Search

Purpose This study aims to examine the colour changes affecting inkjet prints after the recycling of papers. Design/methodology/approach For recycling, papers prepared with the INGEDE 11p standard are recycled four times. Pulping, storage, flotation, beating and bleaching processes are applied for each recycling, respectively. Inkjet prints are made on the obtained test papers, and colour measurements are made using an X-Rite eXact spectrophotometer according to the ISO 13655:2017 standard. These processes are applied again to the papers which are recycled four times, and the results are analyzed. In addition, the values of ΔE00 ′, ΔL′, ΔH ′ and ΔC′ are calculated according to ISO 11664-6:2014 standard by making some calculations according to obtained the L′a′b′ values. Findings It is determined that the ΔE00 value increases after each recycling in cyan magenta and yellow colour, whereas it decreases in black. The highest ΔE00 value is calculated after the fourth recycling stage is yellow with a value of 8.33. The lowest ΔE00 value detected is black with a value of 0.76 after the fourth recycling stage. This paper observes that the colour with the most variation in hue angle among recycling repetitions is black and the colour with the highest hue angle value is yellow. It is seen that repeating recycling causes increase in the chromatic values of the prints. Originality/value After the fourth recycling stage, colour changes have reached an important point and can cause important printing problems. In this case, the customer’s approval must be obtained to continue printing. This case is valid for ΔE00 values. Colour differences for print contrast, trapping and print chroma values are either not very important or are positive for quality.

The creation of a system of instrumental quantitative assessment of the hair colour of mink skins is a topical and timely task, due to the fact that the methods of visual assessment of the colour of skins during sorting do not meet the current level of scientific and technological progress. The authors used statistical analysis methods to show the possibility of colour separation of mink skins using the colour parameters of the CIE L*a*b*colourimetric system. It is found that the greatest contribution to the overall discrimination, and hence to the colour difference, is made by L*, lightness; the variable b* is second in this process, and the variable a* is characterised by the smallest contribution. The developed classification matrix allows us to summarise the information about the number and percentage of correctly classified cases for each colour type and assess the degree of compliance of the classification results obtained by formal discrimination with the actual distribution of skins. A statistical model of the system of instrumental sorting of mink skins by colour-difference parameters is proposed, which allows evaluating the correctness of assigning mink skins selected by visual expert method to certain colour types.

The colour of processed mealworms is an important attribute that affects their utilization in food industry. Totally 15 colour and related spectral variables of powders prepared from differently processed (oven drying, freeze-drying, microwave drying, blanching, and their combinations) mealworms larvae (Tenebrio molitor) were evaluated by UV/Vis spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. The results obtained confirmed deterioration of mealworms colour after processing. In general, processing led to a decrease of lightness (L*), hue angle (h°), whiteness-blue-reflectance, whiteness index (WI) and tinting index coinciding with an increase in the yellowness index (YI), redness (a*), browning index (BI) and total colour difference (ΔE) compared to untreated larvae. Oven drying at higher temperature caused the pronounced darkening described by the highest BI and ΔE values (ΔE = 28.54 ± 0.37, BI = 53.78 ± 0.31). On the other hand, freeze-drying was the most suitable colour protection method. Based on lower BI and ΔE values, the combination of 3 min blanching with microwave and oven drying can be recommended as a proper alternative to freeze-drying. Most of the colour descriptors of processed larvae differed significantly from each other (p

