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51. Transfer of atmospheric matter through the euphotic layer in the northwestern Mediterranean: seasonal pattern and driving forces

Author

Valérie Sandroni, Beat Gasser, Jean-Claude Marty, Christophe Migon, Juan-Carlos Miquel, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Total organic carbon, Mass flux, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Lead (sea ice), 15. Life on land, Particulates, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, 13. Climate action, Marine layer, Environmental science, Photic zone, 14. Life underwater, Surface layer, Thermocline, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The transfer of atmospheric particulate matter through the surface marine layer was studied by comparing atmospheric and marine fluxes. Time series were obtained from the coupling of a coastal atmospheric sampling station (Cap Ferrat, French Riviera) and a marine sampling site (DYFAMED site, central Ligurian Sea). Liquid phase traps were used for measuring total atmospheric fluxes and sediment traps deployed at 200 m depth for measuring marine fluxes. Fluxes of mass, aluminium, and soluble anthropogenic metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) were obtained from both these reservoirs. Physical and biological time series data acquired at the DYFAMED site also were used to describe a three-step seasonal transfer scenario: (i) In summer and autumn, during the period of water stratification, marine fluxes are low and do not account for the transfer of lithogenic material, as revealed by low Al to mass flux ratios and high proportions of organic carbon at 200 m depth. Atmospheric material accumulates along the thermocline, while a series of physico-chemical processes lead to the formation of small (less than or equal to 150 mum) non-biogenic organic aggregates. (ii) In winter, the sinking of dense water that occurs in the Ligurian Sea is responsible for a rapid downward transfer of the lithogenic matter accumulated in the surface layer. The fact that soluble trace metals (e.g., cadmium) accumulated in the surface layer are only partially found in sediment traps may indicate that sorption processes play a minor role in the formation of organic aggregates, compared with coagulation processes. (iii) In spring, nutrients brought to surface waters by the winter vertical mixing allow phytoplanktonic blooms, and the transfer of atmospheric matter is then governed by the temporal variations of biological activity. The seasonal variability of the vertical transfer leads to the concept of seasonal variability of elemental residence times in the euphotic layer. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
2002
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52. Statistical analysis of the concentrations of twelve metals in the Ligurian atmospheric aerosol

Author

Bernard Gentili, Christophe Migon, Blandine Journel, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, trace metals, Mineralogy, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Mineral dust, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, aérosol atmosphérique, Ligurian Sea, Matrix (chemical analysis), Metal, Mediterranean sea, statistical analysis, Statistical analysis, 14. Life underwater, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, analyse statistique, Trace element, atmospheric aerosol, Decomposition, Aerosol, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Environmental science, métaux-traces, mer Ligure
Abstract

A correlation analysis based on the concept of singular-value decomposition of a matrix is applied here to an atmospheric aerosol data set, for twelve metals (Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn),in the Ligurian Sea coastal environment. An iterative procedure allows atypical samples to be discarded, i.e. samples with characteristics significantly different to those of the whole data set. After five atypical samples have been objectively discarded, the general characteristics of the data set are better described and some features are enhanced according to a decreasing order of importance, For example, the mineral dust character of almost every metal is shown, which points out that the marine recycling component is negligible. Marine (Mg, Na) and anthropogenic (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) contributions are assessed as well. There is also evidence of some peculiar behaviours: among others, Fe clearly exhibits an anthropogenic component; the remainder of automotive Pb is still apparent; Ni exhibits a relatively high crustal component; Zn, despite its recognized anthropogenic character, is not clearly correlated with other anthropogenic metals., Une analyse de corrélation, basée sur le concept de décomposition d'une matrice en valeurs singulières, permet de décrire le comportement de douze métaux (Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb et Zn) dans l'aérosol atmosphérique de la mer Ligure. Une procédure itérative permet d’écarter les échantillons atypiques, c'est-à-dire ceux dont les caractéristiques sont sensiblement différentes des tendances générales du lot de données. Après que cinq échantillons atypiques aient été écartés objectivement, les caractéristiques générales des échantillons sont décrites et quelques particularités sont mises en valeur, selon un ordre décroissant d'importance. Par exemple, le caractère crustal de chaque métal est mis en évidence, ce qui signifie que la composante de recyclage marin est négligeable. Les contributions à caractère marin (Mg, Na) et anthropique (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) sont également évaluées. Certains comportements particuliers sont mis en évidence : entre autres, il existe une composante anthropique de Fe ; le reliquat de Pb automobile est encore largement détectable ; Ni a un caractère détritique relativement fort ; Zn, bien que présentant un caractère anthropique marqué, n'est pas clairement corrélé avec les autres métaux liés aux activités humaines.

