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51. Resonant metasurfaces at oblique incidence: interplay of order and disorder

Author

Christoph Etrich, Christoph Menzel, Constantin Simovski, Sergei A. Tretyakov, Adam Krysinski, Manuel Decker, Carsten Rockstuhl, Dragomir N. Neshev, Mohammad Albooyeh, Sergey Kruk, Matthias Kroll, Yuri S. Kivshar, Christian Helgert, Thomas Pertsch, Sergei Tretiakov Group, Kostantin Simovski Group, Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, and Publica

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, Fabrication, ta115, Condensed matter physics, ta213, ta114, Scattering, Computer science, business.industry, ta221, ta1171, Resonance, Physics::Optics, Bioinformatics, Article, Amorphous solid, Spatial dispersion, Order and disorder, Oblique incidence, Photonics, business, ta216
Abstract

Understanding the impact of order and disorder is of fundamental importance to perceive and to appreciate the functionality of modern photonic metasurfaces. Metasurfaces with disordered and amorphous inner arrangements promise to mitigate problems that arise for their counterparts with strictly periodic lattices of elementary unit cells such as, e.g., spatial dispersion and allows the use of fabrication techniques that are suitable for large scale and cheap fabrication of metasurfaces. In this study, we analytically, numerically and experimentally investigate metasurfaces with different lattice arrangements and uncover the influence of lattice disorder on their electromagnetic properties. The considered metasurfaces are composed of metal-dielectric-metal elements that sustain both electric and magnetic resonances. Emphasis is placed on understanding the effect of the transition of the lattice symmetry from a periodic to an amorphous state and on studying oblique illumination. For this scenario, we develop a powerful analytical model that yields, for the first time, an adequate description of the scattering properties of amorphous metasurfaces, paving the way for their integration into future applications.

Published
2014
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52. Extreme coupling: A route towards local magnetic metamaterials

Author

Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Erik Hebestreit, Constantin Simovski, Sven Burger, Sergei A. Tretyakov, Christoph Menzel, Mohammad Albooyeh, Thomas Pertsch, Carsten Rockstuhl, Rasoul Alaee, Kostantin Simovski Group, Sergei Tretiakov Group, Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, and Publica

Subjects
Physics, Coupling, Plane wave, Physics::Optics, Metamaterial, Condensed Matter Physics, Physical optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Computational physics, Dipole, Polarizability, Physics::Atomic Physics, Multipole expansion, Magnetic dipole
Abstract

Genuinely homogeneous metamaterials, which may be characterized by local effective constitutive relations, are required for many spectacular metamaterial applications. Such metamaterials have to be made of meta-atoms, i.e., subwavelength resonators, which exhibit only electric and or magnetic dipole and negligible higher-order multipolar polarizabilities in the spectral range of interest. Here, we show that these desired meta-atoms can be designed by exploiting the extreme coupling regime. Appropriate meta-atoms are identified by performing a multipole analysis of the field scattered from the respective meta-atom. To design those particular meta-atoms it is important to disclose the frequency and angular-dependent polarizability of both dipole moments. We demonstrate the applicability of a purely analytical model to accurately calculate for a normally incident plane wave reflection and transmission from meta-surfaces made of periodically arranged meta-atoms. With our work we identify a possible route towards the engineering of artificial materials while only considering the response from its constituents. Our approach is generally applicable to all spectral domains and can be used to evaluate and design metamaterials made from different constituting materials, e.g., metals, dielectrics, or semiconductors.

Published
2014

53. Performance of Infrared Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry with Lasers Emitting in the 3 μm Wavelength Range

Author

Franz Hillenkamp, Christoph Menzel, Michael Karas, and Stefan Berkenkamp

Subjects
Matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization, Infrared, Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Far-infrared laser, Analytical chemistry, Mass spectrometry, Laser, Analytical Chemistry, law.invention, Atmospheric-pressure laser ionization, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, law, Time-of-flight mass spectrometry, Spectroscopy
Abstract

