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51. Generalized Approach to Matched Filtering using Neural Networks

Author

Yan, Jingkai, Avagyan, Mariam, Colgan, Robert E., Veske, Doğa, Bartos, Imre, Wright, John, Márka, Zsuzsa, and Márka, Szabolcs

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Computer Science - Machine Learning, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

Gravitational wave science is a pioneering field with rapidly evolving data analysis methodology currently assimilating and inventing deep learning techniques. The bulk of the sophisticated flagship searches of the field rely on the time-tested matched filtering principle within their core. In this paper, we make a key observation on the relationship between the emerging deep learning and the traditional techniques: matched filtering is formally equivalent to a particular neural network. This means that a neural network can be constructed analytically to exactly implement matched filtering, and can be further trained on data or boosted with additional complexity for improved performance. Moreover, we show that the proposed neural network architecture can outperform matched filtering, both with or without knowledge of a prior on the parameter distribution. When a prior is given, the proposed neural network can approach the statistically optimal performance. We also propose and investigate two different neural network architectures MNet-Shallow and MNet-Deep, both of which implement matched filtering at initialization and can be trained on data. MNet-Shallow has simpler structure, while MNet-Deep is more flexible and can deal with a wider range of distributions. Our theoretical findings are corroborated by experiments using real LIGO data and synthetic injections, where our proposed methods significantly outperform matched filtering at false positive rates above $5\times 10^{-3}\%$. The fundamental equivalence between matched filtering and neural networks allows us to define a "complexity standard candle" to characterize the relative complexity of the different approaches to gravitational wave signal searches in a common framework. Finally, our results suggest new perspectives on the role of deep learning in gravitational wave detection., Comment: 18 pages, 13 figures

Published
2021
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52. Sagittarius B1 -- A Patchwork of H II Regions and PhotoDissociation Regions

Author

Simpson, Janet P., Colgan, Sean W. J., Cotera, Angela S., Kaufman, Michael J., and Stolovy, Susan R.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

Sgr B1 is a luminous H II region in the Galactic Center immediately next to the massive star-forming giant molecular cloud Sgr B2 and apparently connected to it from their similar radial velocities. In 2018 we showed from SOFIA FIFI-LS observations of the [O III] 52 and 88 micron lines that there is no central exciting star cluster and that the ionizing stars must be widely spread throughout the region. Here we present SOFIA FIFI-LS observations of the [O I] 146 and [C II] 158 micron lines formed in the surrounding photodissociation regions (PDRs). We find that these lines correlate neither with each other nor with the [O III] lines although together they correlate better with the 70 micron Herschel PACS images from Hi-GAL. We infer from this that Sgr B1 consists of a number of smaller H II regions plus their associated PDRs, some seen face-on and the others seen more or less edge-on. We used the PDR Toolbox to estimate densities and the far-ultraviolet intensities exciting the PDRs. Using models computed with Cloudy, we demonstrate possible appearances of edge-on PDRs and show that the density difference between the PDR densities and the electron densities estimated from the [O III] line ratios is incompatible with pressure equilibrium unless there is a substantial pressure contribution from either turbulence or magnetic field or both. We likewise conclude that the hot stars exciting Sgr B1 are widely spaced throughout the region at substantial distances from the gas with no evidence of current massive star formation., Comment: 18 pages, 8 figures. Accepted by The Astrophysical Journal

Published
2021
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56. Unexpected worker mating and colony-founding in a superorganism

Author

Mingsheng Zhuang, Thomas J. Colgan, Yulong Guo, Zhengyi Zhang, Fugang Liu, Zhongyan Xia, Xueyan Dai, Zhihao Zhang, Yuanjian Li, Liuhao Wang, Jin Xu, Yueqin Guo, Yingping Qu, Jun Yao, Huipeng Yang, Fan Yang, Xiaoying Li, Jun Guo, Mark J. F. Brown, and Jilian Li

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Abstract The emergence of caste-differentiated colonies, which have been defined as ‘superorganisms’, in ants, bees, and wasps represents a major transition in evolution. Lifetime mating commitment by queens, pre-imaginal caste determination and lifetime unmatedness of workers are key features of these animal societies. Workers in superorganismal species like honey bees and many ants have consequently lost, or retain only vestigial spermathecal structures. However, bumble bee workers retain complete spermathecae despite 25-40 million years since their origin of superorganismality, which remains an evolutionary mystery. Here, we show (i) that bumble bee workers retain queen-like reproductive traits, being able to mate and produce colonies, underlain by queen-like gene expression, (ii) the social conditions required for worker mating, and (iii) that these abilities may be selected for by early queen-loss in these annual species. These results challenge the idea of lifetime worker unmatedness in superorganisms, and provide an exciting new tool for the conservation of endangered bumble bee species.

Published
2023
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61. Geologic Provinces Beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet Constrained by Geophysical Data Synthesis

Author

Joseph A. MacGregor, William T. Colgan, Guy J. G. Paxman, Kirsty J. Tinto, Beáta Csathó, Fiona A. Darbyshire, Mark A. Fahnestock, Thomas F. Kokfelt, Emma J. MacKie, Mathieu Morlighem, and Olga V. Sergienko

Subjects
Greenland Ice Sheet, subglacial geology, remote sensing, Geophysics. Cosmic physics, QC801-809
Abstract

Abstract Present understanding of Greenland's subglacial geology is derived mostly from interpolation of geologic mapping of its ice‐free margins and unconstrained by geophysical data. Here we refine the extent of its geologic provinces by synthesizing geophysical constraints on subglacial geology from seismic, gravity, magnetic and topographic data. North of 72°N, no province clearly extends across the whole island, leaving three distinct subglacial regions yet to be reconciled with margin geology. Geophysically coherent anomalies and apparent province boundaries are adjacent to the onset of faster ice flow at both Petermann Glacier and the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream. Separately, based on their subaerial expression, dozens of unusually long, straight and sub‐parallel subglacial valleys cross Greenland's interior and are not yet resolved by current syntheses of its subglacial topography.

Published
2024
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62. Teledermatology in practice: Report of Mayo Clinic experience

Author

Nessa Aghazadeh Mohandesi, Tudor Puiu, Setu Mittal, Matthew R Hall, Olayemi Sokumbi, Aaron R Mangold, Michael B Colgan, Megha M Tollefson, and Julio C Sartori-Valinotti

Subjects
Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, R858-859.7
Abstract

Background Delivery of dermatologic care through telemedicine was accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. We sought to analyze the teledermatology experience across Mayo Clinic's health care system to identify strengths and limitations of teledermatology. Methods Electronic health records of dermatology televisits were reviewed from multiple U.S. Mayo Clinic sites from January 2020 through January 2021. Results A total of 13,181 dermatology televisits were conducted in 6468 unique patients. Patients were primarily female (60.2%), and mean age of all patients was 34.1 years. Synchronous / live video conferencing visits were the most common (40.0%) telecare modality. Synchronous / live audio conferencing and asynchronous / store-and-forward visits comprised 33.0% and 27.0% of appointments. In total, 3944 televisits (29.9%) were successfully concluded via a single appointment. An in-person appointment was needed for 1693 patients (26.2%) after their initial televisit. For patients with a single televisit, synchronous / live video conferencing was the most common virtual modality (58.0% vs 32.2% of patients with multiple visits, p

Published
2024
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63. Experimental assessment of clinical MRI-induced global SAR distributions in head phantoms

Author

Blackwell, J., Oluniran, G., Tuohy, B., Destrade, M., Kraśny, M. J., and Colgan, N.

Subjects
Physics - Medical Physics, Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter
Abstract

Objective: Accurate estimation of SAR is critical to safeguarding vulnerable patients who require an MRI procedure. The increased static field strength and RF duty cycle capabilities in modern MRI scanners mean that systems can easily exceed safe SAR levels for patients. Advisory protocols routinely used to establish quality assurance protocols are not required to advise on the testing of MRI SAR levels and is not routinely measured in annual medical physics quality assurance checks. This study aims to develop a head phantom and protocol that can independently verify global SAR for MRI clinical scanners. Methods: A four-channel birdcage head coil was used for RF transmission and signal reception. Proton resonance shift thermometry was used to estimate SAR. The SAR estimates were verified by comparing results against two other independent measures, then applied to a further four scanners at field strengths of 1.5 T and 3 T. Results: Scanner output SAR values ranged from 0.42 to 1.52 W/kg. Percentage SAR differences between independently estimated values and those calculated by the scanners differed by 0-2.3%. Conclusion: We have developed a quality assurance protocol to independently verify the SAR output of MRI scanners.

