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56. Human Security

Author

Koubi, Vally, Behnassi, Mohamed, Elia, Antonietta, Grillakis, Manolis, Turhan, Ethemcan, Cramer, W., Guiot, J., and Marini, K.

Published
2021

57. Letter regarding use of forests for bioenergy (February 11, 2021) 500 scientifiques alertent sur le bois énergie (11 février 2021) Brief bezüglich der Nutzung von Wäldern für die Bioenergie (11. Februar 2021)

Author

Raven, P., Berry, S., Cramer, W., Creutzig, F., Duffy, P., Holtsmark, B., Kammen, D., Levin, S., Lucht, W., Moberg, C., Moomaw, W.R., Norton, M., Rahbek, C., Searchinger, T.D., Sterman, J., Walløe, L., van Ypersele, J.-P., Waring, R., Hanrahan, M., Marques, M., Kuetting, G., Davies, G., Rubenstein, D., Frelich, L., Sarika, M., Cabal, C., Ellison, A., Anderegg, W., Kunnas, J., Howarth, R., von Cramon-Taubadel, S., McElwee, P., Freitas, H., Gonzalez, P., Galloway, J., Thomas, S., Bussmann, R.W., Rutherford, A., Bracco, G., Bowling, D., Theuerkauf, J., Burns, W., Settele, Josef, Farrior, C., et al., Raven, P., Berry, S., Cramer, W., Creutzig, F., Duffy, P., Holtsmark, B., Kammen, D., Levin, S., Lucht, W., Moberg, C., Moomaw, W.R., Norton, M., Rahbek, C., Searchinger, T.D., Sterman, J., Walløe, L., van Ypersele, J.-P., Waring, R., Hanrahan, M., Marques, M., Kuetting, G., Davies, G., Rubenstein, D., Frelich, L., Sarika, M., Cabal, C., Ellison, A., Anderegg, W., Kunnas, J., Howarth, R., von Cramon-Taubadel, S., McElwee, P., Freitas, H., Gonzalez, P., Galloway, J., Thomas, S., Bussmann, R.W., Rutherford, A., Bracco, G., Bowling, D., Theuerkauf, J., Burns, W., Settele, Josef, and Farrior, C., et al.

Abstract

Letter Regarding Use of Forests for Bioenergy To President Biden, President von der Leyen, President Michel, Prime Minister Suga, and President Moon. Hundreds of scientists affirm that trees are more valuable alive than dead — both for climate and for biodiversity. Traduction en français d’une lettre ouverte de plus de 500 scientifiques portant sur l’utilisation des forêts pour répondre aux usages énergétiques. Über 500 Wissenschaftler*innen warnen die Regierungen der Welt vor der Nutzung von Holzbiomasse.                  Letter regarding use of forests for bioenergy (February 11, 2021)https://www.woodwellclimate.org/letter-regarding-use-of-forests-for-bioenergy/500 scientifiques alertent sur le bois énergie (11 février 2021)https://www.canopee-asso.org/500-scientifiques-alertent-sur-le-bois-energie/Brief bezüglich der Nutzung von Wäldern für die Bioenergie (11. Februar 2021)https://www.robinwood.de/brief-bez%C3%BCglich-der-nutzung-von-w%C3%A4ldern-f%C3%BCr-die-bioenergie-0                                                                                    &nbsp

Published
2021

58. Human Security

Author

Cramer, W., Guiot, J., Marini, K., Koubi, Vally, Behnassi, Mohamed, Elia, Antonietta, Grillakis, Manolis, Turhan, Ethemcan, Cramer, W., Guiot, J., Marini, K., Koubi, Vally, Behnassi, Mohamed, Elia, Antonietta, Grillakis, Manolis, and Turhan, Ethemcan

Published
2021

59. Eco‐evolutionary optimality as a means to improve vegetation and land‐surface models

Author

Harrison, S.P., Cramer, W., Franklin, O., Prentice, I.C., Wang, H., Brännström, Å., de Boer, H., Dieckmann, U., Joshi, J., Keenan, T.F., Lavergne, A., Manzoni, S., Mengoli, G., Morfopoulos, C., Peñuelas, J., Pietsch, S., Rebel, K.T., Ryu, Y., Smith, N.G., Stocker, B.D., Wright, I.J., Harrison, S.P., Cramer, W., Franklin, O., Prentice, I.C., Wang, H., Brännström, Å., de Boer, H., Dieckmann, U., Joshi, J., Keenan, T.F., Lavergne, A., Manzoni, S., Mengoli, G., Morfopoulos, C., Peñuelas, J., Pietsch, S., Rebel, K.T., Ryu, Y., Smith, N.G., Stocker, B.D., and Wright, I.J.

