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When Brown-McLean syndrome (BMS) was first described, there was no confocal microscopy to document corneal endothelial status, and it was understood as a disease entity involving a diseased endothelial layer. In the advent of confocal microscopy demonstrating healthy endothelium in BMS within the affected cornea, it can be inferred that BMS is a spectrum of disease ranging from healthy to decompensated corneal endothelium, rather than just a specific disease entity. Here we report a case of BMS with normal healthy corneal endothelium using corneal confocal microscopy. Any patient with BMS should be followed up to observe for any disease progression and should be educated regarding the signs and symptoms of corneal surface problems. Confocal microscopy documentation is a convenient and informative way and should form part of the follow-up of any BMS patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minocycline can cause palpebral conjunctival greyish deposits in which autofluorescence can be readily demonstrated. We believe that this is a first report of the demonstration of in-vivo conjunctival autofluorescence of palpebral conjunctival minocycline deposit. In conclusion, minocycline deposit can be shown clinically without the need of an invasive biopsy procedure in patients with a history of blepharitis on long-term tetracycline group of medication presenting with palpebral conjunctival deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tamoxifen is a triphenylethylene non-steroidal oestrogen antagonist widely used in oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, with well-documented ocular side-effects. Here we report a corneal confocal microscopy finding of a patient on low-dose tamoxifen. We believe that this is the first case report of a patient on low-dose tamoxifen with demonstrable corneal stromal crystalline deposits with confocal microscopy, but clinically asymptomatic with unremarkable corneal findings on cursory slit lamp examination. In summary, confocal microscopy is a useful adjunct in monitoring tamoxifen crystalline keratopathy, and helps detect subclinical deposits not visible/detected on slit lamp examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The development and use of Web-based programs for weight loss is increasing rapidly, yet they have rarely been evaluated using randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Interestingly, most people who attempt weight loss use commercially available programs, yet it is very uncommon for commercial programs to be evaluated independently or rigorously.Objective: To compare the efficacy of a standard commercial Web-based weight-loss program (basic) versus an enhanced version of this Web program that provided additional personalized e-feedback and contact from the provider (enhanced) versus a wait-list control group (control) on weight outcomes in overweight and obese adults.Methods: This purely Web-based trial using a closed online user group was an assessor-blinded RCT with participants randomly allocated to the basic or enhanced 12-week Web-based program, based on social cognitive theory, or the control, with body mass index (BMI) as the primary outcome.Results: We enrolled 309 adults (129/309, 41.8% male, BMI mean 32.3, SD 4 kg/m(2)) with 84.1% (260/309) retention at 12 weeks. Intention-to-treat analysis showed that both intervention groups reduced their BMI compared with the controls (basic: -0.72, SD 1.1 kg/m(2), enhanced: -1.0, SD 1.4, control: 0.15, SD 0.82; P < .001) and lost significant weight (basic: -2.1, SD 3.3 kg, enhanced: -3.0, SD 4.1, control: 0.4, SD 2.3; P < .001) with changes in waist circumference (basic: -2.0, SD 3.5 cm, enhanced: -3.2, SD 4.7, control: 0.5, SD 3.0; P < .001) and waist-to-height ratio (basic: -0.01, SD 0.02, enhanced: -0.02, SD 0.03, control: 0.0, SD 0.02; P < .001), but no differences were observed between the basic and enhanced groups. The addition of personalized e-feedback and contact provided limited additional benefits compared with the basic program.Conclusions: A commercial Web-based weight-loss program can be efficacious across a range of weight-related outcomes and lifestyle behaviors and achieve clinically important weight loss. Although the provision of additional personalized feedback did not facilitate greater weight loss after 12 weeks, the impact of superior participant retention on longer-term outcomes requires further study. Further research is required to determine the optimal mix of program features that lead to the biggest treatment impact over time.Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): 12610000197033. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper describes an attempt that was made to recruit child-bearing women into a nutrition-based research study and the knowledge that was gained when this approach was unsuccessful. The Assessment Before Children Develop Obesity Study was a cross-sectional survey which planned to follow-up women and children who had previously been, or were currently enrolled in the Mathematical Model of Pregnancy Study.Methods: Ethics approval was sought and obtained over an eight month period. After just six weeks it was obvious that our research objectives were not achievable because of an inadequate response rate (10%). This led to a review of the recruiting methodology as well as all written materials provided to potential participants. Advice was sought from those with expertise in the design of large public health campaigns and literature was consulted to refine our recruitment strategy.Results: In subsequent redevelopment, the Assessment Before Children Develop Obesity Study was merged with the Mathematical Model of Pregnancy Study to become what is now known as the Women and Their Children's Health Study. Consent rates improved from 10% and 35% in the Assessment Before Children Develop Obesity and Mathematical Model of Pregnancy studies respectively, to 61% in the Women and Their Children's Health Study (chi square test, p < 0.001). Successful recruitment for this research continues. The significant improvement in the participation rate is attributed to numerous factors including changes to the study name, recruiting method and information materials.Conclusion: By sharing our experience we aim to assist other researcher in avoiding the same pitfalls and offer effective strategies for improving response rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Australian pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) guidelines have been developed to maximise fat absorption and to improve the nutritional status of individuals with cystic fibrosis-related pancreatic insufficiency. These clinical practice guidelines provide detailed information to assist health care professionals in implementing the PERT guidelines. Issues regarding pancreatic enzyme distribution, administration, storage, adherence and structured education are discussed. Guidance for determining fat-based doses and matching pancreatic enzymes to dietary fat at meals and snacks and with enteral tube feeds are provided. Lastly, recommendations for monitoring effectiveness (using faecal fat balance studies), prescribing adjunctive therapies, minimising excessive doses and evaluating the guidelines are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Addressing equity in healthcare is necessary to improve population health outcomes. In doing so, a requisite level of foundational resources, organization, and processes are needed. Although increasing attention is being devoted to addressing health inequities, the current landscape supporting these efforts remains unknown. We sought to evaluate the presence of frontline resources, organization, and processes for support of health equity efforts in hospitals participating in American College of Surgeons' (ACS) quality programs., Study Design: Using a mixed-methods design of online surveys and semi-structured interviews, we evaluated hospitals with ACS quality programs. Descriptive analytics were applied to survey results; interview transcripts were coded using an inductive approach. Data and methods were triangulated to report key findings., Results: Of the 44 programs invited, 36% completed the survey. Five site program leaders were interviewed. All program leaders reported having a strategy at the institution level for supporting equity efforts and having processes in place for reporting instances of discrimination, mistreatment, or harassment. Survey results demonstrated deficient workforce capacity, lack of engagement, and insufficient organization - negatively impacting efforts. The key themes from interviews were: 1) implementation occurred primarily and superficially at the institutional level, 2) barriers to implementation included preemptive structure, lack of prioritization, and insufficient disparities data, and 3) opportunities included enhancing leadership and staff buy-in, increasing available resources, developing health equity champions, and defining clear strategies., Conclusions: Efforts aimed at achieving health equity exist but lack the necessary infrastructure, organization, and processes to support effective frontline practices. The findings from this study support consideration of standards development targeting problems and opportunities at both the institutional and program level for advancing equity in quality improvement efforts., (Copyright © 2024 by the American College of Surgeons. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The TRACE (Targeted Research for Addictive and Compulsive Eating) intervention was evaluated in a 3-month randomized controlled trial which demonstrated significant improvement in Yale Food Addiction Scale scores favoring dietitian-led telehealth (active intervention) compared with passive and control groups. This study aimed to determine intervention costs and cost-utility., Methods: Costs of each intervention (2021$AUD) and incremental net monetary benefit (iNMB; incremental benefit, defined as Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALY) gained, multiplied by willingness to pay threshold minus incremental cost) were calculated to estimate differences between groups., Results: The active intervention (n = 38) cost $294 (95% UI: $266, $316) per person compared to $47 (95% UI: $40, $54) in the passive intervention (n = 24), and $26 in the control group (n = 37). At a cost-effectiveness threshold of $50 000 per QALY score gained, the active intervention iNMB was -$186 (95% UI: -$1137, $834) and the passive group $127 (95% UI: -$1137, $834). Compared to the control group, estimates indicate a 30% chance of the active intervention, and a 60% chance of the passive intervention being cost effective., Conclusion: Although the overall cost of the active intervention was low, this was not considered cost-effective in comparison to the passive intervention, given small QALY score gains., Trial Registration: Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry ACTRN12621001079831., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Faculty of Public Health.)