The performance characteristics of two lasers emitting in the mid infrared, an Er-YAG (2.94 μm wavelength, 80–90 ns pulse width), and an Er-YSGG infrared laser (2.79 μm wavelength, 80 ns pulse width), in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (IR-MALDI-MS) of biological macromolecules, is reported. Glycerol and succinic acid were used as matrices. In IR-MALDI sample consumption per laser shot typically exceeds that of UV-MALDI by about two orders of magnitude. Using glycerol as matrix, the reproducibility of the ion signals from shot to shot is comparable to the best values achieved in UV-MALDI. The same holds true for the precision and accuracy of the mass determination. For succinic acid all these values are significantly worse, due to the strong sample heterogeneity as typically found in dried droplet preparations. Metastable fragmentation is comparable for UV- and IR-MALDI in the low mass range, but is significantly less for the IR in the mass range above ca. 20 kDa, leading to an improved mass resolution and an extended high mass limit for IR-MALDI. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Published
1997
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54. Optical metamaterials with quasicrystalline symmetry: Symmetry-induced optical isotropy

Author

Christoph Menzel, Chennupati Jagadish, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Etrich, Manuel Decker, Sergey Kruk, Christian Helgert, Thomas Pertsch, Isabelle Staude, Dragomir N. Neshev, and Yuri S. Kivshar

Subjects
Physics, Coupling, Condensed matter physics, Isotropy, Rotational symmetry, Physics::Optics, Metamaterial, Quasicrystal, Condensed Matter Physics, Physical optics, Symmetry (physics), Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Photonic metamaterial, Condensed Matter::Materials Science
Abstract

We apply the concept of quasicrystals to metamaterials and experimentally demonstrate metasurfaces with isotropic properties and high resonance strength. By comparing quasicrystalline, periodic, and amorphous metasurfaces we quantify the impact of symmetry on their properties. This is achieved by studying the eigenpolarizations’ ellipticity and circular dichroism induced by mutual coupling of the meta-atoms. The advantage of the quasicrystalline in comparison to a periodic arrangement originates from the ability to reach a higher rotational symmetry in k space, therefore opening a route towards isotropic metasurfaces.

Published
2013
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55. Symmetry properties of metamaterials at oblique incidence

Author

Yuri S. Kivshar, David A. Powell, Sergey Kruk, Christian Helgert, Manuel Decker, Thomas Pertsch, Christoph Etrich, Christoph Menzel, Dragomir N. Neshev, Isabelle Staude, and Carsten Rockstuhl

Subjects
Split-ring resonator, Physics, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Condensed matter physics, Physics::Optics, Metamaterial, Hexagonal lattice, Square lattice, Transformation optics, Symmetry (physics), Penrose tiling, Jones calculus
Abstract

We compare, both experimentally and theoretically, metamaterials with three different symmetries: square lattice, hexagonal lattice, and quasicrystalline Penrose tiling. By relying on an advanced Jones calculus, we link the symmetry properties to the far-field optical response, such as ellipticity and circular dichroism, as the incident angle is varied. We show that hexagonal lattice metamaterials, when compared to the square ones, exhibit less circular dichroism and ellipticity due to their higher symmetry. Furthermore, we show that in contrast to periodic metamaterials, quasicrystalline metamaterials inhibit ellipticity and circular dichroism and open a new route to isotropy in metamaterials at oblique incidence.

Published
2013
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56. Properties of periodic metasurfaces versus amorphous arrangements at oblique incidence

Author

Christoph Etrich, Constantin Simovski, Yuri S. Kivshar, Matthias Kroll, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christian Helgert, Thomas Pertsch, Manuel Decker, Dragomir N. Neshev, Christoph Menzel, Sergey Kruk, and Mohammad Albooyeh

Subjects
Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Physics::Optics, Resonance, Oblique incidence, Amorphous solid
Abstract

Electromagnetic properties of resonant metasurfaces are studied in transition from a periodic to an amorphous arrangement of their constituents. Emphasis is put to investigate the response at oblique incidence and for TM polarized light. Our metasurfaces possess both electric and magnetic resonances which makes them to be canonical samples that reflect properties of many metasurfaces. The suggested analytical model explains many if not to say all far-field optical properties that can be observed in resonant metasurfaces. For example, the resonance broadening and damping for the electric mode which contrasts with the persistence of these properties for the magnetic mode in transition from crystalline to the amorphous state can be fully explained. All theoretical predictions are verified with complementary numerical calculations and experimental measurements.