Abstract

Global vegetation and land-surface models embody interdisciplinary scientific understanding of the behaviour of plants and ecosystems, and are indispensable to project the impacts of environmental change on vegetation and the interactions between vegetation and climate. However, systematic errors and persistently large differences among carbon and water cycle projections by different models highlight the limitations of current process formulations. In this review, focusing on core plant functions in the terrestrial carbon and water cycles, we show how unifying hypotheses derived from eco-evolutionary optimality (EEO) principles can provide novel, parameter-sparse representations of plant and vegetation processes. We present case studies that demonstrate how EEO generate parsimonious representations of core, leaf-level processes that are individually testable and supported by evidence. EEO approaches to photosynthesis and primary production, dark respiration, and stomatal behaviour are ripe for implementation in global models. EEO approaches to other important traits, including the leaf economics spectrum and applications of EEO at the community level are active research areas. Independently tested modules emerging from EEO studies could profitably be integrated into modelling frameworks that account for the multiple time scales on which plants and plant communities adjust to environmental change.

Published
2021

62. Organizing principles for vegetation dynamics

Author

Franklin, O., Harrison, S.P., Dewar, R., Farrior, C.E., Brännström, Å., Dieckmann, U., Pietsch, S., Falster, S., Cramer, W., Loreau, M., Wang, H., Mäkelä, A., Rebel, K.T., Meron, E., Schymanski, S.J., Rovenskaya, E., Stocker, B.D., Zaehle, S., Manzoni, S., van Oijen, My, Wright, I.J., Ciais, P., van Bodegom, P.M., Peñuelas, J., Hofhansl, F., Terrer, C., Soudzilovskaia, N.A., Midgley, G., Prentice, I.C., Franklin, O., Harrison, S.P., Dewar, R., Farrior, C.E., Brännström, Å., Dieckmann, U., Pietsch, S., Falster, S., Cramer, W., Loreau, M., Wang, H., Mäkelä, A., Rebel, K.T., Meron, E., Schymanski, S.J., Rovenskaya, E., Stocker, B.D., Zaehle, S., Manzoni, S., van Oijen, My, Wright, I.J., Ciais, P., van Bodegom, P.M., Peñuelas, J., Hofhansl, F., Terrer, C., Soudzilovskaia, N.A., Midgley, G., and Prentice, I.C.

Published
2020

67. Deuterium kinetic isotope effects in the p-side pathway for quinol oxidation by the cytochrome b (sub)6 f complex

Author

Soriano, Glenda M. and Cramer, W. A.

Subjects
Biochemistry -- Research, Deuterium -- Physiological aspects, Oxidation-reduction reaction -- Physiological aspects, Cytochrome b -- Physiological aspects, Hydrogen-ion concentration -- Physiological aspects, Acids -- Physiological aspects, Biological sciences, Chemistry
Abstract

Research has been conducted on the deuterium kinetic isotope effects. These effects determined for the cytochrome b (sub)6 f complex imply that the reductive electron transfer in cytochrome f is proton-coupled in the acidic pH range.

Published
2001

68. Recent patterns and mechanisms of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems

Author

Schimel, D. S., House, J. I., Hibbard, K. A., Bousquet, P., Ciais, P., Peylin, P., Braswell, B. H., Apps, M. J., Baker, D., Bondeau, A., Canadell, J., Churkina, G., Cramer, W., Denning, A. S., Field, C. B., Friedlingstein, P., Goodale, C., Heimann, M., Houghton, R. A., Melillo, J. M., Moore, III, B., Murdiyarso, D., Noble, I., Pacala, S. W., Prentice, I. C., Raupach, M. R., Rayner, P. J., Scholes, R. J., Steffen, W. L., and Wirth, C.

Subjects
Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Author(s): D. S. Schimel (corresponding author) [1, 21]; J. I. House [1]; K. A. Hibbard [2]; P. Bousquet [3]; P. Ciais [3]; P. Peylin [4]; B. H. Braswell [13]; M. [...]