Background: Healthy dietary patterns can support the maintenance of cognition and brain health in older age and are negatively associated with cardiometabolic risk. Cardiometabolic risk factors are similarly important for cognition and may play an important role in linking diet to cognition., Aim: This study aimed to explore the relationship between dietary patterns and cognition and to determine whether cardiometabolic health markers moderate these relationships in older adulthood., Design: A cross-sectional analysis of observational data from the baseline of the ACTIVate study., Participants: The cohort included 426 cognitively normal adults aged 60-70 years., Methods: The Australian Eating Survey (AES) Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to collect data on usual dietary intake, along with additional questions assessing intake of dietary oils. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to reduce the dimensionality of dietary data. Cardiometabolic risk was quantified using the metabolic syndrome severity score (MetSSS). Tests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) were used to derive composite scores on four cognitive domains: processing speed, executive function, short-term memory, and long-term memory., Results: Three dietary patterns were identified using PCA: a plant-dominant diet, a Western-style diet, and a meat-dominant diet. After controlling for age, sex, total years of education, energy intake, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), there was a small, negative association between the meat-dominant diets and long-term memory. Subsequent moderation analysis indicated that MetSSS significantly moderated this relationship., Conclusions: Findings highlight the link between diet, cardiometabolic health, and cognitive function in older, cognitively healthy adults. However, longitudinal studies are needed to confirm observations and evaluate the dynamics of diet, cardiometabolic health, and cognitive function over time.

Background: Broad challenges regarding the dental management of people with severe obesity experienced by general dentists have been minimally explored. The perspectives of the dental team regarding these multifaceted issues are currently unknown and they potentially impede the delivery of optimal dental care to this population and contribute to poor oral and general health., Aims: Our qualitative study aimed to identify and explore barriers and enablers in the dental management of adults with severe obesity among dental professionals and support staff in Australia., Methods: Focus groups and semi-structured interviews (n = 34 participants) were conducted with dental professionals (n = 23) and support staff (n = 11). Recordings were transcribed verbatim and synthesised using thematic, inductive analysis., Results: Multiple barriers to adequate provision of dental care for people living with severe obesity in both general and specialist dental settings were identified. Key themes emerged related to the clinical challenges reported by participants in providing dental management for people living with severe obesity, appropriateness of existing bariatric dental service provision and safety of care. Enablers to access were identified, including increased availability of bariatric dental chairs, environmental modifications, education of both patients and the entire dental team and for guideline development., Conclusion: The current study explored multiple barriers to optimal dental management of people living with severe obesity in both general and specialist dental settings. Enablers should be used to inform future practice. The optimisation of existing bariatric dental service provision requires urgent review with solutions guided by systemic change. Study findings suggest a review of current health systems, economics, access barriers, policies and procedures and education and training beyond the individual level are needed. Future directions to improve the dental management of people living with severe obesity are proposed., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Context: Dietary modifications can improve cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Personalized nutrition (PN) refers to individualized nutrition care based on genetic, phenotypic, medical, behavioral, and/or lifestyle characteristics. PN may be beneficial in improving CVD risk factors, including diet. However, this has not been reviewed previously., Objective: The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of PN interventions on CVD risk factors and diet in adults at elevated CVD risk., Data Sources: Six databases were searched for randomized controlled trials published between 2000 and 2023 that tested the impact of PN interventions on CVD risk factors in people at elevated risk., Data Extraction: Risk of bias was assessed using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria checklist. Data synthesis of eligible articles included participant characteristics, intervention details, and change in primary CVD risk factor outcomes, including blood pressure (BP), plasma lipids, and CVD risk score, and secondary risk factors, including anthropometric outcomes and diet quality. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to explore weighted mean differences (WMDs) in change or final mean values for studies with comparable data (studies with dietary counseling interventions) for outcomes including BP, blood lipids, and anthropometric measurements., Data Analysis: Of 7676 identified articles, 16 articles representing 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies included between 40 and 563 participants and reported outcomes for CVD risk factors, including hyperlipidemia (n = 5), elevated BP (n = 3), overweight/obesity (n = 1), and multiple risk factors (n = 6). Risk of bias was low. Results suggested potential benefit of PN on systolic BP (WMD: -1.91; 95% CI: -3.51, -0.31 mmHg) and diastolic BP (WMD: -1.49; 95% CI: -2.39, -0.58 mmHg) and dietary intake in individuals at high CVD risk. Results were inconsistent for plasma lipid and anthropometric outcomes., Conclusion: Results were promising for PN interventions that used dietary counseling on CVD risk factors in at-risk individuals. However, further evidence for other personalization methods is required, including improving methodological quality and longer study duration in future PN interventions., Systematic Review Registration: OpenScience Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/SHVWP)., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Life Sciences Institute.)

Introduction: Pediatric firearm injury prevention research in younger age groups is limited. This study evaluated a large multicenter cohort of younger children with firearm injuries, focusing on injury patterns and surgical resource utilization., Methods: Children ≤15 y old sustaining firearm injuries between 2016 and 2021 and treated at 10 pediatric trauma centers in Florida were included. Individual cases were reviewed for demographics, shooting details, injury patterns, resource utilization, and outcomes. Patients were grouped by age into preschool (0-5 y), elementary school (6-10 y), middle school (11-13 y), and early high school (14-15 y). Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of death and critical resource utilization., Results: A total of 489 children (80 preschool, 76 elementary school, 92 middle school, and 241 early high school) met inclusion criteria. Demographics, injury patterns, and resource utilization were similar across age groups. Assault and self-harm increased with age. Self-harm was implicated in 5% of cases but accounted for 18% of deaths. Hand surgery (i.e., below-elbow) procedures were common at 8%. Overall mortality was 10%, but markedly higher for self-harm injuries (47%). On multivariable regression, age and demographics were not predictive of death or critical resource utilization, but self-harm intent was a strong independent risk factor for both., Conclusions: This study suggests that given the age distribution and disproportionately high impact of self-harm injuries, behavioral health resources should be available to children at the middle school level or earlier. Hand surgery may represent an overlooked but frequently utilized resource to mitigate injury impact and optimize long-term function., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Importance: Depression and eating disorders are heightened for adolescents with obesity. Clinical reviews alongside self-report questionnaires are important to ensure appropriate intervention., Objective: To evaluate changes in self-report symptoms of depression, eating disorders, and binge eating in adolescents with obesity during the Fast Track to Health trial., Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a randomized clinical trial conducted from 2018 to 2023. It was a multisite trial conducted at children's hospitals in Sydney, New South Wales, and Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, and included adolescents (13-17 years) with obesity (defined as adult equivalent body mass index ≥30; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) and 1 or more related complications., Interventions: Duration was 52 weeks including a very low energy diet for 4 weeks followed by intermittent energy restriction (IER) or continuous energy restriction (CER)., Main Outcomes and Measures: Self-report symptoms of depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised 10-Item Version for Adolescents [CESDR-10]; scores 0-30), eating disorders (Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire [EDE-Q]; scores 0-6), and binge eating (Binge Eating Scale [BES]; scores 0-46) were assessed. Adolescents were screened for depression and eating disorders (weeks 0, 4, 16, and 52) and monitored for the onset of new symptoms of disordered eating during dietetic consults., Results: Of 141 adolescents (median [IQR] age, 14.8 [12.9-17.9] years; 71 male [50.4%]) enrolled, median baseline EDE-Q score was 2.28 (IQR, 1.43-3.14), median baseline CESDR-10 score was 9.00 (IQR, 4.00-14.50), and median baseline BES score was 11.00 (IQR, 5.00-17.00). There were no differences between groups for change in CESDR-10 (mean difference at week 52, 0.75; 95% CI, -1.86 to 3.37), EDE-Q (mean difference at week 52, 0.02; 95% CI, -0.41 to 0.45), or BES (mean difference at week 52, -2.91; 95% CI, -5.87 to 0.05). The within-group reductions at week 4 were maintained at week 52, for CESDR-10 and EDE-Q, indicating reduced symptoms of depression and eating disorders. Within-group reductions on the BES were maintained in the IER group only. Seventeen adolescents (12.1%) required support or referral for depression and/or disordered eating, including 7 (5%; 5 IER, 2 CER) adolescents who experienced the onset or reemergence of symptoms during the intervention., Conclusions and Relevance: Results suggest that many treatment-seeking adolescents with obesity self-reported symptoms of depression and eating disorders. Although symptoms reduced for most, some required additional support. Obesity treatment is an opportune time to screen and monitor for depression and disordered eating., Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12617001630303.

