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BackgroundDrugs taken during pregnancy can affect maternal and child health outcomes, but few studies have compared the safety and virological efficacy of different antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens. We report the primary safety outcomes from enrolment up to 50 weeks post partum and a secondary virological efficacy outcome at 50 weeks post partum of three commonly used ART regimens for HIV-1.MethodsIn this multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial, we enrolled pregnant women aged 18 years or older with confirmed HIV-1 infection at 14-28 weeks of gestation. Women were enrolled at 22 clinical research sites in nine countries (Botswana, Brazil, India, South Africa, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, the USA, and Zimbabwe). Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to one of three oral regimens: dolutegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide; dolutegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; or efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Up to 14 days of antepartum ART before enrolment was permitted. Women with known multiple gestation, fetal anomalies, acute significant illness, transaminases more than 2·5 times the upper limit of normal, or estimated creatinine clearance of less than 60 mL/min were excluded. Primary safety analyses were pairwise comparisons between ART regimens of the proportion of maternal and infant adverse events of grade 3 or higher up to 50 weeks post partum. Secondary efficacy analyses at 50 weeks post partum included a comparison of the proportion of women with plasma HIV-1 RNA of less than 200 copies per mL in the combined dolutegravir-containing groups versus the efavirenz-containing group. Analyses were done in the intention-to-treat population, which included all randomly assigned participants with available data. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03048422.FindingsBetween Jan 19, 2018, and Feb 8, 2019, we randomly assigned 643 pregnant women to the dolutegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide group (n=217), the dolutegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group (n=215), and the efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group (n=211). At enrolment, median gestational age was 21·9 weeks (IQR 18·3-25·3), median CD4 count was 466 cells per μL (308-624), and median HIV-1 RNA was 903 copies per mL (152-5183). 607 (94%) women and 566 (92%) of 617 liveborn infants completed the study. Up to the week 50 post-partum visit, the estimated probability of experiencing an adverse event of grade 3 or higher was 25% in the dolutegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide group; 31% in the dolutegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group; and 28% in the efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group (no significant difference between groups). Among infants, the estimated probability of experiencing at least one adverse event of grade 3 or higher by postnatal week 50 was 28% overall, with small and non-statistically significant differences between groups. By postnatal week 50, 14 infants whose mothers were in the efavirenz-containing group (7%) died, compared with six in the combined dolutegravir groups (1%). 573 (89%) women had HIV-1 RNA data available at 50 weeks post partum: 366 (96%) in the dolutegravir-containing groups and 186 (96%) in the efavirenz-containing group had HIV-1 RNA less than 200 copies per mL, with no significant difference between groups.InterpretationSafety and efficacy data during pregnancy and up to 50 weeks post partum support the current recommendation of dolutegravir-based ART (particularly in combination with emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide) rather than efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, when started in pregnancy.FundingNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and the National Institute of Mental Health.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to unprecedented changes in behaviour. To estimate if these persisted, a final round of the CoMix social contact survey was conducted in four countries at a time when all societal restrictions had been lifted for several months. We conducted a survey on a nationally representative sample in the UK, Netherlands (NL), Belgium (BE), and Switzerland (CH). Participants were asked about their contacts and behaviours on the previous day. We calculated contact matrices and compared the contact levels to a pre-pandemic baseline to estimate R0. Data collection occurred from 17 November to 7 December 2022. 7477 participants were recruited. Some were asked to undertake the survey on behalf of their children. Only 14.4 % of all participants reported wearing a facemask on the previous day. Self-reported vaccination rates in adults were similar for each country at around 86 %. Trimmed mean recorded contacts were highest in NL with 9.9 (95 % confidence interval [CI] 9.0–10.8) contacts per person per day and lowest in CH at 6.0 (95 % CI 5.4–6.6). Contacts at work were lowest in the UK (1.4 contacts per person per day) and highest in NL at 2.8 contacts per person per day. Other contacts were also lower in the UK at 1.6 per person per day (95 % CI 1.4–1.9) and highest in NL at 3.4 recorded per person per day (95 % CI 43.0–4.0). The next-generation approach suggests that R0 for a close-contact disease would be roughly half pre-pandemic levels in the UK, 80 % in NL and intermediate in the other two countries. The pandemic appears to have resulted in lasting changes in contact patterns expected to have an impact on the epidemiology of many different pathogens. Further post-pandemic surveys are necessary to confirm this finding.