Published
2001
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71. Technical Summary: Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty

Author

Allen, M., Antwi-Agyei, P., Aragon-Durand, F., Babiker, M., Bertoldi, P., Bind, M., Brown, S., Buckeridge, M., Camilloni, I., Cartwright, A., Cramer, W., Dasgupta, P., Diedhiou, A., Djalante, R., Dong, W., Ebi, K.L., Engelbrecht, F., Fifita, S., Ford, J., Fuß, S., Hayward, B., Hourcade, J.-C., Ginzburg, V., Guiot, J., Handa, C., Hijioka, Y., Humphreys, S., Kainuma, M., Kala, J., Kanninen, M., Kheshgi, H., Kobayashi, S., Kriegler, E., Ley, D., Liverman, D., Mahowald, N., Mechler, R., Mehrotra, S., Mulugetta, Y., Mundaca, L., Newman, P., Okereke, C., Payne, A., Perez, R., Pinho, P.F., Revokatova, A., Riahi, K., Schultz, S., Seferian, R., Seneviratne, S., Steg, L., Rogriguez, A.G., Sugiyama, T., Thonas, A., Vilarino, M.V., Wairiu, M., Warren, R., Zhou, G., Zickfeld, K., Allen, M., Antwi-Agyei, P., Aragon-Durand, F., Babiker, M., Bertoldi, P., Bind, M., Brown, S., Buckeridge, M., Camilloni, I., Cartwright, A., Cramer, W., Dasgupta, P., Diedhiou, A., Djalante, R., Dong, W., Ebi, K.L., Engelbrecht, F., Fifita, S., Ford, J., Fuß, S., Hayward, B., Hourcade, J.-C., Ginzburg, V., Guiot, J., Handa, C., Hijioka, Y., Humphreys, S., Kainuma, M., Kala, J., Kanninen, M., Kheshgi, H., Kobayashi, S., Kriegler, E., Ley, D., Liverman, D., Mahowald, N., Mechler, R., Mehrotra, S., Mulugetta, Y., Mundaca, L., Newman, P., Okereke, C., Payne, A., Perez, R., Pinho, P.F., Revokatova, A., Riahi, K., Schultz, S., Seferian, R., Seneviratne, S., Steg, L., Rogriguez, A.G., Sugiyama, T., Thonas, A., Vilarino, M.V., Wairiu, M., Warren, R., Zhou, G., and Zickfeld, K.

Published
2019

78. Protagon, Cerebroside und verwandte Substanzen

Author

Cramer, W., Altenburg, H., editor, Bang, I., editor, Bartelt, K., editor, Baum, Fr., editor, Brahm, C., editor, Cramer, W., editor, Dieterich, K., editor, Ditmar, R., editor, Dohrn, M., editor, Einbeck, H., editor, Euler, H., editor, Faust, E. St., editor, Funk, C., editor, v. Fürth, O., editor, Gerngross, O., editor, Grafe, V., editor, Helle, J., editor, Hesse, O., editor, Kautzsch, K., editor, Knoop, Fr., editor, Kobert, R., editor, Lundberg, J., editor, Neuberg, C., editor, Nierenstein, M., editor, Oesterle, O. A., editor, Osborne, Th. B., editor, Pincussohn, L., editor, Pringsheim, H., editor, Raske, K., editor, v. Reinbold, B., editor, Rewald, Br., editor, Rollett, A., editor, Rona, P., editor, Rupe, H., editor, Samuely, Fr., editor, Scheibler, H., editor, Schmid, J., editor, Schmidt, J., editor, Schmitz, E., editor, Siegfried, M., editor, Strauss, E., editor, Thiele, A., editor, Trier, G., editor, Weichardt, W., editor, Willstätter, R., editor, Windaus, A., editor, Winterstein, E., editor, Witte, Ed., editor, Zemplén, G., editor, Zunz, E., editor, and Abderhalden, Emil, editor

Published
1911
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79. Focus on cross-scale feedbacks in global sustainable land management

Author

Seppelt, Ralf, Verburg, P.H., Norström, A., Cramer, W., Václavík, Tomas, Seppelt, Ralf, Verburg, P.H., Norström, A., Cramer, W., and Václavík, Tomas