Background: Patients from low socioeconomic backgrounds have greater rates of morbidity and mortality across disease processes. The Distressed Communities Index identified several socioeconomic components that were used to create a Distressed Communities Index score for every ZIP code, then broken into quintiles from prosperous to distressed. We aimed to explore whether socioeconomic distress as defined by the Distressed Communities Index affects the outcome of complex ventral hernia repair in the elderly population., Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed using the Abdominal Core Health Collaborative data. Included were adults aged 65+ years undergoing elective complex ventral hernia repair from 2013 to 2021. Primary outcomes were postoperative outcomes and composite hernia recurrence by Distressed Communities Index quintile. The Cox proportional hazards model was used for composite recurrence, and logistic regression was used for postoperative outcomes., Results: A total of 4,172 patients were included. Patients in distressed communities were more likely to identify as female or racial minority and had greater body mass index and American Society of Anesthesiologists class. Lower Distressed Communities Index quintile was associated with larger hernia (P = .012), open repair (P = .019), and 30-day complication (P = .05). There was no association between time to recurrence and Distressed Communities Index quintile (P = .24). After adjusted analysis, there was no significant difference for readmission, reoperation, recurrence, and complications., Conclusion: Patients from more distressed communities presented in worse clinical status with larger hernias. This likely contributed to greater rates of open repair and complications. However, when adjusted for these variables, outcomes were similar across Distressed Communities Index quintile. This supports the efficacy of complex hernia repair across socioeconomic classes., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest/Disclosures Dr Poulose has received research support from Bard-Davol and Advanced Medical Solutions. He receives consulting fees from Ethicon and receives salary support from the Abdominal Core Health Collaborative (ACHQC) as the ACHQC Director of Quality and Outcomes. The ACHQC Foundation is supported by Bard-Davol, Allergan, Medtronic, W. L. Gore, Ethicon, and TelaBio. Dr Benjamin Poulose receives research grant support from BD Interventional and Advanced Medical Solutions. The ACHQC has contracted with Weill Cornell Medicine (WCM) to provide biostatistical support. The work for this manuscript was done under the ACHQC-WCM collaboration plan., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized controlled trials are the gold standard for clinical trials in nutrition science. For trials of whole diets, dietary counseling is advantageous as they offer clinical translatability although can vary in the fidelity of the intended intervention from participant to participant and across studies. Feeding trials, in which most or all food is provided, offer high precision and can provide proof-of-concept evidence that a dietary intervention is efficacious and can also better evaluate the effect of known quantities of foods and nutrients on physiology. However, they come with additional methodological complexities. Feeding trials also call for a variety of unique methodological considerations, not least of which relate to the design and delivery of diets to participants. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of recommendations for design and conduct of feeding trials, encompassing domiciled and nondomiciled feeding trials. Several pertinent aspects of trial design and methodology are discussed, including defining the study population to maximize retention, safety, and generalizability of findings, recommendations for design of control interventions and optimizing blinding, and specific considerations for clinical populations. A detailed stepwise process for menu design, development, validation, and delivery are also presented. These recommendations aim to facilitate methodologic consistency and execution of high-quality feeding trials, ultimately facilitating improved understanding of the role of diet in treating disease and the underpinning mechanisms., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: A sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is a lifelong treatment that improves health and better outcomes are associated with follow-up. However, there is lack of access or high attrition to aftercare. This potentially contributes to sub-optimal dietary intake and a lack of evidence for nutrition interventions. The present study assessed the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a nutrition intervention to improve diet quality in Australian adults living with a SG., Methods: Adults (n = 96) post-SG were recruited into a cross-sectional diet quality study, with 68 eligible for randomisation to an intervention or wait-list control group. Over 10 weeks, a Facebook group was used to post daily nutrition education. Feasibility outcomes included participant recruitment, engagement, retention and acceptability. Preliminary efficacy was assessed using change in Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS). Linear mixed models were used to measure differences in mean outcome between the experimental groups over time., Results: Sixty-eight participants (97% female) aged 48.2 ± 9.8 years, body mass index 33.1 ± 5.8 kg/m 2 , and mean ± SD ARFS 39 ± 9 points were randomised to the intervention, with 66% retention at 10 weeks. At follow-up, diet quality increased for the intervention group (mean ARFS, 95% confidence interval = 0.2 [-1.5 to 1.9]) and decreased for the control group (mean ARFS, 95% confidence interval= -2.0 [-5.2 to 1.2]) with no between group difference (p = 0.2). Participants (n = 30) rated the intervention positively., Conclusions: Recruiting and retaining adults post-SG into a nutrition intervention is feasible. Low-cost recruitment attracted strong interest from women to identify greater support to know what to eat following SG. A future fully powered trial to assess intervention efficacy is warranted., (© 2024 British Dietetic Association.)

Importance: Adolescent obesity requires effective and accessible treatment. Intensive dietary interventions have the potential to be used as adjunctive therapy for behavioral weight management., Objective: To examine the effectiveness of 2 diet therapies, delivered as part of an intensive behavioral weight management intervention, in adolescents with metabolic complications associated with obesity., Design, Setting, and Participants: This multisite, 52-week randomized clinical trial was conducted from January 31, 2018, to March 31, 2023, at 2 tertiary pediatric centers in Australia. Adolescents (aged 13-17 years) with obesity and 1 or more associated complications were included., Interventions: Intensive behavioral interventions, delivered by a multidisciplinary team, comparing intermittent energy restriction (IER) or continuous energy restriction (CER), with 3 phases: very low-energy diet (weeks 0-4), intensive intervention (weeks 5-16), and continued intervention and/or maintenance (weeks 17-52)., Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was body mass index (BMI) z score at 52 weeks in the IER vs CER group. Anthropometry, body composition, and cardiometabolic health were assessed at baseline and 52 weeks. The BMI z score and percentiles were determined using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts. Insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and elevated hepatic function were assessed., Results: A total of 141 adolescents (median [IQR] age, 14.8 [12.9-17.9] years; 71 male [50.4%]) were enrolled, 71 in the IER group and 70 in the CER group, and 97 (68.8%) completed the intervention, 43 in the IER group and 54 in the CER group. At week 52, both groups had reduced BMI z scores (estimated marginal mean change, -0.28 [95% CI, -0.37 to -0.20] for IER and -0.28 [95% CI, -0.36 to -0.20] for CER) and reduced BMI expressed as a percentage of the 95th percentile (estimated marginal mean change, -9.56 [95% CI, -12.36 to -6.83] for IER and -9.23 [95% CI, -11.82 to -6.64] for CER). No differences were found in body composition or cardiometabolic outcomes between the groups. Both groups had a reduction in the occurrence of insulin resistance (from 52 of 68 [76.5%] to 32 of 56 [57.1%] in the IER group and from 59 of 68 [86.8%] to 31 of 60 [57.1%] in the CER group) at week 16; however, at week 52, this effect was observed in the CER group only (from 59 of 68 [86.7%] to 30 of 49 [61.2%]). The occurrence of dyslipidemia was unchanged between baseline and week 52 (60 of 137 [42.6%] and 37 of 87 [42.5%], respectively), with a small improvement in occurrence of impaired hepatic function tests (37 of 139 [27.0%] and 15 of 87 [17.2%], respectively). No differences were found in dyslipidemia or hepatic function between groups., Conclusions and Relevance: These findings suggest that for adolescents with obesity-associated complications, IER can be incorporated into a behavioral weight management program, providing an option in addition to CER and offering participants more choice., Trial Registration: http://anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12617001630303.

