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One of the major drivers of amphibian population declines is Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). We sought to identify the major environmental drivers of Bd prevalence in Texas, USA, by drawing results from museum specimens. We sampled one of the largest museum collections in Texas, the Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections at Texas A&M University. Our sampling focused on the 9 amphibian species with the widest geographical distribution within the state, where we sub-sampled 30% of each species per decade from 1930 to present via skin swabs, totaling 1501 independent sampling events, and used quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to detect pathogen presence. We analyzed several geo-referenced variables describing climatic conditions to identify potential factors influencing the likelihood of presence of Bd using boosted regression trees. Our final model suggests the most influential variables are mean temperature of driest quarter, annual mean temperature, temperature annual range, and mean diurnal range. The most likely suitable range for Bd is currently found in the Blackland Prairie and Cross Timbers ecoregions. Results of our future (to the year 2040) projections suggest that Bd could expand its current distribution. Our model could play an important role when developing an integrated conservation plan through (1) focusing future field work on locations with a high likelihood of presence, (2) assisting in the choice of locations for restoration, and (3) developing future research plans including those necessary for projecting reactions to climate change. Our model also could integrate new presence data of Bd when they become available to enhance prediction precision.

The paper presents the generation of an interactive cataloging system for the Courthouse of Milan (Palazzo di Giustizia) and more than one hundred artworks stored in the building. The courthouse is an “unknown museum” in the city and represents a masterpiece of the architectural and figurative culture in the '30s. The online system developed in the project aims at solving a twofold task. First, it must present the "unknown museum" to citizens through a simple and effective online website. Second, it must serve as a repository for technical information not available to the public and only limited to the specialists in conservation. This second section includes catalog forms produced according to specific national standards for artworks, which require a variety of information such as size, material, artist, state of conservation, and description of previous restorations and interventions. The catalog, supported by the development of a preventive conservation plan, meets the need to identify all artworks and their conditions, planning interventions, and keeping a record of restoration activities.

L’île aux Basques et les îles Razade sont respectivement une île de 62,14 ha et deux îlots de 1,15 ha (Razade d’en Haut) et 0,58 ha (Razade d’en Bas) situés à quelques kilomètres au large de Trois-Pistoles, Notre-Dame-des-Neiges et Saint-Simon, dans le Bas-Saint-Laurent, au Québec, Canada). Acquises par la Société Provancher en 1927 (les Razade) et 1929 (l’île aux Basques), ces îles représentent une valeur inestimable tant au point de vue écologique qu’historique. Elles comptent parmi les îles les plus chargées d’histoire humaine, les plus documentées par les scientifiques et les plus connues de l’estuaire du Saint-Laurent. L’île aux Basques, en particulier, est un fleuron tant pour la Société Provancher que pour les résidents de la Municipalité régionale de comté Les Basques. Dans le cadre d’un partenariat financier avec la Fondation de la faune du Québec, la Société Provancher a réalisé une mise à jour des connaissances existantes sur le milieu biophysique de l’île aux Basques et des îles Razade et a retracé l’historique de l’activité humaine sur celle-ci. Les préoccupations environnementales, sociales et économiques actuelles en regard de ces territoires ont ensuite été identifiées, puis des solutions conciliatrices ont été développées pour finalement proposer ce plan de conservation., Société Provancher CP 29005, succ Raymond Québec Qc G1B 3G0 Canada www.provancher.org Tel. 418 554.8636

PurposeThis paper presents a conceptual design process for developing a maintenance-focused heritage conservation model. Currently, there are several intervention approaches that can be applied in conservation from reconstruction, restoration and repairs to a “do-nothing” approach. This paper examines whether a maintenance solution is more than just an option or a necessity. The aim of the paper is to study the challenges and opportunities when putting more emphasis on the maintenance approach in conservation.Design/methodology/approachThis research was conducted in an Australian context, where many major buildings were constructed from the 19th and 20th centuries and are now categorised as “modern heritage”. three case studies were undertaken to inform this paper and others. In addition, 17 global heritage conservation experts were interviewed, and their responses were analysed. Also, comparative field observations and archival records were examined and used to develop the initial framework model. Finally, using focus group discussions amongst 7 experts, the framework was reviewed and formally validated in order to ensure the development of a useful model for use in devising an effective maintenance management plan and monitoring conditions in heritage buildings.FindingsThis paper supports others in a series that have already been accepted by this journal, focussing the research on heritage building conservation being conducted in Australia, the homeland of the Burra Charter. The other papers are entitled (1) model for the maintenance-focused heritage building conservation and (2) engineering in heritage conservation.Originality/valueThe paper examines contemporary issues in heritage building maintenance and conservation in Australia and focusses specifically on the lack of focus on maintenance as a conservation intervention for heritage buildings.

One of the principal drivers of biodiversity loss is habitat loss due to land conversion for agriculture. Understanding how agricultural landscapes can be more biodiverse is critical in devising a working lands conservation plan. For at least 20 years, some bird populations in the Galapagos have been in sharp decline, especially in the agricultural zone. Since 2010, we found that the relative abundance of ten out of eleven monitored landbird species has further decreased. We examined the existing habitat structures in the agricultural zone of Santa Cruz, historically established in former areas of native humid forest (Scalesia), and analyzed which structures associated with higher landbird diversity and abundance of four declining species. We conducted standardized point counts and surveyed surrounding vegetation during the breeding period. Landbird diversity was highest in forest and coffee sites and least diverse in pasture sites. Main predictors of higher landbird diversity were forest patch presence, increased abundance of native vegetation and lower elevations. Main predictors of higher landbird relative abundance were percentage of forest in the surrounding 200 m radius buffer and forest patch presence. Our results suggest that to increase the contribution of farmlands to landbird conservation during the reproductive period, habitat management efforts should be targeted at increasing forest patches and/or corridors, particularly within pasture farms. Nevertheless, to ensure sustainability of these measures, economic value to the considered farmlands needs to be secured, social perspectives incorporated and other important threats to landbirds assessed.

