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66. Calibration of soil erosion models for perma-nent bioenergy crops.

Author

Koch, Tobias, Deumlich, Detlef, Chifflard, Peter, and Panten, Kerstin

Subjects
SOIL erosion, CORN, ENERGY crops, RENEWABLE energy sources, AGRICULTURAL productivity, BODIES of water, CROPS, RENEWABLE energy source laws
Abstract

Agricultural management systems are in transition amongst others through the promotion of renewable energy by legislations such as the renewable energy law (EEG) in Germany or the EU Green Deal. Biomass production as renewable energy source has been increased continuously. So far, maize is mostly used as feedstock in e.g. biogas plants. However, the production of maize as an energy crop has led to criticism due to an increased risk of water erosion and associated water body eutrophication. This problem is further aggravated through the increase in precipitation extremes due to climate change. Alternative strategies for biogas crop production are strongly required with permanent crops being of particular interest. Well-calibrated models are essential to make proficient statements about the erosion reduction potential of alternative biogas crops on erosion prone sites in order to support planting and political decisions. To calibrate soil erosion models, it is necessary to parameterise the underlying model equations. Monitoring and quantifying water erosion of soil is labour and time consuming and therefore rarely conducted. A case study is presented that addresses the quantification of soil erosion under commercial conditions and thus gains experimental data to calibrate and validate soil erosion models for permanent bioenergy crops. The study starting in 2021 is conducted in the Elm low mountain region near Braunschweig and on the Pfullendorfer young moraine landscapes near Sigmaringen. It compares in a randomized block design with three replicates conventional maize cultivation, direct seeding management of maize, and the permanent plant Silphium perfoliatum L. Preliminary data obtained during the year of experimental establishment (2021) demonstrated that the experimental design of the runoff plots will allow the calibration of the physically based model Erosion 3D. First erosive natural rainfall events with EI30 intensities ranging from 8 N/h up to 73 N/h. Additionally, artificial precipitation extremes will be simulated if necessary in 2022 and 2023. It is expected that increasing positive effects of the permanent crop will be seen with each additional year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022

67. Depth function of manganese (Mn) concentration in soil solutions: Hydropedological translocation of trace elements in stratified soils.

Author

Chifflard, Peter and Reiss, Martin

Subjects
*MANGANESE, *HYDROLOGY, *TRACE elements, *PERIGLACIAL processes, *GEOCHEMICAL methods in soil surveys
Abstract

Periglacial cover beds are an important trigger of slope-water paths in sloped terrain of the midlatitudes. Most hydropedological studies focus on the quantitative analysis about the interrelation between subsurface layering and runoff processes at the slope scale. In this research we emphasis on a qualitative environmental geochemical analysis of trace elements and dissolved organic carbon in a small forest hydrological study area in the central parts of the subdued mountains of Germany (Location: KrofdorferForst, +50° 41' 3.69", +8° 38' 38.87"). The main objective is to assess the effect of lithological discontinuities of stratified soils within the depth functions of trace elements concentration in soil solutions (soil water and its dissolved and mobile fraction in a vertical distribution). Lorz (2008) show that depth functions of manganese (Mn) are characterized by strong pedogenic dynamics, analysing a shortened sequential extraction of solid soil material. We investigated the hypothesis that lithological discontinuities act like aquicludes. Therefore we expect abrupt changes within the depth function of manganese as a result of such water-blocking effect (= geochemical barriers) as a consequence of mobilization under wet soil conditions. In a preliminary case study we sampled soil solutions from three different plots within a 400m-toposequence. We use in situ trench installed suction lysimeters with ceramic tips (Irrometer Soil Solution Access Tube) to extract soil water samples each 20 cm from top- (10 cm) to subsoil (110 cm). For geochemical element analysis we use an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results: A clear character of abrupt changes within the depth function could be illustrated for most of the plots. For example, at the upper slope plot a contrast of the depth function is from 1013 ppb mean concentration at 50 cm profile depth to 290 ppb mean concentration at 70 cm profile depth (17 month sampling period). To conclude, these results demonstrate that hydrochemical quality and translocation processes of soil solutions determining an interrelation between subsurface layering and run off processes - respectively could be seen as an environmental consequence of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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69. The importance of soil moisture in forecasting characteristics of flood events.

Author

Chifflard, Peter, Kranl, Julius, Strassen, Georg zur, and Zepp, Harald

Subjects
*FLOOD warning systems, *FLOOD forecasting, *MULTIPLE regression analysis, *FLOODPLAINS, *SOIL profiles, *WATERSHEDS, *SOIL moisture
Abstract

