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© 2020 The Authors. WIREs Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Among various types of stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems, reduction-responsive polymers have attracted great interest. In general, these systems have high stability in systemic circulation, however, they can respond quickly to differences in the concentrations of reducing species in specific physiological sites associated with a pathology. This is a particularly relevant strategy to target diseases in which hypoxic regions are present, as polymers which are sensitive to in-situ expressed antioxidant species can, through a local response, release a therapeutic at high concentration in the targeted site, and thus, improve the selectivity and efficacy of the treatment. At the same time, such reduction-responsive materials can also decrease the toxicity and side effects of certain drugs. To date, polymers containing disulfide linkages are the most investigated of the class of reduction-responsive nanocarriers, however, other groups such as selenide and diselenide have also been used for the same purpose. In this review article, we discussed the rationale behind the development of reduction-responsive polymers as drug delivery systems and highlight examples of recent progress. We include the most popular design methods to generate reduction-responsive polymeric carriers and their applications in cancer therapy, and question what areas may still need to be explored in a field with already a very large number of research articles. Finally, we consider the main challenges associated with the clinical translation of these nanocarriers and the future perspectives in this area. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.

Additional file 8. Correlation between RNA-Seq and qPCR datasets for the nine analyzed transcripts (Table 3) in 72 h embryos, virgin males and virgin females of A. fraterculus. For each comparison, transcripts log2 FC from RNA-Seq analysis are plotted against the mean NRQs log2 fold change from qPCR analysis. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients (r) for each comparison are shown. For the three comparisons, r values were highly significant (P

Additional file 3. Sequence information of related Tephritidae species available in the NCBI RefSeq_Genomes database.

Additional file 2. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of A. fraterculus sp. 1 transcripts. The table shows main terms at the second and third GO levels involved in biological processes, development, behaviour, and reproduction.

Additional file 4. Prediction of orthologs from closely related species (B. oleae and R. zephyria) and the best-annotated tephritid species (C. capitata).

Additional file 1. Relative frequency of sex chromosome variants detected in wild and laboratory strains of A. fraterculus sp. 1 from Argentina.

En este trabajo se busca plasmar los beneficios que tiene estructurar un tema sensible, como lo es el Holocausto, a través del pensamiento histórico y los metaconceptos. Para ello, se han diseñado cuatro actividades que aúnan pensamiento histórico y metodologías activas.

Additional file 6. A. List of differentially expressed transcripts obtained in paired-comparisons of libraries. A.1. 72 h embryos vs female (A.1.1. transcripts over-expressed in embryos; A.1.2. transcripts over-expressed in females); A.2. 72 h embryos vs male (A.2.1. transcripts over-expressed in embryos; A.2.2. transcripts over-expressed in males); and A.3. female vs male (A.3.1. transcripts over-expressed in females; A.3.2. transcripts over-expressed in males). B. Functional annotation of differentially expressed transcripts between libraries. Only transcripts with CPM > 10 and 70–100% complete sequence (related to the best BLAST hit) are shown. Over-expressed transcripts: sequences with FC > 10; Under-expressed transcripts: sequences with FC

Additional file 4. Molecular Phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated MLST data (2079 bases) by Maximum Likelihood method (Mega5) following the parameters described by Baldo et al. [15].

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Alignment of V6-V9 16S rRNA nucleotide sequences (420 bases) obtained from DGGE profiles. Af V6-V9 Seq 1–14 correspond: Band 1 S + P + AB Wild, Band 10 S + P + AB Wild, Band 4 S + P Wild, Band 5 S + P Wild, Band 6 S + P Wild, Band 5 S + AB Wild, Band 3 S Wild, Band 1 S + P + AB Lab, Band 2 S + P + AB Lab, Band 5 S + P Lab, Band 3 S + P Lab, Band 4 S + P Lab, Band 4 S + AB Lab, Band 5 S Lab respectively.