PurposeThis paper aims to set out the role of engineers in heritage conservation and investigates and evaluates the proposed available tools, technology and innovations that are currently available in the civil engineering sector that can be applied in heritage conservation.Design/methodology/approachAs society has become more aware of the grandeur of heritage spaces and structures, there is increasing pressure to preserve historic buildings. But, it is the economic cost of maintaining this important heritage legacy that has become the prime consideration of every state in Australia. Dedicated intelligent monitoring systems supplementing the traditional building inspections will enable the involved and interested stakeholders to carry out not only timely reactive response, but also to plan the maintenance of such buildings in a more vigilant and systematic manner. This will, in future, help to prevent further degradation of heritage buildings, which is very costly, often difficult and sometimes impossible to address if neglected. Savings in time and resources can be achieved, but only if a building's pathological monitoring and inspection results are on hand for use to guide major decisions to be made on how to best prevent further decay, or to save an important historical structure or building fabric.FindingsThe emergence of technological tools will enable the realization of a maintenance-focused conservation model. However, aside from the cost, these tools are still experimental in nature. These technologies are yet to be applied within the conservation industry with hopes of creating an easier and economically effective systematic method of heritage conservation.Originality/valueThe paper discusses the emerging tools and technologies in easing the monitoring aspect of a maintenance-focused conservation model.

PurposeThis paper presents and illustrates the model of a maintenance-focussed conservation plan developed in the thesis. It proposes a framework which puts more emphasis on maintenance in conservation than reconstruction, restorations, repairs or even a “do-nothing” approach.Design/methodology/approachThe research was conducted in an Australian context, where many major buildings are categorised as being “modern heritage”. However, the main problem with modern heritage is that although it has become more celebrated within the architectural historical sector, maintenance is still only in the background of most facility management (FM) operations, and its critical importance has yet to become accepted as a potential solution to greatly facilitate the proper preservation of the nation's architectural legacy. Challenges and barriers to this approach were evaluated, whilst opportunities were identified to improve a failing current situation that has resulted in the loss of many existing heritage structures. The paper makes a strong case in order to highlight the necessity of embedding a maintenance approach in preserving the historical fabric of buildings in the heritage conservation sector.FindingsThis research examines the key strategies for a maintenance-focussed conservation system.Originality/valueThe paper tackles experiences and issues in Australia about a lack of focus on maintenance as a conservation intervention.

Guwahati, a city of 2 million residents is the largest city in northeastern part of India. Situated by the side of River Brahmaputra, the city is of an undulated topography with some hillocks and wetlands. The considerable area of the city is still forested and seven reserve forests are located within the city. The forested topography of the city offers a good habitat for the Common Indian Leopard (Panthera pardus fusca), a Scheduled 1 species under Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972. Over the years, there have been growing casualties on human-leopard conflicts in the region. Indian common leopard (Panthera pardus fusca), is a highly adaptive species and do inhabit in human proximity, which creates conflicts resulting in a loss on both sides. The present study has found that there is a rise in the incidence of human-leopard conflict in Maligaon Gaushala farmland, located in 26o08′48.5″N and 91°41′39.2″E, covering land areas of 34.82 Hectare. The study has been conducted in this area from the last five years i.e. 2015-2019 and recorded 16 number of human-leopard conflicts. It is also found that the area is used for feeding and breeding ground of cattle, for keeping old unproductive cows and dumping ground for dead cattle’s carcass. The area is covered with thick elephant grasses (Pennisetum purpureum), and it is used as chief fodder for cows inside the Gaushala farmland, which is a good foraging for high yielding of milk production from Gaushala farmland and optimum hiding ground for leopard. Due to expansion and high escalations of encroachment to the habitat of leopard a total of 90 incidences of human-leopard conflicts occurs since 1995, which include 13 human causalities, 3 leopards’ mortality and 29 livestock predation. The present study investigates detail movements of the species, their habitat based on camera trapping, Scat analysis, GPS records and field interviews. The data thus gathered not only helped to record the nature of conflicts in the area but also to design a conservation plan for the species. The suggestions recorded in the study are intended to reduce the incidences human-leopard conflicts in the area.

Conservation planning is the primary tool the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) uses to help farmers manage and protect the nation’s soil, water, air, plant, animal, energy, and human natural resources on privately owned lands. While research studies have investigated a multitude of factors that could possibly influence farmer adoption of conservation practices, no recent research exists examining the relationship between having an NRCS conservation plan and the likelihood of applying conservation practices on the ground. This is surprising given that conservation planning is considered to be the foundation for USDA’s technical and financial assistance to agricultural landowners, and recently both the updated NRCS Strategic Plan and the National Conservation Planning Partnership emphasized the need to enhance and expand conservation planning. In this study we analyzed data from 792 respondents of the 2015 and 2016 collection periods of a panel survey of Iowa farmers to examine the relationship between having an NRCS conservation plan and farmers’ implementation of 10 soil and water conservation practices in four categories: (1) soil health, (2) nitrogen (N) management, (3) structural practices, and (4) cropland converted to perennial crops. The results indicate that farmers who reported having an NRCS conservation plan are significantly more likely to have implemented two conservation practices: no-till and terraces. In addition, there was a significant relationship between the number of times a farmer visited a USDA Service Center for conservation and the likelihood they implemented 5 of the 10 selected practices, particularly in the soil health and structural practice categories. These results suggest that it is not the plan itself, but rather the sustained interaction with natural resource professionals, that makes a difference in the use of conservation practices. Implications of the study results for NRCS conservation planning moving forward in the future are discussed.

