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The present criminal and criminal procedural legislation, as well as the practice of application of the provisions on criminal liability for illegal hunting have been studied. As the study subject, the examples of case law have been chosen, which allowed to identify typical ways and means of committing a criminal offence in the presence of specific circumstances of their application. The correlation of substantive and procedural law provisions aimed at achieving the goal and fulfilling the tasks of investigating criminal offences against the environment has been analysed; recommendations on the practice of application of criminal liability provisions have been provided; the correct interpretation of the ways and means of committing illegal hunting based on the analysis of law enforcement practice has been ensured. Based on the analysis of law enforcement practice of some aspects of the criminal procedural component, the most common and typical means, methods (forms), and tools of illegal hunting used in encroachment on wildlife have been identified. It has been established that preparation for committing illegal hunting may include: choosing the time and place of illegal hunting; searching for and preparing illegal hunting tools and means; selection of accomplices to illegal hunting; and deciding on the prey. The typical ways of committing illegal hunting have been defined as follows: hunting without a permit (for hunting animals, for the use of firearms, etc.); hunting at prohibited times (during the periods prohibited for hunting of the respective species of animals, in the dark, etc.); hunting with the use of prohibited tools and prohibited methods (nooses, traps, nets, etc.); hunting in prohibited areas (on the territories and objects of the nature reserve fund, in reproduction areas, etc.); hunting for animal species listed in the Red Book. The above list of typical methods and tools for committing illegal hunting is not exhaustive, but is the most promising in terms of developing methods for their investigation. The most common tools used in illegal hunting are hunting (smoothbore or firearms) weapons, nooses and nets.