Background: Effective interventions to increase vegetable intake are urgently needed. This systematic rapid review aimed to summarise the effectiveness of interventions targeting increased vegetable intakes across diverse settings., Methodology: The review was guided by the conduct of rapid reviews from the Cochrane Handbook. The literature was searched in February 2024 across PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Central for systematic review articles published since 2014. The Risk of Bias In Systematic Reviews tool was used and characteristics of reviews synthesised narratively with intervention effectiveness results were summarised., Results: A total of 20 systematic reviews met the eligibility criteria. Most targeted school-based settings (n = 7) or community/home-based settings (n = 4). Early childhood education and workplaces had one review each, with none in retail, secondary or tertiary education, food service, food relief or aged care. The mean change in vegetable consumption was +0.12 serves per day, with increases of up to +0.42 serves reported (range -0.09 to +0.42). By setting, the largest increases were reported for interventions in school settings (+0.42 serves/day), followed by home (+0.38 serves/day). Almost half the studies reporting effect sizes suggested no effect on intake (46%), 41% suggested a small effect and 13% suggested a medium effect. Greater effect sizes were achieved in interventions implemented across multiple settings., Conclusions: Review findings indicate that the average increase in vegetable intake following interventions is about one-eighth of a serve but up to almost half a serve in some settings. An increase of this magnitude could have a substantial population impact, particularly in population groups with persistently low intakes., (© 2024 The British Dietetic Association Ltd.)

Background: The relationships between diet quality and health care costs have not been explored beyond 15 years., Objective: To investigate relationships between both baseline diet quality and change in diet quality over time with cumulative data on health care claims and costs over 21 years among Australian women., Design: This is a secondary analysis of data from a cohort study, the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health., Participants/setting: Data for women born between 1946 and 1951 included diet quality data at baseline (2001, n = 8228), change in diet quality (2001-2013, n = 6553), and cumulative administrative health care data (2001-2021)., Main Outcomes: Diet quality was assessed using the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS) and the Fruit and Vegetable Variety Score. Twenty-one-year cumulative Medicare Benefits Schedule data (number of claims; total charges [$USD]), Australia's universal health care coverage, were reported by baseline ARFS quintile and category of diet quality change ("diet quality worsened" [ARFS decrease ≤ -4 points], "remained stable" [-3 ≤ change in ARFS ≤ 3 points] or "improved" [ARFS increase ≥ 4 points])., Statistical Analysis: Linear regression analyses were conducted and adjusted for socioeconomic, health, and lifestyle factors., Results: Higher baseline vegetable ARFS were correlated with fewer 21-year cumulative Medicare claims (β = -4.9, 95% CI, -7.3, -2.4) and charges (β = -$214; 95% CI, -$341; -$88). Baseline higher dairy scores were correlated with higher Medicare claims (β = 17.2; 95% CI, 11.1, 23.3) and charges (β = $762; 95% CI, $448, $1076). Compared with women whose diet quality score remained stable, those whose diet quality worsened over time made significantly more claims and higher charges; median (Q1, Q3) 413 (277, 588) claims, $17 868 ($11 037, $27 808) cumulative charges, compared with 387 (259, 559) claims, and $16 953 ($10 033, $26 604) cumulative charges. Change in total ARFS and ARFS subscales were predictors of 21-year cumulative health care claims. For each 1-point increase in ARFS over time, 1.2 fewer health care claims were made (95% CI, 0.3-2.2). Increasing vegetable and dairy ARFS scores were correlated with significantly fewer claims., Conclusions: Baseline greater variety of vegetables was correlated with fewer 21-year health care claims and costs. Worsening diet quality over time was correlated with greater cumulative health care claims and costs. Consideration of dietary quality and variety in national policy is suggested to potentially reduce national health care claims and costs., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy, safety and acceptability of a 4-week very-low-energy diet (VLED) program for adolescents with obesity. Adolescents (13-17 years) with obesity and ≥1 obesity-related complication were Fast Track to Health 52-week randomized controlled trial participants. Adolescents undertook a 4-week micronutrient-complete VLED (800 kcal/day), with weekly dietitian support. Anthropometric data were recorded at baseline and week-4 and side-effects at day 3-4, week-1, -2, -3 and -4. Adolescents completed an acceptability survey at week-4. A total of 134 adolescents (14.9 ± 1.2 years, 50% male) had a 5.5 ± 2.9 kg ( p < 0.001) mean weight loss at week-4: 95% experienced ≥1 and 70% experienced ≥3 side-effects during the VLED program, especially during the first week. Hunger, fatigue, headache, irritability, loose stools, constipation and nausea were most common. Reporting more side-effects at day 3-4 correlated with greater weight loss at week-4 (r = -0.188, p = 0.03). Adolescents reported 'losing weight' (34%) and 'prescriptive structure' (28%) as the most positive aspects of VLED, while 'restrictive nature' (45%) and 'meal replacement taste' (20%) were least liked. A dietitian-monitored short-term VLED can be implemented safely and is acceptable for many adolescents seeking weight loss, despite frequent side-effects. Investigating predictors of acceptability and effectiveness could determine adolescents most suited to VLED programs.

No Money No Time (NMNT) is a culinary nutrition website designed to optimize diet quality. The primary aim was to evaluate the impact of an online targeted nutrition challenge email campaign that encouraged engagement with NMNT and goal setting to improve diet quality and weekly food expenditure. A secondary aim was to assess NMNT engagement. Australian adults ≥18 years were recruited to the eHealth nutrition challenge delivered via weekly emails. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Quiz (HEQ) diet quality tool. Engagement was assessed using email open and click-through rates. Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis was conducted using mixed effects linear regression. Of 481 adults (49.7 ± 13.9 years, 84% female) who enrolled 79 (16%) completed the challenge. ITT results indicated statistically significant 6-week increases in diet quality score (+3.8 points p ≤ 0.001, d = 0.58) with sub-scale improvements in vegetables (+0.9 points, p = 0.01, d = 0.32), fruit (+1.2 points, p ≤ 0.001, d = 0.55), and dairy (+0.9 points, p ≤ 0.001, d = 0.58). There were significant post-challenge reductions in household spending on takeaway/snacks/coffee of AUD 8.9 per week ( p = 0.01, d = 0.29), body weight reduction (-0.6 kg, p = 0.03, d = 0.26), and BMI (-0.2 kg/m 2 p = 0.02, d = 0.28). The email open rate remained constant at around 67% (56% to 75%), with an average click-through rate of 18% (7.1% to 37.9%). The eHealth nutrition challenge significantly improved diet quality while reducing BMI and money spent on discretionary foods. Strategies to scale the challenge should be tested as an innovative population strategy for improving diet quality, health indicators, and managing household food budgets.