Published
2000
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53. The role of atmospheric deposition in the biogeochemistry of the Mediterranean Sea

Author

Christophe Migon, Paolo Rossini, Marie-Dominique Loÿe-Pilot, Christopher I. Measures, Roy Chester, Stefano Guerzoni, Cyril Moulin, Cemal Saydam, Barak Herut, Emanuela Molinaroli, Alexandre Soudine, François Dulac, Patrizia Ziveri, Istituto di Scienze Marine [Bologna] (ISMAR), Istituto di Science Marine (ISMAR ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), University of Liverpool, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research - IOLR (ISRAEL), Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherche sur l'Environnement et la Societé / Environmental Research and Teaching Institute (CERES-ERTI), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto di Scienze Marine [Venezia] (ISMAR-CNR), Middle East Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences (IMS-METU), Middle East Technical University [Ankara] (METU), World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Biogeochemical cycle, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Biogeochemistry, Geology, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, New production, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean Basin, Oceanography, Mediterranean sea, Deposition (aerosol physics), 13. Climate action, 14. Life underwater, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Surface water, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Estimates of atmospheric inputs to the Mediterranean and some coastal areas are reviewed, and uncertainities in these estimates considered. Both the magnitude and the mineralogical composition of atmospheric dust inputs indicate that eolian deposition is an important (50%) or even dominant (>80%) contribution to sediments in the offshore waters of the entire Mediterranean basin. Model data for trace metals and nutrients indicate that the atmosphere delivers more than half the lead and nitrogen, one-third of total phosphorus, and 10% of the zinc entering the entire basin. Measured data in sub-basins, such as the north-western Mediterranean and northern Adriatic indicate an even greater proportions of atmospheric versus riverine inputs. When dissolved fluxes are compared (the form most likely to impinge on surface water biogeochemical cycles), the atmosphere is found to be 5 to 50 times more important than rivers for dissolved zinc and 15 to 30 times more important for lead fluxes. Neglecting co-limitation by other nutrients, new production supported by atmospheric nitrogen deposition ranges from 2–4 g C m−2 yr−1, whereas atmospheric phosphorus deposition appears to support less than 1 g C m−2 yr−1. In spite of the apparently small contribution of atmospheric deposition to overall production in the basin it has been suggested that certain episodic phytoplankton blooms are triggered by atmospheric deposition of N, P or Fe. Future studies are needed to clarify the extent and causal links between these episodic blooms and atmospheric/oceanographic forcing functions. A scientific program aimed at elucidating the possible biogeochemical effects of Saharan outbreaks in the Mediterranean through direct sampling of the ocean and atmosphere before and after such events is therefore highly recommended.

Published
1999
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54. The trace metal recycling component in the north-western Mediterranean

Author

Christophe Migon, Emmanuel Nicolas, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Cadmium, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Trace element, chemistry.chemical_element, Mineralogy, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Pollution, Atmosphere, Mediterranean sea, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Seawater, Trace metal, 14. Life underwater, Water pollution, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations were measured in a north-western Mediterranean area in three different reservoirs (atmosphere, marine surface microlayer and subsurface seawater) with the aim of comparing their respective metal contents. Although the surface microlayer is strongly enriched in trace metals, enrichment factors normalized to sodium indicate that the recycling component (i.e. sea-salt particles emitted by the sea surface and re-introduced into the atmosphere) are negligible compared with direct atmospheric loadings, which are very high in the north-western Mediterranean. The importance of the recycling component decreases in the sequence Cd > Ph > Cu > Zn. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
1998
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55. Significance of trace metal medium-range transport in the western Mediterranean