Published
2013
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57. Propagation of electromagnetic fields in bulk terahertz metamaterials: A combined experimental and theoretical study

Author

Carsten Rockstuhl, Agnieszka Banas, Su Xu, Krzysztof Banas, Rasoul Alaee, Hongsheng Chen, Christoph Menzel, Herbert O. Moser, and Falk Lederer

Subjects
Electromagnetic field, Physics, Metamaterial cloaking, Fabrication, business.industry, Wave propagation, Terahertz radiation, Physics::Optics, Metamaterial, Physics::Classical Physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Split-ring resonator, Optics, Optoelectronics, business, Transformation optics
Abstract

The availability of novel technologies that enable the fabrication of bulk metamaterials made it necessary to develop a theoretical language to discuss their properties appropriately. Here we use the fundamental Bloch mode approximation to explore bulk properties of metamaterials that operate at terahertz frequencies. We demonstrate that this approximation is valid in the case of terahertz meta-foil metamaterials. While relying on theoretical and experimental results, we show that the fundamental Bloch mode approximation can explain minuscule details that are unique to the bulk metamaterial. Various applications such as cylindrical lenses, terahertz cloaks, and sensors will benefit from our analysis.

Published
2013
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58. Homogenization of metamaterials from a Bloch mode perspective

Author

Falk Lederer, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, and Thomas Paul

Subjects
Physics, business.industry, Wave propagation, Physics::Optics, Metamaterial, Physics::Classical Physics, Homogenization (chemistry), Split-ring resonator, Optics, Classical mechanics, Propagation constant, business, Functional dependency, Electrical impedance, Computer Science::Databases, Transformation optics
Abstract

We discuss the homogenization of metamaterials consisting of periodically arranged unit-cells from a Bloch mode perspective. This theory provides clear answers to the important questions of whether a metamaterial can be homogenized, which effective properties can be assigned, and how they are linked to properties of the Bloch mode. It is shown that material parameters can only be assigned to the metamaterial under certain circumstances, i.e. only if the propagation constant and the impedance obey a strict functional dependency. To achieve homogenous metamaterials fewer efforts are necessary but they still require a carefully balanced design.

Published
2012
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59. Talbot images of wavelength-scale amplitude gratings

Author

Christoph Menzel, Toralf Scharf, Min Suk Kim, Carsten Rockstuhl, and Hans Peter Herzig

Subjects
Diffraction, Light, Physics::Optics, Optics, Near-Field, Talbot effect, Scattering, Radiation, Computer Simulation, Physics::Atomic Physics, Diffraction grating, Lighting, Physics, Spatial filter, business.industry, Phase-contrast X-ray imaging, Fourier optics, Resolution Interference Microscopy, Equipment Design, Carpets, Models, Theoretical, Physical optics, Image Enhancement, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Equipment Failure Analysis, Refractometry, Fourier Modal Method, Interferometry, Fringes, Waves, Computer-Aided Design, business, Fresnel diffraction
Abstract

By means of experiment and simulation, we achieve unprecedented insights into the formation of Talbot images to be observed in transmission for light diffracted at wavelength-scale amplitude gratings. Emphasis is put on disclosing the impact and the interplay of various diffraction orders to the formation of Talbot images. They can be manipulated by selective filtering in the Fourier plane. Experiments are performed with a high-resolution interference microscope that measures the amplitude and phase of fields in real-space. Simulations have been performed using rigorous diffraction theory. Specific phase features, such as singularities found in the Talbot images, are discussed. This detailed analysis helps to understand the response of fine gratings. It provides moreover new insights into the fundamental properties of gratings that often find use in applications such as, e.g., lithography, sensing, and imaging. (C) 2012 Optical Society of America

Published
2012

60. Titanium Dioxide

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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61. Terahertz Technology for Nano Applications

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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62. Thermal Actuators

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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63. Terahertz

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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64. Thermal-Piezoresistive Resonators

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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65. Three-Dimensional Imaging of Human Tissues