Objective: To perform a systematic review of completion rates of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in adults aged 18 to 50 yr and describe how core components were reported, measured, and tailored to those under 50 yr., Review Methods: Database search of MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library based on keywords, including articles from January 1, 1990. The last search was performed on April 21, 2023. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses protocol, eligible articles contained adults (aged between 18 and 50 yr) who had participated in a CR program., Summary: Out of the articles screened (n = 24,517), 33 reports across 31 independent studies were considered eligible (n = 1958 patients aged ≤50 yr). Cardiac rehabilitation completion rates ranged from 64% to 100%; however, only 5 studies presented a completion rate definition. The length of the program ranged from 7 d to 20 wk, with most (65%) ranging between 6 and 12 wk. While the studies included in this systematic review indicated relatively high rates of completing CR, these are likely to overrepresent the true completion rates as few definitions were provided that could be compared to completion rates used in clinical practice. This systematic review also found that all interventions prescribed exercise (eg, aerobic alone or combined with resistance training or yoga) but had very limited inclusion or description of other integral components of CR (eg, initial assessment and smoking cessation) or how they were assessed and individualized to meet the needs of younger attendees., Competing Interests: All authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Genetic and environmental factors influence pathogenesis and rising incidence of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease (PIBD). The aim was to meta-analyse evidence of diet and environmental factors in PIBD., Methods: A systematic search was conducted to identify diet and environmental factors with comparable risk outcome measures and had been reported in two or more PIBD studies for inclusion in meta-analyses. Those with ≥2 PIBD risk estimates were combined to provide pooled risk estimates., Results: Of 4763 studies identified, 36 studies were included. PIBD was associated with higher risk with exposure to ≥/=4 antibiotic courses (includes prescriptions/purchases/courses), passive smoking, not being breastfed, sugary drink intake, being a non-Caucasian child living in a high-income country and infection history (odds ratio [OR] range: 2-3.8). Paediatric Crohn's disease (CD) was associated with higher risk with exposure to antibiotics during early childhood, ≥/=4 antibiotic courses, high socioeconomic status (SES), maternal smoking, history of atopic conditions and infection history (OR range: 1.6-4.4). A history of infection was also associated with higher risk of paediatric ulcerative colitis (UC) (OR: 3.73). Having a higher number of siblings (≥2) was associated with lower risk of paediatric CD (OR: 0.6) and paediatric UC (OR: 0.7). Pet exposure was associated with lower risk of paediatric UC (OR: 0.5)., Conclusion: Several factors associated with PIBD risk were identified that could potentially be used to develop a disease screening tool. Future research is needed to address risk reduction in PIBD., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.)

Importance: Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are increasingly recognized for their ability to promote patient-centered care, but concerted health information technology (HIT)-enabled PROM implementations have yet to be achieved for national surgical quality improvement., Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of collecting PROMs within a national surgical quality improvement program., Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a pragmatic implementation cohort study conducted from February 2020 to March 2023. Hospitals in the US participating in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and their patients were included in this analysis., Exposures: Strategies to increase PROM collection rates were identified using the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) Framework for Spread and the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and operationalized with the IHI Model for Improvement's Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles., Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary goal was to accrue more than 30 hospitals and achieve collection rates of 30% or greater in the first 3 years. Logistic regression was used to identify hospital-level factors associated with achieving collection rates of 30% or greater and to identify patient-level factors associated with response to PROMs., Results: At project close, 65 hospitals administered PROMs to 130 365 patients (median [IQR] age, 60.1 [46.2-70.0] years; 77 369 female [59.4%]). Fifteen PDSA cycles were conducted to facilitate implementation, primarily targeting the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research domains of Inner Setting (ie, HIT platform) and Individuals (ie, patients). The target collection rate was exceeded in quarter 3 (2022). Fifty-eight hospitals (89.2%) achieved collection rates of 30% or greater, and 9 (13.8%) achieved collection rates of 50% or greater. The median (IQR) maximum hospital-level collection rate was 40.7% (34.6%-46.7%). The greatest increases in collection rates occurred when both email and short-message service text messaging were used, communications to patients were personalized with their surgeon's and hospital's information, and the number of reminders increased from 2 to 5. No identifiable hospital characteristic was associated with achieving the target collection rate. Patient age and insurance status contributed to nonresponse., Conclusions and Relevance: Results of this cohort study suggest that the large-scale electronic collection of PROMs into a national multispecialty surgical registry was feasible. Findings suggest that HIT platform functionality and earning patient trust were the keys to success; although, iterative opportunities to increase collection rates and address nonresponse remain. Future work to drive continuous surgical quality improvement with PROMs are ongoing.

Background: Culinary nutrition education can support improved diet-related health and wellbeing. This pre-post pilot study aimed to assess feasibility and acceptability of an eight-session culinary nutrition programme, the Food and Lifestyle Information Programme (FLIP), for adults with mild-to-moderate intellectual disability. A secondary aim was to evaluate preliminary programme effectiveness., Method: Participants were recruited through a disability service provider. Feasibility measures were: recruitment and retention; implementation; engagement and participation; adverse outcomes; and feasibility of outcome measures. Acceptability was assessed using an interactive process evaluation. Effectiveness measures included cooking frequency, cooking and food skill confidence and diet quality., Results: Six of eight participants completed the intervention with high attendance and programme engagement. FLIP was well received by participants and support workers. No adverse outcomes occurred. Diet quality was feasible to assess., Conclusions: Findings can inform content, delivery and evaluation of future culinary nutrition programmes for adults with mild-to-moderate intellectual disability., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Weight stigma is prevalent within healthcare settings and is an aspect of the lived experience of people living with obesity. There is international evidence of weight stigma in the dental setting, where currently there is also evidence indicating limited training amongst dental professionals regarding obesity or obesity-related stigma. There has been Australian research and none have included dental support staff., Aims: This cross-sectional survey aimed to assess stigmatizing attitudes and beliefs of dental professionals (registered general dentists, oral health therapists) and support staff (dental assistants, dental receptionists) working in private and public regional practices in New South Wales and specialists in Special Needs Dentistry across Australia toward people living with obesity., Methods: An anonymous electronic validated survey was administered through REDCap™ to assess stigmatizing attitudes and beliefs held amongst respondents in relation to people living with obesity., Results: Fifty-three participants completed the survey ( n  = 33 clinicians, n  = 20 support staff). The majority 47/53 (88.7%) held positive attitudes toward people living with obesity. Of the clinicians, 15/33 (45.5%) reported 1 hour or less and 14/33 (42.4%) reported two to 5 hours of obesity-related education. 14/20 (70%) of the support staff reported no prior education or training about obesity. Of responses reflecting weight stigma, only three clinicians reported negative reactions toward the appearance, or discomfort during examination, of a patient with obesity, or a perception of laziness, compared with normal weight individuals. A higher proportion 4/20 (20%) of support staff reported responses indicating negative attitudes for people with obesity compared with normal weight individuals., Conclusion: Survey responses reflected evidence of weight stigma in both dental professionals and support staff. Professional development targeting weight stigma reduction in the dental setting is needed for both clinicians and support staff., Competing Interests: ZM, DC and CEC have no conflicts of interest to declare in the publication of this paper. KW reports grants, personal fees and non‐financial support from Novo Nordisk, grants and other from Boehringer Ingelheim, outside the submitted work, and is the Clinical Lead and Manager of the Nepean Blue Mountains Family Metabolic Health Service, a tertiary lifespan obesity service in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia., (© 2024 The Author(s). Obesity Science & Practice published by World Obesity and The Obesity Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Study Objective: The aim was to quantify and compare the environmental and financial impact of two diets: a heart-healthy Australian diet (HAD) and the typical Australian diet (TAD)., Design: The study involved a secondary analysis of two modelled dietary patterns used in a cross-over feeding trial., Setting: The evaluation focused on two-week (7-day cyclic) meal plans designed to meet the nutritional requirements for a reference 71-year-old male (9000 kJ) for each dietary pattern., Main Outcome Measures: The environmental footprint of each dietary pattern was calculated using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) metric, taking into account single foods, multi-ingredient foods, and mixed dishes. Prices were obtained from a large Australian supermarket., Results: The HAD produced 23.8 % less CO 2 equivalents (CO 2 e) per day (2.16 kg CO 2 e) compared to the TAD (2.83 kg CO 2 e per day). Meat and discretionary foods were the primary contributors to the environmental footprint of the TAD, whereas dairy and vegetables constituted the largest contributors to the HAD footprint. However, the HAD was 51 % more expensive than the TAD., Conclusion: Transitioning from a TAD to a HAD could significantly reduce CO 2 emissions and with benefits for human health and the environment. Affordability will be a major barrier. Strategies to reduce costs of convenient healthy food are needed. Future studies should expand the GWP* database and consider additional environmental dimensions to comprehensively assess the impact of dietary patterns. Current findings have implications for menu planning within feeding trials and for individuals seeking to reduce their carbon footprint while adhering to heart-healthy eating guidelines., Competing Interests: All authors declare no conflicts of interest with regard to the research, authorship and publication of this article., (© 2024 The Authors.)

