Search

The aim of this co-authored article is to provide an overview of contemporary Lithuanian dialect dictionaries in terms of their macro- and microstructure as compared to the concepts of description applied in selected recently published Polish regional dictionaries. The study considers the following issues in a comparative perspective: • The range of entries (integral or differential, with selection made by lexicographers according to the adopted criteria). • The arrangement of entries (alphabetical, alphabetical-cluster, thematic). • The form of headwords (single- or multi-word). • The way of defining the meaning (descriptive, synonymic, referential). • The choice of textual illustrations and their notation. • The use of grammatical information and the level of its complexity. • The use of lexical maps and other visuals complementing the content of the definitions of headwords. As discussed, the comparison reveals significant similarities between the concepts of constructing Lithuanian and Polish dialect dictionaries. In both cases lexicographers compile integral dictionaries, which document the entire spoken language of the inhabitants of a given village or area, as well as differentia dictionaries, which focus on dialectal vocabulary. Although there is a preference for the alphabetical arrangement of entries, Polish dialect lexicographers have made some very successful attempts to compile thematic dictionaries (e.g. the ten-volume Dialect Dictionary of the Lublin Region (Słownik gwar Lubelszczyzny)). There are no dictionaries with this type of structure in Lithuanian lexicography. Lithuanian dialect lexicographic practice is strongly influenced by the pattern of description used in the Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian (Lietuvių kalbos žodynas). This tradition is also the source of the mixed alphabetical-cluster arrangement of entries and the single-word form of the headwords, which are followed by phrases. On the other hand, the ways of defining the meaning in the Polish and Lithuanian dictionaries under discussion are very similar. One novelty in Polish dialect lexicography as compared to the Lithuanian dictionaries is the practice of listing phraseologisms and verbal aspect pairs, or even triads, as separate entries. The use of grammatical terminology is not at the same level of complexity. The Lithuanian dictionaries include extensive grammatical information, unlike most of the Polish ones, where it is rather selective, apart from those compiled by Józef Kąś, which contain a full range of such data. The Latin grammatical terminology used in the Lithuanian dictionaries may be difficult to understand for non-linguists. The same applies to quotations illustrating the use of particular lexical items: they are provided in a full phonetic form, including the stress marking. In the case of Polish regional dictionaries, the tradition of such notation has been abandoned in favour of semi-phonetic, simplified spelling in order to make them more accessible to non-specialists. One new feature in Polish dialect lexicography which is worth noting is the visual component: in some dictionaries the definitions of headwords come with lexical maps (e.g. A Dialect Dictionary of the Lublin Region) and illustrations (e.g. the dictionaries compiled by Józef Kąś, which feature visuals of ethnographic value).

Human joint action is inherently cooperative, manifested in the collaborative efforts of participants to minimize communicative trouble through interactive repair. Although interactive repair requires sophisticated cognitive abilities, it can be dissected into basic building blocks shared with non-human animal species. A review of the primate literature shows that interactionally contingent signal sequences are at least common among species of non-human great apes, suggesting a gradual evolution of repair. To pioneer a cross-species assessment of repair this paper aims at (i) identifying necessary precursors of human interactive repair; (ii) proposing a coding framework for its comparative study in humans and non-human species; and (iii) using this framework to analyse examples of interactions of humans (adults/children) and non-human great apes. We hope this paper will serve as a primer for cross-species comparisons of communicative breakdowns and how they are repaired. This article is part of the theme issue 'Revisiting the human 'interaction engine': comparative approaches to social action coordination'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the characteristics of criminal legislation for children in several states are presented and analysed in order to become familiar with their criminal justice systems. On this regard, emphasis is given to the comparative approach of juvenile justice by comparing criminal legislations of some states, such as the juvenile justice of the Republic of North Macedonia, the Republic of Kosovo, the Republic of Albania, the Republic of Croatia, the Netherlands, the Swiss Confederation, Norway, England and Wales, with reference to the following comparative elements: (1) the minimum age of children; (2) minimum age for criminal responsibility of children; and (3) minimum age for the imposition of sentences on children and reaching adulthood; Such comparisons are additionally illustrated in tabular form in order to provide a comprehensible picture to the reader regarding the aforementioned comparisons. Also, in this regard, the three main models of legal-penal treatment of children in different states have been discussed and clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging data in a range of non-human animal species have highlighted a latent ability to combine certain pre-existing calls together into larger structures. Currently, however, the quantification of context-specific call combinations has received