Today, people do not feel safe due to increasing number of criminal incidents in their vicinity especially in big cities. This situation has a negative influence in their life quality. They hesitate to go out for a walk at night, they feel in need of some safety precautions while they are leaving their homes even for a short vacation, and so on. Special investigation and surveillance measures have been incorporated into the legal system and legal practice to increase the efficiency of law enforcement agencies and the judicial system, which dissuades potential criminals from committing anything and helps people feel safe and relief. These measures are used when there is a reasonable suspicion that a criminal offense has been committed or an attempt has been made to commit a criminal offense punishable by a minimum of five years in prison, as well as in cases when criminal offenses violate territorial integrity and constitutional order, or when criminal offenses violate international law, criminal offenses are committed in relation with terrorism, corruption, or organized crime. The measures are authorized in cases where information about commission of a criminal offense cannot be obtained without the use of covert and technical investigative and surveillance measures. The new Criminal Procedure Code in Kosovo gives State Prosecutors expanded powers to authorize some special investigative measures even without an order from the preliminary procedure judge. These measures are authorized by the prosecutor when there is an investigation in public places, while for covert measures in private places, the order from a preliminary procedure judge is required. In the study, a comparative analysis was made with the criminal legislation of the Republic of Turkey. The study shows that implementing these measures is significant for the improvement of the criminal justice system's efficiency in preventing and combating crime, particularly serious crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our intention in this study is to emphasise a few aspects relating to the need to support cyber education and to preventive goals, by informing people about the strategies in place at Union and/or national level, which reflect current realities, in relation to which each person, active entities and, last but not least, the authorities will have to act so as to identify early on any possible risks. We have also aimed to identify legislation that criminalises acts of cyber fraud, in which respect we have referred to certain articles in the criminal codes of several European countries. We consider that cyber education and legal education, regardless of the social level one belongs to, the social roles one takes on at a given time, and/or of age, are essential to setting the foundations for a cyber security culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laws regulating the legal status of individuals who professionally perform tasks of public administration (such as civil servants, police officials, appointed or elected representatives of administrative authorities, etc.) impose certain requirements on these individuals. One of these requirements is criminal integrity, which means that these individuals should not have a criminal conviction. The laws regulating the legal status of various categories of public employees differ in terms of whether they prohibit individuals convicted of intentional crimes from performing public tasks, or if they also include individuals convicted of criminal negligence. Furthermore, different laws handle the consequences of initiating criminal proceedings differently. This paper examines the laws that regulate the legal status of different categories of public employees and highlights the common elements and differences among these laws. The analysis concludes by outlining general rules that should be applied to all public employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Uzhhorod National University Herald Series Law is the property of Uzhhorod National University, State Higher Educational Establishment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vilnius University Open Series is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vilnius University Open Series is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The institution of mitigating and aggravating circumstances represents one of the main pillars of the judicial individualization of the criminal sanction in any modern criminal law system, to which the European law is not an exception. A representative system is that of the French criminal law, which combines a pragmatic thinking developed and verified over time with the help of jurisprudence, through the manner of regulating the circumstances of personalizing the punishment, succeeding in harmonizing the need for criminal repression with the exigences associated with this mission - legality, humanism and sufficient freedom for the courts in the reasoned choice of the most suitable sanction, in terms of nature and amount, adapted to the circumstances of commission specific to each case and to the person of the perpetrator. Unlike the Romanian criminal law, in the French law there are noted a few differences, among them being the fact that, as a result of the suppression of the special minimum of punishments, the mitigating and aggravating circumstances are no longer regulated separately in the Code, but only specifically in the general and special part, similarly to the legal causes for mitigating the punishment, respectively the relapse, considered the main aggravating circumstance. In essence, the personalization of the punishment is achieved mainly through the individualization criteria regulated in Article 132 of the Code, the French legislator autonomously also regulating the restorative purpose of the punishments, achieved through the institution of the reparative punishment (sanction-réparation), with a predilect echo in the phase of pronouncement and execution of the judgement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The contribution is focused on current challenges in the criminal protection of children field by means of criminal law in the Slovak Republic and the European Union. The authors define the term, "child," in the applicable law. They examine in detail the legal regulation of the child's position as a victim, especially as a particularly vulnerable victim in criminal law. Attention is given to the victimisation process in relation to the specifics of the child. The legal regulation of criminal law in the Slovak Republic, as well as within the European Union, reflects the need for a special approach to the protection of children and youth, and adequate legal instruments are gradually being created and introduced. Methods: Legal comparison, content and functional analysis of legal acts, analysis of court decisions, historical analysis, and comparisons were used to process research data. Results and Conclusions: The current criminal law regulation of the status and protection of children and youth in the Slovak Republic requires regulation to effectively respond to new threats and risks, primarily associated with the increase of criminal activity against children in the virtual world. New forms of criminal activity by using computer technology and social networks are constantly increasing. Prevention and education are irreplaceable aspects of the protection of children and youth from crime. It is more effective to have a good prevention system than to deal with the consequences. Based on our research, we recommend introducing a subject focused on the prevention and intervention of crimes of a sexual nature into the education of school-age children. At the same time, we recommend continual building of specialized workplaces within law enforcement bodies in the Slovak Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the role of police, public prosecutor and court in combating domestic violence and the effects achieved in the 2018-2021 period. The aim of the study was to establish whether the provisions of the law that empower the police and judicial bodies are adequately implemented in the entire territory of the Republic of Serbia and whether they offer sufficient mechanisms to efficiently and effectively prevent and suppress domestic violence and provide efficient protection of the victims. The study also aimed to establish what effects were achieved by proactive approach of the relevant authorities in the analysed four-year period, what the sentencing policy of the courts has been, and how efficient the public prosecution was in suppressing domestic violence. The research results have shown that the effects of the new concept applied in suppressing domestic violence are not uniform in all the regions of Serbia, that there has been a decrease in the number of criminal offences, but that the number of fatalities among family members has not declined.

As juveniles fall into the category of insufficiently mature and vulnerable persons, Serbian law has traditionally recognized the special status of minors within the framework of criminal law protection, regardless of whether they are perpetrators or victims of crimes. In recent times, certain steps have been taken to ensure their more comprehensive protection. However, in all these efforts to strengthen the criminal-law protection of minors, one of the criminal offences against marriage and family seems to have remained "under the radar": the criminal offence of cohabitation with a minor (Article 190 of the Criminal Code). While life in an extramarital union can be harmful for minor's health, education, economic situation (etc.), this cohabitation community with a minor may be just a cover for sexual, labor or other forms of exploitation and abuse of minors. In this context, the subject matter of research in this paper is the normative framework of this criminal offence, and its application in domestic judicial practice, particularly in view of achieving the criminal-policy goals de lege ferenda.

