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Context: Dental anxiety and fear is not only a psychological problem but also a dental health problem. It is important to understand how the cognitive elements influence child's dental anxiety/fear and interact with their oral health.Objective: This study was conducted among children to determine the association between cognitive vulnerability (CV) with dental fear and their oral health status.Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 schoolchildren aged 12-15 years in Bengaluru city.Methodology: The schools and participants were selected by cluster random and systematic random sampling method, respectively. Cognitive vulnerability and Index of Dental Anxiety and Fear (IDAF-4C+) were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire. Oral health status was recorded using the World Health Organization 2013 proforma for children.Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square test, Student's t-test, Spearman's correlation, and multivariate hierarchical linear regression were used in this study. The statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05.Results: Nearly half of the study participants had cognitive perceptions, dental anxiety/fear, phobia, and stimulus toward dental treatment. Majority had dental caries and gingival bleeding. Cognitive vulnerability, dental anxiety/fear, phobia, and stimulus were independent of the age and gender and were associated with socioeconomic status. A significant correlation was found between participants' CV, IDAF-4C+, dental caries, and gingival bleeding. Cognitive vulnerability was a significant predictor of dental caries and gingival bleeding. Dental anxiety/fear and dental phobia were significant predictors of dental caries.Conclusion: Oral health status was significantly poorer and was associated with CV, dental anxiety/fear, phobia, and stimulus. Cognitive elements together with dental fear influenced oral health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated attentional capture by individuals with cognitive vulnerability to depression (CVD), by using irrelevant emotional distractor faces. The hypothesis was that, during face-orientation decision tasks, both happy and sad task-irrelevant emotional faces are more attractive to individuals with CVD than to controls. To test this, both a group of subjects with CVD (n = 45) and a control group without such vulnerability (n = 51) were asked to search for a male face among two presented female faces based on the Chinese affective picture system. Although the attentional processing of emotionally facial expressions had a slower reaction time (RT) than that of neutral facial expressions, the presence of faces that express happiness did not trigger significantly different RTs between both groups. However, the presence of faces that express sadness resulted in longer RTs in individuals with CVD compared to controls. In summary, these results suggest that a focus on negative information and a difficulty to disengage from negative information may be characteristics of individuals with CVD. These characteristics could lead to a higher depression risk. The implications of these findings can be used for cognitive training of attentional bias with the aim to prevent the development of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overlap between parent and child psychological distress might be attributed to the intergenerational transmission of intolerance of uncertainty (IU). The current study explored the association between parental and child IU in female university students. Female undergraduates (N = 234) and their parents completed questionnaires assessing IU and psychological distress. First, we tested whether living status (on one's own vs. with one or both parents) and IU predict psychological distress in undergraduates. Second, we performed between-group comparisons on IU and psychological distress measures. Third, we explored whether the path from parent to child IU is differentially mediated by child psychological distress depending on parental gender. Only IU predicted psychological distress of undergraduates. Daughters reported levels of IU and psychological distress comparable with mothers, but higher than fathers; mothers and fathers did not differ in IU, whereas the former were more psychologically distressed than the latter. Lastly, daughters' psychological distress partially mediated the path from maternal to child IU, whereas it fully mediated the path from paternal to child IU. Current findings further support the association between IU and psychological distress during college age, and they tentatively suggest that differences in the intergenerational transmission of IU according to parental gender may occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive interpretations of stressful events impact their implications for physiological stress processes. However, whether such interpretations are related to trait cortisol—an indicator of individual differences in stress physiology—is unknown. In 112 early adolescent girls (M age = 12.39 years), this study examined the association between self-blame estimates for past year events and latent trait cortisol, and whether maternal warmth moderated effects. Overestimating self-blame (versus objective indices) for independent (uncontrollable) events was associated with lower latent trait cortisol, and maternal warmth moderated the effect of self-blame estimates on latent trait cortisol for each dependent (at least partially controllable) and interpersonal events. Implications for understanding the impact of cognitive and interpersonal factors on trait cortisol during early adolescence are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Signs and symptoms of psychopathology can be chronic but are generally regarded as less stable over time than markers of cognitive vulnerability and personality. Some findings suggest that these differences in temporal stability are modest in size but a rigorous examination across concepts is lacking. The current study investigated the temporal stability of affective symptoms, cognitive vulnerability markers and personality traits at various assessments over nine years.Methods: Participants of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety were assessed at baseline and reassessed after 2, 4, 6 and 9 years. They were grouped on the basis of waves of depression and anxiety CIDI-diagnoses into stable healthy (n = 768), stable patients (n = 352) and unstable patients (n = 821). We determined temporal stability by calculating intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and consistency indices of latent state-trait analyses (LST).Results: Temporal stability was moderate to high for symptoms (range ICC's 0.54-0.73; range consistency 0.64-0.74), cognitive vulnerability (range ICC's 0.53-0.76; range consistency 0.60-0.74) and personality (range ICC's 0.57-0.80; range consistency.60 -0.75). Consistency indices for all measures were on average a bit lower in the unstable group (ICC = 0.54) compared to the stable groups (ICC = 0.61). Overall stability was similarly high after 2, 4, 6 and 9 years.Conclusion: The 9-year stability over time of symptoms of affective disorders and that of indices of cognitive vulnerability and personality are remarkably similar and relatively high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brand clutter in many product categories and increasing numbers of similar products, some of which are deliberate look-alikes, make it more difficult for consumers to distinguish between brands, which can lead to more mistaken and misinformed purchases. Moreover, increasing brand similarity is likely to influence important consumer outcomes. To examine this phenomenon, a perceived product-similarity scale developed in Germany was administered to 220 consumers in the United Kingdom. Following the formulation of testable hypotheses and assessments of the scale's reliability and validity, the scale was used to measure perceived product similarity (PPS) across three different product categories, while examining the impact of PPS on brand loyalty and word of mouth. Structural equation modelling revealed that PPS significantly affects word of mouth but not brand loyalty. In addition, cluster analysis identified three meaningful and distinct PPS groups. Implications for marketing managers, consumer policy makers, and marketing research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cognitive vulnerability theories of depression outline multiple, distinct inferential biases constitutive of cognitive vulnerability to depression. These include attributing negative events to internal, stable, and global factors, assuming that negative events will lead to further negative consequences, and inferring that negative events reflect negative characteristics about the self. Extant research has insufficiently examined these biases as distinct, limiting our understanding of how the individual cognitive vulnerability components interrelate and confer risk for depression symptoms. Thus, we conducted exploratory network analyses to examine the relationships among the five components of negative cognitive style and explore how components may differentially relate to depressive symptoms in adolescents.Methods: Participants completed measures of negative cognitive style twice over a two-year period. We estimated Graphical Gaussian Models using contemporaneous data and computed a cross-lagged panel network using temporal data from baseline and 2-year follow-up.Results: Results reveal interesting structural dynamics among facets of negative cognitive style and depressive symptoms. For example, results point to biases towards stable and future-oriented inferences as highly influential among negative cognitive style components. The temporal model revealed the internal attributions component to be heavily influenced by depressive symptoms among adolescents, whereas stable and global attributions most influenced future symptoms.Conclusions: This study presents novel approaches for investigating cognitive style and depression. From this perspective, perhaps more precise predictions can be made about how cognitive risk factors will lead to the development or worsening of psychopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research shows that social media networks can affect both the physical and mental health of its users. We hypothesized that social media would also be associated with cognitive vulnerability to depression. To test this hypothesis, we used a 3-month pre-post prospective longitudinal design with a sample of undergraduates (n = 105). Results