less attention. This is problematic because animal calls can co-occur with one another simply through chance alone. One common approach applied in language sciences to identify recurrent word combinations is collocation analysis. Through comparing the co-occurrence of two words with how each word combines with other words within a corpus, collocation analysis can highlight above chance, two-word combinations. Here, we demonstrate how this approach can also be applied to non-human animal signal sequences by implementing it on artificially generated data sets of call combinations. We argue collocation analysis represents a promising tool for identifying non-random, communicatively relevant call combinations and, more generally, signal sequences, in animals. Significance statement: Assessing the propensity for animals to combine calls provides important comparative insights into the complexity of animal vocal systems and the selective pressures such systems have been exposed to. Currently, however, the objective quantification of context-specific call combinations has received less attention. Here we introduce an approach commonly applied in corpus linguistics, namely collocation analysis, and show how this method can be put to use for identifying call combinations more systematically. Through implementing the same objective method, so-called call-ocations, we hope researchers will be able to make more meaningful comparisons regarding animal signal sequencing abilities both within and across systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Iuridica Toruniensia is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Faculty of Law & Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract The current deployment of e-bikes in large cities all over the world raises new road safety problems. The shared features of e-bikes and other types of two-wheelers, notably in terms of size and maneuverability, can lead to common road safety issues and similar accident mechanisms. This paper outlines the value of a comparative approach that includes all kinds of two-wheelers, motorized or not: bicycles, e-bikes of both the bicycle type and the scooter type, LPG and gasoline scooters, and motorcycles. For this purpose, a new self-reported risky behavior inventory was developed and its validity tested among 400 two-wheeler users in Shanghai. China, where the spread of e-bikes and other two-wheelers took place several years ago, is a useful country to study to shed light on issues that are emerging in Europe. Results indicate highly satisfactory psychometric properties of the inventory with a single-factor 12-item structure (52.81% of variance explained, α = .93) and very satisfactory fit indexes. In terms of construct validity, the eta (η) correlation ratio indicates its significant relation with self-reported previous accidents and with several criterion related experience variables. Furthermore, a high correlation was noted between the inventory scores and the maximum speed of the participants’ vehicles. Ultimately, the inventory will enable future research to characterize and explain risky riding behaviors by riders of e-bikes compared to riders of other two-wheelers in China and, with some slight adaptations, these results can be applied to the European context.

1- Introduction Transition to environmental crises is impossible without changing human attitudes and lifestyles. Accordingly, ecologists have tried to tap into the different sciences to investigate their potential to improve the environment. Theology and religious texts are capable of making such a change. Avesta's text can be examined from this perspective because of its religious and mythical value and the frequency of issues related to ecology. The present study, with an ecological and comparative approach, seeks to examine how Avesta's statements influence individuals’ lifestyles and attitudes. 2- Theoretical Framework The most serious challenge for human beings today is to find a way to protect the environment, which has been severely damaged by human development. Accordingly, finding the potential of religious texts based on an ecological approach to influence human attitudes and lifestyles is the most important task that should be on the agenda of religious scholars. Among them, the Avesta text, on the one hand, due to its late age, has had an impact on later works, especially the works of Indo-European languages ​​that have been written after it in an intertextual manner. The influential aspect of Avesta can be used to change people's lifestyles and improve the environment. 3- Methodology This research is based on the method of collecting library information. The method of data analysis is qualitative and inductive reasoning (from the whole the detail). 4- Discussion Avesta, in addition to its religious value, has a mythical value; therefore, it can be examined with mythological perspectives. One view that can help to understand the place of these propositions in the human mind is Gilbert Durand's view of myths, the application of which, along with Carl Gustav Jung's theory of archetypes, can lead to an understanding of how they work in the human mind. 5- Conclusions From an ecological point of view, Avesta can be important in changing human attitudes toward the environment for the following reasons: Avesta is a religious text that also has mythological value. Because of its religious nature, it influences the view of Zoroastrian believers, and on the other hand, because of the mythological value of some propositions, it impacts a wider group of people, especially speakers of Indian languages. The function of mythical propositions, including Avestan mythological propositions, is such that it can affect the human subconscious and psyche due to being archetypal while being influenced by the collective subconscious mind.