Climatic items are the inanimate elements of the natural environment, together with the mountains, seas, forests, and lakes that are the structure of the earth. Besides, humans, vegetation, animal communities, and micro-organisms are accepted as the living elements of the environment. As an inanimate natural entity in Ankara, Mogan Lake also provides living people to relax by being in its natural environment and ensures the continuity of the ecological balance. The building construction around Mogan Lake has increased and intensified since 1920. Afterward, Gölbaşı District has faced a rapidly increasing immigration and population since the 1950s. Hence, the unplanned construction continued until the declaration of Gölbaşı and its surroundings as a Special Environmental Protection Area. The lakes of Mogan and Eymir were discussed together, for the first time, in the Environmental Plan prepared by the Special Environmental Protection Agency, although they were assessed separately in the previous plans. Therefore, in this article, the planning process of Mogan Lake and its surroundings, where construction is increasingly intensified, has been discussed, while trying to provide data for the planning studies to be carried out with the aim of protecting Mogan and Eymir Lakes in the same basin., İklimsel ögelerin yanı sıra yerkürenin yapısını oluşturan dağlar, denizler, ormanlar ve göller doğal çevrenin cansız ögeleri olarak bilinir. Yerküredeki insanlar, bitki örtüsü, hayvan toplulukları ve mikro organizmalar ise çevrenin canlı ögeleridir. Mogan Gölü de cansız bir doğal varlık olarak, canlıların doğal ortamda yaşamalarını ve ekolojik dengenin sürekliliğini sağlamaktadır. Kıyısı boyunca rekreaktif etkinliklerin yoğun olarak yer aldığı Mogan Gölü’nün çevresindeki yapılaşma 1920 yılından başlamış ve artarak günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Aynı zamanda, gölün konumlandığı Gölbaşı ilçesi de 1950li yıllardan itibaren giderek artan bir göç ve hızlı nüfus artışına maruz kalmıştır. İlçedeki planlama çalışmaları ise çeşitli dönemlerde yapılmış fakat uygulanamamıştır. Buradaki plansız yapılaşma, Gölbaşı ve çevresinin Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi ilan edilene kadar devam etmiştir. Birbirine yakın ve aynı bölge içinde konumlanmasına rağmen, eski planlarda birbirinden ayrı değerlendirilen Eymir ve Mogan Gölleri, ilk defa Özel Çevre Koruma Kurumu’nun hazırladığı Çevre Planında bir arada gösterilip ele alınmıştır. Dolayısıyla, bu makalede Ankara’nın önemli doğal kaynaklarından biri olan Mogan Gölü ve çevresinin planlama süreci ele alınmış, böylece aynı havzada bulunan Mogan ve Eymir Göllerinin korunması amacı ile yapılacak olan planlama çalışmalarına bir veri oluşturulması sağlanmaya çalışılmıştır.

L’île Dumais et le Rocher aux Phoques sont une petite île (4,3 ha) et un îlot voisin (0,5 ha) constituant un territoire de la Société Provancher depuis 1997. Bien ce territoire soit dans un milieu côtier diversifié et relativement accessible, distant d’à peine quelques centaines de mètres des aboiteaux et des terres agricoles de St-Germain-de-Kamouraska (au Québec), il demeure étonnamment intact et peu connu. Dans le cadre d’un partenariat financier avec la Fondation de la faune du Québec et en collaboration avec des organismes locaux, la Société Provancher a réalisé un inventaire des connaissances existantes sur le milieu biophysique et retracé l’historique de l’activité humaine du territoire et de l’environnement. Nous avons ensuite identifié les enjeux de gestion environnementaux, sociaux et économiques du TIDRP pour finalement proposer ce premier plan de conservation., Société Provancher CP 29005, succ Raymond Québec Qc G1B 3G0 Canada www.provancher.org Tel. 418 554.8636

Resumen Eremophilus mutisii (Humboldt, 1805) es un pez endémico del altiplano cundiboyacense, cuya categoría de amenaza actual es vulnerable. El programa nacional para la conservación de esta especie sirvió de base para el plan de conservación en la jurisdicción CAR Cundinamarca de 2018. Este plan se sustentó en el diagnóstico del estado de conservación de la especie presentado en este estudio. Para ello, se investigó su distribución geográfica a partir de colecciones biológicas y salidas de campo a ecosistemas acuáticos previamente identificados por la CAR y el grupo investigador. Se evaluó la presencia de E. mutisii en los ríos Suárez, Bogotá (cuenca alta), Ubaté, Veraguas, Frío, Aguas Claras y Muña, y en la laguna de Fúquene y los embalses del Neusa y Tominé, mediante un protocolo de muestreo basado en la pesca eléctrica y la toma de parámetros fisicoquímicos. El esfuerzo de pesca fue de 0,044 y 0,054 individuos/hora para los ríos y lagunas (o embalses), respectivamente. Se capturaron en total 17 individuos, 53% fueron adultos, 41% juveniles y 6% alevines. La relación longitud-peso encontrada indica que el coeficiente de crecimiento de la especie fue alométrico positivo. Se corroboró que E. mutisii se distribuye geográficamente en un rango altitudinal de 2540-3000 m s. n. m., aunque no se registró en las cuencas de los ríos Bogotá, Veraguas, Ubaté, Suárez y Frío. El declive de estas poblaciones se debe principalmente a factores antrópicos, como la transformación y fragmentación de los ecosistemas, la introducción de especies invasoras y la contaminación de los cuerpos hídricos. Abstract Eremophilus mutisii (Humboldt, 1805), is an endemic fish to the Cundiboyacense plain, currently classified as vulnerable. The national programme to the catfish conservation, was used as a source for implementing the conservation plan in the CAR Cundinamarca in 2018. The present study performed the conservation status diagnosis of E. mutisii in the Cundinamarca region which provides the basis for this conservation plan. In accordance, catfish geographical distribution was investigated by accessing biological collection information and conducting fish surveys of both lentic and lotic systems in pre-selected sites identified by the CAR officials and the research team. E. mutisii presence was evaluated in the Suárez, Bogotá (high basin), Ubaté, Veraguas, Frío, Aguas Claras and Muña rivers, also in the Fúquene lagoon and the Neusa and Tominé reservoirs. An electric fishing technique and physicochemical parameters measurement were used as the fish sampling approach of this study. The catfish catch per unit effort was 0.054 and 0.044 individuals/hour for rivers and lagoons (or reservoirs), respectively. A total of 17 individuals were captured, 53% of them were adults, 41% juveniles and 6% small fry. The length-weight relationship found indicates that the species growth was positive allometric. It was confirmed that catfish is geographically distributed in an elevation range of 2540-3000 masl, although it was not reported in the Bogotá, Veraguas, Ubaté, Suarez and Frio rivers. The decline of E. mutisii populations is mainly due to anthropic factors, such as transformation and fragmentation of ecosystems, introduction of invasive species and water bodies contamination.