Author

Christophe Migon, Valérie Sandroni, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Marines (LPCM), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Balearic islands, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, government.political_district, 010501 environmental sciences, Particulates, Structural basin, 01 natural sciences, Pollution, Aerosol, Atmosphere, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, government, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, Trace metal, 14. Life underwater, Mediterranean Islands, Waste Management and Disposal, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Atmospheric particulate matter is sampled at the coastal site of Vignola (west Corsica). The mean airborne concentrations of eight trace metals (Al: 109; Cd: 0.11; Cu: 1.9; Fe: 119.5; Mn: 1.7; Ni: 0.97; Pb: 8.8 and Zn: 11.8 ng/m(3)) are very similar to those found at other coastal sites of western Mediterranean islands. On the other hand, continental coastal sites of the western basin are characterized by a different series of trace metal concentrations. It is assumed that in part, land-based anthropogenic emissions are associated with small particles, whose residence time in the atmosphere may be sufficient to reach the open sea and the coasts of Corsica, Sardinia and the Balearic Islands. These islands are supposed to be sheltered from significant external anthropogenic activities, and these particles may constitute a fairly uniform aerosol. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

Published
1997
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56. Measurement of trace metal wet, dry and total atmospheric fluxes over the Ligurian Sea

Author

Christophe Migon, Blandine Journel, Emmanuel Nicolas, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Marines (LPCM), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Air pollution, Trace element, Mineralogy, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Metal, Mediterranean sea, 13. Climate action, visual_art, Environmental chemistry, Coastal zone, visual_art.visual_art_medium, medicine, Environmental science, Trace metal, 14. Life underwater, Sampling methodology, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract

An assessment of atmospheric inputs to the Ligurian Sea is reported here, including both wet and dry deposition. In order to evaluate the respective impact of the two contributions, a new sampling methodology was deployed at Cap Ferrat, on the French Ligurian coast; A receptacle was filled,up with acidified water and acted as a trap for the total fallout. In parallel, rain water and aerosols were collected. Total fluxes: 0.18, 0.35, 6.0, 3.7, 8.6 and 220 mu g m(-2)d(-1) and wet duxes: 0.09, 0.09, 1.6, 1.9, 1.6 and 106 mu g m(-2)d(-1) were measured for Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, respectively. Using this database; dry fluxes were then calculated (0.09, 0.26, 4.4, 1.8, 7.0 and 114 mu g m(-2)d(-1) for Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, respectively) and dry deposition velocities as well (0.4, 2.3, 1.2, 1.2, 0.2 and 4.4 cm s(-1) for Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, respectively). Yearly inputs to the Ligurian Sea were also calculated for each metal. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd

Published
1997
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57. TEMPORARY AND DEFINITIVE FIXATION OF ATMOSPHERIC LEAD IN DEEP-SEA SEDIMENTS OF THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN-SEA

Author

Christophe Migon, François E. Fernex, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Marines (LPCM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Sediment, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Pollution, Deep sea, Soil contamination, Zooplankton, Diagenesis, Mediterranean sea, 13. Climate action, Phytoplankton, Environmental science, 14. Life underwater, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Most lead brought to the Mediterranean Sea has an anthropogenic origin and is mainly transported through the atmosphere. Atmospheric Pb was continuously collected at Cap Ferrat in 1986 and 1987. From this study, the estimation of the anthropogenic Pb flux on the whole Western Mediterranean was, averaged on 1986 and 1987 data, 4080 t. Assuming that the atmospheric anthropogenic Pb input varied in this course of time similarly to the consumption of Pb added to gasolines in France, the mean annual flux could be calculated: 3.95 kg km −2 yr −1 , that is an annual input of 3360 t yr −1 . Reaching the sea, this metal seems to become rapidly bound to phytoplankton. Grazing by zooplankton leads to the production of faecal pellets which frequently contain rather high metal concentrations. The sinking rate of pellets of various zooplankton species is high; within a few days pellets may reach deep-sea sediments. After deposition, Pb is released from this organic-rich material during early diagenesis. In most cases, it, therefore, returns to the overlaying water body by ascending diffusion. But, in a deep-sea area of approximately 80 000 km 2 where Mn oxide precipitation occurs in surficial sediments, Pb seems to remain stored by coprecipitation processes. By considering the lead stored in ‘excess’ in the surficial sediment of the deep-sea area, we estimate that a mean annual anthropogenic Pb amount ranging from 800 up to 1080 t was stored every year from 1950. On the same area, taking into account the Pb loss at the straits, the ‘direct’ atmospheric input to the sea bottom is, on average, 184 t yr −1 . The remaining part, that is (800–1080)−184=(616–896) t yr −1 , corresponds to an additional ‘indirect’ Pb flux in water due to Pb released from sediments of the surrounding areas where it does not remain stored.

