Search

Areca catechu, is a species of palm belonging to the family of Arecaceae/Palmae, grows vertically, to the height of 10 m to 20 m, the stem is straight, solitary and slender, 10 cm to 15 cm in diameter, with marks of annulated scars of fallen leaf sheaths. Areca fibres are predominantly extracted not only from the fruit as areca husk, but also from leaf stalks and fronds. In this review paper, areca fibre is compared with those of other representative species of the Arecaceae/Palmae family, such as the coconut tree and the palm tree, in terms of physical and mechanical properties. This review article also discusses the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of areca fibre and its composites. The review of known published data reveals that, while areca fibre has the potential to be used as an alternative reinforcement in polymer composites. Besides, it has been also noticed that some other species from the family of Arecaceae/Palmae have not been explored as natural fibre reinforcement in polymer composites either, thus revealing further options of natural alternative reinforcement to be investigated with regard to their potential to be used in fibre based composites for the automotive, aerospace, and construction industries.

The properties of the chemical, physical, mechanical, thermal(TG & DSC),microscopic analysis(SEM), x-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) of raw and alkali tre...

Profit sharing is a mutually beneficial collaboration between two or more people on mutual agreement. The purpose of this study is to find out the profit sharing model “nderes” for brown sugar farmers in Nglegok Kabupaten Blitar sub-district. One area in Blitar regency which is a producer of brown sugar is Nglegok Subdistrict. This is because Nglegok village has fertile land and there are still many coconut trees that grow up. Therefore, many Ngelgok subdistrict residents who utilize the results of coconut tree sap to be made into brown sugar even though to take coconut palm juice the risk is quite large because it is not impossible to have an accident when taking the sap, such as falling from coconut trees and others. Because of the large risk, many owners of coconut trees do not dare to climb by themselves, so in order to obtain additional income they work together with other people who dare to take the sap water with a profit sharing system. This research method used a qualitative approach with the interview method to the beneficiary, coconut tree owners and “legen” cookers in Nglegok sub-district Blitar Regency. The results of this study produce various concepts of cooperation, namely based on the results of “nderes” in the form of ounces and profit sharing based on the day.

The Coconut tree is of great importance in economic values and ecological impacts for many tropical developing countries and lots of islands in the Pacific Ocean. Detecting and counting coconut is a meaningful and valuable research. In this paper, we present a coconut tree crown detection method to detect and count the coconut trees in the Tenarunga from high-resolution satellite images acquired by Google Earth. Our coconut tree detection method contains three major procedures: feature extraction, a multi-level Region Proposal Network (RPN) and a large-scale coconut tree detection workflow. We manually annotate all coconut trees for our study regions in the Tenarunga. Eventually, we achieve a higher average F1-score of 77.14% in our four test regions than pure Faster R-CNN. Experiment results demonstrate the potential for large-scale individual coconut tree detection and counting from high-resolution satellite images using deep learning.

In this paper, an innovative new drone is created for developing the current ability of today's drone. This research starts with developing the agriculture drone for spraying fertilizer and pesticides in coconut tree farms. The developed drone can be utilized for inspecting and finding coconut tree pests using sensor image processing in order to solve the problems of using the general solutions of the pest control. These problems are as follows. Firstly, the use of a long stick tied to the hose and pesticide spray from below results in the drops of pesticide to the ground for more than 75%. Secondly, the use of chemicals injected into the trunk cannot be used for the coconut trees with less than 12 meter high particularly for aromatic coconut trees with around 5 meter high according to chemical residue. Finally, the pesticide is controlled by using a level of fertilizer higher than the recommendation. Farmers generally spray all coconut trees without consideration in which trees have the pests. The developed drone can be used for solving all of the above mentioned three problems. In the early stage of development for processing to locate the pests, the implemented program has the ability to visualize the leaf of the coconut tree that is likely to have a problem. The drone can fly to inspect and specify the pest area, spray from the top of the trunks and spray at the specific point resulted in the reduction of chemicals costs.

This paper reports drone imagery-based precision agriculture application for coconut health management by detecting rhinoceros beetle infestation in coconut trees. Drone imagery is advantageous for its bird’s eye view of the farms helping in analysis of coconut crown from top. Locating and segmenting individual tree-crown is challenging, as every image contains up to 30 tree-crowns with complex backgrounds such as textured soil, shadows, companion planting. Dataset generated using 1,212 drone captured images containing 9727 individual coconut tree crowns. In this work, we are proposing enhancement to Invariant Risk Minimization (IRM) framework which is Signature Feature Marking (SFM) enhanced IRM for object classification. The proposed rhinoceros beetle infestation detection model is two stage process, (1) Applying existing IRM framework for crown detection and (2) SFM enhanced IRM for crown classification. IRM based crown detection model obtained 97.3% precision and 92% recall score and the SFM enhanced IRM classification model obtained accuracy of 85.03%. SFM learns relevant signature features from the images and IRM learns the causal correlation-based features. This demonstrates that drone imagery in precision agriculture using proposed approach can be effectively used to monitor the well-being of a large plantation.