India's rising power and status within a variety of global institutions is well explained with the help of an inside-out approach, with a focus on India's domestic compulsions and strategies. This special section of four articles in Contemporary South Asia deepens this inside-out analysis, combining it with an outside-in approach to global institutions which explore how the global regime in question shapes and interacts with domestic impulses and dilemmas. The four papers explore India's approach and actions across a divergent set of global institutions such as the IMF, the WHO, and maritime governance in a regional context, showing how the institutional and geopolitical context matters to understanding India's diverse actions and strategies. These articles also explore the evolving process of compliance and implementation within each specific global institutional context. Such a comparative approach allows us to understand how the specific institutional design of the relevant organization or the structure of the global regime affects India. In this introduction to the special section, I outline the advantages of an interactive, comparative approach, exploring India's varying actions across a variety of issue areas and global contexts. Such a variegated and differential analysis across global regimes is valuable for a more complete and differentiated analysis of India's rise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, I explore the literary background of 2 Sam 8:1b–14. The Old Sabaic royal summary inscription RES 3945/3946 exhibits significant structural and compositional parallels to the summary account of David's achievements. I argue that the quantity and quality of such similarities firmly locates the writing practices underlying the literary history of 2 Sam 8:1b–14 within a scribal tradition of narrating royal accomplishments shared in Israel and Ancient South Arabia. Based on this historical approximation, it is possible to revisit the problem of the passage's literary shape and position within the book of Samuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world's languages vary in almost every conceivable way, yet children readily learn their native language. Understanding how children can acquire such a diversity of different languages has been a long-standing goal for psychological science, yet current acquisition research is dominated by studies of children learning one particular language: English. In this article, we argue that progress toward this goal will require systematic comparisons between different languages. We propose three levels of comparison: coarse-grained comparisons contrasting unrelated languages to confirm or refute broad theoretical claims, fine-grained comparisons between closely related languages to investigate the impact of specific factors on acquisition outcomes, and within-language comparisons targeting the impact of socio-communicative differences on learning. This three-pronged comparative approach to language acquisition promises to provide new insights into the mechanisms and processes by which children acquire their native tongue under such varied linguistic and socio-communicative conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The homogenous properties – as flats are – have the set of key features that characterizes them. The area of a flat, the number of rooms and storey number where it is located, the technical state of a building, and the state of the vicinity of the blocks of flats assessed. The database comprises 222 flats with their transaction prices on the secondary estate market. The analysed flats are located in a certain quarter of Wrocław city in Poland. The database is large enough to apply machine learning for successful price predictions. Their close locations significantly lower the influence of clients’ assessments of the attractiveness of the location on the flat’s price. The hybrid approach is applied, where classifying precedes the solution of the regression problem. Dependently on the class of flats, the mean absolute percentage error achieved through the calculations presented in the article varies from 4,4 % to 7,8 %. In the classes of flats where the number of cases doesn’t allow for machine predicting, multivariate linear regression is applied. The reliable use of machine learning tools has proved that the automated valuation of homogenous types of properties can produce price predictions with the error low enough for real applications.

This article seeks to shed light on the figures of violence in the health sector in two specific national contexts: the North, in France, and Bucharest, in Romania. The population at the heart of this research being that of health professionals has led to a questioning of the relationship to the profession in connection with its qualification of violence. This questioning was constructed by mobilising the tools of interactionist sociology – and doing so comprehensively. It was with this same aim in mind that a victimization survey was carried out, allowing us to collect 719 questionnaires from health professionals working in health and medical-social institutions. The first major result is the determining role of the relationship to the profession in understanding the logic at work in qualifying violence in the situations concerned. The results thus produced show that the situations producing victimization crystallize around the user/professional relationships. The second major result is the appearance of real specificities according to the national context, resulting from a markedly differentiated relationship with users and pathologies. In Romania, victimizations are “incidents at the door”, while in France they are at the heart of care, but in both cases they call “relationships of service” into question.

The Philippines is highly vulnerable to weather-related and other natural disasters given its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Its disaster organization, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council or NDRRMC, however, has limited capacity, as demonstrated in its handling of natural disasters in the last 20 years. In this paper, we adopt a comparative approach and compare the NDRRMC with the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and South Korea's Disaster and Safety Management (DSM) in terms of mandate, organizational structure, resources, and technical capacity to identify possible areas requiring reform. We observe that the NDRRMC's working group structure, policy making, coordination, integration, supervision, monitoring and evaluation mandate, lack of strong leadership structure, and limited resources and capacities hinder it from providing a swift and effective response. This warrants a revisiting of policies and benchmarking on other disaster organizations like the U.S. FEMA and South Korea's DSM. Our findings lead us to recommend that the Philippines consider establishing a separate Department of Disaster Resilience equipped with