showed that participants who had tweets with a "past focus" (as determined by LIWC software) were more likely to exhibit increases in cognitive vulnerability and depressive symptoms than participants who did not have tweets with a past focus. Increases in cognitive vulnerability were associated with increases in depressive symptoms. However, the effect of Twitter content on future depressive symptoms was not accounted for by increases in cognitive vulnerability. Rather, one's past focus Twitter content had an effect on future depressive symptoms that was independent of its effect on future cognitive vulnerability levels. These results provide further support for the plasticity of cognitive vulnerability in early adulthood as well as corroborate emerging evidence for the association between social media and mental health risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of our study is to verify whether elements of cognitive vulnerability to affective disorders may enhance the occurrence of PMS/PMDD. Methods: In total, 293 women with regular cycles took part in the study. The subjects were exposed to failure during the follicular phase or luteal phase, as appropriate, and the attributional style of failure, cognitive triad inventory (CTI) and presence of biased information processing were determined. The mood of the subjects before and after failure was measured, and the depressive mood was screened by CES-D. The occurrence of PMS/PMDD was assessed on the basis of PSST. Results: The women suffering from PMS/PMDD differed from those without PMS in terms of the cognitive triad, the use of positive and negative adjectives when describing themselves and biased information processing. In the luteal cycle phase, considerably greater sadness and irritation were observed in women with PMS/PMDD after experiencing failure, but only in those from the group not taking oral contraceptives. Conclusions: Negative cognitive styles are an important factor in the development of PMS/PMDD. PMDD is similar to major depression regarding cognitive vulnerability. Only in the case of PMDD was biased information processing in the luteal cycle phase recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether cognitive vulnerability to depression exists along a continuum of severity or as a qualitatively discrete phenomenological entity has direct bearing on theoretical formulations of risk for depression and clinical risk assessment. This question is of particular relevance to adolescence, given that cognitive vulnerability appears to coalesce and rates of depression begin to rise markedly during this period of development. Although a dimensional view is often assumed, it is necessary to submit this assumption to direct empirical evaluation. Taxometric analysis is a family of statistical techniques developed directly to test such assumptions. The present study applied taxometric methods to address this question in a community sample of early adolescents (n = 485), drawing on three indices of cognitive vulnerability to depression (i.e., negative inferential style, ruminative response style, self-referent information processing). The results of three taxometric analyses (i.e., mean above minus below a cut [MAMBAC], maximum eigenvalue [MAXEIG], and latent mode [L-Mode]) were consistent in unambiguously supporting a dimensional conceptualization of this construct. The latent structure of the tested indices of cognitive vulnerability to depression in adolescence appears to exist along a continuum of severity rather than as a discrete clinical entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated whether a negative interpretation bias was present in people at high risk for psychosis. People with an At Risk Mental State (ARMS; n = 21), patients with First Episode Psychosis (FEP; n = 20), and healthy controls (n = 20) performed three tasks, each of which was designed to measure interpretation bias. Both ARMS and FEP participants showed an attenuated positive bias compared to controls. These findings extend previous results investigating interpretation bias in psychosis by showing that interpretative biases are present before the onset of psychosis, and could therefore contribute to its development. Biased interpretation mechanisms could be a new target for clinical intervention in the early phase of psychosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce the Seasonal Beliefs Questionnaire (SBQ), a self-report inventory of maladaptive thoughts about the seasons, light availability, and weather conditions, proposed to constitute a unique cognitive vulnerability to winter seasonal affective disorder (SAD; Rohan, Roecklein, & Haaga, 2009). Potential items were derived from a qualitative analysis of self-reported thoughts during SAD-tailored cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT-SAD) and subsequently refined based on qualitative feedback from 48 SAD patients. In the psychometric study (N = 536 college students), exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses pruned the items to a 26-item scale with a 5-factor solution, demonstrating good internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity, and 2-week test-retest reliability. In a known groups comparison, the SBQ discriminated SAD patients (n = 86) from both nonseasonal major depressive disorder (MDD) patients (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 110), whereas a generic measure of depressogenic cognitive vulnerability (the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale [DAS]) discriminated MDD patients from the other groups. In a randomized clinical trial comparing CBT-SAD with light therapy (N = 177), SBQ scores improved at twice the rate in CBT-SAD than in light therapy. Greater change in SBQ scores during CBT-SAD, but not during light therapy, was associated with a lower risk of depression recurrence 2 winters later. In contrast, DAS scores improved comparably during CBT-SAD and light therapy, and DAS change was unrelated to recurrence following either treatment. These results support using the SBQ as a brief assessment tool for a SAD-specific cognitive vulnerability and as a treatment target in CBT-SAD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroticism, a dispositional trait of heightened negative emotionality, is a vulnerability factor for psychopathology. Given neuroticism's strong association with rumination, a repetitive thought pattern that intensifies and prolongs emotions, some question whether these constructs capture the same or unique information about vulnerability for psychopathology. The present study examined whether neuroticism is genetically and environmentally distinct from two clinically relevant ruminative subtypes-anger and depressive rumination-and whether genetic and environmental influences specific to rumination versus shared with neuroticism overlap with internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. These analyses were conducted on 439 same-sex twin pairs in the Colorado Longitudinal Twin study. Rumination and neuroticism latent variables were created from multiple rumination questionnaires administered at age 23 and shortened Eysenck Personality Questionnaires administered at ages 17 and 21, respectively. Lifetime psychopathology symptoms, assessed by two structured clinical interviews, were used to create ordinal composite variables. Multivariate Cholesky decompositions indicated that neuroticism, anger rumination, and depressive rumination have common genetic and nonshared environmental influences but are differentiated by nonshared environmental influences specific to each ruminative subtype. Genetic influences common to rumination and neuroticism explained considerable variance in internalizing psychopathology, suggesting possible genetic mediation or common genetic causes. Genetic and environmental influences on externalizing psychopathology did not substantially overlap with those on neuroticism and rumination. These findings suggest that rumination and neuroticism share most genetic influences yet are influenced by distinct environmental influences. Furthermore, our results indicate that a comprehensive understanding of transdiagnostic risk factors must include an examination of both genetic and environmental influences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Research exploring how cognitive risk- and protective factors relate following remission from internalizing disorders suggests a central role for resilience. However, it remains unclear what constitutes resilience in this context. Furthermore, previous studies have typically relied on cross-sectional data which do not allow to map the temporal dynamics of such relations. Using a seven-day experience sampling period in 85 remitted depressed patients, we examined the interplay between five transdiagnostic vulnerability- and protective factors in daily life. We present a temporal, contemporaneous, and a between-subjects network, providing an in-depth analysis of how these factors relate to daily life fluctuations in residual symptomatology. Furthermore, we test the role of positive affect as a main resilience factor. Resilience uniquely predicted all other factors over time (temporal network). Higher levels of resilience were related to less momentary use of rumination, more deployment of positive appraisal, and lower occurrence of residual symptoms (contemporaneous network). Participants scoring high on resilience mostly engaged in positive appraisal (between-subjects network). Similar structures were obtained when substituting self-reported resilience by positive affect. This highlights the importance of resilience, and in particular, positive affectivity, to cope with stressors following remission. This may be fostered by facilitating the use of positive appraisal. Highlights • Resilience held a central position in the temporal and contemporaneous network models. • Resilience uniquely predicted transdiagnostic risk- and protective factors over time. • Resilient individuals are characterized by higher use of positive appraisal. • Positive affectivity forms a key resilience factor. • This may be fostered via deployment of positive appraisal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety symptoms and disorders are the most common psychiatric problems world-wide and are vastly overrepresented among individuals with chronic illness and poor health behavior. The purpose of the current special series is to bolster attention and highlight new research on cognitive processes as a basic element that may undergird the association between anxiety and chronic illness and health behavior. Findings in this issue highlight cognitive-based