Coconut sugar is one of the leading commodities in Banyumas City, coconut sugar and it is derivative processing can make a high contribution to the development of the local economy of the community. This can be seen from the history of the production of coconut sugar whose trend is always increasing, in 2013 the production of coconut sugar was 206,026 tons / day, in 2014 it increased to 240 tons / day and in 2015 the production reached 250 tons / day. This study aims to find an area of improvement for the design of tree climbing aids that are in line with the expectations of the nira hikers in the Cilongok Banyumas City. In carrying out their work, the loudspeakers did not have much safety equipment, in a day, the loudspeakers had to climb 40 trees from morning to evening. The average height of each coconut tree that is climbed is around 20 until 30 meters. This study aims to design coconut climbing aids for the nira hardener with a quality function deployment (QFD) approach. In the process of retrieving data, the researcher identifies the desires of consumers, a questionnaire that has been determined and contains attributes in accordance with the quality plan that has been determined in the framework of the thought distributed to the subject. The way to find out the user anthropometry data is by measuring height, body dimensions, age, weight and length of work, so that we can obtain a reference for designing coconut tree climbing aids that are in accordance with the expectations of the palm fruit pusher.

The study was conducted in four district of Karnataka namely: Davanagere, Shivamogga, Gulbarga and Tumkur to identify and document gross root farmer innovations. Case study method was employed in the study and data were collected through personal interview. In all seven innovations were recorded in detail considering cost, utility and adaptability. The innovations namely, red gram ripping machine, high density planting in arecanut, solar operated insect trap, environment friendly natural phenyl, millet malt, arecanut and coconut tree climber, paired and pentagonal planting system in coconut, power operated weed cutter were documented. The study revealed that by using red gram nipping device 6 acres can be covered instead of 1 acre manually per day. In high density arecanut planting system 1500 seedlings can be planted in place of 550 seedlings in conventional method. The value addition to brown top millet has increased selling price by 10 times when compared to selling raw millet. Through using coconut and arecanut climbing machine, tree climbing has been increased four times and free of physical injuries. In paired and pentagonal planting system the farmer has planted total of 200 coconut without using mainland and efficiently utilizing bunds and farm roads in 5 hectares land. It is observed that these farmer innovations are generally environment friendly and easily adoptable.

In this study, a new tubular corrugated configuration mimicking the coconut tree profile, here named “conical corrugation tube” (CCT), was proposed, in an attempt to enhance the energy absorption, minimize the initial peak crushing force, and stabilize the crushing process. The effects of geometrical features, especially tapered angle and wavelength of CCTs on the deformation mode and energy absorption characteristics, were investigated through a series of numerical simulations. The results showed that the deformation modes of CCTs could be mainly classified into four modes, which were clearly influenced by the tapered angle and the wavelength of the CCTs. Moreover, the initial peak force of the CCTs was reduced significantly compared with that of the circular straight tube and the tapered tube. In addition, the undulation of the load-carrying capacity parameter, which is used to evaluate the stability of the crushing force, is minimized, and the CCTs produced smoother force-displacement curves compared with the circular straight tube and the tapered tube. Finally, a theoretical model was proposed to predict the mean crushing force of CCTs under dynamic impact loading. The theoretical results showed a good agreement with the numerical results.

Traditional Goan Sarawsat Bunds (TGSB) are ancient embankments used for different purposes. They are extremely cost effective since they are built from materials available in the nearby locations. Their main feature is their bermed structure topped by double row of coconut trees on each side. Engineering design of an embankment from the view point of safety and economy of construction cost is a crucial but unavailable for traditional structures. Parametric studies need to be performed to assess the stability of a slope to the variation height of embankment. This paper presents the design methodology for building TGSB for various heights and the variation of factor of safety considering the effects of coconut tree root zone in the embankment for Goa region.