Ecuador is blessed by the presence of age-old buildings and places that deserve to be preserved. One of these places is Susudel, whose historical center was declared Cultural Heritage of Ecuador in 2013. One of the most emblematic buildings in the province of Azuay is located here, the chapel of Susudel. This chapel, which belongs to a large estate, is an example of colonial architecture in which traditional construction techniques and materials have been used, such as adobe, bricks, wood and roof tiles. This ancestral knowledge typical of vernacular heritage architecture deserves to be preserved for the enjoyment of future generations. This investigation shows several constructive elements that give a special technological value to the chapel. The interior of the chapel contains a significant sample of murals, which constitute a religious symbol of the colonial era. The aim of this investigation is to establish conservation strategies through the identification of stakeholders, roles, maintenance actions and maintenance tools that result in a preventive conservation and monitoring plan for the chapel. The methodology used is based on the preventive conservation phases as proposed by ICOMOS 2003: anamnesis, diagnosis, therapy and control, which is complemented by recommendations that include the active participation of the community and institutions responsible for the conservation of built heritage.

Resumo O artigo analisa os desafios para a preservação do Pavilhão Mourisco do ponto de vista da equipe do Departamento de Patrimônio Histórico da Casa de Oswaldo Cruz. Apresenta as principais vulnerabilidades do edifício e acervos móveis nele abrigados e a mudança gradual de abordagem em relação à atuação do departamento – da intervenção pontual de restauração à definição de estratégias globais com foco na conservação preventiva. Para tanto, traça um breve panorama das principais obras realizadas na edificação nos últimos trinta anos, bem como das ações contínuas de conservação implementadas, apresentando a metodologia adotada para a elaboração do Plano de Conservação Preventiva do conjunto formado pelo edifício, bens integrados e acervos móveis. Abstract The challenges facing the team from the Department of Historical Heritage at Casa de Oswaldo Cruz in the preservation of its main building, the Moorish Pavilion, are discussed. The main weaknesses of the building and the collections of artifacts it contains are presented, and the gradual change in approach adopted by the department – from ad hoc restoration interventions to the setting of broad strategies for its preventive conservation – is discussed. To this end, a brief overview is given of the main work done on the building in the last thirty years and the ongoing conservation actions undertaken, including the methodology adopted for the design of the Preventive Conservation Plan of the building, its integrated heritage, and its collections of artifacts.

Entre los años 1919 y 1929, Benjamín Muniz Barreto, financió y patrocinó expediciones arqueológicas al Noroeste argentino, generando una colección que consta de 12.000 objetos arqueológicos elaborados en material cerámico, lítico, óseo, textil, metal y malacológico. La documentación en soporte papel que acompaña estos objetos son: libretas y diarios de viaje, cuadernos, fotografías, mapas, planos, bocetos y acuarelas, aportándole así valor científico a la Colección, ya que permite contextualizar los materiales y realizar, por ejemplo, la reconstrucción de contextos culturales y de cronologías relativas, llevándonos, gracias a su estudio, a la recuperación de nuestro pasado precolombino. La Colección actualmente se encuentra en guarda en la División Arqueología del Museo de La Plata. En este trabajo trataremos sobre la conservación de las acuarelas como fuente documental, sobre cómo hemos identificado y caracterizado sus deterioros, y sobre las acciones tomadas en tal sentido para su acondicionamiento, enmarcando estas actividades dentro del “Proyecto de Puesta en Valor de las Colecciones depositadas en el Depósito 7 de la División Arqueología del Museo de La Plata”. Se trata de 111 acuarelas realizadas en soporte papel, que sufrieron cambios en su composición física y funcional durante casi un siglo, poniendo en peligro la información consignada en ellas. Para salvaguardar estosdocumentos se efectuó un plan de conservación destinado a reducir y minimizar los deterioros acaecidos, realizando acciones de conservación preventiva e interventiva para preservar el acervo documental, acorde a los lineamientos actuales establecidos dentro de los códigos de ética profesional. En tal sentido, favoreciendo la protección de los documentos y evitando su manipulación, se creó un catálogo digital que facilita el acceso a las mismas., Between 1919 and 1929, Benjamín Muniz Barreto financed and sponsored archaeological expeditions to the Argentine Northwest that generated a collection consisting of 12,000archaeological objects made of ceramic, lithic, bone, textile, metal and malacological material. The documentation on paper that accompanies these objects are: travel notebooks and diaries, notebooks, photographs, maps, plans, sketches, and watercolors, all of which adds scientific value to the collection, since it allows contextualizing the materials and, for instance, a reconstruction of cultural contexts and relative chronologies; thus, their study leads to the recovery of our pre-Columbian past. This collection is currently stored in the Archaeology Division of Museo de La Plata. In this work we discuss the conservation of watercolors as a documentary source, how we have identified and characterized their deterioration, and the actions taken in this regard for their conditioning, as part of the “Project for the Protection and Enhancement of Collections hosted in Deposit 7 of the Archaeology Division of Museo de La Plata”. These are 111 watercolors on paper, which underwent changes in their physical and functional composition for almost a century, jeopardizing the information contained in them. In order to safeguard these documents, a conservation plan was made to reduce and minimize deterioration, involving preventive and interventive conservation actions to preserve the documentary collection, in accordance with current guidelines established within the codes of professional ethics. In this sense, to protect these documents and avoid their manipulation, a digital catalog was created that facilitates access to them without direct manipulation., Entre 1919 e 1929, Benjamín Muniz Barreto financiou e patrocinou expedições arqueológicas ao noroeste argentino, gerando uma coleção composta por 12.000 objetos arqueológicos de material cerâmico, lítico, ósseo, têxtil, metálico e malacológico. A documentação em suporte de papel que acompanha esses objetos são: livros e agendas de viagem, cadernos, fotografias, mapas, planos, esboços e aquarelas, contribuindo com valor científico para a Coleção, pois permite contextualizar os materiais e fazer, por exemplo, o reconstrução de contextos culturais e cronologias relativas, levando, graças ao seu estudo, à recuperação de nosso passado pré-colombiano. Atualmente, a coleção está em custódia na Divisão de Arqueologia do Museu La Plata. Neste trabalho, discutiremos a conservação de aquarelas como fonte documental, como identificamos e caracterizamos sua deterioração e as ações tomadas nesse sentido para seu condicionamento, enquadrando essas atividades no “Projeto para definição de valor de Coleções depositadas no Depósito 7 da Divisão de Arqueologia do Museu da Prata”. São 111 aquarelas feitas em suporte de papel, que sofreram alterações em sua composição física e funcional por quase um século, comprometendo as informações nelas contidas. Para salvaguardar esses documentos, foi elaborado um plano de conservação para reduzir e minimizar a deterioração, realizando ações de conservação preventiva e interventiva para preservar a coleção documental, de acordo com as diretrizes atuais estabelecidas nos códigos de ética profissional. Nesse sentido, favorecendo a proteção dos documentos e evitando sua manipulação, foi criado um catálogo digital que facilita o acesso a eles., Dossier: Ocupaciones tempranas en América: voces desde el Cono Sur, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the viability of wildlife corridors between the Benue National Park and the Faro National Park through the hunting areas, by identifying the main threats to their integrity, mapping of land use, characterization of their flora and the wildlife inventory that frequents these corridors in order to propose measures for their sustainable management. Field observations, land use mapping from the 2016 Landsat 8 image classification, and 60 floristic surveys at six sites (corridors) on 20 m × 20 m plots treated under R resulted in the following results: nine types of activities were identified, including logging, agriculture, grazing and forestry. With ggold panning the main threats to corridors, the species mostly used by these farmers are Piliostigma thonningii (82.674 ± 4.24), Combretum sp. (78.18 ± 4.01) and Tamarindus indica (75.06 ± 3.85) among the most threatened woody species. On the floristic level, vegetations under the influence of anthropic activities present a large number of rejections, a small number of adult stems. The Shannon diversity index varies between 4.30 and 5.07 in all corridors. On the other hand, the index of equitability varies from 0.50 to 0.59. On the faunal plan, 204 individuals, belonging to 12 animal species, grouped into 6 families frequent the corridors. This number is well below what was achieved in 2010 when there was a decrease of 1024 individuals in the corridors, a decrease rate of 83.38%. In the face of these threats, which risk irreversibly damaging the corridors, a restoration and conservation plan for these corridors that will integrate community management based on strengthening the participatory approach is essential. Key words: Corridor, planning, national park, biodiversity, inventory, socio-economic surveys, anthropogenic activities, north.