The research conducted has shown that the colour of wood tends to darken due to changes in the chemical components of wood, such as the degradation of amorphous carbohydrates during heat treatment at high temperatures. The application of heat treatment significantly changed such values of colour parameters as L*, a*, b* in samples of thermally modified wood. Coating surface of the samples by oil-wax and azure also affected the darkening of their colour. We can estimate that heat-treated samples, the structure of which has changed compared to ordinary wood, show different interactions with the coated materials. The influence of the protective substance on the value of ΔL* depending on the treated surface is revealed. It is determined that the parameter L* after 16 months of exposure to direct rays of non-thermally modified samples decreases by 8 in end samples and 11 in radial samples. On the surface covered with oil-wax, the difference is 2 times smaller. The research has revealed that covering with azure provides the best level of surface protection. In thermally modified wood without additional coating on both surfaces, L* continued to decrease – by 7 and 6 respectively. The surfaces without protective coating are proved to fade most intensely. The value of a* on the surface without additional coating hanged for untreated and thermally modified wood by schedule 1 is established to increase by 5 for both types of surfaces. The maximum change of the parameter a* in the group of samples with wax coating on the formation surface untreated and thermally modified by schedule 1 was revealed. The end surface protection by coating with oil-wax appeared slightly worse. Moreover, the maximum changes in b* occurred on both untreated and modified at 160 °C surfaces for all groups of samples. The results of the change of b* for the heat-treated at 190 and 220 °С samples are insignificant, the dependence has not been established. Total colour difference ΔЕ* is found to decrease for all thermally modified wood surfaces, except untreated and modified by schedule 1, which indicates fading of the surface. Samples without additional surface treatment were the brightest at the end of the experiment. The end surface samples of thermo-modified by schedules 6, 8 and 9 were more stable compared to the radial. The smallest difference ΔE* was found in samples modified at temperature of 190 °C for 20 h and at 220 °C – 10 and 20 h. with waxed and azure coating.

Background subtraction schematic is widely used for motion detection. For effective automation of this process, a robust algorithm with high accuracy is needed. One of the major challenges of such algorithms is the identification of objects from an environment with composite elements that may be a dynamic background, frames with a camouflaged background and foreground pixels, and consecutive frames with varying illumination. The existing system uses a multi-color space histogram superposition principle having the biggest challenge of choosing appropriate color components in suitable proportion. Overcoming this challenge, a novel approach, MODITBS, processed in a differential domain, is proposed. A fuzzified color difference histogram-based background modeling is done to significantly deal with complex background scenes followed by principal component analysis-based feature extraction. The foreground objects detected are enhanced using a Kalman filter. The results show that MODITBS attains an accuracy of 95.16% in comparison to the existing system having an accuracy of 91.25%.

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of Enhanced freshness formulation (EFF) at three different concentrations @1, 2, 3 per cent, water dipping and absolute control on extension of shelf life and quality of Tomato var.PKM1. The experimental materials were stored under ambient condition (28 °C ± 2 °C, RH 60 ± 10%) and cold storage condition (13 °C ± 2 °C, RH 90 ± 5%).Observations on physical, (Firmness), Physiological loss in weight (PLW) biochemical parameters and color value of the vegetables were studied. The fruits treated with EFF at one and two per cent (T2 and T3) recorded minimum PLW with maximum fruit firmness and shelf life of the fruit was six and nine days under ambient and cold storage, low TSS and high percentage of acidity with less total colour difference from standard value stored under ambient (28±20 c) and cold storage @13±20 c condition.

Piezoresponsive fluorescent materials are highly promising for applications in deformation, flaw detection and haptic sensing. Some donor–acceptor luminophores exhibit a marked redshift and high sensitivity under high pressure. However, the relationship between the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) ability and piezochromic properties is still not clear. Herein, two novel piezochromic materials, TPPA and DPMO, have been developed. The two luminophores exhibit deep-red fluorescence with high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) as a result of the formation of a hybridized local and charge-transfer (HLCT) excited state. The fluorescent spectrum of methoxy-substituted DPMO shows a clear redshift relative to that of TPPA because the former shows stronger ICT behaviour. Under high pressure, the colour difference (spectral shift) of DPMO is clearly smaller than that of TPPA. Moreover, DPMO exhibits a much higher sensitivity (37.5 nm GPa−1) than TPPA (9 nm GPa−1). Molecular planarization is responsible for the piezochromic properties. Importantly, it is found that strong ICT behaviour can greatly improve the piezochromic sensitivity; however, it does not enhance colour differences. This research will help to design high-performance pressure-response materials in the future.