Sap from various species palm trees in which known as neera generally produced by traditional technology in Indonesia. There are 5 well known palm species that produce Neera in Indonesia such as arenga palm, coconut tree, doub palm, nipa palm and palm oil. Neera can be utilized as raw material for various derivatives such as palm sugar, sweet palm toddy, and alcoholic toddy. Tapping of neera is a crucial step because neera prone to immediately degrade and causing poor quality of palm sugar. Traditional sugar processing has some drawbacks for example: low energy efficiency processing and off-specification products. On the other side, sugar palm neera has important antioxidant component which benefits for human that unavailable in normal white sugar from sugarcane. In this current review, characterization of neera from various palms in Indonesia and available technology on sugar palm processing such as spray dryer and membrane ultrafiltration will be discussed.

This paper presents a simple and efficient image processing method for estimating the number of coconut trees in the Tonga region using very high spatial resolution data (30 cm) in the blue, green, red and near infrared spectral bands acquired by the WorldView-3 sensor. The method is based on the detection of tree shadows and the further analysis to reject false detection using geometrical properties of the derived segments. The algorithm is evaluated by comparing coconut tree counts derived by an expert through photo-interpretation over 57 randomly distributed (4% sampling rate) segments of 200 m × 200 m over the Vaini region of the Tongatapu island. The number of detected trees agreed within 5% versus validation data. The proposed method was also evaluated over the whole Tonga archipelago by comparing satellite-derived estimates to the 2015 agricultural census data—the total tree counts for both Tonga and Tongatapu agreed within 3%.

El aceite de la fruta seca de coco (Cocos nucifera L.) tiene un origen vegetal extraído del árbol de coco, perteneciente a la familia Arecaceae y la subfamilia Cocoideae. Tiene un gran potencial para uso industrial ya que tiene aplicaciones en varias áreas productivas. La búsqueda constante de productos que puedan agregar valor y traer beneficios a la humanidad ha llevado al crecimiento en el uso de aceite de coco en procesos industriales, ya que es un aceite considerado estable debido a su alto nivel de saturación en comparación con otros aceites comestibles. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las características oleoquímicas del aceite de coco a partir de procesos de extracción en frío y aceites industrializados, verificando el análisis de los parámetros indicativos de la calidad de estos aceites, que fueron los siguientes: índices de acidez, peróxido, yodo y porcentajes de ácidos grasos libres. Se realizó un análisis comparativo de aceite de coco comercial y aceite de coco adaptado por el método Bligh & Dyer. Las muestras en ambos tratamientos se obtuvieron de tiendas locales y se analizaron por triplicado. Los parámetros analizados fueron similares para ambos aceites tratados, se encontraron dentro de los estándares requeridos por la legislación RDC No. 270 y CODEX alimentarius e indicando buena calidad para el consumo. Solo los datos para el índice de yodo en los dos tratamientos fueron altos, y pueden haber sido influenciados por la estacionalidad de la fruta, por el método de extracción o por procesos industriales.

Coconut is a fruit of great economic importance. Coconut water is used as a natural rehydrator, energy drink and helps in the treatment of various health problems. However, its quality may change during the development of the fruit. The objective was to evaluate the quality of fruits and coconut water of four cultivars. Coconuts from the cultivars Anã Amarela (AA), Anã Vermelho (AVE), Anã Verde (AVO) and Coco Híbrido (CH) were harvested, sanitized and drilled for water extraction. The transverse and longitudinal diameters and the water volume of the fruits were quantified. The contents of total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, pH, ratio, minerals (calcium, manganese, zinc, iron and copper) and electrical conductivity of the water were evaluated. The physical characteristics of the coconuts and the physico-chemical characteristics of the water were similar due to the standardization in cultivation and harvesting. The quality of coconuts in cultivars AA, AVE, AVO and CH did not vary significantly at seven months of age. El coco es un fruto de gran importancia económica. El agua de coco se utiliza como un rehidratante natural, bebida energética y ayuda en el tratamiento de diversos problemas de salud. Sin embargo, su calidad puede cambiar durante el desarrollo de la fruta. El objetivo fue evaluar la calidad de las frutas y el agua de coco de cuatro cultivares. Los cocos de los cultivares Anã Amarela (AA), Anã Vermelho (AVE), Anã Verde (AVO) y Coco Híbrido (CH) fueron cosechados, desinfectados y perforados para la extracción de agua. Se cuantificaron los diámetros transversales y longitudinales y el volumen de agua de los frutos. Se evaluaron los contenidos de sólidos solubles totales, acidez titulable total, pH, relación, minerales (calcio, manganeso, zinc, hierro y cobre) y la conductividad eléctrica del agua. Las características físicas de los cocos y las características fisicoquímicas del agua fueron similares debido a la estandarización en el cultivo y la cosecha. La calidad de los cocos en los cultivares AA, AVE, AVO y CH no varió significativamente a los siete meses de edad. O coco é um fruto de grande importância econômica. A água de coco é utilizada como reidratante natural, bebida energética e auxilia no tratamento de diversos problemas de saúde. No entanto, sua qualidade pode sofrer alterações durante o desenvolvimento do fruto. O objetivo foi avaliar a qualidade de frutos e da água de coco de quatro cultivares. Cocos das cultivares Anã Amarela (AA), Anã Vermelho (AVE), Anã Verde (AVO) e Coco Hibrido (CH) foram colhidos, higienizados e perfurados para extração da água. Os diâmetros transversal e longitudinal e o volume de água dos frutos foram quantificados. Os teores de sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável, pH, rátio, minerais (cálcio, manganês, zinco, ferro e cobre) e condutividade elétrica da água foram avaliados. As características físicas dos cocos e físico-químicas da água foram semelhantes devido à padronização no cultivo e colheita. A qualidade de cocos das cultivares AA, AVE, AVO e CH não possuem grandes variações aos sete meses de idade.