Development of systematic methods for conservation planning has improved effectiveness and efficiency of implementing such plans. The lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) is a grouse species of conservation concern native to the southwestern Great Plains of the United States. Recent lesser prairie-chicken conservation planning has involved identifying ecologically important areas but has not incorporated economic data into prioritization of areas to target for conservation management. We used the program Marxan to develop a decision-support tool for managers in Kansas to prioritize tracts for improving lesser prairie-chicken habitat quality and increasing habitat availability. We developed three different conservation scenarios and evaluated the tradeoffs among multiple planning objectives in these scenarios. We incorporated population targets from an existing conservation plan and agricultural economic data to help select land with maximum ecological value and minimum economic productivity to prioritize for lesser prairie-chicken conservation. We compared potential conservation plans and incorporated a post hoc connectivity model to test potential for individuals to travel among habitat patches in these plans during dispersal events. We found that different conservation scenarios led to different solutions, though differences varied by ecoregion. Potential solutions for all scenarios contained habitat patches not currently included in existing conservation plans and had high connectivity potential. These results provide context for spatial prioritization of lesser prairie-chicken habitat management in Kansas. Application of this approach to species of conservation interest could help managers incorporate socioeconomic factors into planning methods and identify important tracts for conservation currently overlooked by existing planning methods.

The restoration or rejuvenation of freshwater ecosystem is being performed through formulation and implementation of conservation plans by the administrative authorities. However, it is essential to examine the performance of conservation plan for addressing the success of work done. The present study aims to develop a novel scoring methodology that could be widely used to assess the performance of a lake conservation plan. Scoring methodology is based on four major characteristics of conservation plan as: ecological lake characteristics, lake catchment characteristics, threat to the lake ecosystem, conservation and management policy. These characteristic terms are given a weightage and score values, which are used to evaluate an overall score of lake that represent the cumulative performance of conservation plan. This scoring methodology is used to assess the performance of conservation plan for four Indian lakes, namely Dal Lake, Nainital Lake, Anasagar Lake, and Rankala Lake. The results reveal that the conservation plans for Dal and Nainital lakes exhibit average performance with overall score values of 138, and 121, respectively. The water quality index of Anasagar Lake is evaluated as 25 that exhibit very poor water quality, while those of other lakes are obtained in poor quality range 50–70. The overall score

Yellowstone National Park implements a native fish conservation plan to control translocated trout species competing with native cutthroat trout. Under the plan, millions of lake trout are removed ...

Digital technologies are more and more needed to give access to Cultural Heritage (CH) and to allow for their curation and re-use. For this reason, it is necessary to increase the knowledge on the ...

The Bathroom area in Qena city is suffering from urban, social and economic problems, which affects negatively on one of the most important Islamic buildings (the Ottoman Bathroom). In the present study, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technique has been chosen for evaluating the current state of the Ottoman Bathroom and its urban surrounding that is situated within Qena city. Three categories of the evaluating were carried out, the urban, economic, and social status of the environment urban of the Bathroom. Monitoring and analysis of spatial and descriptive data were carried on the surrounding of the Bathroom through design the spatial database; the results of the study indicated that the residential buildings have been suffering from severe damage. The samples were collected from different places of the Bathroom, investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with EDX analytical methods, and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The previous results were indicated that there is a crystallized salt in bricks pores, micro-cracks, and loss in the internal structure of the building materials. The conservation plan included on many steps: 1) documentation of the building and its urban surrounding; 2) monitoring of deterioration symptoms of the building, urban deterioration symptoms of the surrounding; 3) the conservation plan and adaptive reuse of the Ottoman Bathroom.

The preservation of cultural heritage and the renovation, restoration and remodelling processes could benefit greatly from Building Information Modelling (BIM) workflows being established. Currently, experts are involved with fractionated workflows, where a lot of data are missing, become lost or are duplicated by different stakeholders. All the resulting confusion severely impacts on the preservation of heritage as well as the efficiency of its restoring/remodelling/revitalizing from the point of view of current needs. Heritage information is usually conveyed through conservation-restoration plans and guidelines. In this research, a new methodology for managing the information holistically integrated into the BIM is proposed. The workflow is showcased on a demo-case building that is protected as cultural heritage. Consequently, the conservation plan becomes more accessible, not only for stakeholders in heritage, but also stakeholders responsible for the renovation, such as architects and contractors. This can result in an improved understanding of the heritage and a better revitalization.