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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66. Thermal Management Materials

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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67. Thermoelectric Module

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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68. Thermoelectric Power

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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69. Thermally Actuated Nanoelectromechanical Resonators

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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70. Thermal Resistance

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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71. Konvergenzen und Divergenzen im Währungsraum USA im Vergleich zur Eurozone

Author

Berend Diekmann, Christoph Menzel, and Tobias Thomae

Subjects
Political science, Economic history, ddc:330, Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous), Währungsraum, EU-Staaten, Entwicklungskonvergenz, Vergleich, Eurozone, Regionale Disparität, USA
Abstract

Die aktuelle Krise lasst vermuten, dass die Eurozone noch lange nicht die theoretischen Voraussetzungen fur einen optimalen Wahrungsraum erfullt. Demgegenuber sind die USA ein funktionierendes Wahrungsgebiet, obwohl sich wichtige wirtschaftliche Kennziffern zwischen den einzelnen Bundesstaaten deutlich unterscheiden. Allerdings wirken in den USA Ausgleichsmechanismen, die in der Eurozone nicht vorhanden sind.

Published
2012

72. Thermal Cancer Ablation Therapies Using Nanoparticles

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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73. Perfect absorbers on curved surfaces and their potential applications

Author

Christoph Menzel, Falk Lederer, Carsten Rockstuhl, and Rasoul Alaee

Subjects
Physics, business.industry, Metamaterial, Physics::Optics, Surface plasmon polariton, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Rendering (computer graphics), Optics, Optoelectronics, ddc:530, Thin film, business, Transformation optics
Abstract

Recently perfect metamaterial absorbers triggered some fascination since they permit the observation of an extreme interaction of light with a nanostructured thin film. For the first time we evaluate here the functionality of such perfect absorbers if they are applied on curved surfaces. We probe their optical response and discuss potential novel applications. Examples are the complete suppression of back-scattered light from the covered objects, rendering it cloaked in reflection, and their action as optical black holes.

Published
2012

74. Thermoelectric Generator

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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75. Toxicity of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Prokaryotes (Bacteria), Unicellular and Invertebrate Eukaryotes

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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76. Toxicology: Plants and Nanoparticles

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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77. Third Generation Vectors

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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78. Toward Bioreplicated Texturing of Solar-Cell Anodes

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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79. Thermodynamics of Small Systems

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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80. Thermal Evaporation

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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81. Thermoelectric Cooler

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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82. Theory of Optical Metamaterials

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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83. Thermally Actuated MEMS Resonators

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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84. Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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85. Thermally Actuated Silicon Resonators

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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86. Total Internal Reflection (Fluorescence) Velocimetry

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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87. Thermoelectric Heat Convertors

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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88. Toward Bioreplicated Texturing of Solar-Cell Surfaces

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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89. Thermal Transport

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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90. Thermally Actuated Resonators

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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91. TiO2 Nanotube Arrays: Growth and Application

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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92. Thermal Infrared Detector

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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93. Thermoelectric Heat Pump

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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94. Thermal Conductivity and Phonon Transport

Author

Nezih Pala, Ahmad Nabil Abbas, Carsten Rockstuhl, Christoph Menzel, Stefan Mühlig, Falk Lederer, Joseph J. Brown, Victor M. Bright, Steven Curley, Yee Kan Koh, Siavash Pourkamali, Joseph P. Heremans, Audrey M. Chamoire, Karthik Shankar, Aditi Risbud, Akhlesh Lakhtakia, Michael H. Bartl, Marie Carrière, Camille Larue, Helmut Kohl, Keqin Yang, Dale Hitchcock, Jian He, and Apparao M. Rao

Published
2012
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95. Negative index in chiral metamaterials

Author

Nikolay I. Zheludev, Christoph Menzel, Eric Plum, Weili Zhang, Ranjan Singh, and Carsten Rockstuhl

Subjects
Physics, Condensed matter physics, Terahertz radiation, business.industry, Physics::Optics, Metamaterial, Slow light, Polarization (waves), Split-ring resonator, Planar, Optics, Mirror symmetry, business, Refractive index
Abstract

We demonstrate that planar metamaterial lacking of mirror symmetry shows asymmetric transmission of terahertz waves and bands of positive, negative and zero phase and group velocities indicating a polarization sensitive negative index and slow-light media.