Published
2020
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64. The First Mid-Infrared Detection of HNC in the Interstellar Medium: Probing the Extreme Environment Towards the Orion Hot Core

Author

Nickerson, Sarah, Rangwala, Naseem, Colgan, Sean, DeWitt, Curtis, Huang, Xinchuan, Acharyya, Kinsuk, Drozdovskaya, Maria, Fortenberry, Ryan C., Herbst, Eric, and Lee, Timothy J.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

We present the first mid-infrared (MIR) detections of HNC and H13CN in the interstellar medium, and numerous, resolved HCN rovibrational transitions. Our observations span 12.8 to 22.9 micron towards the hot core Orion IRc2, obtained with the Echelon-Cross-Echelle Spectrograph aboard the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). Exceptional, ~5 km/s, resolution distinguishes individual rovibrational transitions of the HNC and HCN P, Q, and R branches; and the H13CN R branch. This allows direct measurement of the species' excitation temperatures, column densities, and relative abundances. HNC and H13CN exhibit a local standard rest velocity of -7 km/s that may be associated with an outflow from nearby radio source I and an excitation temperature of about 100 K. We resolve two velocity components for HCN, the primary component also being at -7 km/s with temperature 165 K. The hottest component, which had never before been observed, is at 1 km/s with temperature 309 K. This is the closest component to the hot core's centre measured to date. The derived 12C/13C=13 is below expectation for Orion's Galactocentric distance, but the derived HCN/HNC=72 is expected for this extreme environment. Compared to previous sub-mm and mm observations, our SOFIA line survey of this region shows that the resolved MIR molecular transitions are probing a distinct physical component and isolating the chemistry closest to the hot core., Comment: 20 pages, 6 figures, submitted to ApJ, comments welcome

Published
2020
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65. An Initial Exploration of Bayesian Model Calibration for Estimating the Composition of Rocks and Soils on Mars

Author

Hébert, Claire-Alice, Lawrence, Earl, Myers, Kary, Colgan, James P., and Judge, Elizabeth J.

Subjects
Statistics - Applications
Abstract

The Mars Curiosity rover carries an instrument, ChemCam, designed to measure the composition of surface rocks and soil using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The measured spectra from this instrument must be analyzed to identify the component elements in the target sample, as well as their relative proportions. This process, which we call disaggregation, is complicated by so-called matrix effects, which describe nonlinear changes in the relative heights of emission lines as an unknown function of composition due to atomic interactions within the LIBS plasma. In this work we explore the use of the plasma physics code ATOMIC, developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory, for the disaggregation task. ATOMIC has recently been used to model LIBS spectra and can robustly reproduce matrix effects from first principles. The ability of ATOMIC to predict LIBS spectra presents an exciting opportunity to perform disaggregation in a manner not yet tried in the LIBS community, namely via Bayesian model calibration. However, using it directly to solve our inverse problem is computationally intractable due to the large parameter space and the computation time required to produce a single output. Therefore we also explore the use of emulators as a fast solution for this analysis. We discuss a proof of concept Gaussian process emulator for disaggregating two-element compounds of sodium and copper. The training and test datasets were simulated with ATOMIC using a Latin hypercube design. After testing the performance of the emulator, we successfully recover the composition of 25 test spectra with Bayesian model calibration., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, special issue

Published
2020

66. The Poynting effect

Author

Zurlo, Giuseppe, Blackwell, James, Colgan, Niall, and Destrade, Michel

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter, Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

An elastic cylinder subjected to torsion will always elongate.

Published
2020
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67. Estimating Scale Discrepancy in Bayesian Model Calibration for ChemCam on the Mars Curiosity Rover

Author

Bhat, K. Sham, Myers, Kary, Lawrence, Earl, Colgan, James, and Judge, Elizabeth

Subjects
Statistics - Applications
Abstract

The Mars rover Curiosity carries an instrument called ChemCam to determine the composition of the soil and rocks. ChemCam uses laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for this purpose. Los Alamos National Laboratory has developed a simulation capability that can predict spectra from ChemCam, but there are major scale differences between the prediction and observation. This presents a challenge when using Bayesian model calibration to determine the unknown physical parameters that describe the LIBS observations. We present an analysis of LIBS data to support ChemCam based on including a structured discrepancy model in a Bayesian model calibration scheme. This is both a novel application of Bayesian model calibration and a general purpose approach to accounting for such systematic differences between theory and observation in this setting., Comment: 21 pages, 10 Figures, submitted to the Annals of Applied Statistics

Published
2020

68. Cycling cancer persister cells arise from lineages with distinct programs

Author

Oren, Yaara, Tsabar, Michael, Cuoco, Michael S, Amir-Zilberstein, Liat, Cabanos, Heidie F, Hütter, Jan-Christian, Hu, Bomiao, Thakore, Pratiksha I, Tabaka, Marcin, Fulco, Charles P, Colgan, William, Cuevas, Brandon M, Hurvitz, Sara A, Slamon, Dennis J, Deik, Amy, Pierce, Kerry A, Clish, Clary, Hata, Aaron N, Zaganjor, Elma, Lahav, Galit, Politi, Katerina, Brugge, Joan S, and Regev, Aviv

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer, Cancer Genomics, Human Genome, Genetics, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, 5.1 Pharmaceuticals, Antioxidants, Cell Cycle, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Lineage, Cell Proliferation, Cell Survival, Clone Cells, DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic, Fatty Acids, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Humans, Lentivirus, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Neoplasms, Oncogene Proteins, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxidative Stress, Reactive Oxygen Species, Transcription, Genetic, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Non-genetic mechanisms have recently emerged as important drivers of cancer therapy failure1, where some cancer cells can enter a reversible drug-tolerant persister state in response to treatment2. Although most cancer persisters remain arrested in the presence of the drug, a rare subset can re-enter the cell cycle under constitutive drug treatment. Little is known about the non-genetic mechanisms that enable cancer persisters to maintain proliferative capacity in the presence of drugs. To study this rare, transiently resistant, proliferative persister population, we developed Watermelon, a high-complexity expressed barcode lentiviral library for simultaneous tracing of each cell's clonal origin and proliferative and transcriptional states. Here we show that cycling and non-cycling persisters arise from different cell lineages with distinct transcriptional and metabolic programs. Upregulation of antioxidant gene programs and a metabolic shift to fatty acid oxidation are associated with persister proliferative capacity across multiple cancer types. Impeding oxidative stress or metabolic reprogramming alters the fraction of cycling persisters. In human tumours, programs associated with cycling persisters are induced in minimal residual disease in response to multiple targeted therapies. The Watermelon system enabled the identification of rare persister lineages that are preferentially poised to proliferate under drug pressure, thus exposing new vulnerabilities that can be targeted to delay or even prevent disease recurrence.

Published
2021

69. COVID-19 Adaptations for Biomedical Teaching and Assessment Within the Undergraduate Dental Curriculum

Author

Mather, Craig, Colgan, Laura, Binnie, Vivian, Donn, James, McKerlie, Robert, Bell, Aileen, Crusio, Wim E., Series Editor, Dong, Haidong, Series Editor, Radeke, Heinfried H., Series Editor, Rezaei, Nima, Series Editor, Steinlein, Ortrud, Series Editor, Xiao, Junjie, Series Editor, Varsou, Ourania, editor, Rea, Paul M., editor, and Welsh, Michelle, editor

Published
2023
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71. Temperature‐corrected proton density fat fraction estimation using chemical shift‐encoded MRI in phantoms

Author

Navaratna, Ruvini, Zhao, Ruiyang, Colgan, Timothy J, Hu, Houchun Harry, Bydder, Mark, Yokoo, Takeshi, Bashir, Mustafa R, Middleton, Michael S, Serai, Suraj D, Malyarenko, Dariya, Chenevert, Thomas, Smith, Mark, Henderson, Walter, Hamilton, Gavin, Shu, Yunhong, Sirlin, Claude B, Tkach, Jean A, Trout, Andrew T, Brittain, Jean H, Hernando, Diego, Reeder, Scott B, and Committee, the RSNA Quantitative Imaging Biomarker Alliance–Proton Density Fat Fraction Biomarker

Subjects
Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Imaging, Liver, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Protons, Reproducibility of Results, Temperature, chemical shift-encoded MRI, fat quantification, phantom, proton density fat fraction, quantitative imaging biomarker, temperature correction, RSNA Quantitative Imaging Biomarker Alliance - Proton Density Fat Fraction Biomarker Committee, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging, Biomedical engineering
Abstract

PurposeChemical shift-encoded MRI (CSE-MRI) is well-established to quantify proton density fat fraction (PDFF) as a quantitative biomarker of hepatic steatosis. However, temperature is known to bias PDFF estimation in phantom studies. In this study, strategies were developed and evaluated to correct for the effects of temperature on PDFF estimation through simulations, temperature-controlled experiments, and a multi-center, multi-vendor phantom study.Theory and methodsA technical solution that assumes and automatically estimates a uniform, global temperature throughout the phantom is proposed. Computer simulations modeled the effect of temperature on PDFF estimation using magnitude-, complex-, and hybrid-based CSE-MRI methods. Phantom experiments were performed to assess the temperature correction on PDFF estimation at controlled phantom temperatures. To assess the temperature correction method on a larger scale, the proposed method was applied to data acquired as part of a nine-site multi-vendor phantom study and compared to temperature-corrected PDFF estimation using an a priori guess for ambient room temperature.ResultsSimulations and temperature-controlled experiments show that as temperature deviates further from the assumed temperature, PDFF bias increases. Using the proposed correction method and a reasonable a priori guess for ambient temperature, PDFF bias and variability were reduced using magnitude-based CSE-MRI, across MRI systems, field strengths, protocols, and varying phantom temperature. Complex and hybrid methods showed little PDFF bias and variability both before and after correction.ConclusionCorrection for temperature reduces temperature-related PDFF bias and variability in phantoms across MRI vendors, sites, field strengths, and protocols for magnitude-based CSE-MRI, even without a priori information about the temperature.