Long-term monitoring of structural movements in historic buildings and heritage sites allows assessing their stability and recognizing damages that require intervention. The Punta Begona Galleries, built in the earlier part of the twentieth century, present pioneering techniques in the use of reinforced concrete in building construction. They stand directly over a coastal cliff, and their recovery requires first to guarantee their stability, while maintaining their historic and patrimonial values. Thus, with the goal of analyzing their global stability, as well as the extent of the observed damages, we implemented a motion monitoring network that includes three boreholes for extensometric control, an inclinometer, and five crack gauges (crackmeters). This monitoring was complemented with the recording of hydrometeorological variables at the surface and in four piezometers. The spectral analysis of the signals of movements was performed by introducing the use of the Lomb-Scargle (LS) periodogram, which is particularly well-suited for the analysis of unevenly spaced time series. This analysis allowed us to differentiate the reversible seasonal elastic components of the records and to recognize the irreversible long-term plastic displacements, which highlight the sectors with active instability. In our case, the identified damages are related to two local problems of building support. Even though the irreversible component of the displacement after seasonal sinusoidal detrending is small (with maximums up to 0.12 mm/year), it does imply a dynamic plastic deformation, which calls for the need to adopt structural stabilization measures. Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature.

Estimating sediment yield and streamflow, as well as identifying soil erosion processes, are necessary for properly designing superior management techniques, monitoring and evaluating various management scenarios, and prioritizing better conservation planning. Therefore, this study estimates streamflow and sediment yield and prioritizes the catchment sub-watersheds for conservation planning in the Dawe River watershed. In the continuous-time step, sediment load data is generated by developing a sediment rating curve. Statistical measures were used to weigh the SWAT's performance in estimating streamflow and sediment output over the calibration (2000-2008) and validation (2009-2013) periods. The model's performance in estimating the monthly streamflow was 0.73, 0.55, and 0.79 for NSE, R-factor, and R2, respectively, according to the calibration results. For sediment yield, the Nash Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), R-factor, and R2 were 0.77, 0.47, and 0.82, respectively. Estimated sediment output rates were higher in agricultural lands with eutric and rendzic leptosols soil types and gradients in the study watershed. For the indicated sub-watersheds in the catchment, the three best sediment management scenarios (BMPs) were considered: S1 (filter strip), S2 (terrace/bund), and S3 (reforestation). With the implementation of S1, S2, and S3, the sediment yield was reduced by 15.7 percent, 21.3 percent, and 24.9 percent, respectively, based on the chosen BMPs. As a result, adopting S3 for the Dawe River watershed for productive sediment reductions should be encouraged. As a result, our findings point to the best strategy for negotiating a stronger conservation plan.

The conservation of ancient paintings sited in humid environments is an actual challenge for restorers, because it needs the knowledge of the materials the paintings are made up and of their interaction with a peculiar surrounding environment; thus, tailored procedures and strategies aimed at restoring and preserving paintings are necessary. The Santa Margherita’s cave in Castellammare del Golfo (Trapani, Italy) is a natural cave, containing the remains of paintings, in a poor state of conservation, belonging to an ancient church dated back to the Middle Age. The present manuscript reports the monitoring of environmental conditions (i.e., temperature and humidity) in a full year as well as a study on the materials constituting the stone support and the paintings together with a survey of the microbial community. The findings allow us to define the causes which mainly involve the degradation of the paintings. In detail, the degradation of the east and the west wall occurred differently because of the exposure to the sea aerosol, which influenced the salt composition, also contributing to diversifying the bacterial community. Some specific actions to plan the conservation and restoration of paintings and to preserve the site are suggested.

This study of Genetic Differentiation among Himalayan & local Mahseer concerns with a conservation plan is a fundamental part of the hydro projects still in the pipeline. In-situ conservation and gene banking also serve as the best medium for the same. Despite conservation programs, re-examination and revision of these conservation areas to update the number and lists of endangered status are mandatory.Fish samples collected from 8 different waterbodies {Chambal River, Rana Pratap Sagar Dam, Bassi Dam, Kali Sindh River, Parwan River, Badi Lake, Daya Dam, and Madar Tank} representing two major drainage systems (the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea) of India.For the cytochrome oxidase subunit I, a total of 32 sequences was generated, whereas, for the ATPase 6 gene, a total of 66 sequences were generated. Two mitochondrial regions COI and ATPase6 were amplified using the set (Forward & Reverse primer set) of published primers (COI-Fish F-1/Fish R-1.BOLD-IDS was used to test the efficiency of DNA barcoding as a species identification tool using a blind sampling test, the sample selected & sequenced were known only to the submitting individual. Mismatch distributions to evaluate the hypothesis of recent population growth with 99,999 permutations as implemented in ARLEQUIN 3.0.1 was used. This distribution is unimodal in populations that have passed through a recent demographic expansion and are multimodal in stable populations. A DNA sequence of Himalayan Mahseer (Tor tor) was downloaded from NCBI Gene Bank and the sequences generated in the present study were compared (Using MEGA7 Software) with the downloaded sequence.It’s derived that the stocks of Rajasthan Mahseer are quite distinct from the Himalayan stocks. The minimum genetic (116.06) distance was noticed for both Daya dam and Madar Tank and the highest (125.35) was for Bassi Dam. The evolutionary history was inferred using the Minimum Evolution method. The optimal tree with the sum of branch length 123.79668059.The significantly higher genetic distance between Rajasthan and Himalayan stocks could be due to geographic location and mainly isolated aquatic resources. Similar findings have also been reported by earlier workers.