Optimization of the pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration (PVOD) process of carrot slices in a ternary solution was carried out using the response surface methodology. During PVOD, the vacuum pulse was applied at the beginning of the process for 10 min at a reduced pressure of 500 mm of Hg throughout all the experiments. After that, the osmotic dehydration process was continued at atmospheric pressure according to the central composite rotatable design (CCRD). The effects of temperature (35-55oC), sugar concentration (40-50oBrix), salt concentration (5-15%) and osmosis time restored at atmospheric pressure (10-240 min) on the responses viz. water loss (WL), solute gain (SG) and colour difference (∆E) of the dehydrated samples were assessed and statistically optimized through the desirability function approach. The models obtained for water loss, solute gain and colour difference were found suitable to describe the experimental data. It was found that the time restored at atmospheric pressure has the most significant effect on the responses at the 95% confidence level. The optimum condition was found at a temperature of 50oC, sugar concentration of 45.47oBrix, salt concentration of 7.50%, and restoration time of 67.50 min. At these optimum conditions, the water loss, solute gain and colour difference were 42.61%, 10.42% and 4.38, respectively. The predicted optimum values for independent linear variables were validated by performing triplicate experiments and the simulated data were come across similar with the experimental ones.

The aim of the research was to investigate a potential application of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) for reduction/elimination of Brettanomyces bruxellensis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in wines. Dry red wine was inoculated with B. bruxellensis and sweet white wine was inoculated with S. cerevisiae yeast. Both wines were treated by HHP under 100 and 200 MPa for 1, 3, 5, 15 and 25 min. The culturability was determined immediately after the treatment and again after 30, 60 and 90 days of storage. The phenolic content and chromatic characteristics were evaluated spectrophotometrically immediately after the treatment and after 90 days of storage. The culturability of B. bruxellensis was not confirmed immediately after the most invasive treatment (200 MPa for 15 and 25 min). With the same parameters, only a decrease in the culturability of S. cerevisiae was observed. During storage, opposing results were observed for two yeasts treated with 200 MPa for 15 and 25 min: there was a complete reduction of S. cerevisiae in the wine treated, but the culturability of B. bruxellensis completely recovered in all wines, implying that B. bruxellensis yeast entered a viable but not culturable (VBNC) state after HHP exposure. Regarding the chemical analyses, applied process parameters induced a slight decrease of anthocyanins in red wine, while changes of total phenolics and total colour difference value were negligible. In conclusion, HHP could potentially be successful for microbial stabilisation of sweet wines and consequently assure a lower use of sulphur dioxide, while inactivation of B. bruxellensis could only be successful in the early stages of wine contamination.

Background: Colour stability of esthetic restorative materials is a crucial factor for restorations success. The aim of this study to determine the colour stability of two newly introduced composite resins after artificial aging in coffee and black tea. Materials and Methods: Disk-shaped specimens from each resin composite (Ceram X one, Dentsply, Germany and G-aenial, GC Corporation, Japan) were prepared and immersed in coffee, tea or distilled water for 24hours and one month. Colour measurements were made at baseline, 24hours and one-month intervals using a reflectance spectrophotometer (UV-VIS 2401PC, SHIMADZU, Japan) and the CIEDE2000 system. Statistical Analysis: Mean values and standard deviation were figured out for each specimen and data were statistically analysed with the use of IBM® SPSS® Statistics for Windows, Version 25. Results: For both time periods of immersion in coffee, there were no statistically significant differences between mean ΔΕ values of the tested materials (P>0.05). One month after immersion in tea, ΔΕ values of Ceram X one and G-aenial presented statistically significant difference (P