risk and resilience factors related to anxiety in individuals with various chronic conditions and problematic health behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The positive effects of expressive writing on both mental and physical health are well documented. However, expressive writing may have the potential to activate negative schemas and facilitate rumination in those at high cognitive risk for depression (Yasinski, Hayes, & Laurenceau, 2016). The current research tested the hypothesis that writing using self-distancing would be more effective than traditional expressive writing in preventing depressive symptoms for those at high cognitive risk for depression. Method: Two studies using undergraduate samples (n = 104 and n = 80) were conducted to test our hypotheses. Both studies used a two-week daily writing experimental design. Results: Contrary to hypotheses, Study 1 found that individuals randomly assigned to a self-distancing writing condition reported greater levels of depressive symptoms than those assigned to a traditional expressive writing condition. The results of Study 2 replicated the results of Study 1. Participants randomly assigned to the self-distancing writing condition reported significantly greater levels of depressive symptoms than those in the expressive writing and no-writing control conditions. The effect of writing condition in Study 2 was driven by those with high levels of cognitive vulnerability. Discussion: Results suggest that writing using self-distancing should not be used for the prevention of depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) are patterns of developed emotional and cognitive responses of the interaction between personality and experiences in childhood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between EMSs and clinical dimensions of personality in a non-clinical sample. For this, 189 university students answered the sociodemographic questionnaire, instruments of anxious and depressive symptomatology, attachment and maladaptive schemas. Schema domains correlated with all clinical dimensions of personality. The data suggest that individuals with the dimensions Dependence, Mood Instability and Critical Avoidance are more likely to present Disconnection / Rejection and Autonomy and Impaired Performance schemas. The research allows the integration of the study of Personality and Schema Therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfectionism is suggested as a transdiagnostic factor, related to development and maintenance of many psychological disorders. Looming Cognitive Style (LCS), on the other hand, is unique to anxiety disorders, acting as a specific a cognitive vulnerability for anxiety disorders. The present study aims to assess the association of anxiety with two cognitive vulnerability factors, LCS and maladaptive perfectionism. It was hypothesized that maladaptive perfectionism will have moderator role in the relationship between LCS and anxiety. A similar relationship is not expected for depression. Data were collected from 326 university students through self-report measures of LCS, perfectionism, anxiety, and depression. Results indicated the significant moderator roles of maladaptive perfectionism in the relationship of LCS with anxiety, even when the symptoms of depression are controlled. That is, maladaptive perfectionism was associated with higher levels of anxiety especially in individuals who had higher levels of looming vulnerability. A similar moderating effect of maladaptive perfectionism was not observed for depression. The results altogether emphasize the importance of examining the interactive effects of different vulnerability factors in understanding the mechanisms through which the risk factors operate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive distortions are negative biases in thinking that are theorized to represent vulnerability factors for depression and dysphoria. Despite the emphasis placed on cognitive distortions in the context of cognitive behavioural theory and practice, a paucity of research has examined the mechanisms through which they impact depressive symptomatology. Both adaptive and maladaptive styles of humor represent coping strategies that may mediate the relation between cognitive distortions and depressive symptoms. The current study examined the correlations between the frequency and impact of cognitive distortions across both social and achievement-related contexts and types of humor. Cognitive distortions were associated with reduced use of adaptive Affiliative and Self-Enhancing humor styles and increased use of maladaptive Aggressive and Self-Defeating humor. Reduced use of Self-Enhancing humor mediated the relationship between most types of cognitive distortions and depressed mood, indicating that distorted negative thinking may interfere with an individual’s ability to adopt a humorous and cheerful outlook on life (i.e., use Self-Enhancing humor) as a way of regulating emotions and coping with stress, thereby resulting in elevated depressive symptoms. Similarly, Self-Defeating humor mediated the association of the social impact of cognitive distortions with depression, such that this humor style may be used as a coping strategy for dealing with distorted thinking that ultimately backfires and results in increased dysphoria.

