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Research project to measure the effect of regular migration channels on irregular migration in a natural experiment

The goal of this research is to measure the firm-level effects of hiring low-skill foreign workers on temporary work visas, using exogenous variation in hiring created by a U.S. government-run lottery in January 2021. That naturally randomized lottery, run by the Department of Labor, determined which firms were able to apply for Foreign Labor Certification, a necessary precondition for hiring workers on the H-2B temporary non-agricultural work visa for jobs starting on or after April 1,2021 and ending before October 1, 2021.

The past several decades have witnessed a rebirth of global labor mobility. Workers have begun to move between countries at rates not seen since before World War One. During the same period, economists' study of international migration has been framed by a particular textbook model of location choice. This paper reviews the evidence on the economic causes and effects of global migration during the past half century. That evidence falsifies most of the core predictions of the old model. The economics of migration will regain vitality and relevance by discarding and replacing its outworn paradigm.

International migrants who seek protection also participate in the economy. Thus the policy of the United States to drastically reduce refugee and asylum-seeker arrivals from 2017 to 2020 might have substantial and ongoing economic consequences. This paper places conservative bounds on those effects by critically reviewing the research literature. It goes beyond prior estimates by including ripple effects beyond the wages earned or taxes paid directly by migrants. The sharp reduction in U.S. refugee admissions starting in 2017 costs the overall U.S. economy today over $9.1 billion per year ($30,962 per missing refugee per year, on average) and costs public coffers at all levels of government over $2.0 billion per year ($6,844 per missing refugee per year, on average) net of public expenses. Large reductions in the presence of asylum seekers during the same period likewise carry ongoing costs in the billions of dollars per year. These estimates imply that barriers to migrants seeking protection, beyond humanitarian policy concerns, carry substantial economic costs.

The world is currently at a crossroads. Low- and middle-income countries such as Nigeria are seeing rapid growth in their working-age populations. Yet often, these increasingly educated and skilled young people cannot find meaningful work within their countries of origin, either because their skills are not well aligned to the needs of employers or because there is an absolute lack of roles available. This is creating emigration pressure, with many seeking opportunities elsewhere, leading to fears of brain drain within countries of origin. At the same time, high-income countries such as those in Europe are seeing rapid decreases in their working-age populations. Employers within these countries are facing significant skill shortages, which is reducing productivity and investment. Based on interviews with more than 100 stakeholders, this report applies the center for global development’s (CGD) global skill partnership model to the sectors of health care, construction, and information and communications technology (ICT), designing partnerships between Nigeria and select countries of destination in Europe. It outlines how countries of destination looking to fill labor shortages can provide high-quality and industry-relevant training to potential migrants and nonimmigrants within Nigeria, increasing the global stock of workers and contributing to brain gain.

How many immigrants with less than university education, for a given immigration quota, maximise economic output? The answer is zero in the canonical model of the labour market, where the marginal product of a university-educated immigrant is always higher. We build an alternative model in which national production occurs through a set of Leontief producation functions that shift over time with technological change. This model is used to estimate that the Australian economy growing at historical rates through the year 2050 will demand approximately two million migrant TVET workers, many of which could be supplied from the Pacific Islands.

Verkehrsberuhigte Bereiche werden zunehmend wichtiger für Menschen, die in Städten mit hohem Verkehrsaufkommen leben. Die Gestaltung dieser Bereiche ist jedoch meist nicht optimal, und somit nicht immer für die Erreichung des gewünschten Ziels passend. Aus diesem Grund hat sich diese Arbeit das Ziel gesetzt, anhand eines konkreten Beispielprojekts den Einsatz verschiedener Verkehrsberuhigungsmaßnahmen zu vergleichen. Mittels einer Wirkungsanalyse sollen die Auswirkungen der verschiedenen Maßnahmen auf den Fußgängerverkehr und Radverkehr, mit den Zielen der nachhaltigen Mobilität sowie mit der Verkehrssicherheit bewertet werden. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird auf das Beispielprojekt konkret eingegangen und dessen Problemstellung erläutert. Im weiteren Verlauf der Arbeit werden sowohl klassische als auch visionären Maßnahmen untersucht. Anschließend werden unterschiedlichste Maßnahmen theoretisch an dem Beispielprojekt angewandt und deren Auswirkungen analysiert sowie gegenübergestellt. Der Fokus wird insbesondere auf die Auswirkungen auf den Fußgänger- und Radverkehr, die Verfolgung der Ziele einer nachhaltigen Mobilität und die Anhebung der Verkehrssicherheit gelegt. Am Ende der Arbeit wird zu den Vergleichen Stellung genommen und mittels einer Wirkungsanalyse bewertet. Traffic-calmed areas are becoming increasingly important for people living in cities with high volumes of traffic. However, these are not always designed adequately and therefore do not always achieve the desired goal. For this reason, the goal of this work is to compare the use of various traffic calming measures by using a specific project example and to evaluate it with an impact analysis that deals with the effects on pedestrian and bicycle traffic, the goals of sustainable mobility and traffic safety. In the first part of this thesis, the sample project is specifically discussed and its problem is explained. In the further course of this thesis, the use of classic as well as visionary measures will be examined. Subsequently various measures are theoretically applied to the sample project and their effects are analyzed and compared. The focus is in particular on the effects on pedestrians and cyclists, the pursuit of sustainable mobility goals and the improvement of traffic safety. As a conclusion of this thesis, the comparisons are commented on and evaluated using an impact analysis. Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers Masterarbeit Wien, FH Campus Wien 2021