Published
2021

72. Microbiota-dependent indole production stimulates the development of collagen-induced arthritis in mice

Author

Seymour, Brenda J., Allen, Brandon TrenBrendan E., Berlinberg, Adam J., Tangchittsumran, Jimmy, Jubair, Widian K., Chriswell, Meagan E., Liu, Sucai, Ornelas, Alfredo, Stahly, Andrew, Alexeev, Erica E., Dowdell, Alexander S., Sneed, Sunny L., Fechtner, Sabrina, Kofonow, Jennifer M., Robertson, Charles E., Dillon, Stephanie M., Wilson, Cara C., Anthony, Robert M., Frank, Daniel N., Colgan, Sean P., and Kuhn, Kristine A.

Subjects
Neomycin -- Physiological aspects -- Analysis, Microbiota (Symbiotic organisms) -- Analysis -- Physiological aspects, T cells -- Analysis -- Physiological aspects, Rheumatoid factor -- Analysis -- Physiological aspects, Metronidazole -- Physiological aspects -- Analysis, Collagen -- Physiological aspects -- Analysis, Dietary supplements -- Physiological aspects -- Analysis, Metabolites -- Physiological aspects -- Analysis, Arthritis -- Physiological aspects -- Analysis, Tryptophan -- Physiological aspects -- Analysis, Health care industry
Abstract

Altered tryptophan catabolism has been identified in inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA), but the causal mechanisms linking tryptophan metabolites to disease are unknown. Using the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model, we identified alterations in tryptophan metabolism, and specifically indole, that correlated with disease. We demonstrated that both bacteria and dietary tryptophan were required for disease and that indole supplementation was sufficient to induce disease in their absence. When mice with CIA on a low-tryptophan diet were supplemented with indole, we observed significant increases in serum IL-6, TNF, and IL-1P; splenic ROR[gamma]t+[CD4.sup.+] T cells and ex vivo collagen-stimulated IL-17 production; and a pattern of anti-collagen antibody isotype switching and glycosylation that corresponded with increased complement fixation. IL-23 neutralization reduced disease severity in indole-induced CIA. Finally, exposure of human colonic lymphocytes to indole increased the expression of genes involved in IL-17 signaling and plasma cell activation. Altogether, we propose a mechanism by which intestinal dysbiosis during inflammatory arthritis results in altered tryptophan catabolism, leading to indole stimulation of arthritis development. Blockade of indole generation may present a unique therapeutic pathway for RA and SpA., Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA) are 2 forms of inflammatory arthritis characterized by progressive joint inflammation leading to articular destruction. While there are genetic associations of MHC and [...]

Published
2024
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80. Pulmonary Hypertension: Intensification and Personalization of Combination Rx (PHoenix): A phase IV randomized trial for the evaluation of dose‐response and clinical efficacy of riociguat and selexipag using implanted technologies

Author

Frances Varian, Jennifer Dick, Christian Battersby, Stefan Roman, Jenna Ablott, Lisa Watson, Sarah Binmahfooz, Hamza Zafar, Gerry Colgan, John Cannon, Jay Suntharalingam, Jim Lordan, Luke Howard, Colm McCabe, John Wort, Laura Price, Colin Church, Neil Hamilton, Iain Armstrong, Abdul Hameed, Judith Hurdman, Charlie Elliot, Robin Condliffe, Martin Wilkins, Alastair Webb, David Adlam, Ray L. Benza, Kazem Rahimi, Mohadeseh Shojaei‐Shahrokhabadi, Nan X. Lin, James M. S. Wason, Alasdair McIntosh, Alex McConnachie, Jennifer T. Middleton, Roger Thompson, David G. Kiely, Mark Toshner, and Alexander Rothman

Subjects
oral prostacyclin‐receptor agonist, remote monitoring, soluble guanylate‐cyclase stimulator, targeted therapy, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701, Diseases of the respiratory system, RC705-779
Abstract

Abstract Approved therapies for the treatment of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) mediate pulmonary vascular vasodilatation by targeting distinct biological pathways. International guidelines recommend that patients with an inadequate response to dual therapy with a phosphodiesterase type‐5 inhibitor (PDE5i) and endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA), are recommended to either intensify oral therapy by adding a selective prostacyclin receptor (IP) agonist (selexipag), or switching from PDE5i to a soluble guanylate‐cyclase stimulator (sGCS; riociguat). The clinical equipoise between these therapeutic choices provides the opportunity for evaluation of individualized therapeutic effects. Traditionally, invasive/hospital‐based investigations are required to comprehensively assess disease severity and demonstrate treatment benefits. Regulatory‐approved, minimally invasive monitors enable equivalent measurements to be obtained while patients are at home. In this 2 × 2 randomized crossover trial, patients with PAH established on guideline‐recommended dual therapy and implanted with CardioMEMS™ (a wireless pulmonary artery sensor) and ConfirmRx™ (an insertable cardiac rhythm monitor), will receive ERA + sGCS, or PDEi + ERA + IP agonist. The study will evaluate clinical efficacy via established clinical investigations and remote monitoring technologies, with remote data relayed through regulatory‐approved online clinical portals. The primary aim will be the change in right ventricular systolic volume measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from baseline to maximal tolerated dose with each therapy. Using data from MRI and other outcomes, including hemodynamics, physical activity, physiological measurements, quality of life, and side effect reporting, we will determine whether remote technology facilitates early evaluation of clinical efficacy, and investigate intra‐patient efficacy of the two treatment approaches.

Published
2024
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81. Vertical Land Motion Due To Present‐Day Ice Loss From Greenland's and Canada's Peripheral Glaciers

Author

D. Berg, V. R. Barletta, J. Hassan, E. Y. H. Lippert, W. Colgan, M. Bevis, R. Steffen, and S. A. Khan

Subjects
Geophysics. Cosmic physics, QC801-809
Abstract

Abstract Greenland's bedrock responds to ongoing ice loss with an elastic vertical land motion (VLM) that is measured by Greenland's Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Network (GNET). The measured VLM also contains other contributions, including the long‐term viscoelastic response of the Earth to the deglaciation of the last glacial period. Greenland's ice sheet (GrIS) produces the most significant contribution to the total VLM. The contribution of peripheral glaciers (PGs) from both Greenland (GrPGs) and Arctic Canada (CanPGs) has not carefully been accounted for in previous GNSS analyses. This is a significant concern, since GNET stations are often closer to PGs than to the ice sheet. We find that, PGs produce significant elastic rebound, especially in North and East Greenland. Across these regions, the PGs produce up to 32% of the elastic rebound. For a few stations in the North, the VLM from PGs is larger than that due to the GrIS.

Published
2024
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82. Recent and future variability of the ice-sheet catchment of Sermeq Kujalleq (Jakobshavn Isbræ), Greenland

Author

Anja Løkkegaard, William Colgan, Andy Aschwanden, and Shfaqat Abbas Khan

Subjects
glacier mass balance, glacier delineation, glacier modeling, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract

Knowledge of ice-sheet catchments is critical for mass-balance assessments, especially glacier-scale input–output budgets. This study explores variations in the catchment of Sermeq Kujalleq, or Jakobshavn Isbrø, Greenland. Six observation-based catchment delineations are evaluated along with a 16-member catchment ensemble calculated from ice-sheet models within the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 (ISMIP6). The ‘present-day’ ISMIP6 ensemble mean area was found to be $\sim 6.3\%$ larger than the mean of the observed catchments. Ensemble spreads were comparable in size, $\pm 12.3\%$ and $\pm 15.4\%$, suggesting models are able to delineate the present-day catchment with the same degree of uncertainty as observational methods. The mean catchment area of a 13-member ISMIP6 ensemble shows temporal variation, increasing $\sim [ 2.7,\; \, 5.7,\; \, 9.1] \%$ under three ocean forcing scenarios and a RCP8.5 projection based on one GCM from 2015 to 2100, primarily as the southern catchment boundary migrates southward. This is interpreted as Sermeq Kujalleq exhibiting dynamic piracy, re-directing ice away from adjacent land terminating glaciers. For mass-balance assessments, present-day catchment delineation is more important than capturing the temporal evolution of individual catchments. However, the modeled temporal changes in catchment area are potentially underestimated, as the models exhibit insufficient acceleration of inland ice flow.