Background Fingerprints are useful evidence for establishing identities. Development and detection of fingerprints are of immense help in criminal investigation. However, forged fingerprints identical to the real ones are emerging as a worldwide problem. Existing methods for development of fingerprints (powder method/iodine fuming method/ninhydrin test/AgNO3) fail to distinguish between real and forged fingerprints when forged fingerprints are fortified with salts and amino acids. The present study was conducted with the objective to test applicability of C stain for real and forged fingerprint differentiation. Methodology C stain was applied on real and forged fingerprints in combination with conventional methods and was evaluated on the basis of development and differentiation of real and forged fingerprints. Results The proposed technique is successful in differentiating between real and forged fingerprints. Colour difference between real and forged fingerprints was observed by taking a combination of C stain with ninhydrin, black powder and iodine fuming, one at a time. Conclusion C stain method is an effective technique for distinguishing forged fingerprints from the real ones. It works as a distinction tool even when used in combination with existing development methods.

This work is concerned with the prediction of visual colour difference between pairs of palettes. In this study, the palettes contained five colours arranged in a horizontal row. A total of 95 pairs of palettes were rated for visual difference by 20 participants. The colour difference between the palettes was predicted using two algorithms, each based on one of six colour‐difference formulae. The best performance (r2 = 0.86 and STRESS = 16.9) was obtained using the minimum colour‐difference algorithm (MICDM) using the CIEDE2000 equation with a lightness weighing of 2. There was some evidence that the order (or arrangement) of the colours in the palettes was a factor affecting the visual colour differences although the MICDM algorithm does not take order into account. Application of this algorithm is intended for digital design workflows where colour palettes are generated automatically using machine learning and for comparing palettes obtained from psychophysical studies to explore, for example, the effect of culture, age, or gender on colour associations.

Introduction: The colour of moraines is a good stratigraphic marker, therefore its diagnostic requires a description based on a quantitative approach. However, in the practice of the lithostratigraphic correlation of moraines, only the subjective colour is used. This increases the probability of erroneous dating of the Quaternary beds. Therefore, the development and use of a new colorimetric methodology is highly demanded in the practice of lithostratigraphic studies. Methodology: The methodology for determining the objective colour of a moraine and chromostratigraphic correlation of sedimentary strata was developed using relative colorimetric analysis. Based on the example of the upper moraines of the Yaroslavl Volga region of the conditionally Dnieper and Moscow ages, based on 16 sections, the scale and boundaries of the variability of their colour parameters and the correlation potential of objective colour were shown. Results and discussion: The brightness, saturation, and nature of the relationship of colour parameters had the highest diagnostic value for determining the stratigraphic type of moraine. The study of samples from reference sections with two moraine horizons (Dolgopolka and Rykusha) showed the same scale of differences between the Moscow and Dnieper moraines in terms of objective colour parameters. Conditionally, the Moscow moraine differs from the conditionally Dnieper in the Yaroslavl Volga region by a large shift of the colour tone into the red region and increased brightness, while the saturation was not statistically different or geographically irregularly changed. The colour distribution of sediments from sections with one moraine horizon was discrete, the average colour distance between two moraines coincided with the colour difference between two moraines in the reference sections. Conclusions: The accuracy of diagnostics of the relative age of moraines by objective colour and, accordingly, the chromostratigraphic correlation of moraines from sections with the only preserved moraine horizon, according to the available material, was about 90%. This allowed us to consider the method for the determination of objective colour as being promising for solving the problem of matching moraine horizons within the local region.