By keeping in view the sudden impact of natural calamities, red spot disease and lack of proper tree health monitoring system – majority of the coconut growers today started giving up coconut farming and opting for aqua culture and other sources of livelihood n countries like India. As the smart farming applications are gaining research ground to deliver round the clock visibility into soil and crop health-design of Intelligent IOT based smart coconut tree health monitoring devices are proposed since usage of intelligent tree health monitoring systems (devices) makes the task of coconut farming still easier. The proposed system of cloud based server and mobile based device helps users to monitor and control the health status of trees by means of the hardware devices installed. Development of a remote monitoring system to continuously monitor soil moisture of the plants based on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is also integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) to achieve desired objectives.

Coconut tree has got its name as “functional food” since it is rich in nutrition content. Coconuts are nutritious in fiber, vitamins and minerals. The coconut is most important source of food as it provides oil, water, milk and also medicine. For more than hundreds of years, the coconut fruit of the coconut palm has been a great source of versatility. It has been used by human beings for their day to day requirements. Today, coconut is a valuable source of both food and medicine for people from much diverse culture and religion. Coconut leaves are affected by a number of diseases, some of which are dangerous and the disease gradually reduces the strength of the leaves causing severe losses in the yield. This paper deals with the identification of diseases of Coconut tree leaves. These leaves are affected by the diseases namely leaf rot, leaf blight and leaf yellowing. The database of such leaf images is carried out and preprocessing of them is done. Segmentation and k-means clustering is done to differentiate the fault regions that remain abnormal. From this, the statistical and GLCM features are extracted and Cubic SVM classification is carried out. The accuracy of 97.3% is achieved which is better than the existing methodologies. This would greatly help in increasing the yield to greater extent and reducing the economic losses.

In India, due to the increasing existence of modern technologies in the field of agriculture, there is an acute shortage of human coconut tree climbers to harvest coconuts. Coconut tree farmers or individuals who own few coconut trees and coconut industry suffer a lot due to the reduced manpower. As a result, coconuts are not harvested on time, thereby resulting in increased coconut cost. Recently, distinctive agriculture researchers proposed diverse varieties of coconut tree climbers and harvester models. The coconut tree structure will always be incomparable and unpredictable. Notches in the surface, twist and width variation in the coconut tree trunk are considered as the primary challenge for the unmanned climbers. A novel strategy is proposed in this paper to solve the issues caused by these variations in the tree trunk with the assistance of a closed-loop system framework for holding the tree. The current feedback will be utilized to prepare the climber for every tree trunk. The linear actuator and current sensor combinations are utilized for developing a holding setup that adapts to the variations in the tree trunk.

Coconut (Cocos nucifera) is a palm tree belonging to the Arecaceae family that possesses a thousand and one uses. Each part of the tree has it’s uses and can be made into products. Also, various parts of the coconut tree have been utilized to remove various types of dyes from water and waste water via chemical, physical and biological methods. Adsorption is one of the widely used physical methods over their counterparts owing to cost efficiency and ease in handling. The key parameters for the adsorption process are the initial concentration of adsorbate, dosage of adsorbent, the pH and contact time. Additionally, the kinetic parameters, equilibrium isotherm and thermodynamics of the adsorption of dyes on the adsorbent were explored.