Published
1994
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58. Evolution of atmospheric lead over the northwestern Mediterranean between 1986 and 1992

Author

Christophe Migon, Laurent Y. Alleman, Emmanuel Nicolas, Nathalie Leblond, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Energy and Environment (CERI EE - IMT Nord Europe), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Nord Europe), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Centre de Recherche en Odontologie Clinique (CROC), Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I (UdA), Centre for Energy and Environment (CERI EE), and Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai)

Subjects
Hydrology, Mediterranean climate, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Lead (sea ice), Air pollution, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Aerosol, Rainwater harvesting, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, medicine, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Gasoline, Automotive exhaust, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract

The use of lead as an additive in petrol decreased in Europe from the 1970s and particularly from 1988 in France. It is attempted in this paper to evaluate the impact of such a decrease on a northwestern Mediterranean coastal environment. The atmospheric Pb concentrations measured at Cap Ferrat in 1986 and 1987 are compared with the 1991–1992 results (aerosol + rainwater) obtained at the same sampling site. The 50% decrease in the leaded gasoline consumption is expressed by Pb levels reduced of 24 and 30% in aerosol and rainwater, respectively. This decrease of Pb concentrations in the atmospheric aerosol is up to 2-fold higher in urban areas, where airborne Pb is almost totally due to automotive exhaust. Indeed, most of anthropogenic Pb should deposit close to its emission area.

Published
1993
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59. APPLICATION OF OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS TO METALLIC TRACES IN THE ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL

Author

Christophe Migon, Bernard Gentili, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Marines (LPCM), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Basis (linear algebra), Chemistry, Mineralogy, Sampling (statistics), 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Data matrix (multivariate statistics), Aerosol, Data set, Total variation, Matrix (mathematics), Singular value decomposition, Environmental Chemistry, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

An objective correlation analysis based on the concept of singular-value decomposition of a matrix is proposed here for the field of metallic traces in the atmospheric aerosol. On the basis of an atmospheric sampling at Cap Ferrat (southeastern coast of France), the method is applied to the airborne concentrations of Al, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn. The data matrix is decomposed in two series of singular vectors. These vectors are orthogonal and classified in decreasing importance, according to the percentage of the total variance that they explain. Such a method is easy to apply and, if compared with a standard correlation analysis, it exhibits such advantages as (i) atypical points can be objectively discarded in order to improve the description of the general characteristics of the data set; (ii) all the elements are simultaneously taken into account by the analysis, which permits the enhancement of the features of the data set involving one or several metals; (iii) the importance of these independent features in the variability of the data set is measured.

Published
1993
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60. EVALUATION OF TOTAL ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION OF PB, CD, CU AND ZN TO THE LIGURIAN SEA

Author

Gérard Copin-Montegut, Jacques Morelli, Emmanuel Nicolas, Christophe Migon, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Marines (LPCM), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Chemistry, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Pollution, law.invention, Aerosol, Anodic stripping voltammetry, Mediterranean sea, 13. Climate action, law, Environmental chemistry, Environmental Chemistry, Trace metal, Seawater, 14. Life underwater, Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Graphite furnace atomic absorption, Waste Management and Disposal, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The input of toxic metals through rainfall and dry deposition to the Ligurian Sea was measured over a period of 2 years (1986 and 1987) at the atmospheric sampling station situated at the Cap Ferrat meteorological base, on the French Mediterranean coast. Lead, Cd, Cu and Zn were analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry in order to calculate mean wet and dry atmospheric fluxes. The total fluxes determined were 3.3-18, 173.5 x 10(-3), 1.85 and 9 kg km-2 year-1 for Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn, respectively, and the dry contribution appears to be very different from Cd (2%) to Pb (9-83%). Ligurian atmospheric fluxes are compared with those of other marine areas and show typical Mediterranean levels. A mean yearly atmospheric input is calculated for each metal (175-950, 9.2, 98 and 480 tonnes (t) for Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn respectively) and compared with riverine loadings. In this part of the Mediterranean Sea, atmospheric inputs are far higher than those of rivers, especially in the case of Pb. The impact of atmospheric deposition on trace metal levels in Ligurian waters was also studied. The increase of metal concentrations in seawater presented in this work represents a mean situation, but much higher variations could be observed over a shorter scale of time and space, particularly in the case of Pb.