the mandate, authority, leadership structure, resources, and technical capability to effectively prepare and respond to disasters instead of simply expanding the authority of the NDRRMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THIS PAPER EXAMINES AL-SHABAAB AND BOKO HARAM ACTIVITIES IN KENYA AND NIGERIA. IT EXAMINES THE CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN EXPRESSED RHETORIC; CAUSAL FACTORS OF VIOLENT ACTIVITIES AND THE MODES OF OPERATION OF THE TWO MOST DREADED ARMED GROUPS IN AFRICA. RELYING ON PRIMARY, SECONDARY DATA AND CONTENT ANALYSIS OF RELEVANT LITERATURE, THE OPINIONS AND FINDINGS FROM SECURITY DEPARTMENTS, IDPS, AND INFORMATION ON THE DATELINE OF ATTACKS IN NIGERIA AND KENYA HELPS IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF HOW BOKO HARAM AND AL-SHABAAB CARRY OUT THEIR ACTIVITIES. ALSO, THEIR OBJECTIVES AND TARGET, ARMS AND WEAPONS USED AND OTHER OPERATIONAL MODES PROVIDE THE BASE FOR COMPARISON. THE COMPARATIVE METHOD IS ADOPTED TO SHOW THAT AL-SHABAAB AND BOKO HARAM ARE SIMILAR IN THEIR MODES OF OPERATION IN SOME ASPECTS AND ARE DIFFERENT IN OTHERS. THE TWO GROUPS COMBINE ELEMENTS OF LIBERATION MOVEMENTS, INSURGENT MOVEMENT, SEPARATIST AND ISLAMIST MOVEMENTS. THEY ALSO HAVE ELEMENTS OF MILITIA, ARMED GROUPS AND REBEL MOVEMENT. AND, FUNDAMENTALLY, AL-SHABAAB AND BOKO HARAM ADOPTS TERRORISM STRATEGIES AND TACTICS COUPLED WITH CONVENTIONAL MILITARY TYPE OPERATIONS BUT BOKO HARAM HAVE BEEN MORE LETHAL IN ADOPTING MILITARY STRATEGIES AND TACTICS SUCH AS GROUND BATTLE AND DIRECT ASSAULT AGAINST THE STATE MILITARY THAN AL-SHABAAB IN KENYA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sperm maturation during epididymal transit is a long and complex process. Although the roles of epididymal extracellular vesicles (EVs) on sperm quality have been extensively studied in recent years, there are still a lot of unexplored areas and too few species that are studied. The objective of this review is to focus on the contribution of epididymal EVs through the apocrine secretion of key factors, including proteins and small RNAs. Furthermore, the authors explore the alterations in the content of these vesicles related to male fertility and the effects of environmental stressors, and how these factors vary across taxa. Last, potential applications are covered, and the next steps in that field of research are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Baltico-Slavica is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Slavic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to improve the sedimentation estimates and to know the evolution of the siltation of 8 Algerian dams according to a semi-quantitative approach which takes into account the comparison of the bathymetric surveys and the calculations carried out by empirical formulas widely used in Algeria (F. Orth). The initial capacity of the 8 considered reservoirs was 906 Mm3, it was reduced to 675.14 Mm3 in 1986 about 524.5 Mm3 in 2010, It is noticed a decrease of 370.5 Mm3 or 58.6% between the initial capacity and the last bathymetric survey in 2010. The average annual siltation is clearly varied according to the following phases: - a weak alluvial phase had started with the impoundment until 1986 and showed less than 0.50 Mm3 of silt; - an average alluvial phase extends between 1986 and 2004 and presents values varying between 0.50 Mm3 and 0.60 Mm3; - a high alluvial phase spread between 2004 and 2010, it gives considerable volumes which annually exceeds 0.60 Mm3. On the other hand, F. Orth model gives results close and comparable to those obtained by bathymetric surveys for most dams, which qualifies the application of this model in similar conditions in the absence of gauging stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Received: 2020-01-06 | Accepted: 2020-07-29 Being a verse in the realm of the theological confrontation of monotheistic belief in God in contrast to polytheism, the 106th verse of the Sura Yusuf (Joseph) shows a vast caliber in methodological studies of comparative tafsirs. The purport of the verse concerns a combination of belief in God in contrast to polytheism in the case of a great majority of people to whom reference is made in the same verse. Based on the theological view that defines belief in monotheism as a simple truth or as interconnected with other pillars of the faith such that with a slight disruption in any of the pillars, the original version of the faith will turn invalid, hence no association between faith and polytheism would seem feasible. In contrast, another version (that views faith and polytheism being of relative values and levels, hence subject to relative meanings) regards it as a sound reason for its proof. The content of the very verse shows that it has a multitude of significance capacities for theologians' discussions such that through distinguishing apparently revelatory vs. esoteric-interpretative meanings, a wide range of probable meanings emerges with regard to the very verse. The present paper has a comparative, descriptive-analytical approach to reporting the theological views of the Quran interpreters, in addition to a Quranic hadith-based literary outlook, hence their theological challenges. © As'adi, M. (2021) A Comparative Methodological Study of the Tafsir of the 106th Verse of the Sura Yusuf. Biannual Journal of Comparative Exegetical Researches, 6 (12) 283-308. Doi: 10.22091/PTT.2020.5626.1768

Our experience of working with students of a transport (technical) university shows that many of them have serious problems in learning foreign languages. Students will not be able to realize their potential in future professional activities, involving foreign-language partners, since poor knowledge of a foreign language prevents them from establishing business contacts. The object of our research was linguistic competence as the basis for developing a communicative competence. Having analysed the existing linguistic and methodological literature, the educational process including learning English and French as a FL2 and the reasons for the students’ poor knowledge of foreign languages, we came to the conclusion that the problem does not lie solely with the small number of school hours or poor knowledge obtained at school. The lack of linguistic competence results from the insufficient knowledge acquired from native language studies, it is one of the main reasons for the poor proficiency of students in foreign languages. Students are not familiar with linguistic terminology in their native language, and this fact greatly complicates explanation of the grammar of the studied foreign language. The purpose of this paper is to focus the attention of university teachers on the need to work with students to master Russian and foreign language terminology in the framework of a comparative approach, which is one of the main methods of teaching a foreign language, as it expands the general language awareness and develops the “linguistic flair”of students.