As researchers with substantial experience in the child obesity field [...].

Background: Many young adults report poor diet quality. However, research evaluating whether young adult males and females differ in diet quality is limited. Additionally, although diet quality has a known inverse association with body mass index (BMI), it is unclear whether this association is observed in young adults and whether it varies by gender. The present study aimed to evaluate gender differences in diet quality in young adults, as well as the associations between diet quality and BMI., Methods: Data collected via the Healthy Eating Quiz (HEQ) in respondents aged 18-35 years between July 2019 and December 2021 were analysed, including demographics, and diet quality calculated using the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS). Differences in characteristics were analysed using a two-sample t-test, chi-squared and one-way analysis of covariance. Linear regressions were performed to estimate associations between diet quality and BMI. An interaction term was included in the model to test differences between genders., Results: The respondents (n = 28,969) were predominantly female (70.8%) with a mean ± SD age of 25.9 ± 5.0 years and BMI of 24.6 ± 5.2 kg/m 2 . The mean ± SD ARFS was significantly different between females and males (33.1 ± 8.6 vs. 31.4 ± 9.3 points out of 70; p < 0.001). Diet quality had a small, significant inverse association with BMI in both genders. The interaction effect between diet quality score and gender in predicting BMI was significant (p < 0.001), suggesting the impact of diet quality on BMI varies by gender, with lower diet quality more strongly associated with higher BMI in females compared to males., Conclusion: Interventions that target young adults are needed to improve diet quality and its potential contribution to BMI status. As a result of the small observed effect sizes, caution should be applied in interpreting these findings., (© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Dietetic Association.)

Background: Optimal maternal nutrition is associated with better pregnancy and infant outcomes. Culinary nutrition programmes have potential to improve diet quality during pregnancy. Therefore, this research aimed to understand the experiences of cooking and the wants and needs of pregnant women regarding a cooking and food skills programme in the United Kingdom (UK) and Republic of Ireland (ROI)., Methods: Online focus group discussions with pregnant women and those who had experienced a pregnancy in the UK or ROI were conducted between February and April 2022. Two researchers conducted a thematic analysis. Seven focus groups with ROI participants (n = 24) and six with UK participants (n = 28) were completed., Results: Five themes were generated. These were (1) cooking during pregnancy: barriers, motivators and solutions; (2) food safety, stress and guilt; (3) need for cooking and food skills programmes and desired content; (4) programme structure; (5) barriers and facilitators to programme participation. Overall, there was support for a programme focusing on broad food skills, including planning, food storage, using leftovers and to manage pregnancy-specific physiological symptoms such as food aversions. Participants emphasised the importance of inclusivity for a diverse range of people and lifestyles for programme design and content., Conclusions: Current findings support the use of digital technologies for culinary nutrition interventions, potentially combined with in-person sessions using a hybrid structure to enable the development of a support network., (© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Dietetic Association.)

Background: People with intellectual disability have diverse needs and experience higher rates of diet-related chronic disease such as type 2 diabetes compared to people without disability. However, they are infrequently included in development and implementation of interventions to address diet-related chronic disease. The present study describes the process to plan, develop and refine the Food and Lifestyle Information Program (FLIP) culinary nutrition intervention for adults with mild-to-moderate intellectual disability., Methods: The project was initiated by a disability service provider and was guided by the Cook-Ed™ model and inclusive research principles. Initially the disability service provider and academic research team members co-designed pre-program consultation and pilot studies, and draft program resources. Pre-program consultation explored paid disability support worker (n = 10) perceptions of cooking and food skills, nutrition priorities and optimal program format, which guided further program drafting. Program resources and pilot study design were further developed and refined with co-researchers with lived experience of intellectual disability who attended a pre-pilot and then pilot study sessions as remunerated co-facilitators., Results: Key characteristics of the FLIP intervention arising from pre-program consultation included providing cooking task instruction in small steps, enabling participant choice in program activities, promoting an inclusive and social atmosphere, and providing paper-based resources., Conclusions: FLIP intervention co-design was enabled through ongoing input from the disability service provider and people with lived experience of intellectual disability. Evaluation of FLIP feasibility, acceptability and preliminary effectiveness to improve diet-related health is underway., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Dietetic Association.)