The purpose of the article is to define the essence of criminal and illegal activities in the field of economy; to clarify its determinants; to highlight the features of national prevention of socially dangerous acts that threaten the economic security of the state. The scientific discussion is presented, which highlights the problem of determining the markers of illegal activity in the field of economy. Such markers include: 1) the investigated criminal offenses always create a platform for the "shadow" economy; 2) criminal offenses in the field of economy are interconnected with corruption, which simplify such illegal activities (the subjects of criminal offenses in the field of economy are usually officials); 3) the presence of intent to obtain economic benefits; 4) the presence of only direct intent; 5) illegal actions are committed by all possible criminal means. The causes and conditions of criminal and illegal activities in the sphere of economy are determined. The groups of factors of criminal and illegal activities in the sphere of economy are considered. It is noted that mistakes in economic planning inevitably result in artificial (often unintentional) formation of conditions conducive to the commission of illegal acts. Socio-economic causes are retrospective in nature, i.e., they are historically conditioned phenomena associated with economic changes, the latter occurring over the past fifty years. Some national means of preventing socially dangerous acts in the economic sphere are proposed. Results. The author's approach to the concept of criminal illegal activity in the field of economy is proposed. The complex of reasons and conditions of criminal and illegal activity in the sphere of economy is developed, which include 1) insufficient level of social protection of the population; 2) unsatisfactory level of economic development of the state; 3) inconsistency of the mentality of the society with the social values recognized at the highest state level; 4) the presence of "dead" zones in the labor market; 5) insecurity of small and medium-sized businesses in the state, etc. It is found that the measures and means of national prevention of criminal illegal activities in the sphere of economy should include 1) stabilization of the political situation in the country; 2) solving the problems of small and medium-sized businesses; 3) identification of gaps in economic planning and forecasting of economic measures for the next years; 4) development of the labor market, including the creation of "dead" zones, the continuation of a number of state-owned enterprises; 5) increase the level of social protection of vulnerable categories of the population (elderly people, people with special needs, people raising children on their own, etc.); 6) improve the social package provided to employees; 7) increase the level of average wages, etc.

The relevance of this study was conditioned upon the scientific originality and practical significance of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the detection, investigation, and prevention of criminal offences. The purpose of this study was to investigate topical issues of using UAVs in two aspects – as a technical forensic tool and as a tool and means of committing a criminal offence. The research methodology included a set of general scientific and special methods that allow assuming and concluding on the specific features of using a UAV in the detection, investigation, and prevention of criminal offences. Thus, this study was based on a diagnostic method for cognition of social and legal phenomena and concepts in their development and interdependence. Along with this, general and special research methods were used, namely comparative legal, system-structural, statistical, logical, and other modern methods of scientific cognition. The theoretical framework of this study included studies of scientists and practitioners in the field of criminal procedure and forensics. The regulatory framework of the study included the norms and provisions of current regulations and their practical implementation in the law enforcement sphere. The study examined topical issues related to the UAV as a modern technical forensic tool and object of forensic research. The paper considered certain aspects and features of the use of UAVs in the detection, investigation, and prevention of criminal offences. To this end, various aspects of the use of UAVs as modern technical forensic tools were comprehensively analysed, distinguishing theoretical foundations of application, statutory regulation, organizational, technological, and scientific-methodological support. The features of using UAVs as a tool and means of committing criminal offences were determined. The study investigated typical traces left as a result of using UAVs, features of their logging and seizure. Considering investigative situations, the sequence, and specifics of conducting an inspection and seizure of a UAV and its elements at the initial stage of the investigation were determined, as well as an indicative list of issues for their expert investigation was provided. The significance of the results and practical value of this paper is that it highlights the specific features of using a UAV as a technical forensic tool and object of forensic research, formulates scientific and methodological recommendations for the use of unmanned aerial systems in the investigation, solving, and prevention of criminal offences. The study also defines the areas for improving Ukrainian legislation to regulate legal relations in the field of criminal justice on the use of unmanned aerial systems by law enforcement agencies