Tumor heterogeneity is a challenge to designing effective and targeted therapies. Glioma-type identification depends on specific molecular and histological features, which are defined by the official World Health Organization (WHO) classification of the central nervous system (CNS). These guidelines are constantly updated to support the diagnosis process, which affects all the successive clinical decisions. In this context, the search for new potential diagnostic and prognostic targets, characteristic of each glioma type, is crucial to support the development of novel therapies. Based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) glioma RNA-sequencing data set updated according to the 2016 and 2021 WHO guidelines, we proposed a 2-step variable selection approach for biomarker discovery. Our framework encompasses the graphical lasso algorithm to estimate sparse networks of genes carrying diagnostic information. These networks are then used as input for regularized Cox survival regression model, allowing the identification of a smaller subset of genes with prognostic value. In each step, the results derived from the 2016 and 2021 classes were discussed and compared. For both WHO glioma classifications, our analysis identifies potential biomarkers, characteristic of each glioma type. Yet, better results were obtained for the WHO CNS classification in 2021, thereby supporting recent efforts to include molecular data on glioma classification.

El vocablo Iñikuk da nombre a las participantes de la famosa ceremonia del norte peruano en la que se elige a las Iñikuk Muchik. Teniendo en cuenta ello, la presente investigación ha tenido como principales objetivos explicar su formación y posible significado a través de los diccionarios consultados y la opinión de lingüistas expertos, y elaborar algunas posibles aproximaciones a un significado alterno de acuerdo al análisis de una nueva lista de palabras en mochica. Además, se ha buscado explicar el significado que ha tomado el vocablo en el contexto actual de los medios de comunicación y las redes sociales. Para la realización de esta tarea, se llevó a cabo un interesante trabajo de campo en el distrito de Mórrope (Lambayeque), en donde se trabajó junto a las Iñikuk Muchik, docentes locales, intelectuales, gestores culturales mochicas, funcionarios municipales y la población en general.

This study investigated portrayals of women in STEM on TikTok focusing on their self-presentation of identity and use of platform features to promote audience engagement. This quantitative content analysis examined TikTok posts ( N = 400) from a 3-month sample of 100 TikTok accounts by individuals identified as women in STEM. Results for STEM-focused posts showed that these content creators provided positive portrayals of their work as women in STEM and frequent displays of their STEM identity, particularly displays of STEM competence and self-recognition. However, findings also indicated that this TikTok community displayed other social group identities less frequently and used relatively few TikTok platform features that would likely enhance audience engagement. Results suggest that positive portrayals of women in STEM on TikTok are helpful for challenging gender-STEM stereotypes, but the dearth of displays of social group identities highlights a need for more diverse women in STEM role models on TikTok. In addition, the infrequent use of popular platform features appears to be a missed opportunity for broader audience engagement. Implications for social media science influencers, science communicators, and informal STEM outreach professionals are discussed.

Previously, two men were cured of HIV-1 through CCR5Δ32 homozygous (CCR5Δ32/Δ32) allogeneic adult stem cell transplant. We report the first remission and possible HIV-1 cure in a mixed-race woman who received a CCR5Δ32/Δ32 haplo-cord transplant (cord blood cells combined with haploidentical stem cells from an adult) to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Peripheral blood chimerism was 100% CCR5Δ32/Δ32 cord blood by week 14 post-transplant and persisted through 4.8 years of follow-up. Immune reconstitution was associated with (1) loss of detectable replication-competent HIV-1 reservoirs, (2) loss of HIV-1-specific immune responses, (3) in vitro resistance to X4 and R5 laboratory variants, including pre-transplant autologous latent reservoir isolates, and (4) 18 months of HIV-1 control with aviremia, off antiretroviral therapy, starting at 37 months post-transplant. CCR5Δ32/Δ32 haplo-cord transplant achieved remission and a possible HIV-1 cure for a person of diverse ancestry, living with HIV-1, who required a stem cell transplant for acute leukemia.