Nutritionally enriched pineapple rasgulla can be produced through different methods and visual appearance being the most vital concern for the consumer acceptance. Therefore, total colour difference of the processed products should be optimized for better marketability. The central composite design (CCD) was adopted to design the experimental runs, response surface methodology was implemented to study the predictive models for hot air dried (HA), microwave dried (MW), microwave convective dried (MWC) and freeze dried (FD) pineapple fortified rasgulla along with fresh pineapple pulp (PR) fortified rasgulla. Artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed for all of the above mentioned rasgulla samples and optimization was attained by coupling the ANN model with particle swarm optimization (PSO) methodology. The non-linear rasgulla processing was modeled by using the input parameters like oven temperature (for HA), microwave power level (for MW), drying temperature (for MWC), pineapple percentage, cooking time (for HA, MW, MWC, FD and PR) and output as total colour difference. The optimum results obtained at oven temperature of 58.51 ​°C, 30.27% of pineapple and cooking time of 14.32 ​min (HA); microwave power level of 100 ​W, 35% of pineapple and cooking time of 13.51 ​min (MW); drying temperature of 100 ​°C, 35% of pineapple and cooking time of 15 ​min (MWC); 35% of pineapple for both FD and PR, while the cooking time of 12.57 and 15 ​min for FD and PR respectively.

Alder wood (Alnus glutinosa L.) was steamed with a saturated steam-air mixture at a temperature of t = 95 °C, or saturated steam at t = 115 °C and t = 135 °C to obtain a pale brown colour, a light red-brown colour and a dark brown-grey colour. Subsequently, samples of unsteamed and steamed alder wood were irradiated with a UV lamp in a Xenotest Q-SUN Xe-3-HS after drying in order to test the colour stability of steamed alder wood. The colour change of the wood surface was evaluated by means of measured values on the coordinates of the colour space CIE L*a*b*. The results show that the surface of unsteamed alder wood as well as steamed alder wood with a steam-air mixture at t = 95 °C and saturated steam at t = 115 °C darkened and browned due to photochemical reactions caused by UV radiation. The opposite tendency was recorded at the surface of alder wood steamed with saturated steam with a temperature of t = 135 °C, where the deep dark-brown-grey colour lightened to a brown-reddish colour shade under the influence of UV radiation. The analysis of the changes in the coordinates of the colour space CIE L*a*b* shows that the greater the darkening and browning of the alder wood by steaming, the smaller the changes in the values of ΔL*, Δa*, Δb* of the steamed alder wood caused by UV radiation. The positive effect of steaming on UV resistance is evidenced by the decrease in the overall colour difference ΔE*. While the value of the total colour difference of unsteamed alder wood caused by UV radiation is ΔE* = 10.9, it decreased to ΔE* = 8.7 for alder wood steamed with steam-air mixture at t = 95 °C, which is a decrease of 20.2 %; for alder wood steamed at t = 115 °C it decreased to ΔE* = 6.5, which is a decrease of 40.3 %; and for alder wood steamed with saturated water steam with the temperature t = 135 °C it decreased to ΔE* = 5.7, which is a decrease of 47.7 %., Za potrebe ispitivanja drvo johe (Alnus glutinosa L.) pareno je smjesom zasićene pare i zraka na 95 °C odnosno zasićenom parom na 115 i 135 °C kako bi se dobila blijedosmeđa, svijetla crvenosmeđa i tamna smeđosiva boja. Nepareni i pareni uzorci drva johe nakon sušenja su ozračeni UV lampom u uređaju Xenotest Q-SUN Xe-3-HS kako bi se ispitala stabilnost boje parenog drva. Promjena boje površine drva procijenjena je uz pomoć vrijednosti izmjerenih u koordinatnom sustavu boja CIE L*a*b*. Rezultati su pokazali da je površina neparenog drva johe i drva johe parenog smjesom pare i zraka na 95 °C te drva parenog zasićenom parom na 115 °C zbog fotokemijskih reakcija uzrokovanih UV zračenjem potamnjela i posmeđila. Suprotna je promjena zabilježena na površini drva johe parenoga zasićenom parom na 135 °C, na kojemu je tamna smeđosiva boja pod utjecajem UV zračenja posvijetlila i poprimila smeđocrvenkasti ton. Analiza promjena u koordinatnom sustavu boja CIE L*a*b* pokazuje da UV zračenje uzrokuje niže vrijednosti ΔL*, Δa*, Δb* parenog drva johe što je tamnjenje i smeđenje drva johe zbog parenja jače. Pozitivan učinak parenja na otpornost prema UV zračenju vidljiv je po smanjenju ukupne promjene boje E*. Tako je vrijednost ukupne promjene boje neparenog drva johe nakon UV zračenja parenjem smjesom pare i zraka na 95 °C smanjena s E* = 10,9 na E* = 8,7 (smanjenje od 20,2 %), parenjem zasićenom parom na 115 °C smanjena je na E* = 6,5 (smanjenje od 40,3 %), a parenjem zasićenom parom na 135 °C zabilježeno je smanjenje od E* = 5,7 (smanjenje je iznosilo 47,7 %).