Abstract

Human land-use activities have transformed most of the Earth's land surface (Foley et al 2005, Ellis 2011, Gauthier et al 2015). While land-use activities differ in many ways across the world, their combined impact is becoming a force of global importance. Consequently, sustainable land management has been identified as a key lever for achieving global sustainability. For example, six out of 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs), adopted in the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, relate directly to land management: (i) land management is key for providing goods and services for humankind relating to 'zero hunger' (SDG 2); (ii) land management is responsible for 20%–40% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions relating to 'climate action' (SDG 13), and (iii) land management is a major driver of biodiversity loss relating to 'life of land' (SDG 15). Indirectly, land management affects 'affordable clean energy' (SDG 7) and 'sustainable cities and communities' (SDG 11).

Published
2018

80. Using natural selection and optimization for smarter vegetation models - challenges and opportunities

Author

Franklin, O., Han, W., Dieckmann, U., Cramer, W., Brännström, Å., Pietsch, S., Rovenskaya, E., and Prentice, I.C.

Abstract

Dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) are now indispensable for understanding the biosphere and for estimating the capacity of ecosystems to provide services. The models are continuously developed to include an increasing number of processes and to utilize the growing amounts of observed data becoming available. However, while the versatility of the models is increasing as new processes and variables are added, their accuracy suffers from the accumulation of uncertainty, especially in the absence of overarching principles controlling their concerted behaviour. We have initiated a collaborative working group to address this problem based on a ‘missing law’ – adaptation and optimization principles rooted in natural selection. Even though this ‘missing law’ constrains relationships between traits, and therefore can vastly reduce the number of uncertain parameters in ecosystem models, it has rarely been applied to DGVMs. Our recent research have shown that optimization- and trait-based models of gross primary production can be both much simpler and more accurate than current models based on fixed functional types, and that observed plant carbon allocations and distributions of plant functional traits are predictable with eco-evolutionary models. While there are also many other examples of the usefulness of these and other theoretical principles, it is not always straight-forward to make them operational in predictive models. In particular on longer time scales, the representation of functional diversity and the dynamical interactions among individuals and species presents a formidable challenge. Here we will present recent ideas on the use of adaptation and optimization principles in vegetation models, including examples of promising developments, but also limitations of the principles and some key challenges.

Published
2017

81. Toward a more resilient agriculture

Author

Bennett, E., Carpenter, S.R, Gordon, L., Ramankutty, N, Balvanera, P., Campbell, B., Cramer, W., Foley, J, Folke, C., Karlberg, L, Liu, J., Lotze-Campen, H., Mueller, N., Peterson, G, Polasky, S., Rockström, J., Scholes, R., Spierenburg, M.J., Systems Ecology, Organization Sciences, Network Institute, and Organization & Processes of Organizing in Society (OPOS)

Subjects
SDG 2 - Zero Hunger
Abstract

Agriculture is a key driver ofchange in the Anthropocene. It is both acritical factor for human well-being anddevelopment and a major driver ofenvironmental decline. As the humanpopulation expands to more than 9 billion by2050, we will be compelled to find ways toadequately feed this population whilesimultaneously decreasing the environmentalimpact of agriculture, even as global changeis creating new circumstances to whichagriculture must respond. Many proposals toaccomplish this dual goal of increasingagricultural production while reducing itsenvironmental impact are based on increasingthe efficiency of agricultural productionrelative to resource use and relative tounintended outcomes such as water pollution,biodiversity loss, and greenhouse gasemissions. While increasing productionefficiency is almost certainly necessary, it isunlikely to be sufficient and may in someinstances reduce long-term agriculturalresilience, for example, by degrading soil andincreasing the fragility of agriculture to pestand disease outbreaks and climate shocks. Toencourage an agriculture that is both resilientand sustainable, radically new approaches toagricultural development are needed. Theseapproaches must build on a diversity ofsolutions operating at nested scales, and theymust maintain and enhance the adaptive andtransformative capacity needed to respond todisturbances and avoid critical thresholds.Finding such approaches will require that weencourage experimentation, innovation, andlearning, even if they sometimes reduceshort-term production efficiency in some partsof the world.