Published
2024
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83. Santander Bank's commitment to innovation boosts a neighborhood

Author

Colgan, Craig

Subjects
Banks (Finance) -- Innovations, Banking, finance and accounting industries, Business
Abstract

The mayor showed up, local music was played, a fat check was donated and a neighborhood gained an important resource. The Miami opening day celebration event for Santander Bank's second [...]

Published
2024

84. Bilaterally Mirrored Movements Improve the Accuracy and Precision of Training Data for Supervised Learning of Neural or Myoelectric Prosthetic Control

Author

George, Jacob A., Tully, Troy N., Colgan, Paul C., and Clark, Gregory A.

Subjects
Computer Science - Robotics, Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition
Abstract

Intuitive control of prostheses relies on training algorithms to correlate biological recordings to motor intent. The quality of the training dataset is critical to run-time performance, but it is difficult to label hand kinematics accurately after the hand has been amputated. We quantified the accuracy and precision of labeling hand kinematics for two different approaches: 1) assuming a participant is perfectly mimicking predetermined motions of a prosthesis (mimicked training), and 2) assuming a participant is perfectly mirroring their contralateral hand during identical bilateral movements (mirrored training). We compared these approaches in non-amputee individuals, using an infrared camera to track eight different joint angles of the hands in real-time. Aggregate data revealed that mimicked training does not account for biomechanical coupling or temporal changes in hand posture. Mirrored training was significantly more accurate and precise at labeling hand kinematics. However, when training a modified Kalman filter to estimate motor intent, the mimicked and mirrored training approaches were not significantly different. The results suggest that the mirrored training approach creates a more faithful but more complex dataset. Advanced algorithms, more capable of learning the complex mirrored training dataset, may yield better run-time prosthetic control., Comment: IEEE EMBC 2020

Published
2020

85. Intensity Discriminability of Electrocutaneous and Intraneural Stimulation Pulse Frequency in Intact Individuals and Amputees

Author

George, Jacob A., Brinton, Mark R., Colgan, Paul C., Colvin, Garrison K., Bensmaia, Sliman J., and Clark, Gregory A.

Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition, Computer Science - Robotics
Abstract

Electrical stimulation of residual nerves can be used to provide amputees with intuitive sensory feedback. An important aspect of this artificial sensory feedback is the ability to convey the magnitude of tactile stimuli. Using classical psychophysical methods, we quantified the just-noticeable differences for electrocutaneous stimulation pulse frequency in both intact participants and one transradial amputee. For the transradial amputee, we also quantified the just-noticeable difference of intraneural microstimulation pulse frequency via chronically implanted Utah Slanted Electrode Arrays. We demonstrate that intensity discrimination is similar across conditions: intraneural microstimulation of the residual nerves, electrocutaneous stimulation of the reinnervated skin on the residual limb, and electrocutaneous stimulation of intact hands. We also show that intensity discrimination performance is significantly better at lower pulse frequencies than at higher ones - a finding that's unique to electrocutaneous and intraneural stimulation and suggests that supplemental sensory cues may be present at lower pulse frequencies. These results can help guide the implementation of artificial sensory feedback for sensorized bionic arms., Comment: IEEE EMBC 2020

Published
2020

86. Mimicry of microbially-derived butyrate reveals templates for potent intestinal epithelial HIF stabilizers

Author

Alfredo Ornelas, Nichole Welch, Jacob A. Countess, Liheng Zhou, Ruth X. Wang, Alexander S. Dowdell, and Sean P. Colgan

Subjects
Metabolism, microbiota, inflammation, hypoxia, mucosa, HIF, Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology, RC799-869
Abstract

ABSTRACTMicrobiota-derived short-chain fatty acids, including butyrate (BA), have multiple beneficial health effects. In the colon, BA concentrations range from 10 to 20 mM and up to 95% is utilized as energy by the mucosa. BA plays a key role in epithelial-barrier regulation and anti-inflammation, and regulates cell growth and differentiation, at least in part, due to its direct influence on stabilization of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). It remains unclear whether BA is the optimal metabolite for such a response. In this study, we explored metabolite mimicry as an attractive strategy for the biological response to HIF. We discovered that 4-mercapto butyrate (MBA) stabilizes HIF more potently and has a longer biological half-life than BA in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). We validated the MBA-mediated HIF transcriptional activity through the induction of classic HIF gene targets in IECs and enhanced epithelial barrier formation in vitro. In-vivo studies with MBA revealed systemic HIF stabilization in mice, which was more potent than its parent BA metabolite. Mechanistically, we found that MBA enhances oxygen consumption and that the sulfhydryl group is essential for HIF stabilization, but exclusively as a four-carbon SCFA. These findings reveal a combined biochemical mechanism for HIF stabilization and provide a foundation for the discovery of potent metabolite-like scaffolds.

Published
2023
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87. Regionalism Beyond Land Borders: Strengthening regional integration in Latin America and the Caribbean through blue economy policies

Author

Thauan Santos and Charles S. Colgan

Subjects
2030 Agenda, blue economy, Latin America and the Caribbean, ocean, regional integration, sea, Political science, International relations, JZ2-6530
Abstract

Abstract This article seeks to highlight the key role of the blue economy in fostering regional integration of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) based on the 2030 Agenda. By proposing a “beyond the boxes” approach, SDG 14 is not the only driver that stands out. Hence, we propose a regionalism beyond the state-centric and land borders, which will require reflecting on and rethinking theories, policies, and practices related to the foundations of regional integration, IR, and the 2030 Agenda itself. The methodology combines UN reports and data from ECLAC, WRI, FAO, UNEP-WCMC, UNESCO-MAB, WWF, UN-DESA, and NOAA.

Published
2023
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88. Regulatory role of sorting nexin 5 in protein stability and vesicular targeting of vesicular acetylcholine transporter to synaptic vesicle-like vesicles in PC12 cells

Author

Sun, Meihen, Han, Xu, Chang, Fei, Xu, Hongfei, Colgan, Lesley, and Liu, Yongjian

Subjects
Medical Biotechnology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, retrograde trafficking, vesicular targeting, synaptic vesicle-like vesicles, synaptic vesicles, PC12, Medical biotechnology
Abstract

Accurate targeting of vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) to synaptic vesicles (SVs) is indispensable for efficient cholinergic transmission. Previous studies have suggested that the dileucine motif within the C-terminus of the transporter is sufficient for its targeting to SVs. However, the cytosolic machinery underlying specific regulation of VAChT trafficking and targeting to SVs is still unclear. Here we used the C-terminus of VAChT as a bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify sorting nexin 5 (SNX5) as its novel interacting protein. SNX5 was detected in the SVs enriched LP2 subcellular fraction of rat brain homogenate and showed strong colocalization with VAChT in both brain sections and PC12 cells. Binding assays suggested that the C-terminal domain of VAChT can interact with both BAR and PX domain of SNX5. Depletion of SNX5 enhanced the degradation of VAChT and the process was mediated through the lysosomal pathway. More importantly, we found that, in PC12 cells, the depletion of SNX5 expression significantly decreased the synaptic vesicle-like vesicles (SVLVs) localization of VAChT. Therefore, the results suggest that SNX5 is a novel regulator for both stability and SV targeting of VAChT.

Published
2021

91. Impact of a minority relativistic electron tail interacting with a thermal plasma containing high-atomic-number impurities

Author

Garland, Nathan A., Chung, Hyun-Kyung, Fontes, Christopher J., Zammit, Mark C., Colgan, James, Elder, Todd, McDevitt, Christopher J., Wildey, Timothy M., and Tang, Xian-Zhu

Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics, Physics - Atomic Physics
Abstract

A minority relativistic electron component can arise in both laboratory and naturally-occurring plasmas. In the presence of high-atomic-number ion species, the ion charge state distribution at low bulk electron temperature can be dominated by relativistic electrons, even though their density is orders of magnitude lower. This is due to the relativistic enhancement of the collisional excitation and ionization cross sections. The resulting charge state effect can dramatically impact the radiative power loss rate and the related Bethe stopping power of relativistic electrons in a dilute plasma.

Published
2019
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92. Efficient Gravitational-wave Glitch Identification from Environmental Data Through Machine Learning

Author

Colgan, Robert E., Corley, K. Rainer, Lau, Yenson, Bartos, Imre, Wright, John N., Marka, Zsuzsa, and Marka, Szabolcs

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

The LIGO observatories detect gravitational waves through monitoring changes in the detectors' length down to below $10^{-19}$\,$m/\sqrt{Hz}$ variation---a small fraction of the size of the atoms that make up the detector. To achieve this sensitivity, the detector and its environment need to be closely monitored. Beyond the gravitational wave data stream, LIGO continuously records hundreds of thousands of channels of environmental and instrumental data in order to monitor for possibly minuscule variations that contribute to the detector noise. A particularly challenging issue is the appearance in the gravitational wave signal of brief, loud noise artifacts called ``glitches,'' which are environmental or instrumental in origin but can mimic true gravitational waves and therefore hinder sensitivity. Currently they are primarily identified by analysis of the gravitational wave data stream. Here we present a machine learning approach that can identify glitches by monitoring \textit{all} environmental and detector data channels, a task that has not previously been pursued due to its scale and the number of degrees of freedom within gravitational-wave detectors. The presented method is capable of reducing the gravitational-wave detector network's false alarm rate and improving the LIGO instruments, consequently enhancing detection confidence.