Background: Ventral hernia repair (VHR) is one of the most common general surgery procedures among older adults but is often deferred due to a higher risk of complications. This study compares postoperative quality of life (QOL) and complications between frail and non-frail patients undergoing elective VHR. We hypothesized that frail patients would have higher complication rates and smaller gains in quality of life compared to non-frail patients., Study Design: Patients 65 years of age and older, undergoing elective VHR between 2018 and 2022 were selected from the ACHQC (Abdominal Core Health Quality Collaborative) and grouped based on frailty scores obtained using the Modified Frailty Index (mFI-5). Logistic regression adjusting for hernia characteristics (size, recurrent, parastomal, incisional) were performed for 30-day outcomes including surgical site infections (SSI), surgical site occurrences (SSO), surgical site infections/occurrences requiring procedural intervention (SSOPI), and readmission. Multivariable analyses controlling for patient and procedure characteristics were performed comparing QOL scores (HerQLes scale, 0-100) at baseline, 30 days, 6 months and 1 year postoperatively., Results: A total of 4888 patients were included, 29.17% non-frail, 47.87% frail, and 22.95% severely frail. On adjusted analysis, severely frail patients had higher odds of SSO (most commonly seroma formation) but no evidence of a difference in SSI, SSOPI, readmission or mortality. Severely frail patients had lower median QOL scores at baseline (48.3/100, IQR 26.1-71.7, p ​= ​0.001) but reported higher QOL scores at both 30-days (68.3/100, IQR 41.7-88.3, p ​= ​0.01) and 6-months (86.7/100, IQR 65.0-93.3, p ​= ​0.005)., Conclusion: Severely frail patients reported similar increases in QOL and similar complications to their not frail counterparts. Our results demonstrate that appropriately selected older patients, even those who are severely frail, may benefit from elective VHR in the appropriate clinical circumstance., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest This research, through Dr. Collins, was supported by the National Institutes of HealthNational Institute of Aging (NIA) [grant number R03AG074072]. Dr. Benjamin Poulose has received research support from the Bard-Davol and Advanced Medical Solutions. He received consulting fees from Ethicon and receives salary support from the ACHQC as the ACHQC Director of Quality and Outcomes. ACHQC Foundation is supported by Bard-Davol, Allergan, Medtronic, W.L. Gore, Ethicon, and TelaBio. Dr. Benjamin Poulose received salary support from ACHQC and research grant support from BD Interventional and Advanced Medical Solutions. Dr. Alison Whalen, Savanah Renshaw, Molly Olson, and Sahana Holla have no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Technology-assisted 24-h dietary recalls (24HRs) have been widely adopted in population nutrition surveillance. Evaluations of 24HRs inform improvements, but direct comparisons of 24HR methods for accuracy in reference to a measure of true intake are rarely undertaken in a single study population., Objectives: To compare the accuracy of energy and nutrient intake estimation of 4 technology-assisted dietary assessment methods relative to true intake across breakfast, lunch, and dinner., Methods: In a controlled feeding study with a crossover design, 152 participants [55% women; mean age 32 y, standard deviation (SD) 11; mean body mass index 26 kg/m 2 , SD 5] were randomized to 1 of 3 separate feeding days to consume breakfast, lunch, and dinner, with unobtrusive weighing of foods and beverages consumed. Participants undertook a 24HR the following day [Automated Self-Administered Dietary Assessment Tool-Australia (ASA24); Intake24-Australia; mobile Food Record-Trained Analyst (mFR-TA); or Image-Assisted Interviewer-Administered 24-hour recall (IA-24HR)]. When assigned to IA-24HR, participants referred to images captured of their meals using the mobile Food Record (mFR) app. True and estimated energy and nutrient intakes were compared, and differences among methods were assessed using linear mixed models., Results: The mean difference between true and estimated energy intake as a percentage of true intake was 5.4% (95% CI: 0.6, 10.2%) using ASA24, 1.7% (95% CI: -2.9, 6.3%) using Intake24, 1.3% (95% CI: -1.1, 3.8%) using mFR-TA, and 15.0% (95% CI: 11.6, 18.3%) using IA-24HR. The variances of estimated and true energy intakes were statistically significantly different for all methods (P < 0.01) except Intake24 (P = 0.1). Differential accuracy in nutrient estimation was present among the methods., Conclusions: Under controlled conditions, Intake24, ASA24, and mFR-TA estimated average energy and nutrient intakes with reasonable validity, but intake distributions were estimated accurately by Intake24 only (energy and protein). This study may inform considerations regarding instruments of choice in future population surveillance. This trial was registered at Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12621000209897., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Context: Diet quality indices (DQIs) assess the level of adherence to dietary recommendations and a specified dietary pattern in populations; however, there is limited evidence regarding the construct criteria and validation methodology of DQIs used in pregnant women., Objectives: The objectives of this study were to (i) identify and describe characteristics of DQIs that have been validated for use in pregnant women in high-income countries, and (ii) evaluate criteria used to develop DQIs and validation methodologies employed., Data Sources: CINAHL, Embase, Medline, SCOPUS, and Web of Science were systematically searched for eligible articles published between 1980 and November 2022 that focused on DQIs validated for use in pregnant women from high-income countries., Data Extraction: Characteristics, development criteria, and validation methodologies used in the included articles were extracted by one reviewer and checked by a second reviewer., Data Analysis: A narrative synthesis and descriptive statistics were used to summarize the review findings. Reporting was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement., Results: Six articles with 5 validated DQIs were identified. In total, 3777 participants were included - five articles had pregnant women aged 31-50 years and in their second trimester. Food frequency questionnaires were used as the dietary assessment method in all studies, and 3 DQIs were used to assess dietary intake at 1 time point, using 2 different dietary assessment methods. No indices fulfilled preferred features for the DQI development criteria developed by Burggraf et al (2018). Construct validity was assessed by all DQIs, followed by criterion validity (n = 4) and test-retest reliability (n = 2)., Conclusion: Limited high-quality validated DQIs for use in pregnant women in high-income countries were identified. Scoring for DQI components were not specific to nutrient requirements for pregnant women. Findings from this review may inform the development of DQIs that evaluate specific dietary requirements and specific food safety considerations applicable to pregnancy., Systematic Review Registration: https://osf.io/u2hrq., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Life Sciences Institute. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Aims: To (1) synthesise evidence from Health at Every Size® interventions on physical and psychological health in people with overweight and obesity and (2) report between-group differences within interventions evaluating the impact of Health at Every Size® interventions on health and health-related outcomes., Methods: Six databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane, PsychInfo, CINAHL, and Scopus) were searched from inception until November 2022. Included studies were conducted in adults with overweight or obesity, used Health at Every Size®-based interventions compared with control interventions and reported dietary, physical and/or psychological outcomes, including diet quality, anthropometry, or quality of life. Data on between-group differences were extracted. Risk of bias was assessed using ROB2. Random-effects meta-analyses were undertaken for outcomes with at least three studies reporting the same or comparable data., Results: From 128 studies identified, 19 full-text articles (10 unique studies, 6 published since 2017), were included. Meta-analysis found a significant reduction for susceptibility to hunger in Health at Every Size® intervention groups relative to controls (p = 0.005), with no significant difference (p > 0.05) between Health at Every Size® interventions and control groups for anthropometric, psychological or cardiometabolic outcomes (total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic or diastolic blood pressure)., Conclusion: Health at Every Size® interventions had similar results compared with weight-based interventions on anthropometric outcomes and cardiometabolic outcomes. Health at Every Size® interventions had a significant benefit for reducing susceptibility to hunger. The decision to use a Health at Every Size®-based intervention should be personalised to individual needs. Further research in more diverse populations is required using standardised outcome measures to facilitate future meta-analyses., (© 2024 The Authors. Nutrition & Dietetics published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Dietitians Australia.)

Background: Ventral hernia repair is a common elective general surgery procedure among older patients, a population at greater risk of complications. Prior research has demonstrated improved quality of life in this population despite increased risk of complications. This study sought to assess the relationship between post-ventral hernia repair quality of life and patient frailty. We hypothesized that frail patients would report smaller gains in quality of life compared to the non-frail group., Methods: The Abdominal Core Health Quality Collaborative was used to identify a cohort of patients 65 years of age or older undergoing elective ventral hernia repair from 2018 to 2022. Patients were categorized based on their modified frailty index scores as not frail/prefrail, frail, and severely frail. Quality of life was assessed using a patient-reported 12-item scale preoperatively, 30 days, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively., Results: A total of 3,479 patients were included: 30.93% non-frail, 47.17% frail, and 21.90% severely frail. Severely frail patients had lower quality of life scores at baseline (P = .001) but reported higher quality of life at both 30 days (1.24 points higher, 95% confidence interval (-1.51, 2.52), P = .010) and 6 months (0.92 points higher, 95% confidence interval (-2.29, 4.13), P = .005). Severely frail patients had higher rates of surgical site complications (P < .001) but no difference in 30-day readmissions., Conclusion: Our results found that frail patients reported the greatest increase in quality of life 1 year from baseline, showing that they, when selected appropriately, can gain equal benefits and have similar surgical outcomes as their non-frail counterparts., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This review aimed to synthesise existing literature on the efficacy of personalised or precision nutrition (PPN) interventions, including medical nutrition therapy (MNT), in improving outcomes related to glycaemic control (HbA1c, post-prandial glucose [PPG], and fasting blood glucose), anthropometry (weight, BMI, and waist circumference [WC]), blood lipids, blood pressure (BP), and dietary intake among adults with prediabetes or metabolic syndrome (MetS). Six databases were systematically searched (Scopus, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Cochrane) for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published from January 2000 to 16 April 2023. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria were used to assess the risk of bias. Seven RCTs ( n = 873), comprising five PPN and two MNT interventions, lasting 3-24 months were included. Consistent and significant improvements favouring PPN and MNT interventions were reported across studies that examined outcomes like HbA1c, PPG, and waist circumference. Results for other measures, including fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR, blood lipids, BP, and diet, were inconsistent. Longer, more frequent interventions yielded greater improvements, especially for HbA1c and WC. However, more research in studies with larger sample sizes and standardised PPN definitions is needed. Future studies should also investigate combining MNT with contemporary PPN factors, including genetic, epigenetic, metabolomic, and metagenomic data.