Irreplaceability is a concept used to describe how close a site is to being essential for achieving conservation targets. Current methods for measuring irreplaceability are based on representative combinations of sites, giving them an extrinsic nature and exponential computational requirements. Surrogate measures based on efficiency (complementarity) are often used as alternatives, but they were never intended for this purpose and do not measure irreplaceability. Current approaches used to estimate irreplaceability have key limitations. Some of these are a result of the tools used, but some are due to the nature of the current definition of irreplaceability. For irreplaceability to be stable and useful for conservation purposes and to resolve limitations, irreplaceability measures should adhere to five axioms; baseline coherence, monotonic responsiveness, proportional responsiveness, intrinsic stability, and bounded outputs. We designed a robust method for measuring a site's proximity to irreplaceability that adheres to these requirements and used it to develop the first systematic global map of irreplaceability based on data for terrestrial vertebrates (n = 29,837 species,1 million grid cells). At least 3.5% of land surface was highly irreplaceable, and 47.6% of highly irreplaceable cells were contained in 12 countries. More generous thresholds of irreplaceability flag greater portions of land surface that would still be realistic to protect under current global objectives. Irreplaceable sites should form a critical component of any global conservation plan and should be part of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity's post2020 Global Biodiversity Framework strategy, forming part of the 30% protection by 2030 target that is gaining support. The reliable identification of irreplaceable sites will be crucial to halting extinctions.Redefinición y Mapeo de la Irremplazabilidad Global Resumen El irremplazabilidad es un concepto utilizado para describir cuán cerca está un sitio de ser esencial para lograr los objetivos de conservación. Los métodos actuales para medir la irremplazabilidad están basados en las combinaciones representativas de sitios, proporcionándoles una naturaleza extrínseca y requerimientos computacionales exponenciales. Comúnmente se usan medidas sustitutas basadas en la eficiencia (complementariedad) como alternativas, pero nunca se pensó que se usaron con este propósito y no miden el carácter irremplazable. Las estrategias actuales para estimar la irremplazabilidad tienen limitantes importantes. Algunas de estas son el resultado de las herramientas utilizadas, pero otras surgen debido a la naturaleza de la actual definición de irremplazabilidad. Para que este concepto sea estable y útil para los propósitos de conservación y para resolver las limitantes, las medidas de la irremplazabilidad deberían adherirse a cinco axiomas: coherencia de la línea base, receptividad monotónica, receptividad proporcional, estabilidad intrínseca y resultados delimitados. Diseñamos un método robusto para medir la aproximación de un sitio a la irremplazabilidad que se adhiere a estos requerimientos y lo usamos para desarrollar el primer mapa mundial sistemático de irremplazabilidad basado en datos de vertebrados terrestres (n = 29,837 especies,1 millón de celdas de cuadrícula). Al menos el 3.5% de la superficie terrestre es altamente irremplazable, y el 47.6% de las celdas altamente irremplazables estuvieron contenidas en doce países. Unos umbrales más generosos de la irremplazabilidad marcan porciones más grandes de superficie terrestre que todavía podría ser realista proteger bajo los objetivos mundiales actuales. Los sitios irremplazables deberían ser un componente crítico de cualquier plan de conservación global y deberían formar parte de la estrategia del Marco para la Biodiversidad Global post-2020 de la Convención sobre la Diversidad Biológica de la ONU, constituyendo una parte del objetivo de 30% de protección para el 2030 que está ganando apoyo. La identificación confiable de los sitios irremplazables será de suma importancia para detener las extinciones.不可替代性是用于描述一个地点对于实现保护目标的必要性的概念。目前衡量不可替代性的方法都基于具有代表性的位点组合, 并赋予它们外在属性和指数计算要求。此外, 基于效益 (互补性) 的替代测量方法也常被用作备选方法, 但这些方法并不是为了这一目的而设计的, 也没有衡量不可替代性。因此, 目前用于评估不可替代性的方法仍存在重大局限。其中一部分是使用的工具造成的, 但也有部分是当前“不可替代性”定义的本质造成的。为了使不可替代性可以更稳定和有效地用于保护, 同时克服当前的局限, 我们提出不可替代性的衡量应遵循五条原理:基线一致性、单调响应性、比例响应性、内在稳定性和有界输出。本研究设计了一种遵循以上要求来衡量一个位点不可替代程度的稳健方法, 并用该方法根据陆生脊椎动物的数据 (29,837 个物种,100 万个网格单元) 绘制了第一张系统性的不可替代性全球地图。结果显示, 至少有3.5%的陆地表面是高度不可替代的, 且 47.6% 的高度不可替代性网格分布在 12 个国家之中。采用更宽松的不可替代性阈值得到的结果还表明了在当前全球目标下仍有较大比例的陆地表面可以纳入保护。我们认为, 不可替代性位点应作为所有全球保护计划的关键组成部分, 应纳入联合国生物多样性公约《2020年后全球生物多样性框架战略》, 并成为正获得越来越多支持的 “至 2030 年保护 30%地球” 目标的一部分。总而言之, 可靠地确定不可替代位点对于阻止物种灭绝至关重要。【翻译 :胡怡思;审校 :聂永刚】.

Nearly half of all small carnivore species are declining globally, with many in danger of extinction and requiring urgent conservation attention. We herein describe the formation of a conservation group focused on the formerly poorly understood Spilogale putorius (Eastern Spotted Skunk). The Eastern Spotted Skunk Cooperative Study Group (CSG) was formed in 2015 by experts in the biology and management of the species and currently contains 143 members representing 29 state agencies, 24 universities, 6 federal agencies, 3 non-governmental organizations, and 2 tribal nations. The goals of the CSG are to (1) enhance communication about the species, (2) identify management and research priorities, and (3) facilitate collaborative planning, funding, outreach, monitoring, and research opportunities. This voluntary group has made progress on all 3 goals by facilitating collaborative research and outreach that have greatly advanced our understanding and awareness of the species, including the drafting of a species conservation plan that has been endorsed by every regional government committee that oversees management of Eastern Spotted Skunks across their range. We conclude by profiling the lessons learned and future directions for the CSG, with the hopes that the CSG could be a model for advancing conservation of small carnivores and other species in need of attention around the globe.