Published
2019
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95. Ex-vivo atherosclerotic plaque characterization using spectral photon-counting CT: Comparing material quantification to histology

Author

Adebileje, Sikiru A., Alexander, Steven D., Amma, Maya R., Anjomrouz, Marzieh, Asghariomabad, Fatemeh, Atharifard, Ali, Atlas, James, Bell, Stephen T., Butler, Anthony P.H., Butler, Philip H., Carbonez, Pierre, Chambers, Claire, Chapagain, Krishna M., Chernoglazov, Alexander I., Clark, Jennifer A., Colgan, Frances, Crighton, Jonathan S., Dahal, Shishir, Damet, Jérôme, Dapamede, Theodorus, de Ruiter, Niels J.A., Dixit, Devyani, Doesburg, Robert M.N., Dombroski, Karen, Duncan, Neryda, Gieseg, Steven P., Gopinathan, Anish, Healy, Joseph L., Holmes, Luke, Jonker, Kevin, Kirkbride, Tracy, Lowe, Chiara, Mandalika, V.B.H., Matanaghi, Aysouda, Moghiseh, Mahdieh, Paladugu, Manoj, Palmer, David, Panta, Raj K., Renaud, Peter, Sayous, Yann, Schleich, Nanette, Searle, Emily, Sheeja, Jereena S., Smith, Aaron, Broeke, Leza Vanden, Vivek, V.S., Peter Walker, E., Wijesooriya, Manoj, Ross Younger, W., Healy, Joe, Panta, Raj Kumar, Chernoglazov, Alex, Roake, Justin, Butler, Phil, and Butler, Anthony

Published
2023
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96. The TNFΔARE Mouse as a Model of Intestinal Fibrosis

Author

Steiner, Calen A., Koch, Samuel D., Evanoff, Tamara, Welch, Nichole, Kostelecky, Rachael, Callahan, Rosemary, Murphy, Emily M., Nguyen, Tom T., Hall, Caroline H.T., Lu, Sizhao, de Zoeten, Edwin F., Weiser-Evans, Mary C.M., Cartwright, Ian M., and Colgan, Sean P.

Published
2023
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97. A guide to LIGO-Virgo detector noise and extraction of transient gravitational-wave signals