For the last decade there has been a lively debate on urban arrival spaces. Saunders’ (2011) widely received book Arrival Cities can be seen as catalyst of this debate. Taking a hitherto largely unexplored comparative approach, based on two empirical research studies on migrant workers and highly-skilled migrants in Singapore, this study debates the notion of arrival cities and spaces and argues for a differentiated perspective on the complex and interdependent processes of spatially and socially arriving. By comparing how the politics of mobilities, migration management and differential inclusion influence the migration trajectories of workers and professionals we argue that the concept of transient spaces might be a more fruitful approach for understanding the differentiated processes of arriving and (not) becoming socio-spatially embedded. In order to educe the relevance of a processual perspective, and for a systematic comparison, we apply four analytical dimensions that shed light on the process of migrating, arriving, and passing through. These four dimensions comprise (1) arriving, (2) settling, (3) mingling locally and translocally, and (4) planning ahead for future mobilities. We argue that the scholarship on politics of mobilities needs to take note of the combined effects of states’ and companies’ neoliberal politics of mobility throughout the migration process, and of the increasing relevance of socio-technological orderings, which imprint migrants’ socio-spatial embedding.

Extreme body size reductions bring about unorthodox anatomical arrangements and novel ways in which animals interact with the environment. Drawing from studies of vertebrates and invertebrates, we provide a theoretical framework for miniaturization to inform hypotheses using lizards as a study system. Through this approach, we demonstrate the repeated evolution of miniaturization across 11 families and a tendency for miniaturized species to occupy terrestrial microhabitats, possibly driven by physiological constraints. Differences in gross brain morphology between two gecko species demonstrate a proportionally larger telencephalon and smaller olfactory bulbs in the miniaturized species, though more data are needed to generalize this trend. Our study brings into light the potential contributions of miniaturized lizards to explain patterns of body size evolution and its impact on ecology and neuroanatomy. In addition, our findings reveal the need to study the natural history of miniaturized species, particularly in relation to their sensory and physiological ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Head appendages in Annelida contribute significantly to the immense morphological diversity in this spiralian taxon. Nevertheless, the evolutionary origin of annelid antennae, palps, cirri and tentacles are part of vast theories and debates that took place over decades. One of these heavily discussed groups are the Terebelliformia, which bear numerous anterior tentacles originating from different regions of the head. The question, whether these tentacles are homologous to feeding palps in other annelids or if these structures evolved convergently in terebellids and the remaining taxa, has been highly debated in the past. Results: By using morphological methods including immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, Azan-stained serial sections and 3D-visualisation, we are able to shed new light and a fresh look on the old question of the evolutionary origin of the buccal tentacles and their associated head structures in Terebelliformia. Our investigations show that the brains of the ampharetid Hypania invalida and the aulophora larvae of Lanice conchilega (Terebellidae) consist of a dorsal, more prominent and a more slender, ventral brain region. Neurite bundles innervating the buccal tentacles split off from the ventral and dorsal root within the ventral brain region and thus originate from the dorsal and ventral root of the circumoesophageal connectives. Hence, the observed neurite bundles fulfil the morphological criteria for the innervating neurite bundles of feeding palps known from Paleoannelida. Conclusions: We disagree with former conclusions that buccal tentacles are part of the alimentary canal. Based on the presented data, the buccal tentacles of terebelliform taxa are innervated by neurite bundles and can be homologized with peristomial feeding palps of other Annelida. Our comparative investigations reveal important insights into morphological changes during the evolution of anterior head appendages in Terebelliformia and Annelida in general. Nevertheless, our analyses also illustrate the gaps in knowledge and that more investigations throughout the annelid tree are necessary to explain and understand the huge diversity of annelid anterior appendages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flood hydrodynamic study is an important technique to assess the flood hazards in a flood-prone area. Flood inundation, flood arrival time, flood velocity, and water surface elevation are important parameters to quantify the performance of the hydrodynamic model for flood assessment; however, the sensitivity of these parameters is purely dependent on flood boundary condition, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) resolution, roughness coefficient, and 2D cell size. Therefore, to identify the efficacy of boundary conditions on flood hydrodynamic studies, a present case is performed on the Purna River, Gujarat, India. The Purna River (urban coastal) flood is considered for modeling. The downstream boundary condition is replaced with tidal waves and identify the efficacy in flood parameters in the 2D hydrodynamic condition. The HEC-RAS model is simulated with and without tidal boundary conditions. The model is validated with observed flood heights. The calibration and validation have been performed to check the adequacy and consistency of the model. The model without tide effect unveiled a high R2 value (0.9707) and low RMSE and STD values (0.7045, 0.7251) respectively, demonstrating that the model without tide effect is more efficacious and performs better. The results are elaborated with the significance of tide a flood plain. The critical flood inundation assessment with tidal boundary is an important case study to understand the role of the tidal waves on 2D floods for coastal urban areas. This study could be useful for the