Published
1991
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61. SEPARATION OF ANTHROPOGENIC AND NATURAL EMISSIONS OF PARTICULATE HEAVY-METALS IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN ATMOSPHERE

Author

Christophe Migon, Jean-Luc Caccia, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Marines (LPCM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Air pollution, 010501 environmental sciences, Particulates, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Natural (archaeology), law.invention, Aerosol, Atmosphere, Mediterranean sea, 13. Climate action, law, Environmental chemistry, medicine, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Atomic absorption spectroscopy, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract

Measurements of atmospheric particulate matter often include both natural and anthropogenic aerosols. The method proposed here allows the two contributions to be separated, and then, to be estimated. Sampling was carried out at Cape Ferrat, on the southeastern coast of France, during 1986 and 1987. The concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd were measured using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentration data allowed us to establish, for each metal, an experimental probability density function, which was numerically analyzed. The numerical process is described in detail. The results show a good agreement between the calculated natural background aerosol at Cape Ferrat and natural concentration levels measured in several remote locations. Differences are explainable by the nature of the environment. Anthropogenic emissions are very high compared with natural inputs, because most of the airborne heavy metals in the western Mediterranean arise from human activities.

Published
1990
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62. Pelagic Viruses, Bacteria and Archaea

Author

Markus G. Weinbauer, Branko Velimirov, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Christophe Migon, Antoine Sciandra, and Paul Nival

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0303 health sciences, biology, 030306 microbiology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Zoology, Pelagic zone, biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Bacteria, Archaea
Abstract

International audience

Published
2020
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63. The Development of Knowledge of the Ligurian Sea

Author

Paul Nival, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Christophe Migon, Antoine Sciandra, and Paul Nival

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean sea, Oceanography, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 01 natural sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Geology, Seabed, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience

Published
2020
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64. Zooplankton I. Micro‐ and Mesozooplankton

Author

Virginie Raybaud, John R. Dolan, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Christophe Migon, Antoine Sciandra, and Paul Nival

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Oceanography, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, 01 natural sciences, Zooplankton, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience

Published
2020
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65. Conclusion and Perspectives

Author

Claustre, Hervé, Guidi, Lionel, Sciandra, Antoine, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Christophe Migon, Antoine Sciandra, and Paul Nival

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, 0106 biological sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 14. Life underwater, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; Due to its particular characteristics, the Mediterranean Sea is often viewed as a microcosm of the World Ocean. Its proportionally-reduced dimensions and peculiar hydrological circulation render it susceptible to environmental and climatic constraints, which are rapidly evolving. The Mediterranean is therefore an ideal site to examine, in order to better understand a number of key oceanographic phenomena. This is especially true of the Ligurian Sea where, due to its geology, oceanic conditions are found close to the coast.As such, 30 years ago, an offshore time-series site provided a fresh impetus to a long history of marine biology research, which has generated a very important body of data and knowledge. This is the second volume, in a two-volume series, that summarizes this research. Across these two books, the reader will find 13 chapters that examine the geology, physics, chemistry and biology of the Ligurian Sea ? always with the goal of providing key elements of oceanography in a changing world.