Este Trabajo Fin de Grado tiene como objetivo ahondar en aspectos menos conocidos de la vida de Isabel la Católica en relación a sus costumbres y gustos cotidianos, como podían ser su alimentación o su biblioteca. Guiado por los estudios culturales, de Historia de las mujeres y de las elites. Para ello, el trabajo se encuentra divido en dos grandes bloques, “La Casa de la Reina” y “Educación y Cultura”. En el primero de los bloques se analizan tres grandes ámbitos relacionados con la cotidianeidad de la reina: los oficiales de su Casa, las residencias reales, la moda durante el reinado de la soberana y, por ultimo su vida cotidiana en la que encontraremos la el entretenimiento, la alimentación y las ceremonias. En el segundo de los bloques hay una división entre el estudio de la educación y la cultura. Dentro del apartado dedicado a la educación podemos encontrar toda aquella información referente a la formación que recibió la propia reina Isabel en su juventud así como las formas de educación que impuso en su Casa. En el apartado de cultura se habla del mecenazgo realizado por la soberna, del grupo de mujeres cultas que hubo en su corte, las Puellae Doctae y por ultimo su biblioteca. La reina Isabel buscó crear una imagen de poder en torno a su figura y a la de la Monarquía Hispánica para lo que utilizó diversos instrumentos como la moda o la educación de sus hijos, logrando convertirse en un modelo a seguir, como reina, mujer culta y madre protectora entre otros aspectos. Su Casa se convirtió en un lugar de referencia en el que confluían desde eclesiásticos, intelectuales a grandes artistas, logrando con creces su objetivo, ser alabada tanto por sus súbditos como por otras monarquías europeas.

Here we describe a rapid inkjet formulation method for screening newly-synthesised cationic materials for siRNA delivery into cancer cells. Reduction responsive oligo-?-aminoesters were prepared and evaluated for their ability to condense siRNA into polyplexes through a fast inkjet printing method. A direct relationship between the oligomer structures and charge densities, and the final cell response in terms of uptake rate and transfection efficacy, was found. The oligo-?-aminoesters were well-tolerated by the cancer cells, compared to conventional cationic polymers so far employed in gene delivery, and were as active in silencing of a representative luciferase gene.

The self?assembly of specific polymers into well?defined nanoparticles (NPs) is of great interest to the pharmaceutical industry as the resultant materials can act as drug delivery vehicles. In this work, a high?throughput method to screen the ability of polymers to self?assemble into NPs using a picoliter inkjet printer is presented. By dispensing polymer solutions in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) from the printer into the wells of a 96?well plate, containing water as an antisolvent, 50 suspensions are screened for nanoparticle formation rapidly using only nanoliters to microliters. A variety of polymer classes are used and in situ characterization of the submicroliter nanosuspensions shows that the particle size distributions match those of nanoparticles made from bulk suspensions. Dispensing organic polymer solutions into well plates via the printer is thus shown to be a reproducible and fast method for screening nanoparticle formation which uses two to three orders of magnitude less material than conventional techniques. Finally, a pilot study for a high?throughput pipeline of nanoparticle production, physical property characterization, and cytocompatibility demonstrates the feasibility of the printing approach for screening of nanodrug delivery formulations. Nanoparticles are produced in the well plates, characterized for size and evaluated for effects on metabolic activity of lung cancer cells.

Se analizaron individuos de Pseudapanteles dignus, enemigo natural de Tuta absoluta, provenientes de cultivos de tomate de dos regiones hortícolas de la Argentina, para detectar la posible presencia de la bacteria endosimbionte Wolbachia pipientis.Se realizaron reacciones de PCR sobre fragmentos de los genes 16SrRNA, wsp y ftsZ, demostrándose la ausencia de W. pipientis en ambas poblaciones del parasitoide. Este resultado negativo confirma a P. dignus como una especie arrenotoca, según lo observado en crías de laboratorio, y aporta conocimientos ara desarrollar un protocolo de cría del parasitoide para ser utilizado en programas de control biológico de T. absoluta., Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores

Se analizaron individuos de Pseudapanteles dignus, enemigo natural de Tuta absoluta, provenientes de cultivos de tomate de dos regiones hortícolas de la Argentina, para detectar la posible presencia de la bacteria endosimbionte Wolbachia pipientis.Se realizaron reacciones de PCR sobre fragmentos de los genes 16SrRNA, wsp y ftsZ, demostrándose la ausencia de W. pipientis en ambas poblaciones del parasitoide. Este resultado negativo confirma a P. dignus como una especie arrenotoca, según lo observado en crías de laboratorio, y aporta conocimientos ara desarrollar un protocolo de cría del parasitoide para ser utilizado en programas de control biológico de T. absoluta. Fil: Vallina, Consuelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; Argentina Fil: Conte, Claudia Alejandra. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias; Argentina Fil: Lanzavecchia, Silvia Beatriz. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias; Argentina Fil: Sanchez, Norma Elba. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; Argentina Fil: Luna, María Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; Argentina