Published
2011
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96. Reflection and transmission of light at periodic layered metamaterial films

Author

Christoph Menzel, Falk Lederer, Thomas Paul, Philippe Lalanne, Wojciech Śmigaj, Carsten Rockstuhl, Institute of Condensed Matter Theory and Solid State Optics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], Laboratoire Charles Fabry de l'Institut d'Optique / Naphel, Laboratoire Charles Fabry de l'Institut d'Optique (LCFIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), lp2n-03,lp2n-13, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences (LP2N), and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Permittivity, Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Scattering, Superlattice, Physics::Optics, Metamaterial, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Light scattering, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, 010309 optics, Classical mechanics, Quantum mechanics, Dispersion relation, 0103 physical sciences, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, 010306 general physics, Electrical impedance, Photonic crystal
Abstract

International audience; The appropriate description of light scattering (transmission/reflection) at a bulky artificial medium, consisting of a sequence of functional metamaterial and natural material films, represents a major challenge in current theoretical nano-optics. Because in many relevant cases, in particular, in the optical domain, a metamaterial must not be described by an effective permittivity and permeability the usual Fresnel formalism cannot be applied. A reliable alternative consists in using a Bloch mode formalism known, e.g., from the theory of photonic crystals. It permits to split this complex issue into two more elementary ones, namely the study of light propagation in an infinitely extended metamaterial and the analysis of light scattering at interfaces between adjacent meta and natural materials. The first problem is routinely solved by calculating the relevant Bloch modes and theirdispersion relations. The second task is more involved and represents the subject of the present study. It consists in using the general Bloch mode orthogonality to derive rigorous expressions for the reflection and transmission coefficients at an interface between two three-dimensional absorptive periodic media for arbitrary incidence. A considerable simplification can be achieved if only the fundamental Bloch modes of both media govern the scattering properties at the interface. If this approximation is valid,which depends on the longitudinalmetamaterial period, the periodic metamaterial may be termed homogeneous. Only in this case the disentanglement of the fundamental modes of both media can be performed and the reflection/transmission coefficients can be expressed in terms of two impedances, each depending solely on the properties of the fundamental mode of the respectivemedium. In order to complement the picture, we apply the present formalism to the quite general problem ofreflection/transmission at a metamaterial film sandwiched between a dissimilar metamaterial. This situation asks for a devoted treatment where multiple modes have to be taken into account.

Published
2011
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97. Effective properties of metamaterials

Author

Jianji Yang, Christian Helgert, Carsten Rockstuhl, Thomas Pertsch, W. Śmigaj, Christoph Menzel, Falk Lederer, Matthias Falkner, Thomas Paul, Philippe Lalanne, Ekaterina Pshenay-Severin, and Arkadi Chipouline

Subjects
Dispersion relation, Quantum mechanics, Single-mode optical fiber, Physics::Optics, Metamaterial, Statistical physics, Physics::Classical Physics, Material properties, Anisotropy, Transformation optics, Photonic metamaterial, Jones calculus
Abstract

Properties of metamaterials are usually discussed in terms of biaxial anisotropic material parameters. To consider the underlying constitutive relations as valid, it is required that only weak spatial dispersion occurs. At operational frequencies of optical metamaterials this assumption often ceases to be valid. A description using effective material properties tends to be inadequate and new approaches are required. We outline here our latest achievements along this direction and discuss two approaches. The first one assumes that if it is not possible to introduce useful effective properties, a more primary source of information should be used to quantify metamaterials, leading to a characterization of metamaterials in terms of Jones matrices. We discuss the implications of this description and show that all metamaterials can be categorized into five classes, each with distinct properties. The second approach resorts to an effective description but restricts its considerations to a dispersion relation, characterizing the propagation of light in bulk metamaterials, and an impedance, characterizing the coupling between metamaterials and their surroundings. Definitions of both properties linked to a single Bloch mode are discussed and metamaterials are introduced which can be homogenized while considering only this single mode.