This chapter explores the tradition of tumunu on Atiu in the southern Cook Islands. Tumunu, which literally means “trunk of the coconut tree,” are drinking establishments hidden in the bush of the island where home brew is produced and drunk. This chapter will first briefly examine the role of kava in the Pacific and its replacement with alcohol. The growth in alcohol use led to the development of the tumunu, which arose to hide the production and consumption of alcohol because it was prohibited. The five tumunu that existed in 2014, as well as two recently closed ones, are mapped and compared. Next, the changes in the tumunu in the recent past are examined. Brewing ingredients have changed from mainly indigenous oranges to imported malt extract since the 1980s. The similarity of social practices relating to the tumunu and to the consumption of kava on other Pacific Islands is pronounced. These social practices are changing as the society changes, and from the presence of tourists at the tumunu, which are promoted as a tourist attraction on the island.

This paper provides a concise review of Dynamic (Seismic) Soil–Foundation–Structure Interaction (DSFSI) presenting the main methods of DSFSI which are an important and integral part of such studies. The paper spotlights the areas which can use DSFSI including traditional structures like bunds and new structures like pile, pile raft, and mat foundations. Traditional Goan Saraswat Bunds are ancient coconut tree-lined road and flood control embankments found all over Goa which have lasted for thousands of years through storms and earthquakes. Today, as the concept of sustainable construction practices gains growing recognition, they deserved to be studied. The behavior of the tree on top of a bund during earthquakes can be studied using Single-Degree-of-Freedom and vibration damping by pendulum. This paper also presents an equation for the interaction of coconut tree roots as soil springs for their role in damping of the Seismic waves in the bunds. Modeling the bund in MIDAS-GTS-NX showed marginal reduction in acceleration and displacement by the presence of coconut trees.

In this paper we investigate square difference labeling of splitting graph of K(1,n), Shell Butterfly graph, 2- Tuple coconut tree CT(m,n) and Bistar with corona K1, Bn,n⊙K1.

The cocoa palm is alluded to as “KALPAVRIKSHA”- the ‘tree of paradise’ .As each single piece of the palm is effective to humankind in all manner. Several families in Republic of India depend upon on coconut resource either directly or indirectly. We forecast a coconut tree development, based on their physical appearances and their land area, soil texture, Moisture, humidity. The growth of the coconut tree is identified in each stage by its temporal data for its further improvement and support. We have utilized the coconut tree dataset with 61 lines and 25 credits to decide the expectation of growth and illness. The most objective of this paper is to classify information to predict the growth rate and yield. The classification model is developed based on training data set and then utilising that model to predict class of test data.Analyse the data set and group into cluster toassist the users in extracting helpful information and determine an appropriate formula to develop a prophetic model.

Pangandaran district is a district that has the third largest coconut tree plantation area in West Java, and coconut is made as one of the potential regional prime commodities. This research objective was to discover four aspects on coconut agroindustry, namely the availability of raw material, distribution, product’s prospective, and economic empowerment of society. The method used in this research was descriptive method, while survey and questionnaire spreading were used. To find out the potential availability of raw materials, secondary data were used,which were proceeded with forecasting moving average method. Spreading of coconut agroindustry was mapped for several sub-districts, according to primary or secondary data. Determination of prospective product were done by Technique for Order Performance of Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Potential of economic empowerment was obtained by analysis of profit cost ratio. Refer to the research results, coconut agroindustry had big potential in empowerment of the social economy. This potency can be seen by the amount of availability and certainty of coconut as raw material, the quality of the resulting coconut, availability of human resources, breadth of market section, infrastructure and means of transportation, supporting by local people, then government policy that supporting in growth and development of coconut agroindustry. The coconut agroindustry was spread in a whole sub-disctrict, and the most of it was located in Cimerak Sub-District. The most prospective product was coconut sugar, that is one of products that have big potential and profitable for empowerment of the social economy. Keywords: agroindustry, coconut, economic empowerment, Pangandaran Regency

As I reflect on various phases of my personal and professional life, I have come to realise how I have benefitted from diverse learning opportunities that came my way from time to time. My early life in a village in Kanjany, Trichur (Kerala) was an exciting learning experience of the unstructured kind. I learnt how villagers without access to modern tools could innovate and carry out their farming activities many of which are now done by machines. I had my first lesson in Physics watching my eldest brother construct an automatic water dispensing system for the poultry he was rearing. Perhaps one of the most exciting learning experiences was the unintentional demonstration of principle of applied mechanics by a team of coconut climbers in bringing down the heavy top of a coconut tree, which was hovering ominously over our house, along a safe trajectory away from the house. These early experiences underscored the importance of learning through such unstructured events, and making judicious use of available resources to achieve the desired goals.