Sexual harassment in the workplace is a pervasive issue that affects millions of individuals and organizations worldwide. It undermines the dignity and well-being of victims, disrupts workplace culture, and exposes organizations to legal and financial consequences. A primary reason for the pervasiveness of sexual harassment in the workplace is that women regard sexual behavior in the workplace as unacceptable and improper, while men more often view the same conduct as proper and jointly desired1.Conduct in the workplace that many men view as commonplace and acceptable may insult women co-workers. Furthermore, when some women lodge complaints against male co-workers' or supervisors because of what they perceive as offensive workplace conduct, they are frequently advised that such conduct should be expected in the workplace. This paper highlights the importance of recognizing sexual harassment as a criminal offense, understanding the challenges in prosecution, and implementing comprehensive measures to create a safe and respectful work environment. It discusses the definitions and types of sexual harassment, the impact on victims and the workplace, the criminalization of such behavior across various jurisdictions, and prevention strategies. The paper also highlights high-profile cases with criminal offense implications, providing recommendations for addressing workplace sexual harassment more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the chosen subject is dictated by the fact that countering criminal offences during the war is one of the most important problems that the legislator should respond to. Not only the level of the criminal situation in the state but also the effectiveness of the functioning of criminal law in general depends on how timely and correct decisions will be made in this area. The purpose of the study is to conduct a legal analysis of legislative initiatives to introduce new qualification circumstances, strengthen criminal liability by introducing new punishments and increasing the current sanctions for certain criminal offences. For this purpose, formal-logical, dialectical, logical-semantic, hermeneutical, comparative-legal, and other methods of scientific knowledge were used in the study. The study clarifies that legislative changes to strengthen responsibility for committing property and some other criminal offences under martial law are insufficiently justified and may lead to an excessive expansion of the current Criminal Code of Ukraine, a violation of its consistency. It is noted that this approach raises a number of doubts and requires the search for other, more effective ways of legal regulation. The expediency of applying a comprehensive approach in the formulation of criminal law norms, which provides for considering the tools of both the Special and General parts of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, is justified. The applied aspect of this scientific analysis is determined by the dynamics of lawmaking in this area and provides justification for the need to introduce appropriate legislative changes, and outlines the prospects for their application in practice. The practical importance of the study lies in the fact that strengthening criminal liability for certain criminal offences during martial law is a subject that goes far beyond purely theoretical importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the analysis of the amendments introduced during almost 22 years, starting from September 1, 2001, to the Criminal Code of Ukraine in the part of criminal responsibility for criminal offenses against public safety. The analysis covers three periods, selected according to the following criteria: the state of the sociopolitical and military situation in Ukraine: the first period - from 1 September 2001 to 31 December 2013; the second - from 2014 to 23 February 2022; the third - from 24 February to 1 June 2023. The author focuses on the scientific achievements of the Kharkiv School of Criminal Law introduced in the construction of the Special Part of the Code, in particular, its Section IX. The author summarises the results of establishing the motives for amendments to the articles establishing criminal liability for criminal offences against public safety, their importance for improving the effectiveness of combating criminal behaviour and the shortcomings of such novels. The author's own definition of ways to further improve the quality of the relevant provisions and the practice of their application is presented. It is noted that in order to improve the quality and effectiveness of combating criminal offences against public security, it is advisable to systematically amend this section by introducing the rule of law principle with its main element - legal certainty of legal norms. It is noted that an appropriate level of legal certainty of the rules on criminal offences against public security should be achieved primarily with regard to the definitions of persistent criminal associations (terrorist group, terrorist organisation, gang, etc.) by means of their legislative definition in the Code, and also by continuing to improve the rules providing for criminal liability for a terrorist act and a threat to commit a terrorist act, taking into account the different nature and severity of such acts. A number of other proposals have been formulated that will contribute to the improvement of criminal legal measures to combat encroachments on public safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the subject is largely conditioned upon the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation, which, regretfully, does not exclude cases of criminal offences regarding the disclosure of information constituting a state secret. The purpose of the study is to analyse some aspects of criminal liability for disclosure of state secrets in Ukraine and to identify, based on positive foreign experience, proposals for improving this institution in Ukraine. The research methods were: analysis and synthesis, dialectical, comparative legal, Aristotelian and formal-dogmatic. In the process of analysis, it was identified that at the legislative level in Ukraine, the protection of state secrets is regulated in detail, lists of information that may contain state secrets, and cases when information cannot be a state secret, no matter what. In addition, the Criminal Code of Ukraine defines adverse consequences in the form of criminal sanctions that may occur for persons who disclose information constituting a state secret. It is determined that the analysis of the provisions of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, and its correlation with the legal provisions of other regulations, including the study of international legislation, allows concluding that the criminal law provisions defining liability for violation of the state secret protection regime should be transferred to another section. The materials of this study can be used in consideration of the problems of criminal law, in law-making activities in the development of provisions for improving criminal liability for disclosure of information constituting a state secret in Ukraine.