decision maker to prepare an efficient flood assessment and resiliency plan for coastal urban flooding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, the states of the Visegrád-group share a lot of commonalities. However, one can observe very different developments regarding religion and the establishment of RE especially between Czech Republic on the one hand and Poland and Slovakia on the other. These differences might be explained by the fact that in the collective memory of the Czech Republic Christian stories are very strongly connected with oppression by the Roman Catholic Church. In contrast, the collective memory of Poland and Slovakia is much more strongly linked to positive identity-building stories of Christianity in their own history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phylogenetic signal quantifies the degree to which resemblance in continuously-valued traits reflects phylogenetic relatedness. Measures of phylogenetic signal are widely used in ecological and evolutionary research, and are recently gaining traction in viral evolutionary studies. Standard estimators of phylogenetic signal frequently condition on data summary statistics of the repeated trait observations and fixed phylogenetics trees, resulting in information loss and potential bias. To incorporate the observation process and phylogenetic uncertainty in a model-based approach, we develop a novel Bayesian inference method to simultaneously estimate the evolutionary history and phylogenetic signal from molecular sequence data and repeated multivariate traits. Our approach builds upon a phylogenetic diffusion framework that model continuous trait evolution as a Brownian motion process and incorporates Pagel's λ transformation parameter to estimate dependence among traits. We provide a computationally efficient inference implementation in the BEAST software package. We evaluate the synthetic performance of the Bayesian estimator of phylogenetic signal against standard estimators, and demonstrate the use of our coherent framework to address several virus-host evolutionary questions, including virulence heritability for HIV, antigenic evolution in influenza and HIV, and Drosophila sensitivity to sigma virus infection. Finally, we discuss model extensions that will make useful contributions to our flexible framework for simultaneously studying sequence and trait evolution.

The current deployment of e-bikes in large cities all over the world raises new road safety problems. The shared features of e-bikes and other types of two-wheelers, notably in terms of size and maneuverability, can lead to common road safety issues and similar accident mechanisms. This paper outlines the value of a comparative approach that includes all kinds of two-wheelers, motorized or not: bicycles, e-bikes of both the bicycle type and the scooter type, LPG and gasoline scooters, and motorcycles. For this purpose, a new self-reported risky behavior inventory was developed and its validity tested among 400 two-wheeler users in Shanghai. China, where the spread of e-bikes and other two-wheelers took place several years ago, is a useful country to study to shed light on issues that are emerging in Europe. Results indicate highly satisfactory psychometric properties of the inventory with a single-factor 12-item structure (52.81% of variance explained, α =.93) and very satisfactory fit indexes. In terms of construct validity, the eta (η) correlation ratio indicates its significant relation with self-reported previous accidents and with several criterion related experience variables. Furthermore, a high correlation was noted between the inventory scores and the maximum speed of the participants' vehicles. Ultimately, the inventory will enable future research to characterize and explain risky riding behaviors by riders of e-bikes compared to riders of other two-wheelers in China and, with some slight adaptations, these results can be applied to the European context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the concept of the cross-border method that was developed in the framework of the Erasmus+ programme project. The aim of this method is to provide students on PhD/Mg programmes with theoretical knowledge and practical competencies on how to properly develop and conduct research on social and health issues of the elderly in care institutions and in the family environment by using the cross-border method through collaboration and the transfer of innovation. This method was constructed as an attempt to understand the challenges of an ageing society in the modern world, and to be able to assess them in research thereof from both intercultural and comparative perspectives. In order to adopt innovations and to transfer experience in the context of addressing the problems of an ageing society, there is a potential to contribute to the stability of social protection and the accessibility of social services for the elderly. The article presents the concept of the method as one of the results of the project, and as a part of the long-term scientific contributions to revealing the importance of international cooperation and innovation in meeting the challenges of an ageing society. A properly chosen method and well-conducted studies show the essence of the phenomenon of an ageing society and its patterns. The methods determine the quality and reliability of the knowledge of the research subject, and open up opportunities for developing political, learning and care strategies for the social protection of an ageing society in the context of demographic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The comparative approach has been advocated to overcome some flaws inherent to case studies. Here, the spread of homeopathy in the early nineteenth century is addressed through a comparison of the cases of Sweden and Brazil, where homeopathy met diametrically opposed fates. The parameters used for the comparison are the standard for studies on the early spread of homeopathy, such as the concept of the “introducer,” and reception by the medical and academic community, the government, and society at large. The results suggest that analysis of contexts, determinants, and the interactions of practitioners and institutions representing different health care approaches, whether dominant or alternative, seems to provide a more accurate picture of different moments in the global history of medicine.