Author

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Abraham, S., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adya, V. B., Affeldt, C., Agathos, M., Agatsuma, K., Aggarwal, N., Aguiar, O. D., Aiello, L., Ain, A., Ajith, P., Alford, T., Allen, G., Allocca, A., Aloy, M. A., Altin, P. A., Amato, A., Ananyeva, A., Anderson, S. B., Anderson, W. G., Angelova, S. V., Antier, S., Appert, S., Arai, K., Araya, M. C., Areeda, J. S., Arène, M., Arnaud, N., Arun, K. G., Ascenzi, S., Ashton, G., Aston, S. M., Astone, P., Aubin, F., Aufmuth, P., AultONeal, K., Austin, C., Avendano, V., Avila-Alvarez, A., Babak, S., Bacon, P., Badaracco, F., Bader, M. K. M., Bae, S., Baker, P. T., Baldaccini, F., Ballardin, G., Ballmer, S. W., Banagiri, S., Barayoga, J. C., Barclay, S. E., Barish, B. C., Barker, D., Barkett, K., Barnum, S., Barone, F., Barr, B., Barsotti, L., Barsuglia, M., Barta, D., Bartlett, J., Bartos, I., Bassiri, R., Basti, A., Bawaj, M., Bayley, J. C., Bazzan, M., Bécsy, B., Bejger, M., Belahcene, I., Bell, A. S., Beniwal, D., Berger, B. K., Bergmann, G., Bernuzzi, S., Bero, J. J., Berry, C. P. L., Bersanetti, D., Bertolini, A., Betzwieser, J., Bhandare, R., Bidler, J., Bilenko, I. A., Bilgili, S. A., Billingsley, G., Birch, J., Birney, R., Birnholtz, O., Biscans, S., Biscoveanu, S., Bisht, A., Bitossi, M., Bizouard, M. A., Blackburn, J. K., Blair, C. D., Blair, D. G., Blair, R. M., Bloemen, S., Bode, N., Boer, M., Boetzel, Y., Bogaert, G., Bondu, F., Bonilla, E., Bonnand, R., Booker, P., Boom, B. A., Booth, C. D., Bork, R., Boschi, V., Bose, S., Bossie, K., Bossilkov, V., Bosveld, J., Bouffanais, Y., Bozzi, A., Bradaschia, C., Brady, P. R., Bramley, A., Branchesi, M., Brau, J. E., Briant, T., Briggs, J. H., Brighenti, F., Brillet, A., Brinkmann, M., Brisson, V., Brockill, P., Brooks, A. F., Brown, D. D., Brunett, S., Buikema, A., Bulik, T., Bulten, H. J., Buonanno, A., Buskulic, D., Buy, C., Byer, R. L., Cabero, M., Cadonati, L., Cagnoli, G., Cahillane, C., Bustillo, J. Calderón, Callister, T. A., Calloni, E., Camp, J. B., Campbell, W. A., Canepa, M., Cannon, K. C., Cao, H., Cao, J., Capocasa, E., Carbognani, F., Caride, S., Carney, M. F., Carullo, G., Diaz, J. Casanueva, Casentini, C., Caudill, S., Cavaglià, M., Cavalier, F., Cavalieri, R., Cella, G., Cerdá-Durán, P., Cerretani, G., Cesarini, E., Chaibi, O., Chakravarti, K., Chamberlin, S. J., Chan, M., Chao, S., Charlton, P., Chase, E. A., Chassande-Mottin, E., Chatterjee, D., Chaturvedi, M., Chatziioannou, K., Cheeseboro, B. D., Chen, H. Y., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Cheng, H. -P., Cheong, C. K., Chia, H. Y., Chincarini, A., Chiummo, A., Cho, G., Cho, H. S., Cho, M., Christensen, N., Chu, Q., Chua, S., Chung, K. W., Chung, S., Ciani, G., Ciobanu, A. A., Ciolfi, R., Cipriano, F., Cirone, A., Clara, F., Clark, J. A., Clearwater, P., Cleva, F., Cocchieri, C., Coccia, E., Cohadon, P. -F., Cohen, D., Colgan, R., Colleoni, M., Collette, C. G., Collins, C., Cominsky, L. R., Constancio Jr., M., Conti, L., Cooper, S. J., Corban, P., Corbitt, T. R., Cordero-Carrión, I., Corley, K. R., Cornish, N., Corsi, A., Cortese, S., Costa, C. A., Cotesta, R., Coughlin, M. W., Coughlin, S. B., Coulon, J. -P., Countryman, S. T., Couvares, P., Covas, P. B., Cowan, E. E., Coward, D. M., Cowart, M. J., Coyne, D. C., Coyne, R., Creighton, J. D. E., Creighton, T. D., Cripe, J., Croquette, M., Crowder, S. G., Cullen, T. J., Cumming, A., Cunningham, L., Cuoco, E., Canton, T. Dal, Dálya, G., Danilishin, S. L., D'Antonio, S., Danzmann, K., Dasgupta, A., Costa, C. F. Da Silva, Datrier, L. E. H., Dattilo, V., Dave, I., Davier, M., Davis, D., Daw, E. J., DeBra, D., Deenadayalan, M., Degallaix, J., De Laurentis, M., Deléglise, S., Del Pozzo, W., DeMarchi, L. M., Demos, N., Dent, T., De Pietri, R., Derby, J., De Rosa, R., De Rossi, C., DeSalvo, R., de Varona, O., Dhurandhar, S., Díaz, M. C., Dietrich, T., Di Fiore, L., Di Giovanni, M., Di Girolamo, T., Di Lieto, A., Ding, B., Di Pace, S., Di Palma, I., Di Renzo, F., Dmitriev, A., Doctor, Z., Donovan, F., Dooley, K. L., Doravari, S., Dorrington, I., Downes, T. P., Drago, M., Driggers, J. C., Du, Z., Ducoin, J. -G., Dupej, P., Dwyer, S. E., Easter, P. J., Edo, T. B., Edwards, M. C., Effler, A., Ehrens, P., Eichholz, J., Eikenberry, S. S., Eisenmann, M., Eisenstein, R. A., Essick, R. C., Estelles, H., Estevez, D., Etienne, Z. B., Etzel, T., Evans, M., Evans, T. M., Fafone, V., Fair, H., Fairhurst, S., Fan, X., Farinon, S., Farr, B., Farr, W. M., Fauchon-Jones, E. J., Favata, M., Fays, M., Fazio, M., Fee, C., Feicht, J., Fejer, M. M., Feng, F., Fernandez-Galiana, A., Ferrante, I., Ferreira, E. C., Ferreira, T. A., Ferrini, F., Fidecaro, F., Fiori, I., Fiorucci, D., Fishbach, M., Fisher, R. P., Fishner, J. M., Fitz-Axen, M., Flaminio, R., Fletcher, M., Flynn, E., Fong, H., Font, J. A., Forsyth, P. W. F., Fournier, J. -D., Frasca, S., Frasconi, F., Frei, Z., Freise, A., Frey, R., Frey, V., Fritschel, P., Frolov, V. V., Fulda, P., Fyffe, M., Gabbard, H. A., Gadre, B. U., Gaebel, S. M., Gair, J. R., Gammaitoni, L., Ganija, M. R., Gaonkar, S. G., Garcia, A., García-Quirós, C., Garufi, F., Gateley, B., Gaudio, S., Gaur, G., Gayathri, V., Gemme, G., Genin, E., Gennai, A., George, D., George, J., Gergely, L., Germain, V., Ghonge, S., Ghosh, Abhirup, Ghosh, Archisman, Ghosh, S., Giacomazzo, B., Giaime, J. A., Giardina, K. D., Giazotto, A., Gill, K., Giordano, G., Glover, L., Godwin, P., Goetz, E., Goetz, R., Goncharov, B., González, G., Castro, J. M. Gonzalez, Gopakumar, A., Gorodetsky, M. L., Gossan, S. E., Gosselin, M., Gouaty, R., Grado, A., Graef, C., Granata, M., Grant, A., Gras, S., Grassia, P., Gray, C., Gray, R., Greco, G., Green, A. C., Green, R., Gretarsson, E. M., Groot, P., Grote, H., Grunewald, S., Gruning, P., Guidi, G. M., Gulati, H. K., Guo, Y., Gupta, A., Gupta, M. K., Gustafson, E. K., Gustafson, R., Haegel, L., Halim, O., Hall, B. R., Hall, E. D., Hamilton, E. Z., Hammond, G., Haney, M., Hanke, M. M., Hanks, J., Hanna, C., Hannam, M. D., Hannuksela, O. A., Hanson, J., Hardwick, T., Haris, K., Harms, J., Harry, G. M., Harry, I. W., Haster, C. -J., Haughian, K., Hayes, F. J., Healy, J., Heidmann, A., Heintze, M. C., Heitmann, H., Hello, P., Hemming, G., Hendry, M., Heng, I. S., Hennig, J., Heptonstall, A. W., Vivanco, Francisco Hernandez, Heurs, M., Hild, S., Hinderer, T., Hoak, D., Hochheim, S., Hofman, D., Holgado, A. M., Holland, N. A., Holt, K., Holz, D. E., Hopkins, P., Horst, C., Hough, J., Howell, E. J., Hoy, C. G., Hreibi, A., Huerta, E. A., Huet, D., Hughey, B., Hulko, M., Husa, S., Huttner, S. H., Huynh-Dinh, T., Idzkowski, B., Iess, A., Ingram, C., Inta, R., Intini, G., Irwin, B., Isa, H. N., Isac, J. -M., Isi, M., Iyer, B. R., Izumi, K., Jacqmin, T., Jadhav, S. J., Jani, K., Janthalur, N. N., Jaranowski, P., Jenkins, A. C., Jiang, J., Johnson, D. S., Jones, A. W., Jones, D. I., Jones, R., Jonker, R. J. G., Ju, L., Junker, J., Kalaghatgi, C. V., Kalogera, V., Kamai, B., Kandhasamy, S., Kang, G., Kanner, J. B., Kapadia, S. J., Karki, S., Karvinen, K. S., Kashyap, R., Kasprzack, M., Katsanevas, S., Katsavounidis, E., Katzman, W., Kaufer, S., Kawabe, K., Keerthana, N. V., Kéfélian, F., Keitel, D., Kennedy, R., Key, J. S., Khalili, F. Y., Khan, H., Khan, I., Khan, S., Khan, Z., Khazanov, E. A., Khursheed, M., Kijbunchoo, N., Kim, A. X., Kim, Chunglee, Kim, J. C., Kim, K., Kim, W., Kim, W. S., Kim, Y. -M., Kimball, C., King, E. J., King, P. J., Kinley-Hanlon, M., Kirchhoff, R., Kissel, J. S., Kleybolte, L., Klika, J. H., Klimenko, S., Knowles, T. D., Koch, P., Koehlenbeck, S. M., Koekoek, G., Koley, S., Kondrashov, V., Kontos, A., Koper, N., Korobko, M., Korth, W. Z., Kowalska, I., Kozak, D. B., Kringel, V., Krishnendu, N., Królak, A., Kuehn, G., Kumar, A., Kumar, P., Kumar, R., Kumar, S., Kuo, L., Kutynia, A., Kwang, S., Lackey, B. D., Lai, K. H., Lam, T. L., Landry, M., Lane, B. B., Lang, R. N., Lange, J., Lantz, B., Lanza, R. K., Larson, S., Lartaux-Vollard, A., Lasky, P. D., Laxen, M., Lazzarini, A., Lazzaro, C., Leaci, P., Leavey, S., Lecoeuche, Y. K., Lee, C. H., Lee, H. K., Lee, H. M., Lee, H. W., Lee, J., Lee, K., Lehmann, J., Lenon, A., Leroy, N., Letendre, N., Levin, Y., Li, J., Li, K. J. L., Li, T. G. F., Li, X., Lin, F., Linde, F., Linker, S. D., Littenberg, T. B., Liu, J., Liu, X., Lo, R. K. L., Lockerbie, N. A., London, L. T., Longo, A., Lorenzini, M., Loriette, V., Lormand, M., Losurdo, G., Lough, J. D., Lousto, C. O., Lovelace, G., Lower, M. E., Lück, H., Lumaca, D., Lundgren, A. P., Lynch, R., Ma, Y., Macas, R., Macfoy, S., MacInnis, M., Macleod, D. M., Macquet, A., Magaña-Sandoval, F., Zertuche, L. Magaña, Magee, R. M., Majorana, E., Maksimovic, I., Malik, A., Man, N., Mandic, V., Mangano, V., Mansell, G. L., Manske, M., Mantovani, M., Marchesoni, F., Marion, F., Márka, S., Márka, Z., Markakis, C., Markosyan, A. S., Markowitz, A., Maros, E., Marquina, A., Marsat, S., Martelli, F., Martin, I. W., Martin, R. M., Martynov, D. V., Mason, K., Massera, E., Masserot, A., Massinger, T. J., Masso-Reid, M., Mastrogiovanni, S., Matas, A., Matichard, F., Matone, L., Mavalvala, N., Mazumder, N., McCann, J. J., McCarthy, R., McClelland, D. E., McCormick, S., McCuller, L., McGuire, S. C., McIver, J., McManus, D. J., McRae, T., McWilliams, S. T., Meacher, D., Meadors, G. D., Mehmet, M., Mehta, A. K., Meidam, J., Melatos, A., Mendell, G., Mercer, R. A., Mereni, L., Merilh, E. L., Merzougui, M., Meshkov, S., Messenger, C., Messick, C., Metzdorff, R., Meyers, P. M., Miao, H., Michel, C., Middleton, H., Mikhailov, E. E., Milano, L., Miller, A. L., Miller, A., Millhouse, M., Mills, J. C., Milovich-Goff, M. C., Minazzoli, O., Minenkov, Y., Mishkin, A., Mishra, C., Mistry, T., Mitra, S., Mitrofanov, V. P., Mitselmakher, G., Mittleman, R., Mo, G., Moffa, D., Mogushi, K., Mohapatra, S. R. P., Montani, M., Moore, C. J., Moraru, D., Moreno, G., Morisaki, S., Mours, B., Mow-Lowry, C. M., Mukherjee, Arunava, Mukherjee, D., Mukherjee, S., Mukund, N., Mullavey, A., Munch, J., Muñiz, E. A., Muratore, M., Murray, P. G., Nagar, A., Nardecchia, I., Naticchioni, L., Nayak, R. K., Neilson, J., Nelemans, G., Nelson, T. J. N., Nery, M., Neunzert, A., Ng, K. Y., Ng, S., Nguyen, P., Nichols, D., Nissanke, S., Nocera, F., North, C., Nuttall, L. K., Obergaulinger, M., Oberling, J., O'Brien, B. D., O'Dea, G. D., Ogin, G. H., Oh, J. J., Oh, S. H., Ohme, F., Ohta, H., Okada, M. A., Oliver, M., Oppermann, P., Oram, Richard J., O'Reilly, B., Ormiston, R. G., Ortega, L. F., O'Shaughnessy, R., Ossokine, S., Ottaway, D. J., Overmier, H., Owen, B. J., Pace, A. E., Pagano, G., Page, M. A., Pai, A., Pai, S. A., Palamos, J. R., Palashov, O., Palomba, C., Pal-Singh, A., Pan, Huang-Wei, Pang, B., Pang, P. T. H., Pankow, C., Pannarale, F., Pant, B. C., Paoletti, F., Paoli, A., Parida, A., Parker, W., Pascucci, D., Pasqualetti, A., Passaquieti, R., Passuello, D., Patil, M., Patricelli, B., Pearlstone, B. L., Pedersen, C., Pedraza, M., Pedurand, R., Pele, A., Penn, S., Perez, C. J., Perreca, A., Pfeiffer, H. P., Phelps, M., Phukon, K. S., Piccinni, O. J., Pichot, M., Piergiovanni, F., Pillant, G., Pinard, L., Pirello, M., Pitkin, M., Poggiani, R., Pong, D. Y. T., Ponrathnam, S., Popolizio, P., Porter, E. K., Powell, J., Prajapati, A. K., Prasad, J., Prasai, K., Prasanna, R., Pratten, G., Prestegard, T., Privitera, S., Prodi, G. A., Prokhorov, L. G., Puncken, O., Punturo, M., Puppo, P., Pürrer, M., Qi, H., Quetschke, V., Quinonez, P. J., Quintero, E. A., Quitzow-James, R., Raab, F. J., Radkins, H., Radulescu, N., Raffai, P., Raja, S., Rajan, C., Rajbhandari, B., Rakhmanov, M., Ramirez, K. E., Ramos-Buades, A., Rana, Javed, Rao, K., Rapagnani, P., Raymond, V., Razzano, M., Read, J., Regimbau, T., Rei, L., Reid, S., Reitze, D. H., Ren, W., Ricci, F., Richardson, C. J., Richardson, J. W., Ricker, P. M., Riles, K., Rizzo, M., Robertson, N. A., Robie, R., Robinet, F., Rocchi, A., Rolland, L., Rollins, J. G., Roma, V. J., Romanelli, M., Romano, R., Romel, C. L., Romie, J. H., Rose, K., Rosińska, D., Rosofsky, S. G., Ross, M. P., Rowan, S., Rüdiger, A., Ruggi, P., Rutins, G., Ryan, K., Sachdev, S., Sadecki, T., Sakellariadou, M., Salconi, L., Saleem, M., Samajdar, A., Sammut, L., Sanchez, E. J., Sanchez, L. E., Sanchis-Gual, N., Sandberg, V., Sanders, J. R., Santiago, K. A., Sarin, N., Sassolas, B., Sathyaprakash, B. S., Saulson, P. R., Sauter, O., Savage, R. L., Schale, P., Scheel, M., Scheuer, J., Schmidt, P., Schnabel, R., Schofield, R. M. S., Schönbeck, A., Schreiber, E., Schulte, B. W., Schutz, B. F., Schwalbe, S. G., Scott, J., Scott, S. M., Seidel, E., Sellers, D., Sengupta, A. S., Sennett, N., Sentenac, D., Sequino, V., Sergeev, A., Setyawati, Y., Shaddock, D. A., Shaffer, T., Shahriar, M. S., Shaner, M. B., Shao, L., Sharma, P., Shawhan, P., Shen, H., Shink, R., Shoemaker, D. H., Shoemaker, D. M., ShyamSundar, S., Siellez, K., Sieniawska, M., Sigg, D., Silva, A. D., Singer, L. P., Singh, N., Singhal, A., Sintes, A. M., Sitmukhambetov, S., Skliris, V., Slagmolen, B. J. J., Slaven-Blair, T. J., Smith, J. R., Smith, R. J. E., Somala, S., Son, E. J., Sorazu, B., Sorrentino, F., Souradeep, T., Sowell, E., Spencer, A. P., Srivastava, A. K., Srivastava, V., Staats, K., Stachie, C., Standke, M., Steer, D. A., Steinke, M., Steinlechner, J., Steinlechner, S., Steinmeyer, D., Stevenson, S. P., Stocks, D., Stone, R., Stops, D. J., Strain, K. A., Stratta, G., Strigin, S. E., Strunk, A., Sturani, R., Stuver, A. L., Sudhir, V., Summerscales, T. Z., Sun, L., Sunil, S., Suresh, J., Sutton, P. J., Swinkels, B. L., Szczepańczyk, M. 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E., and Zweizig, J.