The current study is dedicated to develop a model of qualitative research of audiovisual documents. As the audiovisual language technology is sensorial-perceptive, the social construction of „risk perception” constitutes the most appropriate social cognitive field of the development theory and experimentation. Simultaneously with the risk situations praxiology, the methodological project initiates the theoretical and practical investigation of the intrinsic psychological basis of the cinema language. As a result, the morphology and the syntax of the audiovisual language were redefined through a cognitivist behavioral perspective (visualisable) operationalized by the structure and functions of the cognitive schemas of scenario. This study demonstrates that there is an important analitical potential when the decoding of the language is made through sociological well known concepts such as expectancy, vulnerability, critical incident, cognitive dissonance, deviance etc. This way it is explained the process through which the audiovisual dramaturgy as an expression of the social dramaturgy uses the rapport between expected scenarios and the actual performance of them. Applied in the advertising rhetoric of inducting the „risk perception”, the methodological model aims at future developments and adaptations for the research of any other audiovisual documents of sociological and anthropological interest.

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is the tendency to react negatively to uncertain situations. In this review, we critically evaluate the evidence for IU as a cognitive vulnerability for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), including (a) evidence for a robust association between IU and OCD symptoms, (b) evidence that IU is stable and trait-like, (c) evidence for IU as a causal risk factor that influences the development of OCD directly or indirectly, and (d) evidence that IU is malleable to intervention. The available evidence suggests that IU is likely a candidate cognitive vulnerability factor for OCD, though additional research is needed to determine if increasing tolerance for uncertainty is a mechanism of effective OCD treatment. Future research examining IU across multiple levels of analysis and a more rigorous examination of the nomological network of IU may identify specific pathways contributing to the development and maintenance of OCD., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

The present study investigated Beck's cognitive diathesis-stress theory (1967, 1987) for the prediction of emotional and behavioral problems in childhood. The study included 218 participants aged 10 to 16 years (M = 12.38, SD = 1.16) who underwent two evaluations with an interval of 8.4 months between them. In the first evaluation, sample was divided according to the participants' cognitive vulnerability (vulnerable, moderate, resilient) and in the second, by their experience of stressful events in recent months (low risk, moderate risk, high risk). The groups were compared by variation in the intensity of the symptoms over time. Results showed that high-risk cognitively vulnerable children had increased externalizing symptoms and children with moderate and high cognitive vulnerability had increased internalizing symptoms at Time 2. These results suggest the importance of considering dysfunctional cognitions and the existence of a certain level of stressful events for the development of psychopathology in childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hip fracture is a major health problem and a patient's biological age, comorbidity, and cognitive vulnerability have an impact on its related outcomes. Length of stay (LOS) for these highly vulnerable patients is rather long and the possible causes have not been clearly identified yet.Objective: We aimed to assess the main clinical factors associated with protracted LOS, focusing on delirium with or without dementia in older age hip fractured patients.Methods: 218 subjects (mean age 86.70±6.18 years), admitted to the Orthogeriatric Unit of the Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (Italy), were recruited. All patients received physical and comprehensive geriatric assessment. Days to surgery, days from surgery to rehabilitation, and LOS were recorded. In-hospital and three months' mortality were reported.Results: Prevalent delirium at hospital admission was of 3.1%. 35% of patients developed incident delirium. 56.4% were affected by dementia of Alzheimer-type. In addition, 52% of patients developed delirium superimposed to dementia. Mean LOS was 13.5±4.99 days. Namely, delirium, time to surgery, and complication rate disproportionally affected LOS. The analysis with 3 months mortality, based on cognitive vulnerability profiles, showed how delirium mainly affect short-term mortality in patients with dementia.Conclusion: Our exploratory study originally pointed out the high incidence of delirium superimposed to dementia in orthogeriatric wards and how delirium turns to be a moderator of LOS. The results meet the need for additional research by virtue of a deeper understanding of the impact of delirium and dementia on orthogeriatric clinical management and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parenting behaviors influence clinical depression among youth, but little is known about the developmental processes that may account for this association. This study investigated whether parenting is associated with the onset of clinical depression and depressive symptoms through negative cognitive style, particularly under conditions of high exposure to stressors, in a community