In the Water, Energy and Waste Directive, the European Commission provides for the use of household washing programmes with lower temperatures (30–40 °C) and lower water consumption. However, low washing temperatures and the absence of oxidising agents in the liquid detergents, and their reduced content in powder detergents, allow biofilm formation in washing machines and the development of an unpleasant odour, while the washed laundry can become a carrier of pathogenic bacteria, posing a risk to human health. The aim of the study was to determine whether the addition of hydrogen peroxide (HP) to liquid detergents in low-temperature household washing allows disinfection of the laundry without affecting the properties of the washed textiles even after several consecutive washes. Fabrics of different colours and of different raw material compositions were repeatedly washed in a household washing machine using a liquid detergent with the addition of 3% stabilised HP solution in the main wash, prewash or rinse. The results of the antimicrobial activity, soil removal activity, colour change and tensile strength confirmed the excellent disinfection activity of the 3% HP, but only if added in the main wash. Its presence did not discolour nor affect the tensile strength of the laundry, thus maintaining its overall appearance.

Chrysoprase is a popular gemstone with consumers because of its charming apple green colour but a scientific classification of its colour has not yet been achieved. In this research, we determined the most effective background of the Munsell Chart for chrysoprase colour grading under a 6504K fluorescent lamp and applied an affinity propagation (AP) clustering algorithm to the colour grading of coloured gems for the first time. Forty gem-quality chrysoprase samples from Australia were studied using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer and Munsell neutral grey backgrounds. The results determined the effects of a Munsell neutral grey background on the observed colour. It was found that the Munsell N9.5 background was the most effective for colour grading in this case. The observed chrysoprase colours were classified into five groups: Fancy Light, Fancy, Fancy Intense, Fancy Deep and Fancy Dark. The feasibility of the colour grading scheme was verified using the colour difference formula DE2000.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of modified atmosphere packaging and frozen storage period in the colour characteristics of chick thigh meat. The treatments were 70%CO2+15%N2+15%O2, 70%CO2 +30%N2, 70%CO2+ 30% O2 ,50%N2+50%O2, vacuumand clove oil at different frozen storage periods (1, 30, 60,and 90 days at -18 C). An 84 chick thigh meat pieces were utilized in this study. Polyethylene bags were used in packaging meat under vacuum, then filled with different gases. Colour parameters such as lightness (L*), redness/greenness (a*), yellowness/blueness (b*), Chroma (?C), the total colour difference (?E), and hue angle (h) were studied. The results demonstration that the modified atmosphere packaging treatments have a significant (P