Introduction. Continuing professional education (CPE) is a strategic resource of cardinal transformations, which are currently taking place in education. The essence of such transformations generally consists in necessary rejection of a subject-information learning model and transition to designing the model of vocational self-development and self-determination.The aim of this research was to reveal the essence of teachers’ professional development as the process of positional self-determination and formation of managerial position. The hypothesis of the study consists in the assumption that the technology of self-determined learning is the institutional form of mastering and implementing the practice of CPE for teachers as a practice of human potential development in the professional and anthropological self-determination of an adult learner.Methodology and research methods. The methodological basis of the study was the comparative educational strategy of CPE, which is embodied in the model of self-determined adult education, focused on the formation of the human ability to manage their own development in an unstable world through the development of new types of cultural thinking and behaviour. The methods of research of teachers’ management position included the system of the following initiatives: interviews, results of group reflections, content-analysis, methods of included observation using video recording of training sessions and educational products.Results and scientific novelty. The complex of diagnostic technologies allowed the authors to establish management positions of teachers (implementer, leader or strategist) and their ability to design the paths of own development and to organise the system of managerial challenges. As the most adequate technological scheme of self-determined learning, the authors tested the mechanism of projectresource management, which regulates the learner’s movement in the educational space from actions carried out in a particular situation in accordance with the circumstances to an activity determined by a local goal, then to the reflection of own activity elevating to the status of a new norm, and, finally, to the reflection of changes in their own position. It was established that the developmental trajectory of human potential in professiogenesis starts from mastering the subject and means of activity (implementer) and passes through building up funds in transforming a special subject of activity (leader) towards designing new standards of means and subject of activity (strategist).The authors introduce the concept of “anthropological self-determination of an adult in the educational process” as the process and the result of formation of own managerial position and development of a new identity in changing life circumstances.Practical significance of the present research is determined by the possibility of designing educational programmes, which ensure co-organisation of adult students in a single event-activity space based on the mechanisms of project-resource management through the system of managerial challenges.

In this article, we discuss the archaeological phase of our research into retranslating in the Finnish literary system. We address the issue from the point of view of the past and future development on retranslation research, focusing on methodology. We argue that for our understanding of the phenomenon to advance, the traditional case study orientation of retranslation research needs to be complemented with other, macro level approaches. We discuss what kinds of research questions our archaeological data allowed us to generate, how collecting bibliographical information of a larger set of translations allowed us to place individual case studies within the bigger picture, and how it allowed us to compare our findings to similar, macro level research done by other scholars. The next step for retranslation research will, we believe, consist of studies asking new questions on the basis of such macro level empirical evidence (tested on new, targeted data sets or case studies) and comparisons between these studies completed in different cultural, historical and literary contexts.

This paper would like to underline the current methodological crisis into anthropology, and specially into judicial anthropology. But this crisis opens in the same time new sights on representations of justice through local and individual analysis. For that reason, it is divided in two parts : the first one deals with the calling into question of great macro-explanations of society (marxist as well as structuralist) and its consequences into the judicial methodology. The second part underlines the rise of micro historian and a culturalist approach of society. It aims to show the wealth of micro-history of trials and of customs for a new approach of legal history.

Humans are outstanding in their ability to achieve mutual cooperation for direct benefits. One often-quoted factor driving our unique cooperation skills is our ability to delay gratification for future benefits, which is supposedly linked to our advanced cognitive abilities relative to other species. The established experimental paradigm used to test delayed gratification in primates and birds is to give subjects access to a small food reward, which can be exchanged for a larger (quantitative task) or better quality (qualitative task) food reward after a time delay. Here we used this paradigm to test primarily the cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus for its ability to delay gratification. The specific ecology of cleaners makes them ideal candidates for this task: cleaners remove ectoparasites from visiting 'client' reef fish although they prefer to eat client mucus. This eating against preference is equivalent to delayed gratification as clients that have their ectoparasites removed (as opposed to their mucus) will both stay longer with a specific cleaner and return to it for later inspection. Cleaners performed very well in the quantitative task, i.e. similarly to monkeys. In contrast, they performed poorly if the delayed reward was of higher quality. Using the quantitative task to test other wrasse species, we found that another cleaner species and noncleaner wrasse also performed well, the latter despite no evidence that they need such ability to cooperate in nature. However, only the two cleaner species showed evidence for making decisions early on about whether to wait or to directly eat the immediate reward. We conclude that the ability to delay gratification does not warrant advanced cognitive abilities that require endotherm-specific brain morphology, although the underlying mechanisms vary between species. • Ability to delay gratification supposedly indicates advanced cognitive capacities. • Wrasse performed similarly to monkeys in a quantitative delayed reward task. • Cleaner fish showed evidence for anticipation as few primates do. • Ectotherms may have a different perception of time compared to endotherms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of bilig: Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkish World is the property of bilig: Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkish World and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Assessment of intellectual property is an important process of commercialization of scientific and technical developments of enterprises of all forms of ownership. This is carried out to determine the value of intellectual property objects (IPO) in connection with the transfer of