Species distribution models (SDMs) are increasingly used in conservation and land-use planning as inputs to describe biodiversity patterns. These models can be built in different ways, and decisions about data preparation, selection of predictor variables, model fitting, and evaluation all alter the resulting predictions. Commonly, the true distribution of species is unknown and independent data to verify which SDM variant to choose are lacking. Such model uncertainty is of concern to planners. We analyzed how 11 routine decisions about model complexity, predictors, bias treatment, and setting thresholds for predicted values altered conservation priority patterns across 25 species. Models were created with MaxEnt and run through Zonation to determine the priority rank of sites. Although all SDM variants performed well (area under the curve0.7), they produced spatially different predictions for species and different conservation priority solutions. Priorities were most strongly altered by decisions to not address bias or to apply binary thresholds to predicted values; on average 40% and 35%, respectively, of all grid cells received an opposite priority ranking. Forcing high model complexity altered conservation solutions less than forcing simplicity (14% and 24% of cells with opposite rank values, respectively). Use of fewer species records to build models or choosing alternative bias treatments had intermediate effects (25% and 23%, respectively). Depending on modeling choices, priority areas overlapped as little as 10-20% with the baseline solution, affecting top and bottom priorities differently. Our results demonstrate the extent of model-based uncertainty and quantify the relative impacts of SDM building decisions. When it is uncertain what the best SDM approach and conservation plan is, solving uncertainty or considering alterative options is most important for those decisions that change plans the most.Efecto de las Decisiones sobre Modelos Adecuados de Distribución de Especies sobre los Resultados de Conservación Resumen Los modelos de distribución de especies (MDEs) se usan cada vez más en la planeación de la conservación y del uso de suelo como contribuciones para describir los patrones de la biodiversidad. Estos modelos pueden construirse de maneras diferentes y las decisiones sobre la preparación de datos, selección de las variables de pronóstico y la adecuación y evaluación del modelo alteran las predicciones resultantes. Generalmente, la verdadera distribución de las especies se desconoce y se carece de los datos independientes para verificar cuál variante de MDE elegir. Dicha incertidumbre con los modelos es preocupante para los planificadores. Analizamos cómo once decisiones rutinarias sobre el modelo, su complejidad, los predictores, el tratamiento del sesgo y el establecimiento de umbrales para los valores pronosticados alteraron los patrones de prioridades de conservación para 25 especies. Creamos los modelos con MaxEnt y los corrimos en Zonation para determinar el rango de prioridad de los sitios. Aunque todas las variantes de los MDE tuvieron un buen desempeño (área bajo la curva0.7), todos produjeron predicciones espaciales diferentes para las especies y diferentes soluciones prioritarias de conservación. Las prioridades tuvieron la alteración más fuerte cuando se decidió no considerar el sesgo o aplicar umbrales binarios a los valores pronosticados; en promedio, el 40% y 35%, respectivamente, de todas las celdas de la cuadrícula recibieron una clasificación opuesta de prioridad. Cuando se forzó una complejidad alta para el modelo, se alteraron menos las soluciones de conservación que cuando se forzó la simplicidad (14% y 24% de las celdas con valores opuestos de clasificación, respectivamente). El uso de menos registros de especies para construir modelos o elegir tratamientos alternativos para el sesgo tuvo efectos intermedios (25% y 23%, respectivamente). Según la elección del modelo, las áreas prioritarias se traslaparon mínimamente en 10-20% con la solución de la línea base, afectando a las prioridades de arriba y abajo de maneras diferentes. Nuestros resultados demuestran el alcance de la incertidumbre basada en los modelos y cuantifican el impacto relativo de las decisiones al construir los MDE. Cuando no es seguro cuál es el mejor plan de conservación ni la mejor estrategia de MDE, es de suma importancia solucionar la incertidumbre o considerar soluciones alternativas para aquellas decisiones que más cambian los planes.

Acrocomia aculeata is a palm, which is used for various purposes in different rural communities in southeastern Mexico; among which is the obtaining of a traditional fermented beverage called “taberna.” The objective of this study was to know the management that taberna producers give to the coyol palm. The work was carried out between march and april 2016 in two communities in Chiapas. The information on palm management was obtained by applying semi-structured interviews to the families that make the beverage in each community, who narrated the process of using the palm; from its care in the field, to its court for the elaboration of a taberna and the uses and customs that revolve around this activity were described. With this work, it was possible to know the details of the elaboration of the beverage from a social and cultural perspective, which is surrounded by traditional knowledge, with great biocultural importance that gives identity not only to the communities that possess the resource, but also to the families that they take advantage of it. With this, it is expected to contribute to a management and conservation plan for the species, to guarantee the resource to the communities and preserve the biological and cultural diversity associated with this activity, given that the use of natural resources is ultimately a biocultural heritage that implies a relationship between natural resources, people, regions and local culture.

The Monument of History in Gdynia encompasses the part of the City Centre shaped in the interwar period, whose important part is the establishment of the South Pier together with the Yacht Harbour and John Paul II Avenue. The spatial idea of this complex was presented in 1938, in the project of the so-called Representative District, which is a very original realization of the scenic opening of the city to the port and the sea. Since this urban development was not completed in the interwar period, it is now under strong investment pressure, especially in the area of the sailing center. The current local plan (2009, amended in 2015) unfortunately allows for a compact way of development, contrary to the historical concept of a loose and open sea system. Although the establishment of the South Pier has been included in the register of monuments since 2007, the procedures for its protection have failed, as evidenced by the results of the architectural competition held in 2014. The solution that could protect us from planning errors should be a "conservation plan for the management of the Monument of History", modelled on similar plans for the management of objects included in the World Heritage List and preceding granting the status of the Monument of History.

The Balibey district, analyzed in the scope of this paper, is one of the important surviving districts of the area. This district of importance with its plan schemes, building materials, construction techniques and beautiful large vegetable gardens, was approved as the Sile Central Urban Site and a 1 st and 2 nd degree natural conservation site area by the Second Board for the Conservation of Cultural and Natural Heritage of Istanbul with its resolution dated 01.28.1992 and numbered 2796. Urban space analyses were made through field surveys in order to document the present situation, identify the problems, assess the potentials and recommendations were also developed to reveal these potentials. All the buildings in Balibey district of the urban conservation site were examined, the analysis maps prepared in 1/1000 scale were synthesized and proposal maps were prepared. The present situation has been documented, and recommendations have been presented by silhouette studies plans in 1/200 scale conducted on ‘Cami Street’ the most well-preserved axis of the district. The plans, facade and building materials of the buildings that preserved their originality were considered on a single building scale and classified according to their typology. By mentioning the legal process, suggestions were developed in order to resolve the problems which arise from interaction between the whole district and the work area in Sile, where conservation plan and reconstruction plan do not coalesce. In this work, the aim was to identify the path to be followed for the gentrification of the Balibey District Urban Site Area integrated with the city as a whole, keeping its characteristics and original inhabitants to be handed to future generations.