sample of children and adolescents (N = 275; 59% girls). Observational methods were used to assess positive and negative parenting during a laboratory social-evaluative stressor task. Depressive symptoms and clinical depressive episodes were repeatedly assessed over an 18-month prospective follow-up period. Results supported a conditional indirect effect in which low levels of observed positive parenting during a youth stressor task were indirectly associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing an episode of depression and worsening depressive symptoms over the course of the study through youth negative cognitive style, but only for youth who also experienced a high number of peer stressors. These findings elucidate mechanisms through which problematic parenting may contribute to risk for the development of clinical depression during the transition into and across adolescence. Implications for depression interventions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The cognitive model of depression posits two distinctive personality vulnerabilities termed sociotropy and autonomy, each of which is composed of a cluster of maladaptive self-schemas. It is postulated that negative core beliefs about self underlie maladaptive self-schemas as a whole, whereas those about others may be implicated in the autonomous self-schemas. Therefore, the present study examined the relations of sociotropy and autonomy with core beliefs about self and others. Methods: The sample of this study consisted of 321 healthy Japanese volunteers. Sociotropy and autonomy were evaluated by the corresponding subscales of the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale. Core beliefs about self and others were assessed by the negative-self, positive-self, negative-other and positive-other subscales of the Brief Core Schema Scales. Results: In the forced multiple regression analysis, sociotropy scores were correlated with negative-self scores (β = 0.389, P < 0.001). Meanwhile, autonomy scores were correlated with positive-self scores (β = 0.199, P < 0.01) and negative-other scores (β = 0.191, P < 0.01). Conclusion: The present study suggests marked differences in core beliefs about self and others between sociotropy and autonomy, further contrasting the two personality vulnerabilities to depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) is built on a unique theory of cognitive vulnerability for emotional disorders that differentiates itself from other forms of cognitive behaviour therapy by several important features. In this article, we describe concepts from the embodied simulation framework on cognition with relevance to REBT and we argue that several distinctive features of REBT may benefit from clarification from an embodied perspective on the cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. We present important embodied cognition concepts from the position of grounded cognition and conceptual-act theory of emotions and discuss their implications for the biological foundation of irrational beliefs, the identity position on psychological interactionism, and the centrality of irrational beliefs for disturbed emotions. Finally, we describe the embodied simulation concepts in relation to the cognitive model of emotional disturbance in REBT and conclude by pointing to general implications for the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research tested a new theory of depression that integrates work on sleep and cognition. In general, good sleep is essential for physical and mental health. However, we theorize that sleep can actually increase risk for depressive symptoms in cognitively vulnerable individuals. This is because the negative cognitions generated by these individuals are strengthened and consolidated each night during sleep. Three studies were conducted to test this theory. Studies 1 (n = 134) and 2 (n = 47) used prospective designs and showed that undergraduates with high, but not low, levels of cognitive vulnerability were most likely to exhibit increases in depressive symptoms when sleeping well as operationalized by self-reported quality and objectively measured duration (via actigraphy). Study 3 (n = 40) used an experimental design and provides the first causal evidence that it may be possible to prevent future depressive symptoms in cognitively at-risk undergraduates by restricting their sleep during times of high perceived stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recurrent and chronic depression as the most common forms of depression have been attracting growing attention in research and clinical practice in recent years. Due to high rates of relapse and chronification, new treatment approaches were designed in the field of relapse prevention, but also for the acute treatment of chronic depression. This review provides an overview of substantial etiology models and treatment methods for recurrent and chronic depression. Here, it is hypothesized that cognitive processes similar to those that are believed to be crucial in the emergence of a relapse are also contributing to maintaining depressive symptoms in chronic depression. The present article focuses on the modification of these intrapsychological factors through methods of decentering as a way of modifying the perception of cognitive processes, as well as on boosting motivational aspects with regard to a more efficient long-term prevention. The integration of new approaches to alter cognitive and motivational processes is a promising perspective for the development of a more effective and overarching cognitive concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]