Subjects
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration have cataloged eleven confidently detected gravitational-wave events during the first two observing runs of the advanced detector era. All eleven events were consistent with being from well-modeled mergers between compact stellar-mass objects: black holes or neutron stars. The data around the time of each of these events have been made publicly available through the gravitational-wave open science center. The entirety of the gravitational-wave strain data from the first and second observing runs have also now been made publicly available. There is considerable interest among the broad scientific community in understanding the data and methods used in the analyses. In this paper, we provide an overview of the detector noise properties and the data analysis techniques used to detect gravitational-wave signals and infer the source properties. We describe some of the checks that are performed to validate the analyses and results from the observations of gravitational-wave events. We also address concerns that have been raised about various properties of LIGO-Virgo detector noise and the correctness of our analyses as applied to the resulting data.

Published
2019
Full Text
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98. Search for gravitational waves from Scorpius X-1 in the second Advanced LIGO observing run with an improved hidden Markov model

Author

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Abraham, S., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adhikari, R. X., Adya, V. B., Affeldt, C., Agathos, M., Agatsuma, K., Aggarwal, N., Aguiar, O. D., Aiello, L., Ain, A., Ajith, P., Allen, G., Allocca, A., Aloy, M. A., Altin, P. A., Amato, A., Ananyeva, A., Anderson, S. B., Anderson, W. G., Angelova, S. V., Antier, S., Appert, S., Arai, K., Araya, M. C., Areeda, J. S., Arène, M., Arnaud, N., Ascenzi, S., Ashton, G., Aston, S. M., Astone, P., Aubin, F., Aufmuth, P., AultONeal, K., Austin, C., Avendano, V., Avila-Alvarez, A., Babak, S., Bacon, P., Badaracco, F., Bader, M. K. M., Bae, S., Baker, P. T., Baldaccini, F., Ballardin, G., Ballmer, S. W., Banagiri, S., Barayoga, J. C., Barclay, S. E., Barish, B. C., Barker, D., Barkett, K., Barnum, S., Barone, F., Barr, B., Barsotti, L., Barsuglia, M., Barta, D., Bartlett, J., Bartos, I., Bassiri, R., Basti, A., Bawaj, M., Bayley, J. C., Bazzan, M., Bécsy, B., Bejger, M., Belahcene, I., Bell, A. S., Beniwal, D., Berger, B. K., Bergmann, G., Bernuzzi, S., Bero, J. J., Berry, C. P. L., Bersanetti, D., Bertolini, A., Betzwieser, J., Bhandare, R., Bidler, J., Bilenko, I. A., Bilgili, S. A., Billingsley, G., Birch, J., Birney, R., Birnholtz, O., Biscans, S., Biscoveanu, S., Bisht, A., Bitossi, M., Bizouard, M. A., Blackburn, J. K., Blair, C. D., Blair, D. G., Blair, R. M., Bloemen, S., Bode, N., Boer, M., Boetzel, Y., Bogaert, G., Bondu, F., Bonilla, E., Bonnand, R., Booker, P., Boom, B. A., Booth, C. D., Bork, R., Boschi, V., Bose, S., Bossie, K., Bossilkov, V., Bosveld, J., Bouffanais, Y., Bozzi, A., Bradaschia, C., Brady, P. R., Bramley, A., Branchesi, M., Brau, J. E., Briant, T., Briggs, J. H., Brighenti, F., Brillet, A., Brinkmann, M., Brisson, V., Brockill, P., Brooks, A. F., Brown, D. D., Brunett, S., Buikema, A., Bulik, T., Bulten, H. J., Buonanno, A., Buskulic, D., Buy, C., Byer, R. 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E., Ramos-Buades, A., Rana, Javed, Rao, K., Rapagnani, P., Raymond, V., Razzano, M., Read, J., Regimbau, T., Rei, L., Reid, S., Reitze, D. H., Ren, W., Ricci, F., Richardson, C. J., Richardson, J. W., Ricker, P. M., Riles, K., Rizzo, M., Robertson, N. A., Robie, R., Robinet, F., Rocchi, A., Rolland, L., Rollins, J. G., Roma, V. J., Romanelli, M., Romano, R., Romel, C. L., Romie, J. H., Rose, K., Rosińska, D., Rosofsky, S. G., Ross, M. P., Rowan, S., Rüdiger, A., Ruggi, P., Rutins, G., Ryan, K., Sachdev, S., Sadecki, T., Sakellariadou, M., Salconi, L., Saleem, M., Samajdar, A., Sammut, L., Sanchez, E. J., Sanchez, L. E., Sanchis-Gual, N., Sandberg, V., Sanders, J. R., Santiago, K. A., Sarin, N., Sassolas, B., Saulson, P. R., Sauter, O., Savage, R. L., Schale, P., Scheel, M., Scheuer, J., Schmidt, P., Schnabel, R., Schofield, R. M. S., Schönbeck, A., Schreiber, E., Schulte, B. W., Schutz, B. F., Schwalbe, S. G., Scott, J., Scott, S. M., Seidel, E., Sellers, D., Sengupta, A. 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E., Zweizig, J., Dunn, L. M., Suvorova, S., Evans, R. J., and Moran, W.