Published
2020
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66. Zooplankton II. Macroplankton and Long‐Term Series

Author

Jacqueline Goy, Lars Stemmann, Fabien Lombard, Paul Nival, Janine Cuzin, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Christophe Migon, Antoine Sciandra, and Paul Nival

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Series (stratigraphy), Oceanography, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Marine ecosystem, 01 natural sciences, Zooplankton, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Term (time)
Abstract

International audience

Published
2020
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67. The Ligurian Basin: A Geomorphologic and Geological Background

Author

Sébastien Migeon, Jean Mascle, V. Hassoun, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Christophe Migon, Antoine Sciandra, and Paul Nival

Subjects
Paleontology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Continental margin, Geological evolution, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Structural basin, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience

Published
2020
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68. The carbonate system in the Ligurian Sea

Author

Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Dominique Lefèvre, Jacqueline Boutin, Laurent Coppola, Nicolas Metzl, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cycles biogéochimiques marins : processus et perturbations (CYBIOM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Christophe Migon, Paul Nival, and Antoine Sciandra

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, ocean CO2 uptake, chemistry.chemical_element, ocean acidification, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, Ligurian Sea, chemistry.chemical_compound, Water column, Dissolved organic carbon, Ecosystem, carbonate system, 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, fungi, Ocean acidification, dissolved inorganic carbon, Oceanography, chemistry, 13. Climate action, seasonal cycle, Environmental science, Carbonate, Carbon, Surface water
Abstract

Chapter 4; International audience; The study of the oceanic carbonate system is linked to two important environmental issues: ocean CO$_2$ uptake and ocean acidification and its impact on organisms, ecosystems and ecosystem services. This chapter mainly focuses on the seasonal cycles and long‐term trends of the ocean carbonate system based on a synthesis of data collected in the Ligurian Sea from 1998 to 2016. In addition to the effect of potential T (theta) on CO$_2$ solubility, the distribution of dissolved inorganic carbon CT in the water column is driven by the antagonistic effects of the biological carbon pump that increases the vertical gradient of CT (lowering CT at the surface and increasing it in the ocean interior) and the exchange of CO$_2$ at the air–sea interface. The chapter also presents the seasonal cycle of the carbonate system and ancillary variables in the surface water.

Published
2020
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69. Climate Change Effects on the Ligurian Sea Pelagic Ecosystem. What About Top Pelagic Predators?

Author

Jean-Marc Fromentin, Maurizio Würtz, University of Genoa (UNIGE), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Christophe Migon, Antoine Sciandra, and Paul Nival

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Geography, Oceanography, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Climate change, Pelagic zone, 14. Life underwater, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Pelagic ecosystem, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Predation
Abstract

International audience

Published
2020
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70. Dynamics and Export of Particulate Organic Carbon (POC)

Author

Beat Gasser, Scott W. Fowler, Juan-Carlos Miquel, International Atomic Energy Agency - Environment Laboratories Monaco (IAEA-EL), School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences [Stony Brook] (SoMAS), Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Institute Bobby, Christophe Migon, Antoine Sciandra, and Paul Nival

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Particulate organic carbon, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Environmental chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, 01 natural sciences, Zooplankton, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience

Published
2020
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71. Dissolved Organic Carbon Dynamics in the Ligurian Sea

Author

Chiara Santinelli, Istituto di Biofisica [Pisa] (IBF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Christophe Migon, Antoine Sciandra, and Paul Nival

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Environmental chemistry, Dissolved organic carbon, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Spatial variability, 01 natural sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience

Published
2020
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72. Physical Oceanography of the Ligurian Sea

Author

Pierre Testor, Vincent Taillandier, Louis Marie Prieur, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Christophe Migon, Antoine Sciandra, Paul Nival, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)

Subjects
Oceanography, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010505 oceanography, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Physical oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience

Published
2020
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73. The Mediterranean Sea in the era of global change. Vol. 1 : 30 years of multidisciplinary study of the Ligurian sea

Author

Paul Nival, Marina Levy, Nicolas Mayot, Migon, C. (ed.), Nival, P. (ed.), Sciendra, A. (ed.), Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Christophe Migon, Paul Nival, Antoine Sciandra, Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, biogeochemical modeling studies, PHYTOPLANCTON, VARIATION SAISONNIERE, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mixed layer, PRODUCTION PRIMAIRE, spatiotemporal processes, Mesoscale meteorology, primary production cycles, STRUCTURE DE POPULATION, 01 natural sciences, Ligurian Sea, CYCLE BIOGEOCHIMIQUE, OCEANOGRAPHIE BIOLOGIQUE, Phytoplankton, phytoplankton biomass, Photic zone, 14. Life underwater, Transect, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, BIOMASSE, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Lead (sea ice), Biogeochemistry, Annual cycle, MODELISATION, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, VARIATION SPATIALE, DYNAMIQUE DE POPULATION
Abstract