We followed 54 infants with in utero HIV after initiating very early antiretroviral treatment. At weeks 24 and 48, ≥80% had CD4 ≥1500 cells/mm3 and CD4% ≥25%. Routine Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis in the first year of life may not be necessary for all very early treated infants.Clinical trials registrationNCT02140255.

Abstract In this Data Descriptor, we present county-level electricity outage estimates at 15-minute intervals from 2014 to 2022. By 2022 92% of customers in the 50 US States, Washington DC, and Puerto Rico are represented. These data have been produced by the Environment for Analysis of Geo-Located Energy Information (EAGLE-I TM ), a geographic information system and data visualization platform created at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to map the population experiencing electricity outages every 15 minutes at the county level. Although these data do not cover every US customer, they represent the most comprehensive outage information ever compiled for the United States. The rate of coverage increases through time between 2014 and 2022. We present a quantitative Data Quality Index for these data for the years 2018–2022 to demonstrate temporal changes in customer coverage rates by FEMA region and indicators of data collection gaps or other errors.

The twin transition (TT) towards a circular economy (CE) and digital economy is vital for achieving the United Nations' Agenda 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. While research has predominantly focused on traditional enterprises, the role of cooperative enterprises in this transition remains underexplored. The Climate Circular Coop (CCC) project coordinated by the University of Ferrara in collaboration with research offices of the Italian Cooperatives Federation Area Studi Legacoop, and the University of Roma TRE, aims to address this gap by identifying the drivers and barriers cooperatives face in adopting CE and digital technologies. Through the development of a targeted survey, the project seeks to compare the efforts of cooperatives against other enterprise-forms to identify similarities and differences when implementing TT and environmental sustainability practices, such as circular economy (CE). Initial findings suggest that cooperatives and other enterprise-forms, such as SMEs, are influenced by similar barriers and drivers yet the intrinsic community-focused and democratic nature of cooperatives may position them as pivotal players. Comprehensive research is essential to enhance understanding and inform policies that support sustainability development through cooperatives exactly due to their specific business model (BM).

Despite the established physical, social, and emotional benefits of participating in youth sport, such outcomes are not guaranteed. Indeed, purposeful efforts must be made to ensure that sport offerings are age-appropriate, promote engagement and enjoyment, and involve quality social relationships (e.g., Côté et al., 2020). The current article describes an integrated knowledge translation (iKT) partnership that developed a free story-based positive youth development (PYD) program for young ice hockey players (aged 10 to 12 years) in North America. The aim of the '1616 Program' is to use elite ice hockey players as role models--through storytelling--to serve as motivating agents to introduce and engage young athletes with important concepts pertaining to PYD. Content from the general and sport-specific PYD literature (e.g., Côté et al., 2010; Lerner, 2006) informed decisions during program development, with the process generally being guided by the Knowledge-To-Action (KTA) framework (Graham et al., 2006). Herein, we describe the iKT collaborative process that could serve as a template for other researchers interested in partnering with relevant invested partners to create youth development programs.

Online learning provides a variety of benefits to the educational experience, including accessibility and flexibility, but is often limited in terms of peer-to-peer interactions and relationship development. Using media richness theory as a guiding framework, this study extended prior research to determine the impact of using richer channels in a fast-friendship task on feelings of co-presence and social connection among undergraduate students in online courses. Participants (N = 106) were assigned to one of three conditions (text, phone or video) for the fast-friendship task, which took place over the course of nine weeks. The results revealed that there was no indirect effect of channel richness on social connection through co-presence. Additionally, the direct effects of channel richness on co-presence and co-presence on social connection were not significant. These null findings have theoretical and practical implications for understanding media richness in online learning and improving course design among contemporary college students.

We investigate the Palaeocene succession of the Hazara Basin (Northern Pakistan) to better understand the impact of climate change on marine carbonate-producing organisms. These shallow-water carbonates, deposited during the Late Palaeocene, before the onset of the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, were studied using a quantitative approach to highlight changes in the skeletal assemblage. We recognise a decrease in the abundance of colonial corals and green calcareous algae and an increase in larger benthic foraminifera and red calcareous algae from the early Thanetian to the late Thanetian. Increasing temperatures may represent a plausible cause for the decline of the more sensitive colonial corals in favor of the more tolerant larger benthic foraminifera. A similar pattern is observed in most successions deposited along the margins of the Neotethys Ocean, suggesting a connection with the Late Palaeocene environmental changes that heralded the PETM hyperthermal event. Our stratigraphic analysis of the Hazara Basin strata suggests that the biotic turnovers occurred during the Palaeocene – Eocene transition started already before the onset of the Palaeocene Eocene Thermal Maximum as recorded by the geochemical proxies.