During the study, we have examined the offense provided for in art. 375 of the Criminal Code, on which occasion we had the previous incrimination. The constitutive content of the offense was examined by referring to the recent and previous doctrine, but which remains very topical even in the present conditions, each time referring to the recent judicial practice. The work is part of the university course on Criminal Law, Special Part, to be published at a prestigious publishing house in the country. Designed in an acceptable note, it can be useful to both practitioners and students at law schools in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hate crimes are all those crimes based on a discriminatory motivation. The aim of this paper is to analyze the jurisprudence of the ECtHR and of other decisions adopted within international bodies classified as facts that seriously affect the democracy of the states. The OSCE named them as those crimes committed because of intolerance towards certain social groups, based on certain prejudices related to ethnicity, race, gender or sexual orientation. The main objectives are a systematic analyse of hate crimes typology, identifying good practices in fighting them, and revealing the social inequities and the differences based on ethnicity or religion that are often a cause for the creation of xenophobia, as evidenced by the events that took place in Transylvania between Protestants and Northern Irish Catholics, in Algeria during French rule, between African Americans in America, whites and Hispanics, during the apartheid period in South Africa, and last but not least, in Europe between Christians and Jews or between Roma and the rest of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Public assembly; location; breach of condition; criminal offence; certainty EN Public assembly location breach of condition criminal offence certainty 499 502 4 12/06/22 20221201 NES 221201 The appellants were part of an Extinction Rebellion protest which took place on Waterloo Bridge on 19 April 2019. Location, breach of condition, Public assembly, criminal offence, certainty Imposing a Condition on the Location of a Public Assembly: The Relevance of "Scene" and the Need for Certainty: Bennett and others v DPP [2022] EWHC 1822 (Admin). [Extracted from the article]

The issue of the content of the crime is treated through the prism of two criminal legislations and doctrines - of Romania and of the Republic of Moldova in the present study. The objective pursued by the authors is the substantiation of the perspective of a unique concept of approaching crime as a basic institution of criminal law in the Romanian space. The criminal legislation of the Soviet Union had an excessive impact on the evolution of the criminal legislation of the Republic of Moldova. Even today, some Moldovan criminal law institutions, including crime law, are approached from the perspective of concepts and perceptions that characterized the Soviet doctrinal system. As a result of this research, the authors, using mainly the comparative method of studying law, have argued the theoretical foundations that may constitute the basis for the approximation of the above-mentioned doctrines in addressing the content of the crime. However, the good knowledge of the issue of the legal content of the crime allows the description of the crimes by the strict observance of the quality standards of the criminal law, thus ensuring the principle of legality of the incrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article 7 para. 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights entitled "no punishment without law" guarantees the principle of legality and the principle of non-retroactivity of criminal law. This study reviews how the European Court of Human Rights has analyzed these principles over the years. The development of the relevant jurisprudence has been based on the autonomous notions of “criminal penalty”, “conviction”, “criminal offence” and “law”.

Criminal offences against economic interests are prescribed in the separate chapter of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Serbia. It is about 29 incriminations. Except that these offences are prescribed in the Criminal Code, such incriminations are prescribed and by the other laws. Author of this paper refers to certain penal and criminological aspects of the mentioned offences. At the beginning of paper there is a word about punishable acts in the field of economic interests. A chapter of work is dedicated to data on the frequency of occurrence of such offences. Author emphasizes certain specifics in regard to the enforcement of criminal sanctions against persons convicted for offences against economic interests.

Measures taken to restrain the spread of the coronavirus have significantly impacted people’s well-being and behaviour, increasing thereby the likelihood of family violence, especially of violence against women. This paper tests the hypothesis that family violence has increased during the epidemic in Slovenia by analysing police datasets on reported cases of family violence in Slovenia during the pandemic. The results, which were confirmed by a series of t-tests, indicate that compared to a 10-year average, in 2020 there was an average number of reports of family violence, in contrast to a 20% lower number of reports in 2021. Similarly, the number of misdemeanours of family violence was almost average in 2020, and lower in 2021. Likewise, the number of restraining orders imposed in 2020 and 2021 was close to the above-mentioned 10-year average. Within a period of eleven weeks during both the first and the second lockdown period, there were higher instances of detected criminal offences and misdemeanours, whereas the number of restraining orders imposed and breached decreased.

The publication focuses on the concept of sexual harassment. Its aim is to clarify the understanding of this concept and its place within the system of criminal law. To achieve this aim, the authors have analysed international and national regulation, regulation of other countries, as well as the legal doctrine of the branch, case law and statistical data.