Published
2011
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98. Scattering properties of meta-atoms

Author

Christoph Menzel, Carsten Rockstuhl, Falk Lederer, Jörg Petschulat, Stefan Mühlig, Arkadi Chipouline, Christian Helgert, Christoph Etrich, and Thomas Pertsch

Subjects
Physics, Condensed matter physics, Field (physics), Scattering, Physics::Optics, Metamaterial, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Characterization (materials science), Computational physics, Aperiodic graph, 0103 physical sciences, Quasiparticle, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, Spurious relationship, Magnetic dipole
Abstract

Metamaterials consist of a periodic or aperiodic arrangement of so-called meta-atoms. Usually their optical properties are derived from the collective response of this ensemble. However, it is highly desirable to deduce them from the scattering properties of individual meta-atoms because frequently the periodic arrangement has a spurious effect on the desired functionality. Moreover, understanding the scattering properties of individual meta-atoms permits introducing guidelines for their design and predicting effective properties of amorphous metamaterials. To achieve this we introduce a genuine approach to quantify the properties of individual meta-atoms. To this end we evaluate spectrally resolved the composition of the rigorously calculated scattered field in terms of contributions of electromagnetic multipoles, such as electric and magnetic dipoles, quadrupoles and, in principle, arbitrary higher order moments. Beyond its direct application to metamaterial's design and characterization, the approach will be significant in the entire field of nanooptics as, for example, for optical nanoantennas.

Published
2011
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99. Multipole model for metamaterials with gain: from nano-laser to quantum metamaterials

Author

Thomas Pertsch, Arkadi Chipouline, Vassili A. Fedotov, Falk Lederer, Carsten Rockstuhl, J. Petschulat, Andreas Tuennermann, and Christoph Menzel

Subjects
Split-ring resonator, Physics, Condensed matter physics, Quantum dot, Physics::Optics, Second-harmonic generation, Metamaterial, Multipole expansion, Quantum, Transformation optics, Plasmon
Abstract

Metamaterials are composites consisting of artificial meta-atoms/metamolecules with typical sizes less than the wavelength of operation. One of the key properties that makes metamaterials distinctly different form the natural media is a very strong magnetic response that can be engineered in the visible and infra-red part of the spectrum. In this work we summarize our multipole expansion approach that can be used to describe analytically optical properties of metamaterials composed of, in particular, the split-ring and cut-wire resonators. An important feature of our formalism is the possibility of describing nonlinear response of a metamaterial, such as second harmonic generation, which arises due to induced high-order multipoles. Our model has recently been extended to the case of hybrid metamaterials composed of plasmonic nano-resonators coupled with quantum elements (such as quantum dots, carbon nano tubes etc). It has also been shown that apart from metamaterials various other physical systems can be successfully modelled within framework of the developed approach. For example, transient dynamics and steady-state regime of a nano-laser, as well as its stochastic properties (e.g. linewidth of generation) have been described using this model.

Published
2011
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100. Chiral metamaterial composed of three-dimensional plasmonic nanostructures

Author

Matthias Falkner, Falk Lederer, Andreas Tünnermann, Carsten Rockstuhl, Ekaterina Pshenay-Severin, Ernst-Bernhard Kley, Christoph Menzel, Christian Helgert, Thomas Pertsch, and Publica

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Nanophotonics, Physics::Optics, Metamaterial, Bioengineering, General Chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, Polarization (waves), Photonic metamaterial, Azimuth, Wavelength, chemistry.chemical_compound, Optics, chemistry, Optoelectronics, General Materials Science, Specific rotation, business, Excitation
Abstract

We introduce a top-down fabricated metamaterial composed of three-dimensional, chiral, plasmonic nanostructures for visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Based on a combined spectroscopic and interferometric characterization, the entire complex transmission response in terms of a Jones matrix is disclosed. Particularly, the polarization output state of light after propagation through the nanostructures can be decoded from the measurements for any excitation configuration. We experimentally found a rotation of the polarization azimuth of linearly polarized light exceeding 50degrees at wavelengths around 1.08 mum. This corresponds to a specific rotation which is significantly larger than that of any linear, passive, and reciprocal medium reported to date.

Published
2011

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