Determine how healthcare professionals perceive their role in nutrition assessment and management, and explore barriers and enablers to assessment and management of nutrition in individuals with DFU. Mixed methods including a cross-sectional online survey derived from current international guidelines and theoretical domains framework, and semi-structured interviews with conventional content analysis was performed. One hundred and ninety-one participants completed the survey, with 19 participating in interviews. Many health professionals are not confident in their ability in this area of practice, are uncertain their nutrition advice or management will be effective in assisting wound healing outcomes and are uncertain their intervention would result in adequate behaviour change by the individual with DFU. Major barriers to implementation of nutrition assessment and management were: inadequate time, lack of knowledge and lack of clinical guidance and enablers were as follows: professional development, a standardised clinical pathway and screening tool and a resource addressing wound healing and diabetes management. Nutrition assessment and management in individuals with DFU is not consistently applied. Whilst health professionals believed nutrition was important for wound healing, they lacked confidence in implementing into their practice. Further dissemination of existing guidance and implementation of education programs and resources would help overcome cited barriers., (© 2024 The Authors. International Wound Journal published by Medicalhelplines.com Inc and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Introduction: Improving dietary patterns using medical nutrition therapy delivered via telehealth could make an effective contribution to reducing cardiovascular disease burden in rural Australia. However, it is important that medical nutrition therapy programmes are developed in collaboration with rural stakeholders, to increase feasibility for the rural context and the likelihood of successful implementation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the preliminary feasibility outcomes of integration (implementation), practicality, acceptability, demand, and preliminary effectiveness at the 3-month timepoint of the Healthy Rural Hearts randomised control trial., Methods: Feasibility measures were collected from participants in the Healthy Rural Hearts medical nutrition therapy trial. Study participants were patients from eligible primary care practices who had been assessed by their general practitioner as being at moderate to high risk of developing cardiovascular disease in the next five years. The sample in this analysis includes those who had completed the first 3-months of the study. Feasibility outcomes were measured over the first 3-months of the trial intervention. A process evaluation survey was used to collect measures relating to intervention implementation, practicality, acceptability, and demand. Completion rates of the Australian Eating Survey Heart version, Personalised Nutrition Questionnaire, pathology tests and telehealth medical nutrition therapy consultations delivered by Accredited Practising Dietitians were also used to measure intervention practicality. Preliminary effectiveness was evaluated by comparing the intervention group's dietary change, measured using Australian Eating Survey Heart with data from the control group., Results: A total of 105 participants (75 intervention, 30 control participants) were eligible for inclusion in analysis. Attendance rates at the first 3-months of dietitian consultations ranged from 94.7% to 89.3% between the first and 3-month consultations, and most participants were able to complete the Australian Eating Survey Heart and Personalised Nutrition Questionnaire prior to their initial consultation [Australian Eating Survey Heart ( n  = 57, 76%) and Personalised Nutrition Questionnaire ( n  = 61, 81.3%)] and the Australian Eating Survey Heart prior to their 3-month consultation ( n  = 52, 69.3%). Of the participants who completed a pathology test at the 3-month time-point ( n  = 54, 72%), less than half were able to do so prior to their dietitian consultation ( n  = 35, 46.7%). Of the 75 intervention participants, 28 (37.3%) completed the process evaluation survey. Intervention participants ranked acceptability of the Healthy Rural Hearts intervention highly (mean rank out of 10 = 9.5, SD 1.9), but provided mixed responses on whether they would access the intervention outside of the study (mean rank out of 10 = 6.0, SD 3.5). There were statistically significant increases in percentage total energy intake derived from nutrient-dense core foods compared to the control group ( p  ≤ 0.05)., Discussion: The positive findings related to acceptability and implementation outcomes suggest that the Healthy Rural Hearts intervention was acceptable, practical, and able to be implemented within this population living in rural NSW. This, combined with the small to medium effect size in the proportion of total energy derived from nutrient-dense core foods compared to the control group indicates that long-term intervention effectiveness on other cardiovascular disease outcomes is important to evaluate in the future., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

There is a substantial research base for addictive eating with development of interventions. The current 3-arm RCT aimed to investigate the efficacy of the TRACE (Targeted Research for Addictive and Compulsive Eating) program to decrease addictive eating symptoms and improve mental health. Participants (18-85 yrs) endorsing ≥3 addictive eating symptoms were randomly allocated to 1) active intervention, 2) passive intervention, or 3) control group. Primary outcome was change in addictive eating symptoms 3-months post-baseline measured by the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Depression, anxiety and stress were also assessed. A total of 175 individuals were randomised. Using Linear Mixed Models, from baseline to 3-months, there was significant improvement in symptom scores in all groups with mean decrease of 4.7 (95% CI: -5.8, -3.6; p < 0.001), 3.8 (95% CI: -5.2, -2.4; p < 0.001) and 1.5 (95% CI: -2.6, -0.4; p = 0.01) respectively. Compared with the control group, participants in the active intervention were five times more likely to achieve a clinically significant change in symptom scores. There was a significant reduction in depression scores in the active and passive intervention groups, but not control group [-2.9 (95% CI: -4.5, -1.3); -2.3 (95% CI: -4.3, -0.3); 0.5 (95% CI: -1.1, 2.1), respectively]; a significant reduction in stress scores within the active group, but not passive intervention or control groups [-1.3 (95% CI: -2.2, -0.5); -1.0 (95% CI: -2.1, 0.1); 0.4 (95% CI: -0.5, 1.2), respectively]; and the reduction in anxiety scores over time was similar for all groups. A dietitian-led telehealth intervention for addictive eating in adults was more effective than a passive or control condition in reducing addictive eating scores from baseline to 6 months. Trial registration: Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry ACTRN12621001079831., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Aims: University students may experience food insecurity due to financial constraints, reducing the quality of their diet. This study aimed to identify students at higher risk of food insecurity, their engagement with on-campus food initiatives and evaluate the relationship between food insecurity and a validated index of diet quality., Methods: A cross-sectional online survey used the six-item Household Food Security Survey Module to assess food insecurity. Total diet quality and subscale scores for eight food groups were measured using the Australian Recommended Food Score (range 0-73). Univariate and multivariate regression identified groups at risk of food insecurity, their engagement with campus food initiatives and relationship with diet quality scores., Results: Of student respondents (n = 197), over half (54%) experienced food insecurity (14% mild, 23% moderate and 18% severe food insecurity). Male students and students not living with parents were at significantly higher risk. Food-insecure students were significantly more likely to use the campus food pantry (odds ratio = 2.3 [95% confidence interval = 1.286-4.142]; p = 0.005) but not a campus community garden. The mean diet quality score was 32.9 (standard deviation = 8.9). Food-insecure students reported a mean diet quality score over three points lower than food-secure respondents (B = -3.5 [95% confidence interval = -6.0 to -1.0]; p = 0.006), with significantly lower fruit and vegetable subscale scores., Conclusions: Results suggest a high occurrence of food insecurity and poor dietary quality in university students. Despite high levels of engagement with the campus food pantry, the poor diet quality of food-insecure students suggests an urgent need for greater university-led interventions to improve students' dietary intake., (© 2023 The Authors. Nutrition & Dietetics published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Dietitians Australia.)

Background: Hypertension is a key risk factor for major adverse cardiovascular events but remains difficult to treat in many individuals. Dietary interventions are an effective approach to lower blood pressure (BP) but are not equally effective across all individuals. BP is heritable, and genetics may be a useful tool to overcome treatment response heterogeneity. We investigated whether the genetics of BP could be used to identify individuals with hypertension who may receive a particular benefit from lowering sodium intake and boosting potassium levels., Methods: In this observational genetic study, we leveraged cross-sectional data from up to 296 475 genotyped individuals drawn from the UK Biobank cohort for whom BP and urinary electrolytes (sodium and potassium), biomarkers of sodium and potassium intake, were measured. Biologically directed genetic scores for BP were constructed specifically among pathways related to sodium and potassium biology (pharmagenic enrichment scores), as well as unannotated genome-wide scores (conventional polygenic scores). We then tested whether there was a gene-by-environment interaction between urinary electrolytes and these genetic scores on BP., Results: Genetic risk and urinary electrolytes both independently correlated with BP. However, urinary sodium was associated with a larger BP increase among individuals with higher genetic risk in sodium- and potassium-related pathways than in those with comparatively lower genetic risk. For example, each SD in urinary sodium was associated with a 1.47-mm Hg increase in systolic BP for those in the top 10% of the distribution of genetic risk in sodium and potassium transport pathways versus a 0.97-mm Hg systolic BP increase in the lowest 10% ( P =1.95×10 -3 ). This interaction with urinary sodium remained when considering estimated glomerular filtration rate and indexing sodium to urinary creatinine. There was no strong evidence of an interaction between urinary sodium and a standard genome-wide polygenic score of BP., Conclusions: The data suggest that genetic risk in sodium and potassium pathways could be used in a precision medicine model to direct interventions more specifically in the management of hypertension. Intervention studies are warranted., Competing Interests: Disclosures Drs Reay and Cairns have filed a patent related to the use of the pharmagenic enrichment score framework in complex disorders (WIPO patent application WO/2020/237314), an approach used in a section of this study. Dr Cairns is director of a company that aims to commercialize the pharmagenic enrichment score platform (PolygenRx Pty Ltd), in which Dr Reay holds equity. The remaining authors declare no competing financial interests.