Having spent centuries under foreign occupation, Albania and Kosovo inregulating social and tribal relations turned to the establishment of customary laws. These customary laws later on were to be known as "Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjinit". The Kanun was vigorously implemented in Northern Albania, Kosovo and Western Macedonia. The customary rules set out by the Kanin were orally spread, from generation to generation and then later on were collected and compiled into "Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjinit" by the priest Shtjefen Gjeqovi. This paper focuses on the Albanian Customary Law system with special attention being focused towards the phenomenon of blood feud, a phenomenon which is implemented even to this day in Northern Albania and Kosovo. This paper also underlines the judicial and criminal norms in which the phenomenon of blood feud has been incorporated and treated within the criminal codes of Albania and Kosovo and the impact that the latter has had in contemporary law practices. The paper intends to highlight the fact that the lack of judicial and social norms and governing bodies in these regions in different historical periods of time has resulted in the surfacing of such customary rules which were used to regulate social, family and tribal relations. An important aspect of these rules was the phenomenon of blood feud which found application in cases of murder and dishonor. In today's reforming states of Kosovo and Albania, blood feud has been categorized as a first-degree murder. Albania has given the phenomenon of blood feud a special legal denomination alongside intimidation and incitement of the latter. This paper has made use of scientific methods which are applied in social sciences such as the historical method, comparative, descriptive, deductive, inductive as well as the judicial-normative methods together with doctrinal methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses the legality of Female Genital Piercing (FGP), which refers to the piercing of female genitalia to adorn it with jewellery, for decoration or sexual enhancement. The position in the UK is uncertain because the World Health Organisation regards piercing as a form of FGM, which is a criminal offence in all parts of the UK. After analysing the stance adopted by the international community, the paper examines the legislation that criminalises FGM and considers whether FGP could fall within its scope. The paper concludes that female genital piercings could constitute FGM in limited circumstances, but even then, it may not be in the public interest to initiate a criminal prosecution. This lack of certainty is problematic for professional piercers who would welcome legislation providing an express exemption for genital piercings performed on consenting adult women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to investigate the current issues of attracting special knowledge in the investigation of crimes in the use of computer systems and telecommunication networks. The methodological basis of the study is the use of a set of methods and methodological approaches, in particular: formal legal, structural-functional, system and comparative legal, analysis, synthesis, forecasting, etc. As part of the coverage of problematic issues in the fight against computer crime, negative factors that are common in Ukraine are highlighted. It is emphasised that computer crime as a new form of antisocial behaviour poses a serious threat to the security and normal functioning of society. Therefore, the main goal of the national policy in countering criminal offences in the use of computer systems and telecommunication networks is the interaction and coordination of efforts of expert structures with law enforcement agencies, and providing them with the necessary resources and facilities. Specialised expert research is fundamentally important for solving and investigating crimes in the field of computer technologies, telecommunication systems and networks. The correct definition of the object and purpose of the expert examination and the correct formulation of the expert's questions, which depend directly on the tasks of the expert examination, play an important role in the assignment of these types of expert examinations. In this regard, errors in asking questions to the expert constitute an error in determining the task that the expert examination should perform. Crimes in the use of computers and telecommunication networks are a complex anti-social phenomenon that covers almost all spheres of human life and directly concerns such a concept as information security. Effective detection and investigation of these criminal offences require, first of all, high-quality involvement of qualified specialists in the field of computer technology in the investigation process. Currently, almost no recommendations have been developed in forensic science that would relate to the specifics of investigating and conducting forensic examinations in these categories of cases. This is primarily conditioned by the novelty of the outlined problem, the availability and rapid increase in the number of varieties of computer and mobile devices, their services and mobile communication tools. Effective investigation of crimes in the field of information and computer technologies depends on timely and correct conduct of the necessary expert investigation. In addition to traditional forensic research, specialised expertise that implements a number of searches diagnostic and identification tasks related to the analysis of both electronic computing equipment and forensic information that they contain is important in the detection and investigation of crimes in the field of computer technology

The article deals with the issue of the current changes in the Criminal law of our country, which in accordance to the criminal penalty policy concept are to be introduced both in the General and the Special part provisions, essentially affecting the assumptions following from the criminal law doctrine and practice about separate criminal law institutions, as well as determination of punishment for committing a criminal offence. The author of the article will express her evaluation about compliance of some of the planned amendments to the conclusions made in theory and to the practical needs.