Published
2014

82. ALMA Evidence for Ram Pressure Compression and Stripping of Molecular Gas in the Virgo Cluster Galaxy NGC 4402.

Author

J., Cramer W., P., Kenney J. D., R., Cortes J., C., Cortes P., C., Vlahakis, P., Jáchym, E., Pompei, and M., Rubio

Subjects
*MOLECULAR clouds, *STAR formation, *PRESSURE, VIRGO Cluster
Abstract

High-resolution (1″ × 2″) Atacama Large Millimeter Array CO(2−1) observations of the ram pressure stripped galaxy NGC 4402 in the Virgo cluster show some of the clearest evidence yet for the impacts of ram pressure on the molecular interstellar medium (ISM) of a galaxy. The eastern side of the galaxy at r ∼ 4.5 kpc, upon which ram pressure is incident, has a large (width ∼1 kpc, height ∼1 kpc above the disk midplane) extraplanar plume of molecular gas and dust. Molecular gas in the plume region shows distinct noncircular motions in the direction of the ram pressure; the kinematic offset of up to 60 km s−1 is consistent with acceleration by ram pressure. We also detect a small amount of gas in clouds below the plume that are spatially and kinematically distinct from the surrounding medium, and appear to be decoupled from the stripped ISM. We propose that diffuse molecular gas is directly stripped but giant molecular cloud (GMC) density gas is not directly stripped, and so decouples from lower density stripped gas. However, GMCs become effectively stripped on short timescales. We also find morphological and kinematic signatures of ram pressure compression of molecular gas in a region of intense star formation on the leading side at r ∼ 3.5 kpc. We propose that the compressed and stripped zones represent different evolutionary stages of the ram pressure interaction, and that feedback from star formation in the compressed zone facilitates the effective stripping of GMCs by making the gas cycle rapidly to a lower density diffuse state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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87. Ecosystem services in global sustainability policies

Author

Geijzendorffer, I.R., Cohen-Shacham, E., Cord, Anna, Cramer, W., Guerra, C., Martín-López, B., Geijzendorffer, I.R., Cohen-Shacham, E., Cord, Anna, Cramer, W., Guerra, C., and Martín-López, B.

Abstract

Global sustainability policies, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or the Aichi Targets, aim to ensure sustainable development, including improved human well-being and the conservation of nature. Although not yet explicitly used to evaluate the progress towards sustainable development, the ecosystem service concept implies a direct link between biodiversity and human well-being. This study explores how and which ecosystem services are currently considered in the SDGs and the Aichi Targets. We also identify which information might be already available for monitoring the progress towards their goals by reviewing national ecosystem assessments. This allows the identification of the main knowledge gaps for monitoring progress towards these global sustainability targets.There is a wealth of information on all major ecosystem services categories which is directly relevant for the Aichi Targets and the SDGs. The top 25% most cited ecosystem services across both policy documents are: Natural heritage and diversity, Capture fisheries, Aquaculture, Water purification, Crops, Cultural heritage & diversity and Livestock. Most monitoring information recommended for the global sustainability goals, as well as in the information available from national assessments, is biased towards supply related aspects of ecosystem services flows. In contrast, there is much less information on social behaviour, use, demand and governance measures. Indicators are rarely available for all aspects of a specific ecosystem service.The national statistical bureaus currently in charge of providing observations for reporting on SDGs, could be well placed to address this bias, by integrating ecological observations with socio-economic statistics into socio-ecological indicators for ecosystem services flows. IPBES can potentially address the gaps identified in this paper by improving coverage of the different dimensions of ecosystem services flows.

Published
2017

88. Chapter 2: IPBES assessments across scales

Author

Armenteras, D., Lavorel, S., Lengyel, S., Metzger, M., Scholes, B., Santos, F.A.M., Biggs, R., ten Brink, B., Koleff, P., Henle, Klaus, Cramer, W., Proença, V., Pereira, H., Gómez, R., Armenteras, D., Lavorel, S., Lengyel, S., Metzger, M., Scholes, B., Santos, F.A.M., Biggs, R., ten Brink, B., Koleff, P., Henle, Klaus, Cramer, W., Proença, V., Pereira, H., and Gómez, R.

Published
2017

91. Cytochromes

Author

Cramer, W. A., Pirson, A., editor, Zimmermann, M. H., editor, Trebst, A., editor, and Avron, M., editor

Published
1977
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99. The Cancer Problem

Author

Campbell, Harry, Cramer, W., and Lowe, E. Cronin

Published
1934

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