Coconut toddy (palm wine) is an effervescence beverage tapped from young inflorescence of coconut tree (Cocos nucifera). The sap contains various nutrients, and it undergoes natural fermentative changes when it is stored. Toddy is a traditional alcoholic drink in Sri Lanka. In Sri Lanka artificial fermented liquor is made out from the fermentation of sugar solution. There have been several complaints with respect to adulteration of toddy by artificial fermented liquor. Ash values are used to find out quality, authenticity and purity of substances and these values are important quantitative standards. Hence this study mainly focused on identifying authenticity of toddy using the sulfated ash content. Genuine toddy samples were collected from different areas and artificial fermented liquor samples were made in the laboratory using sugar solution (16%) and inoculum of genuine toddy samples. Different ratios of genuine toddy and artificial fermented liquor mixtures were prepared. Sulfated ash content of genuine toddy samples, artificial fermented liquor samples and different ratios of genuine and artificial fermented liquor were determined by using muffle furnace. Linear regression was obtained with sulfated ash content vs different ratios of genuine toddy samples. Sulfated ash content of genuine toddy varied from 0.44 to 0.54 gram/100ml.

The aim of this study is to present a novel semi-automatic coconut tree climbing device and validate its strength based on actual working conditions. Firstly, the structural composition and operational principal of this device is introduced. After that, the finite element model of this device is established with CATIA. Finally, the strength analysis is executed by means of CATIA. In this study, the equivalent stress, principal stress, and displacement contours are obtained. The simulation results show that the maximum stress of this device is below 355 MPa, which is the value of the yield strength. Therefore, this device is capable of satisfying practical application requirements.

The present study evaluates the different plant mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles which was used to degrade the AZO dye through UV light. The degraded dye was analyzed by UV/Vis spectrophotometer. The AZO dye was highly degraded by the coconut tree inflorescence extract based Ag-NPs, was performing as an excellent catalyst under UV photo catalytic dye degradation method.

Most of the take away materials used today is made of plastic. This presents a huge challenge in terms of waste management and pollution. It is widely known that plastic takes several hundred to thousand years to decompose, releasing toxic substances in the process. Therefore, the aim of this work was to analyze alternatives to plastic takeaway cutlery, crockery from areca palm and coconut tree by products. This focuses on reviving the methods and knowledge that existed in the southern and central parts of the Indian subcontinent for making sustainable cutlery and crockery products used in everyday life. A market analysis, design, life cycle analysis and deeper research on the fabrication will be briefly presented.

Objectives: To explore and identify some new classes of graphs which exhibit polygonal sum labeling. Methods: In this article we use a methodology which fundamentally involves formulation and subsequent mathematical validation. Findings: Here we establish that the graphs – Star ( K 1,n ), Coconut Tree, Bistar (S m,n ), the Graph S m n k Comb, (P n K 1 ) and Subdivision graph S(K 1,n ) admit pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal, nonagonal and decagonal sum labeling. Applications: One can explore to generalize these results and extend to give n-gonal labeling to some classes graphs. Sum labeling has already been used in the problems involving relational database management and hence one can try out to use polygonal sum labeling as well in these problems.