This paper aims to analyze bullying behavior from a legal perspective. Bullying paves the way for juvenile delinquency and psychiatric morbidity, with an increased frequency in Romanian schools and serious consequences in terms of student development. The main aspects illustrated refer to the definition of the concept, forms of manifestation, consequences, legislative provisions and prevention. The presentation of the criminal phenomenon from the forms of onset to their chronicity leads to new directions of prevention that can be traced even in the environment in which they break out: school.

The purpose of the article is to research the objective side of illegal enrichment by analyzing the characteristics of its features for solving a theoretical and practical problem. The methodological basis of the study is a set of methods of scientific cognition, among which the dialectical method of cognition occupies the main place. The system of methods of scientific cognition was use: generalization under literature positions for understand objective side of illegal enrichment; formal logic (deduction, induction, synthesis, abstraction, analogy) – to clarify the content of the issues under consideration; theoretical – in the process of research of scientific and educational-methodical literature; to outline directions for proving the provisions of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and practice of its application. The scientific novelty of the article is that article to views current problems objective side of illegal enrichment by the analysis of characteristic features of its signs are offered. The article proposed a lot of specific proposals to improve article 368-5 of the Criminal Code because that would be have theoretical and practical significance. According to the results of the conducted research, the following conclusions have been formulated objective side of illegal enrichment. As we review objective side of illegal enrichment the importance of determining a specific period of time is established person authorized to perform the functions of state power. It is proposed to set out the text of part 2 of article 368-5 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in the following edition: acquisition of assets should be understood as the acquisition of property by a person authorized to perform the functions of the state or local self-government, as well as the acquisition of assets by another natural or legal person, if it was carried out on behalf of a person authorized to perform functions of the state or local self-government, or that a person authorized to perform the functions of the state or local self-government may directly or indirectly act on such assets, identical in content to the exercise of the right to possession, use and dispose of them

Copyright of Legal Thought / Pravna Misao is the property of Legal Thought / Pravna Misao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article explores the dynamics of domestic violence in the city of Klaipėda over the period 2010 to 2014, with the aim of demonstrating how the Republic of Lithuania’s Law on Protection against Domestic Violence (LOPADV), passed in 2011, raised a relatively marginalised phenomenon to the level of a relevant social problem. The statistical data presented in the article call for a detailed analysis of the dynamics of the phenomenon in order to identify the social and legal causes of changes in domestic violence, and to anticipate prerequisites for strategies related to the safety of the victims of violence and the prevention of violence. The article analyses cases of violence registered with Klaipėda city’s Chief Police Commissariat, in an attempt to evaluate the social profile of domestic violence, and to highlight the essential characteristics of perpetrators and victims. By transcending the rather narrow boundaries of the psychological treatment of this phenomenon, an attempt is made to identify the most important empirical characteristics that would lead in the long run to an opportunity for the sociological interpretation of the phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Collected Papers of the Law Faculty of the University of Rijeka / Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci is the property of Pravni fakultet Sveucilista u Rijeci and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Within the framework of the article, the authors analyze the problems of ecocriminology in the context of the economy. The purpose of the study was to outline the features and prospects of environmental criminology in general criminology. Several scientific research methods are used to find out the phenomena and patterns of criminological reality: descriptive, analytical, synthetic and modelling methods. The emergence of environmental problems shows that environment and natural resources are not effectively allocated. The authors point out that environmental crime causes irreplaceable and sometimes irreversible damage to the interests of society, the economy and the individual, violates the guaranteed right to a favourable environment, and lowers the level of public and national security. The authors conclude that the sub-sector of environmental criminology is an important part of criminology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research background: Crime is a complex social phenomenon studied by scientists from various disciplines, as well as being of interest to politicians and the general public. Although the decrease in the level of crime has been observed in Poland in recent years, there is still a need to search for effective methods of investigating the phenomenon of crime in a multidimensional perspective.