Long-term storage of tubers in refrigerated and non-refrigerated storage induces sprouting and other degradative quality changes, thus making them unacceptable for consumption. There are already known effects of packaging materials on storability of fresh produce while optimization of package with respect to temperature for shelf life enhancement of tubers is still needed in the case of deficient storage conditions. Therefore, we investigated the combined effect on post-harvest quality parameters of various packaging materials, viz. polypropylene (PP), perforated polypropylene (PP(P)), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), perforated low-density polyethylene (LDPE(P)), brown gunny sacks (BS) and white nylon gunny sacks (WS), in refrigerated storage temperature of 8 °C and non-refrigerated storage temperature of 25 °C. Sprout and spoilage appearance, weight loss, firmness, colour difference, sucrose, reducing sugars, vitamin C, total phenolic content and DPPH-antioxidant activity and overall quality index were evaluated in stored potato tubers. Lower weight loss in LDPE and PP bags was observed along with the higher retention of total phenolics and antioxidant activity of tubers. The presence of perforations resulted in higher firmness of potatoes at both the temperatures. Colour changes were determined by the temperature effects rather than packaging. The study also established some physicochemical quality indicators based on the cut-off points produced from overall quality index evaluated using the sensory attributes of stored potatoes. Overall, PP(P), LDPE(P), BS and WS can be recommended for long-term storage, while PP and LDPE can be used as an option for short-term storage.

Red drupelet reversion (RDR) is a physiological occurrence in blackberries where drupelets revert from black at harvest to red postharvest. The objectives of this trial were to assess the effects of temperature during mechanical injury and temperature changes following injury of blackberries on the subsequent development of RDR. Individual fruit were subjected to mechanical injury from a steel ball dropped from a height of 25 cm at initial temperatures of 15, 25, and 35°C. Following injury, fruit were cooled to 2°C rapidly in a -24°C cooler or slowly in a 2°C cooler. Colour of the impact site and of undamaged control fruit were measured 24 h and 7 days after the initial impact injury using a colourimeter. Impact injury caused a significant colour difference (∆E) compared to control in 95% of fruit. There were significant interactions between initial temperatures and cooling rates on the colour of the impact site 24 h and 7 days after treatment. Higher fruit temperatures at the time of mechanical injury and a faster cooling rate post-injury were associated with increased lightness and chroma. The results confirm that mechanical injury to blackberry fruit leads to RDR, and that temperature of fruit at the time of injury and subsequently can influence the severity of RDR.

To evaluate the influence of a different order of dentin and enamel layers on stratification appearance of different resin composites. 144 Dentin (D) and Enamel (E) composite samples (Clearfil Majesty ES-2 Premium, Brilliant EverGlow, Estelite Asteria), 1 mm thick, were divided into 12 configurations for each composite, with Enamel-Dentin-Dentin-Enamel (EDDE) assumed as target. The colour specification was conducted using a spectrophotometer, elaborating the results with the CIE L*a*b* colour coordinates and calculating the colour difference in terms of [Formula: see text] quantity. A value of this last major of 3.3 was considered not clinically acceptable. Moreover, data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test (P 0.05). For Clearfil Majesty ES-2 Premium and Brilliant EverGlow, six configurations showed [Formula: see text] 3.3 compared to gold standard EDDE. [Formula: see text] was influenced especially by b* and L* coordinates (P 0.05). EDED showed no visual difference (0 [Formula: see text] 1.1) for both composites. For Estelite Asteria, two configurations reported [Formula: see text] 3.3 compared to EDDE. In particular, the L* coordinate influenced [Formula: see text] results (P 0.05). EDDD was the best configuration (0 [Formula: see text] 1.1). Within the limits of a vitro study, Brilliant EG showed more dependence from order and thickness of stratification (resulting more similar to Clearfil Majesty ES-2 Premium); therefore, it could be indicated for more complex aesthetic restorations. Estelite Asteria seems to be able to balance small differences in thickness of dentin and enamel layers, and consequently, it is more indicated to different clinical situations.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus on the performance analysis of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) – Chitosan composite dye transfer inhibitor (DTI) for household laundry. The developed composite DTI is tested against different commercial dyes and detergent powders normally used in the household laundry for its performance.Design/methodology/approachThe DTI article is tested for its performance against five commercial dyes and five commercial detergent compositions. The dye re-deposition behaviour of the control fabric was measured in terms of the colour difference (ΔE) values. The influence of PVP on the washing efficiency of detergent was evaluated against tea, coffee and juice stains.FindingsThe results showed that there is an excellent performance of the developed product noted in terms of DTI performance against reactive, basic and sulfur dyes. The DTI product showed a significantly (pp>0.05).Originality/valueThe usage of DTI polymer in the household laundry has no significant influence on the detergents performance in terms of stain removing efficiency. The DTI polymer’s function in the wash liquor depends up on the type of polymer used, as they are sensitive to the type of detergent compositions used and the type of dyes bleeds in the wash liquor.