Coconut farming is an important part of the Ivorian economy and governs the lives of people who grow it. However, the Lethal Yellowing Disease (LYD), occurring in the Ivoirian plantations of Grand-Lahou has undermined the foundations of the social economy and the social dynamics by their perverse effects. In order to identify the social implications of the fatal yellowing of the coconut tree, a study was conducted in ten villages in GrandLahou subject to this epidemic. The collection of quantitative data was carried out among 101 people determined by quota sampling. Qualitative survey was conducted among 10 women and 10 men all involved in the production and processing of coconut. For data managment, S.P.S.S for quantitative data and MaxQDA for qualitative data were used. The results attest to the respondents' sufficient life experience to appreciate the impact of the LYD. The consequences of the Lethal Yellowing Disease relate to the disruption of the traditional customary designation system (81.8%), the lack of local development resulting from the loss of income (15.8%) and areas of plantation plantations (83.2%), the relaxation of intergenerational relations between seniors and cadets. Despite its weak impact on polygamy as a cultural construct, the LYD participates in the transformation of gender relations which promote women's access to land and their autonomy. Ultimately, the JMC is presented as a social fact participating in the development of women but laying the foundation for a weakening of the collective consciousness.La culture du coco constitue un pan important de l’economie ivoirienne et regente la vie des populations qui la cultivent. Cependant le jaunissement mortel du cocotier (JMC), intervenu dans les plantations ivoiriennes de Grand-Lahou a sape les fondements de l’economie sociale et la dynamique sociale par leurs effets pervers. Afin de cerner les implications sociales du jaunissement mortel du cocotier, une etude a ete conduite dans une dizaine de villages de Grand-Lahou sujets a cette epidemie. La collecte de donnees quantitatives a ete effectuee aupres de 101 personnes determinees par l’echantillonnage par quotas. Celles qualitatives ont ete realisees aupres de 10 femmes et 10 hommes tous impliques dans la production et la transformation de la noix de coco. Pour le traitement et l’analyse des donnees quantitatives, il a ete mobilise le logiciel Statistical Package for Social Sciences (S.P.S.S) tandis que l’usage de MaxQDA a ete fait pour les donnees qualitatives. Les resultats attestent d’une esperance de vie suffisante des repondants pour apprecier l’impact du JMC. Les implications du jaunissement mortel du cocotier portent sur le bouleversement du systeme traditionnel de designation de l’autorite coutumiere (81,8%), l’absence de developpement locale consequence de la perte de revenus (15,8%) et des superficies de cocoteraies (83,2%), ainsi que le relâchement des relations intergenerationnelles ainescadets. Malgre son faible impact sur la polygamie comme construit culturel, le JMC participe a la transformation des relations de genre favorisant l’acces de la femme a la terre et son autonomie. En definitive, le JMC se presente comme un fait social participant a l’essor de la femme mais jetant les jalons d’un affaiblissement de la conscience collective.

The detection and counting of coconut trees in aerial images are important tasks for environment monitoring and post-disaster assessment. Recent deep-learning-based methods can attain accurate results, but they require a reasonably high number of annotated training samples. In order to obtain such large training sets with considerably reduced human effort, we present a semi-automatic sample annotation method based on the 2D t-SNE projection of the sample feature space. The proposed approach can facilitate the construction of effective training sets more efficiently than using the traditional manual annotation, as shown in our experimental results with VHR images from the Kingdom of Tonga.

For the designing of an unmanned robotic coconut climber/harvester, we need to model the coconut tree structure especially the tree trunk. The coconut tree trunk is non-deterministic in nature. The variation mainly results in the tree trunk, height, inclination, and treetop. The variation in size/diameter, height and inclination are not same in all coconut trees. In addition to the diameter variation and inclination treetop notches made for harvesting, attack of different organisms, and stem decay due to aging is included for the accuracy. The empirical method is adopted to get some idea about the variation in the coconut tree, in that precisely view the variation of 50 trees in the Kollam district of Kerala, India to reach some conclusion. In this empirical analysis, we tried to include coconut trees with some sort of in variation their structure to make the analysis more effective.

The coconut tree ( Cocos nucifera ) is considered a tree of life. A sweet, oyster white, and translucent sap resulted by tapping the unopened inflorescence of coconut palm is a natural health drink common among the South Asian countries. Coconut inflorescence sap is identified as a nutritional bio-beverage rich in carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, and amino acids. The most significant characteristic of this health drink is that it is diabetic friendly due to low glycemic index (GI 35), a very less amount sugar is absorbed into the blood. This nonalcoholic beverage is hailed as highly rejuvenative in traditional medicinal systems; it is recommended for the cure/prevention of various diseased continous. Recently it has been published that they possess a high nephroprotective and hepatoprotective action which in turn has increased its current demand in the market. It acts as a natural detoxifying agent, frequent consumption maintains the human system cool, and is considered a balanced food that improves the digestion. This coconut nectar is attaining world attention with its valuable products like coconut honey and coconut sweeteners.

Coir and other coconut by-products have been extensively studied for their potential use in biofuel production, as substrates for enzyme and chemical production and cultivation of mushrooms. Low cost, relatively longer degradation times, and easy availability are the primary reasons for using coconut by-products for biotechnological applications. Among the various studies, production of enzymes and using the by-products as a source for cultivation of mushrooms seems more feasible. Although several studies have been done to use coir for biofuel production, coir has 30–40% lignin, which is highly recalcitrant and hence conversion of the lignocellulose into glucose and subsequently into ethanol is not economical. However, researchers have attempted to utilize coir and other coconut by-products for various biotechnological applications other than biofuels. This chapter provides an overview of the applications that coir and coir by-products have been utilized in biotechnology and related areas.

In this paper, we determine equitable irregular chromatic number of Jelly Fish J(m, n) and coconut tree graph CT(n, n).

