HIV infected patients and is detected before any other clinic symptoms of oral pathology. Its growth is a complex process of changes in the oral cavity, and sometimes disorders involving the entire body. Its risk is increased by serious factors as follows: autoimmune deficiencies (illness of the primary cells which acts as modulators of the immune response), xerostomia, malignant neoplasm, different therapies (chemotherapy, antibiotic therapy, therapy with steroids) or iron deficiency anaemia.

Wounds remaining after dental extraction are not large in extent, not tension high and important sacrifices of tissues and however they may be accompanied with various pathological events with a rapid onset – a few hours after surgery, clinical manifestations being dominated by local phenomena. Oedema, pain, infection, hematoma, bruising and lockjaw are most frequently encountered. Their high incidence would recommend them as a major participant in the panel deviated from the normal of postoperative course, requiring the establishment of a therapeutic arsenal to reduce complex clinical phenomena. Paradoxically, however, with one located at the opposite effect, at least, after extraction alveolar alveolitis is one that should attract the attention of prevention measures across practitioner. If unfortunately this has occurred, it needs a complex therapy – surgery and drug-consuming time and money with a slow evolution (healing may take up to 30 days of treatment and monitoring) and a negative impact on patient comfort after dental extraction.

Burning mouth syndrome has never been associated with a specific medical conditions, although associations were reported with a wide variety of health and chronic pain conditions. The painful mouth syndrome revealed the lack of specific criteria for diagnosis. Stomatodynia is characterized by the existence or coexistence of local, general and psychological etiologic factors. Local factors, the most frequently involved was candidiasis, incorrectly adjusted dentures, contact allergies and oral parafunctions. Among the general factors that recordered a higher frequency, we mention : menopause, diabetes, previous medications and iron deficiency anemia. Regarding the psychological factors, there were identified: stress, anxiety, depression, mental lability and mental disorders.

Climate change – between costs and benefits. At global and regional levels the effects of climate change start to show up. While some of the countries make efforts to alleviate these effects and to find solutions, others are facing economic or political restrains that prevent them in applying the principle of common responsibility. The complex social, economic, and environmental implications of climate change’s effects focused a growing part of research on the analysis of costs and benefits. Although controversial, one of the methods used – the cost-benefit analysis – revealed that in most of the cases the prevention costs are lower than the costs of inaction. Prevention measures bring benefits by anticipating the impact and minimizing the risks for ecosystems and economy. The paper presents in its first part the controversies regarding the cost-benefit analysis, and continues, in the second part, with estimations on costs and benefits of certain policy instruments that target emission reduction.

Financial crisis, subsidies and climate change in the equation ofsustainable development. An irreducible situation such as the contemporary financialcrisis creates the premises of major overthrow in decision criteria. Meanwhile,significant progresses in overcoming the ecological crisis, fueled mainly by the climatechange are also in relation with such changes. This convergence is easy to be observeddue to logical connections. If its existence was noticed at decisional levels is theoverarching question that structure the paper. Since the answer is positive, there areexplored the visions and plans of measures developed within this confrontation. Thereis applied a global approach and that is why each discussion considers also theimplications of economic globalization and of global environmental action as influencefactors on the path and direction of change.

Oral candidiasis is the most frequent lesion encountered in HIV infected patients and is detected before any other clinic symptoms of oral pathology. Its growth is a complex process of changes in the oral cavity, and sometimes disorders involving the entire body. Its risk is increased by serious factors as follows: autoimmune deficiencies (illness of the primary cells which acts as modulators of the immune response), xerostomia, malignant neoplasm, different therapies (chemotherapy, antibiotic therapy, therapy with steroids) or iron deficiency anaemia.

The main purpose of our study is to present the corrective movement of impacted canines using various surgical-orthodontic techniques. Materials and method: The study was conducted on a batch of 27 patients aged 18 to 25 years, which were examined in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Ambulatory of Iasi and in Dr. Bogdan Stelea‘s private practice, between 2006 and 2007. The batch was formed by 22 patients with upper impacted canine and 5 patients with lower impacted canine. For this study we used only the batch of patients who presented upper impacted canine. Depending on the clinical status, we used the following surgical techniques: repositioned flap, gingival translation flap, window flap method and local mesh application. After surgery for 19 patients we considered that canine traction with an orthodontic device was necessary in order to obtain a vertical position of the teeth. The orthodontic systems used were: fixed orthodontics, ballista spring system or simple metallic clasps fixed on molar rings. Results and discussion: We used the repositioned flap for 3 patients with deep impacted canines in order to uncover the teeth and to bond an auxiliary orthodontic device, the gingival translation flap for 7 patients with superficial impacted canines: 5 cases with apical translation and 2 with lateral and apical translation. The window flap was used for 12 patients with palatal impaction. After surgery all patients continued orthodontic treatment in order to correct every dental malposition and to obtain a neutral occlusion with esthetical, functional and stabile results.

The Internet network in conjunction with a strong security policy can be an ideal online broadcast system for the industrial processes monitoring and control. Because the distributed controllers are connected through industrial serial connection, the network between controllers cannot be extended very much. The problem appears when the plant is away and cannot be accessed via a serial connection. For administrative and control purposes the serial network can be interconnected with an IP network. In this case the operator can be anywhere in the world and can interact via an interface with the process. This paper will describe flow process remote controlled using a mixture of two communication technologies: RS485 and TCP/IP. The junction between these technologies is transparent and the operator is able to monitor the process using an interface console.

Laser photoacoustic spectroscopy (LPAS) is growing quickly in its applications to real world problems—one of the problems is to prevent obesity—being a candidate technology for breath analysis applications. The ongoing paper is aiming to investigate the evaluation of oxidative stress in womens practicing Kangoo Jumps (KJ) aerobics. Because it is not possible to directly measure free radicals in the body, we approach that by measuring the by-products (breath ethylene) that result from free radical reactions. We found out that the mixture of exhaled breath in women's after the KJ exercises contains low concentration of ethylene compared to the exhaled breath of the women before the start of exercise program. This result can add valuable information to the contribution to reduce the generation of prooxidants during and after KJ aerobics.