Subjects
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

We present results from a semicoherent search for continuous gravitational waves from the low-mass X-ray binary Scorpius X-1, using a hidden Markov model (HMM) to track spin wandering. This search improves on previous HMM-based searches of LIGO data by using an improved frequency domain matched filter, the $\mathcal{J}$-statistic, and by analysing data from Advanced LIGO's second observing run. In the frequency range searched, from $60$ to $650\,\mathrm{Hz}$, we find no evidence of gravitational radiation. At $194.6\,\mathrm{Hz}$, the most sensitive search frequency, we report an upper limit on gravitational wave strain (at 95\% confidence) of $h_0^{95\%} = 3.47 \times 10^{-25}$ when marginalising over source inclination angle. This is the most sensitive search for Scorpius X-1, to date, that is specifically designed to be robust in the presence of spin wandering., Comment: 21 pages, 5 figures; accepted for publication in Physical Review D

Published
2019
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99. Directional limits on persistent gravitational waves using data from Advanced LIGO's first two observing runs

Author

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Abraham, S., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adhikari, R. X., Adya, V. B., Affeldt, C., Agathos, M., Agatsuma, K., Aggarwal, N., Aguiar, O. D., Aiello, L., Ain, A., Ajith, P., Allen, G., Allocca, A., Aloy, M. A., Altin, P. A., Amato, A., Ananyeva, A., Anderson, S. B., Anderson, W. G., Angelova, S. V., Antier, S., Appert, S., Arai, K., Araya, M. C., Areeda, J. S., Arène, M., Arnaud, N., Ascenzi, S., Ashton, G., Aston, S. M., Astone, P., Aubin, F., Aufmuth, P., AultONeal, K., Austin, C., Avendano, V., Avila-Alvarez, A., Babak, S., Bacon, P., Badaracco, F., Bader, M. K. M., Bae, S., Baker, P. T., Baldaccini, F., Ballardin, G., Ballmer, S. W., Banagiri, S., Barayoga, J. C., Barclay, S. E., Barish, B. C., Barker, D., Barkett, K., Barnum, S., Barone, F., Barr, B., Barsotti, L., Barsuglia, M., Barta, D., Bartlett, J., Bartos, I., Bassiri, R., Basti, A., Bawaj, M., Bayley, J. C., Bazzan, M., Bécsy, B., Bejger, M., Belahcene, I., Bell, A. S., Beniwal, D., Berger, B. K., Bergmann, G., Bernuzzi, S., Bero, J. J., Berry, C. P. L., Bersanetti, D., Bertolini, A., Betzwieser, J., Bhandare, R., Bidler, J., Bilenko, I. A., Bilgili, S. A., Billingsley, G., Birch, J., Birney, R., Birnholtz, O., Biscans, S., Biscoveanu, S., Bisht, A., Bitossi, M., Bizouard, M. A., Blackburn, J. K., Blair, C. D., Blair, D. G., Blair, R. M., Bloemen, S., Bode, N., Boer, M., Boetzel, Y., Bogaert, G., Bondu, F., Bonilla, E., Bonnand, R., Booker, P., Boom, B. A., Booth, C. D., Bork, R., Boschi, V., Bose, S., Bossie, K., Bossilkov, V., Bosveld, J., Bouffanais, Y., Bozzi, A., Bradaschia, C., Brady, P. R., Bramley, A., Branchesi, M., Brau, J. E., Briant, T., Briggs, J. H., Brighenti, F., Brillet, A., Brinkmann, M., Brisson, V., Brockill, P., Brooks, A. F., Brown, D. D., Brunett, S., Buikema, A., Bulik, T., Bulten, H. J., Buonanno, A., Buskulic, D., Buy, C., Byer, R. 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Subjects
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

We perform an unmodeled search for persistent, directional gravitational wave (GW) sources using data from the first and second observing runs of Advanced LIGO. We do not find evidence for any GW signals. We place limits on the broadband GW flux emitted at 25~Hz from point sources with a power law spectrum at $F_{\alpha,\Theta} <(0.05-25)\times 10^{-8} ~{\rm erg\,cm^{-2}\,s^{-1}\,Hz^{-1}}$ and the (normalized) energy density spectrum in GWs at 25 Hz from extended sources at $\Omega_{\alpha}(\Theta) <(0.19-2.89)\times 10^{-8} ~{\rm sr^{-1}}$ where $\alpha$ is the spectral index of the energy density spectrum. These represent improvements of $2.5-3\times$ over previous limits. We also consider point sources emitting GWs at a single frequency, targeting the directions of Sco X-1, SN 1987A, and the Galactic Center. The best upper limits on the strain amplitude of a potential source in these three directions range from $h_0 < (3.6-4.7)\times 10^{-25}$, 1.5$\times$ better than previous limits set with the same analysis method. We also report on a marginally significant outlier at 36.06~Hz. This outlier is not consistent with a persistent gravitational-wave source as its significance diminishes when combining all of the available data., Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures

Published
2019
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100. Tests of General Relativity with the Binary Black Hole Signals from the LIGO-Virgo Catalog GWTC-1

Author

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, the Virgo Collaboration, Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Abraham, S., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adhikari, R. X., Adya, V. B., Affeldt, C., Agathos, M., Agatsuma, K., Aggarwal, N., Aguiar, O. D., Aiello, L., Ain, A., Ajith, P., Allen, G., Allocca, A., Aloy, M. A., Altin, P. A., Amato, A., Ananyeva, A., Anderson, S. B., Anderson, W. G., Angelova, S. V., Antier, S., Appert, S., Arai, K., Araya, M. C., Areeda, J. S., Arène, M., Arnaud, N., Arun, K. G., Ascenzi, S., Ashton, G., Aston, S. M., Astone, P., Aubin, F., Aufmuth, P., AultONeal, K., Austin, C., Avendano, V., Avila-Alvarez, A., Babak, S., Bacon, P., Badaracco, F., Bader, M. K. M., Bae, S., Baker, P. T., Baldaccini, F., Ballardin, G., Ballmer, S. W., Banagiri, S., Barayoga, J. C., Barclay, S. E., Barish, B. C., Barker, D., Barkett, K., Barnum, S., Barone, F., Barr, B., Barsotti, L., Barsuglia, M., Barta, D., Bartlett, J., Bartos, I., Bassiri, R., Basti, A., Bawaj, M., Bayley, J. C., Bazzan, M., Bécsy, B., Bejger, M., Belahcene, I., Bell, A. S., Beniwal, D., Berger, B. K., Bergmann, G., Bernuzzi, S., Bero, J. J., Berry, C. P. L., Bersanetti, D., Bertolini, A., Betzwieser, J., Bhandare, R., Bidler, J., Bilenko, I. A., Bilgili, S. A., Billingsley, G., Birch, J., Birney, R., Birnholtz, O., Biscans, S., Biscoveanu, S., Bisht, A., Bitossi, M., Bizouard, M. A., Blackburn, J. K., Blair, C. D., Blair, D. G., Blair, R. M., Bloemen, S., Bode, N., Boer, M., Boetzel, Y., Bogaert, G., Bondu, F., Bonilla, E., Bonnand, R., Booker, P., Boom, B. A., Booth, C. D., Bork, R., Boschi, V., Bose, S., Bossie, K., Bossilkov, V., Bosveld, J., Bouffanais, Y., Bozzi, A., Bradaschia, C., Brady, P. R., Bramley, A., Branchesi, M., Brau, J. E., Breschi, M., Briant, T., Briggs, J. 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Subjects
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

The detection of gravitational waves by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo provides an opportunity to test general relativity in a regime that is inaccessible to traditional astronomical observations and laboratory tests. We present four tests of the consistency of the data with binary black hole gravitational waveforms predicted by general relativity. One test subtracts the best-fit waveform from the data and checks the consistency of the residual with detector noise. The second test checks the consistency of the low- and high-frequency parts of the observed signals. The third test checks that phenomenological deviations introduced in the waveform model (including in the post-Newtonian coefficients) are consistent with zero. The fourth test constrains modifications to the propagation of gravitational waves due to a modified dispersion relation, including that from a massive graviton. We present results both for individual events and also results obtained by combining together particularly strong events from the first and second observing runs of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo, as collected in the catalog GWTC-1. We do not find any inconsistency of the data with the predictions of general relativity and improve our previously presented combined constraints by factors of 1.1 to 2.5. In particular, we bound the mass of the graviton to be $m_g \leq 4.7 \times 10^{-23} \text{eV}/c^2$ ($90\%$ credible level), an improvement of a factor of 1.6 over our previously presented results. Additionally, we check that the four gravitational-wave events published for the first time in GWTC-1 do not lead to stronger constraints on alternative polarizations than those published previously., Comment: 22 pages, 10 figures; v3: small updates to some results

Published
2019
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