Shrinking bias problem is a practical limitation of graph-cut-based methods for binary image segmentation. The detail parts with thin elongated object are not well preserved in graph cut minimisation as a result. The authors propose to use structure transferring to overcome the problem with an expanded L2 norm of colour difference. They also show that the structure-transferring output can be integrated into graph cuts as a counter-balance to shrinking problem. Experimental results show that the proposed alpha-cutting technique is effective and efficient in improving segmentation of thin elongated objects.

Diagnosis of the depth of invasion is crucial in the endoscopic management of early colorectal cancer. Image-enhanced endoscopy (IEE) is a method for easily evaluating the depth of invasion. Linked colour imaging (LCI) is an IEE method that enables clearer identification of neoplastic lesions and mucosal inflammation. The aim of this experimental study was to explore the efficacy of LCI in vessel and pit pattern recognition when used in magnifying chromoendoscopy with crystal violet staining for superficial colorectal neoplasms. This was an experimental study. Colour difference (CD) values between the surrounding mucosa and vessels and pits were measured on white light (WLI), blue laser (BLI), and LCI images. The CD values of 10 neoplastic lesions were calculated and compared between WLI and the other techniques. The CD value was 9.8 (interquartile range, 7.3–12.4) for WLI, 9.7 (6.7–13.4) for LCI, and 6.8 (5.1–9.3) for BLI. The CD value was statistically different between WLI and BLI but not between WLI and LCI. With regard to vessel description, the CD value was 7.5 (4.0–11.0) for WLI, 15.6 (11.6–23.9) for LCI, and 23.3 (15.8–30.4) for BLI. LCI provides more diagnostic information than other light modes. Further, it is superior to the other techniques in terms of vessel visibility and is comparable to them in terms of pit recognition. These unique features of LCI may lead to its use as an alternative to WLI and BLI for pit and vessel pattern evaluation in the future.

This study investigated the physical, biochemical and cellular microstructural changes of ‘Wonderful’ pomegranate fruit induced by impact bruising at cold (5 °C) and ambient (20 °C) temperature. Pomegranate fruit were bruised by dropping at various drop heights, from low (20 cm), medium (40 cm) to high (60 cm) impacts onto a rigid impact surface. Physical and biochemical changes such as colour browning, peel electrolyte leakage and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme activity of bruised and non-dropped (control) fruit peels were measured. Reaction oxygen species (ROS) of fluorescent probe 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF-DA) treated fruit peels were measured by confocal laser-scanning microscopy. Qualitative assessment of microstructures between control and bruised tissues of pomegranate fruit peels was performed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Micrographs of SEM showed cellular microstructural differences between control and bruised fruit tissues were visible after 4 and 48 h of drop impact. Medium and high impact-bruised fruit were characterized by higher ROS than control fruit. Bruise damage to pomegranate fruit lead to increased peel electrolyte leakage (PEL) both at cold and ambient temperatures. Bruising had more effect on increasing PPO activity than did the incubation temperature and time. Activity of PPO enzyme was higher in bruised fruit than control fruit. Browning score (BS) and the total colour difference (TCD) both indicated highest values corresponding to medium and high drop impact bruising. Pearson’s correlation showed strong to moderate relationship between PEL, PPO activity, BS, TCD and ROS. Increase in fluorescent units of ROS showed a strong significant correlation (p