Abstract The study of carbonate rocks is primarily reliant on microfacies analysis, which is strongly based on the comparison with modern allochem assemblages. Despite the existence of several models aimed at comprehensively explaining, on the bases of abiotic factors, the distribution of carbonate-producing organisms, a global, quantitative and standardized overview of the composition of shallow-water carbonate sediments is still missing. Aiming to address this gap in knowledge, the current study provides a global database of the available quantitative data on neritic carbonate sediments. This is paired with satellite-based observations for the abiotic parameters. The results highlight a non-linear, multi-variable, dependence in the distribution of allochems and suggest that depth, temperature, and trophic state are, to a certain extent, interchangeable. The implication of which is a level of non-uniqueness for paleoenvironmental interpretation. The resulting distribution is rather continuous and stretches along an energy gradient. A gradient extending from solar energy, with autotrophs and symbiont-bearing organisms to chemical energy with heterotrophs. Further, quantitative data from modern oceans are still required to disentangle the remaining elements of uncertainty.

In the field of modern healthcare, technology plays a crucial role in improving patient care and ensuring their safety. One area where advancements can still be made is in alert systems, which provide timely notifications to hospital staff about critical events involving patients. These early warning systems allow for swift responses and appropriate interventions when needed. A commonly used patient alert technology is nurse call systems, which empower patients to request assistance using bedside devices. Over time, these systems have evolved to include features such as call prioritization, integration with staff communication tools, and links to patient monitoring setups that can generate alerts based on vital signs. There is currently a shortage of smart systems that use sensors to inform healthcare workers about the activity levels of patients who are confined to their beds. Current systems mainly focus on alerting staff when patients become disconnected from monitoring machines. In this technical note, we discuss the potential of utilizing cost-effective sensors to monitor and evaluate typical movements made by hospitalized bed-bound patients. To improve the care provided to unaware patients further, healthcare professionals could benefit from implementing trigger alert systems that are based on detecting patient movements. Such systems would promptly notify mobile devices or nursing stations whenever a patient displays restlessness or leaves their bed urgently and requires medical attention.

Abstract Exploiting the light–matter interplay to realize advanced light responsive multimodal platforms is an emerging strategy to engineer bioinspired systems such as optoelectronic synaptic devices. However, existing neuroinspired optoelectronic devices rely on complex processing of hybrid materials which often do not exhibit the required features for biological interfacing such as biocompatibility and low Young’s modulus. Recently, organic photoelectrochemical transistors (OPECTs) have paved the way towards multimodal devices that can better couple to biological systems benefiting from the characteristics of conjugated polymers. Neurohybrid OPECTs can be designed to optimally interface neuronal systems while resembling typical plasticity-driven processes to create more sophisticated integrated architectures between neuron and neuromorphic ends. Here, an innovative photo-switchable PEDOT:PSS was synthesized and successfully integrated into an OPECT. The OPECT device uses an azobenzene-based organic neuro-hybrid building block to mimic the retina’s structure exhibiting the capability to emulate visual pathways. Moreover, dually operating the device with opto- and electrical functions, a light-dependent conditioning and extinction processes were achieved faithful mimicking synaptic neural functions such as short- and long-term plasticity.

Abstract Optoelectronics is a valuable solution to scale up wireless links frequency to sub-THz in the next generation antenna systems and networks. Here, we propose a low-power consumption, small footprint building block for 6 G and 5 G new radio wireless transmission allowing broadband capacity (e.g., 10–100 Gb/s per link and beyond). We demonstrate a wireless datalink based on graphene, reaching setup limited sub-THz carrier frequency and multi-Gbit/s data rate. Our device consists of a graphene-based integrated optoelectronic mixer capable of mixing an optically generated reference oscillator approaching 100 GHz, with a baseband electrical signal. We report >96 GHz optoelectronic bandwidth and −44 dB upconversion efficiency with a footprint significantly smaller than those of state-of-the-art photonic transmitters (i.e.,