The publication focuses on the concept of sexual harassment. Its aim is to clarify the understanding of this concept and its place within the system of criminal law. To achieve this aim, the authors have analysed international and national regulation, regulation of other countries, as well as the legal doctrine of the branch, case law and statistical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout Europe, the COVID-19 pandemic, which debuted at the beginning of 2020, had a dramatic impact on the material and spiritual conditions specific to each society, while also affecting the drugs phenomenon in all its aspects: production, trafficking, distribution and consumption. The issue of drugs at the national level cannot be removed from the European context, thus an analysis at both levels is required, especially since the measures for combating this phenomenon in the future are included in the EU Drugs Strategy 2021-2025, approved by the Council of the European Union, as well as in the National Drugs Strategy 2021-2025, a programmatic document that defines Romania's policy in the fight against illicit drug trafficking and consumption for the period 2021-2025. In these circumstances, this article has highlighted the factual realities in the field of drugs at both the national and European level, the results achieved in the fight against illicit drug operations by criminal means at Community and national level, followed by the action strategies established at both levels for the immediate future and some national models for combating this scourge; last but not least, some conclusions from the author's perspective have been presented. In essence, it is necessary, in the light of the arguments set out in this article, for the action to be proactive rather than reactive, as Portugal has succeeded in demonstrating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pravnik is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A significant number of criminal offenses affects the life, health or property of citizens, accompanied by physical, property or moral harm. It must be admitted that the most important right of a victim in a criminal procedure is the right to compensation for damages caused by criminal offenses. Today, in Ukraine, the legal regulation of the victims’ right to compensation is not in line with constitutional guarantees, therefore measures from the state to strengthen these guarantees are relevant. In this view, international instruments that regulate the compensation for victim in the criminal procedure are analyzed, as well as the practice of developed countries. The evolution of the Ukrainian legislation concerning compensation to the victim in the criminal process is described.The difference in the terminology of international acts, acts of developed states and Ukrainian legislation in relation to compensation to victim is revealed. It is concluded that it is worthwhile to use the term “compensation”. It is noted that Ukraine needs to take into account the experience of foreign countries in compensating for the harm caused to victim in a criminal procedure at the expense of the State budget. This mechanism can be implemented by creating a State Victim Assistance Fund that would function as a specific credit institution.

Often, the delimitation between criminal law per se and other branches of public law involving the application of sanctions by the authorities of the Member States or by the institutions, bodies, offices and agencies of the European Union is difficult to operate. From the point of view of the guarantees of the fair trial, as they are regulated by art. 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and art. 6 of the Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, both the ECJ and the ECHR have developed, through continuous and elaborated jurisprudence, autonomous concepts on the basic notions by which aforementioned guarantees operate: “criminal charges”, “criminal proceedings “,” criminal sanction “,” court “,” court with jurisdiction in criminal matters “etc. The present study analyses the mechanisms of the influence exercised by the autonomous concepts developed in the ECHR case-law on the mentioned legal topic on the legal acts of the Union, but also the uniform meanings resulting from the corroboration of these autonomous concepts with those of the ECJ jurisprudence in the same field. Starting from some basic concepts of ECHR jurisprudence on the notion of criminal offence, synthesized in the Engel Criteria and many subsequent cases, such as Bendenoun v. France, Jussila v. Finland, Ezeh and Commons v. United Kingdom, the issue of the delimitation we have referred to above acquires contours in the case-law of ECJ in relevant cases such as Bonda, Baláž or Hans Åkerberg Fransson.

Copyright of Acta Universitatis George Bacovia. Juridica is the property of George Bacovia University, Faculty of Sciences Economics, Juridical & Administrative and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annual of the Faculty of Law / Godišnjak Fakulteta Pravnih Nauka is the property of Pan-European University Apeiron and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Debreceni Jogi Műhely is the property of University of Debrecen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses recent judgments of the European Court of Human Rights on the collection of personal data for preventing, detecting or investigating criminal offences. The article delves into three national frameworks permitting the police to process, for a period or indefinitely, several categories of data in respect of persons who were suspected of the offences of varying gravity and were (not) convicted of them. It transpires from the case law that the States' margin of appreciation (i) was narrowed for indefinite processing of a convicted person's DNA profile, (ii) was not overstepped on account of processing – for several years – a non-convicted person's less sensitive data, where the decision-making was based on that person's previous criminal convictions and where the law contained adequate safeguards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Neue Kriminalpolitik is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The author is going to overview and analyze technological-theoretical, international and national legal grounds for the usage of this advanced technology in tackling criminal offences. The novelty of this paper is that this type of research has not yet been carried out in depth in either Lithuania or Latvia. The majority of research on advanced technology and human rights was and is still focused on the possible threats to human rights which can be caused by new technologies, especially in the area of communication. But let us consider this area of research from a fresh perspective and thereby raise an important question: How does 5th generation cellular technology help with the protection of human rights during a criminal pre-trial investigation?