ownership (purchase, sale) to the corresponding object, the conclusion of a license agreement for the IPO use, accounting for IPO in accounting, contributed to the authorized capital, etc. Under such conditions, the problem of IPO underestimating significantly reduces the efficiency and effectiveness of enterprises. At the same time, the uniqueness of many types of intellectual assets and the impossibility of their visual assessment determine the expediency of systematizing methodological approaches to assessing the value of intellectual property assets to ensure an objective assessment of the value of intellectual property. This will help increase the profitability and business value of the enterprise. The aim of research is to develop theoretical and methodological provisions and substantiate practical recommendations for improving information and methodological support for assessing the value of intangible assets, taking into account the requirements of regulatory documents and the availability of the necessary information. Based on the results of the study, methodological approaches to determining the value of intangible assets are systematized. According to the financial statements, the value of intangible assets of the leading enterprises of Ukraine and their share in the total value of assets were analyzed. The features of the assessment of intangible assets in accordance with accounting standards have been determined, a methodological approach to the assessment of the value of intellectual property has been developed, it allows to reasonably choose a method for assessing IPO based on the analysis of available information. It is proved that the lack of objective information on the value of IPO significantly reduces the value of assets of Ukrainian enterprises in comparison with the leading companies in the world, reduces their investment attractiveness and does not contribute to economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative research has been rare in social movement studies and scholars who embark on this path are confronted with several analytical and methodological challenges. This paper offers an avenue for developing comparative analytics using 'local spaces of protest' as path for comparison. We first situate this concept vis-à-vis other models available (field, space, arena, networks). We then define the three dimensions of 'spaces of protest': specific aim prompting collective action; particular distribution of political actions along different poles (electoral, protest, concerted and participation) and specific scales of protest (local, societal or/and global/glocal). By invoking critical geography to enhance the definition of place and scales of actions, we propose a systematic set-up for comparison. The last part of the paper shows how this notion allows for the comparison of local social forums (gatherings of activists fighting against neoliberal globalization) in two societies, France and Québec. The data presented have been gathered during extensive fieldwork and semi-structured interviews conducted between 2010 and 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is unsafe food? Because absolute safety does not exit, to deliver a relevant answer lasting over time, the robustness and reliability of safety assessment approaches should be continuously checked against scientific and cultural development. This is not possible. However, it is a societal right to expect that food safety decisions match the state of scientific knowledge at any given time. This work provides insights into current unresolved challenges in the field of food safety forced by the continuous emergence of novel food products, which challenges the current safety assessment system anchored to approaches and principles developed few decades ago, and imposes new ways of thinking. We propose a logic framework to explicitly recognize time as the factor that 1) is shaping the interaction between scientific evidence and risk perception, and 2) ensures synchronicity between food safety standards development and the speed of innovation. The ethical responsibility of the food safety community towards society is to do the absolute possible best, carefully declare the associated limits and constantly verify the assumptions involved. This is the only path to correctly answer the question today, and hereafter. • The robustness of safety assessment approaches should be continuously checked against scientific and cultural development. • It is a societal right to expect that food safety decisions match the highest scientific knowledge at any given time. • Current challenges in food safety imposed by the continuous emergence of novel food products requires new ways of thinking. • We propose a framework to recognize time as the factor shaping interaction between scientific evidence and risk perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1- Introduction Transition to environmental crises is impossible without changing human attitudes and lifestyles. Accordingly, ecologists have tried to tap into the different sciences to investigate their potential to improve the environment. Theology and religious texts are capable of making such a change. Avesta's text can be examined from this perspective because of its religious and mythical value and the frequency of issues related to ecology. The present study, with an ecological and comparative approach, seeks to examine how Avesta's statements influence individuals’ lifestyles and attitudes. 2- Theoretical Framework The most serious challenge for human beings today is to find a way to protect the environment, which has been severely damaged by human development. Accordingly, finding the potential of religious texts based on an ecological approach to influence human attitudes and lifestyles is the most important task that should be on the agenda of religious scholars. Among them, the Avesta text, on the one hand, due to its late age, has had an impact on later works, especially the works of Indo-European languages that have been written after it in an intertextual manner. The influential aspect of Avesta can be used to change people's lifestyles and improve the environment. 3- Methodology This research is based on the method of collecting library information. The method of data analysis is qualitative and inductive reasoning (from the whole the detail). 4- Discussion Avesta, in addition to its religious value, has a mythical value; therefore, it can be examined with mythological perspectives. One view that can help to understand the place of these propositions in the human mind is Gilbert Durand's view of myths, the application of which, along with Carl Gustav Jung's theory of archetypes, can lead to an understanding of how they work in the human mind. 5- Conclusions From an ecological point of view, Avesta can be important in changing human attitudes toward the environment for the following reasons: Avesta is a religious text that also has mythological value. Because of its religious nature, it influences the view of Zoroastrian believers, and on the other hand, because of the mythological value of some propositions, it impacts a wider group of people, especially speakers of Indian languages. The function of mythical propositions, including Avestan mythological propositions, is such that it can affect the human subconscious and psyche due to being archetypal while being influenced by the collective subconscious mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Film Studies is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)