International audience; The oceanographic and ecological characteristics of phytoplankton dynamics in the Ligurian Sea had been described in the 1960s from transects across the area and related to some physical–biogeochemical processes. This chapter provides an overview of the micro‐, nano‐ and picophytoplankton species. Recurrent estimations of annual primary production cycles in the euphotic layer of the central Ligurian Sea were obtained at the DYFAMED sampling station. Associated with general annual cycle of phytoplankton dynamics, small spatiotemporal processes occur and may play a lead role at local scales. The biogeochemistry of the Ligurian Sea shares important characteristics with other temperate regions of the ocean, such as the North Atlantic. Modeling studies of this complex system has paved the way for the understanding of the coupling between the physics of the ocean and the response of the biogeochemistry in environments that are prone to strong seasonal variations of the surface mixed layer and to strong mesoscale dynamics.

Published
2020
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74. Dynamique des nutriments en Méditerranée : des campagnes océanographiques aux flotteurs Bio-Argo

Author

Pasqueron De Fommervault, Orens, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, and Christophe Migon

Subjects
Méditerranée, Séries temporelles, Calibration, Mediterranean Sea, Nutriments, Flotteurs Bio-Argo, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, Bio-Argo floats
Abstract

The Mediterranean Sea is characterized by nutrient concentrations among the lowest in the world, and which exhibit decreasing values eastward. At climatological scale, a subtropical-like regime dominates almost the entire basin, except for some areas where temperate like dynamics are found. Despite the importance of nutrients on these cycles, very little is known about their temporal variability, due to the overall data scarcity at basin scale. This work mainly aims to address this issue at various time scales. Data from the DYFAMED time-series were firstly examined, and allowed the description of the seasonal cycle and decadal trends of nutrient concentrations, in the northwestern Mediterranean. The analysis of atmospheric data from the Cap Ferrat station completed this work, and permitted to evaluate the relative contributions of the different processes that provide nutrients in surface. The study was then extended to the whole basin by considering measurements acquired by Bio-Argo floats (deployed in the framework of the NAOS EQUIPEX), equipped with a nitrate sensor (SUNA). These floats are about to fundamentally change the way we observe the ocean, and present work is among the first to document this ongoing technological revolution. They allowed, for the first time in the Mediterranean, the monitoring of seasonal variability of nitrate concentrations, simultaneously in different areas of the basin. This data also highlighted the significance of the high frequency temporal variability, which enables to reevaluate the role of some processes.; La Méditerranée est caractérisée par des concentrations en nutriments parmi les plus faibles au monde, et qui montrent des valeurs décroissantes d’ouest en est. A l’échelle climatologique, le bassin est dominé par un régime subtropical, à l’exception de certaines zones spécifiques, qui présentent une dynamique typique des régions tempérées. Malgré l’importance des nutriments pour ces cycles, on connaı̂t peu de chose sur leur variabilité temporelle car les données disponibles sont souvent insuffisantes à l’échelle du bassin. L’objectif principal de ce travail est d’aborder cette question à différentes échelles de temps. L’exploitation de la série temporelle DYFAMED a d’abord permis de décrire le cycle saisonnier et les tendances décennales des concentrations en nutriments en Méditerranée nord-occidentale. L’analyse des données d’apports atmosphériques de la station du Cap Ferrat à complété ce travail, en évaluant l’importance relative des processus d’approvisionnement en nutriments des eaux de surface. Pour élargir l’étude à l’ensemble du bassin, nous avons par la suite considéré des mesures acquises par des flotteurs Bio-Argo (déployés dans le cadre de l’EQUIPEX NAOS), équipés de capteurs optiques mesurant les concentrations en nitrate (SUNA). Ces flotteurs sont en train de changer fondamentalement la manière dont nous observons les océans, et cette thèse est l’une des premières à documenter cette révolution technologique. Ils ont rendu possible, pour la première fois en Méditerranée, une description des cycles saisonniers des concentrations en nitrate, simultanément en différentes zones du bassin. Ces données ont aussi souligné l’importance de la variabilité temporelle haute fréquence, permettant de réévaluer le rôle de certains processus.

Published
2015

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