Indonesia is the largest coffee exporter in the world, which is in the fourth position after Brazil, Vietnam and Colombia. However, the productivity of coffee produced from year to year tends to decrease and not optimal. This happens because of many factors, one of which is the type of shade plants used. Inappropriate shade plants affect the growth and productivity of coffee plants. The purpose of this research was to analyze the utilization of Gamal plant (Gliricidia sepium) as a shade for coffee plants. The respondents of this research were 35 coffee farmers in Jember and Banyuwangi regencies. The research variables measured included the types of coffee shade plants, reasons for using shade plants and farmers' knowledge about Gamal plant as a shade for coffee plants. The data collection was carried out using survey, interview and questionnaire. The data collection was done directly with the primary source. The results of this research informed that the shade plants used by coffee farmers were varied, such as banana, lamtoro, coconut tree, Gamal, avocado and sengon trees. Most of the coffee farmers used bananas by 86%, avocados by 65%, and wood by 46% as a shade. They chose the plants because they were easier to maintain, cheap seeds and produced fruit and woods which could be sold. Based on the literature, the most effective shade plants for coffee plants were Gamal plants. However, Gamal plant (Gliricidia sepium) is still not widely used by coffee farmers because the seeds are too expensive and it does not produce fruit that can be sold. The conclusion of this research was that most of the coffee farmers were still unaware and did not use Gamal as a shade plants.

Subterranean termites are a group of termite that causes economical loss in the timber and crop cultivation business. In Indonesia, subterranean termites are found attacking garden plants and forest plants such as coconut tree, cocoa tree, palm oil tree, and pine tree. Besides, subterranean termites also damage a lot of construction buildings which are made from wood. In Indonesia, it is difficult to effectively prevent the growth of subterranean termite. One of methods to improve wood durability towards subterranean termite threat is to preserve the wood. Sengon tree bark extract, soursop leaf and tobacco leaf are considered to be used as natural preservatives. This research is aimed to find out the effect of extractives of sengon wood, soursop leaf, and tobacco leaf on the mortality of subterranean termite, and this research is aimed to find out which extract substance that has the most retention, mostly affects subterranean termite mortality, and has the least weight loss. This research used an experimental method carried out in the laboratory, using a complete randomized design design, with four treatments that were repeated five times.\ The results showed that the extractives of sengon bark, soursop leaves and tobacco leaves had an effect on reducing the mortality rate of soil termites but were not significantly different in the retention rate. However, tobacco leaf extractive substance has the most effect in reducing the intensity of subterranean termite invasion and causing the least damage.

There is an acute shortage of human coconut tree climbers to harvest coconuts in India and other developing countries. The consequential diminished availability of skilled tree climbers, to pass along the trade secrets to the succeeding generations, highlights the exigent need for an unmanned coconut-tree-climber as an alternative solution. This article presents Amaran, a novel robotic coconut tree climber and harvester. Amaran is comprised of a harvester with a distinctive robotic arm (RA) and a cutter, which can be attached to a ring-shaped frame that can be fastened to a coconut tree. Amaran can be controlled, through a wireless interface, either by an operator on the ground or via a smartphone-based app. Once dispositioned in the vicinity of the coconut bunch, the cutter is commanded to harvest the coconuts by cutting the stem of the bunch attached to the tree. Verification of the Amaran robot's viability was confirmed by tests conducted on a coconut tree set up in the design lab. Subsequently, the design of the Amaran robot was validated by field tests on a coconut farm. In this article, we discuss the design of the Amaran body and harvester. Amaran's dexterity in climbing and harvesting coconuts can be challenged by height, circumference, and inclination of the tree. Experimental results show that Amaran can successfully climb trees up to 15.2 m tall, circumferences ranging from 0.66 to 0.92 m, and tree trunk inclinations of up to 30°.

As there is a severe shortage in human coconut tree climbers, there is a dire need to help the coconut tree farmers and the consumers who are suffering a lot due to inability to harvest coconuts in time, which has led to severe increase in price of coconuts. In this research work, we propose to develop a wearable device to be worn over the human arm to control a robotic arm which is fitted with the unmanned robotic coconut tree climber to harvest the coconuts. We present the design, development, and application of this wearable device in a detailed way in this paper. The user can control the robotic arm via the wearable device with the help of the robotic operating system based controller from the ground with wireless interface. The algorithm we developed can estimate the position of the arm of the user wearing the device in three-dimensional space and also map it to the workspace of the robotic arm. The experimentation and the results in our lab setup show that this wearable device can be user-friendly and simple to use apart from playing significant role as the controller of the arm.