Accurate runoff prediction is of vital interest for any integrated management of water resources and for controlling reservoirs. This calls for reliable functions describing how rainfall is transformed into creek and river discharge depending on the properties of the catchment. The prediction is aggravated by the fact that runoff generation is a highly nonlinear process and threshold processes are observed in many catchments due to the initial conditions. Thus, information describing the wetness of a catchment prior to a flood event is increasingly being introduced into flood warning tools. In this study the feasibility and added value of upscaling point data of soil moisture from a small- to a mesoscale catchment for the purpose of single-event flood prediction will be examined. Further the hypothesis that in a given catchment, the present soil moisture status is a key factor governing peak discharge, flow volume and flood duration will be tested. Multiple regression analyses of rainfall, pre-event discharge, single point soil moisture profiles from representative locations and peak discharge, discharge duration, discharge volume are discussed. The used soil moisture profiles are selected along a convergent slope connected to the groundwater in flood plain within the small-scale catchment Husten (2.6 km²), which is a headwater catchment of the larger Hüppcherhammer catchment (47.2 km², Germany). Results show that the number of explanatory variables in the regression models is higher in summer (up to 8 variables) than in winter (up to 3 variables) and higher in the meso-scale catchment than in the small-scale catchment (up to 2 variables). Soil moisture data from selected key locations in the small catchment improves the quality of regression models established for the meso-scale catchment. The results show that for the different target variables peak discharge, discharge duration and discharge volume the adding of the soil moisture from the flood plain and the lower slope as explanatory variable improves the quality of the regression model by 15%, 20% and 10%, respectively, especially during the summer season. In the winter season the improvement is smaller (up to 6%) and the regression models mainly include rainfall characteristics as explanatory variables. The appearance of the soil moisture variables in the stepwise regression indicates their varying importance, depending on which characteristics of the discharge are focused on. Thus, we conclude that point data for soil moisture in functional landscape elements describe the catchments' initial conditions very well and may yield valuable information for flood prediction and warning systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019

72. Scales and drivers of temporal

Author

Peter, Hannes, Singer, Gabriel A., Preiler, Christian, Chifflard, Peter, Steniczka, Gertraud, and Battin, Tom J.

Abstract

The role of inland waters for the global carbon cycle is now recognized and evidence increasingly suggests that stream ecosystems disproportionately contribute to the carbon cycle. Understanding the dynamics and drivers of stream water partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and CO2 evasion fluxes from streams to the atmosphere is imperative for assessing the role of climate change on the carbon cycle in stream ecosystems. Monitoring pCO2 over 3 years, we here report on the seasonal, diurnal, and event-driven dynamics of pCO2 in the hyporheic zone and stream water of an Alpine stream and assess possible drivers of these dynamics. Our findings suggest that both catchment-derived CO2 delivered by shallow groundwater into the stream and in-stream respiration continuously build up pCO2 in the hyporheic zone. Depending on stream water temperature and assumedly on primary production (inferred from photosynthetically active radiation), hyporheic CO2 contributes to stream water pCO2 and ultimately to CO2 outgassing to the atmosphere. Diurnal patterns of stream water pCO2 increasingly built up during extended base flow and streambed-scouring storms caused the collapse of these diurnal patterns. Post storm recovery of the diurnal pCO2 patterns was generally rapid. Our findings suggest that decreasing gas exchange velocity related to receding discharge drives recovery dynamics. We found that average CO2 outgassing fluxes during night exceeded those during day by up to 1.8 times. Our study highlights temperature and hydrology—key components of climate change—as major drivers of pCO2 dynamics in Alpine streams. They also underscore the necessity to consider day-night differences in CO2 outgassing fluxes to properly establish carbon budgets and regional estimates of CO2 outgassing to the atmosphere.

73. Twenty-three unsolved problems in hydrology (UPH) – a community perspective

Author

Blöschl, Günter, Bierkens, Marc F.P., Chambel, Antonio, Cudennec, Christophe, Destouni, Georgia, Fiori, Aldo, Kirchner, James W., McDonnell, Jeffrey J., Savenije, Hubert H.G., Sivapalan, Murugesu, Stumpp, Christine, Toth, Elena, Volpi, Elena, Carr, Gemma, Lupton, Claire, Salinas, Josè, Széles, Borbála, Viglione, Alberto, Hafzullah Aksoy, Allen, Scott T., Anam Amin, Vazken Andréassian, Arheimer, Berit, Aryal, Santosh K., Baker, Victor, Bardsley, Earl, Barendrecht, Marlies H., Bartosova, Alena, Batelaan, Okke, Berghuijs, Wouter R., Beven, Keith, Blume, Theresa, Bogaard, Thom, Amorim, Pablo Borges De, Böttcher, Michael E., Boulet, Gilles, Breinl, Korbinian, Brilly, Mitja, Brocca, Luca, Buytaert, Wouter, Castellarin, Attilio, Castelletti, Andrea, Xiaohong Chen, Yangbo Chen, Yuanfang Chen, Chifflard, Peter, Claps, Pierluigi, Clark, Martyn P., Collins, Adrian L., Croke, Barry, Dathe, Annette, David, Paula C., Barros, Felipe P. J. De, Rooij, Gerrit De, Baldassarre, Giuliano Di, Driscoll, Jessica M., Duethmann, Doris, Ravindra Dwivedi, Eris, Ebru, Farmer, William H., Feiccabrino, James, Ferguson, Grant, Ferrari, Ennio, Ferraris, Stefano, Fersch, Benjamin, Finger, David, Foglia, Laura, Keirnan Fowler, Gartsman, Boris, Gascoin, Simon, Gaume, Eric, Gelfan, Alexander, Geris, Josie, Shervan Gharari, Gleeson, Tom, Glendell, Miriam, Bevacqua, Alena Gonzalez, González-Dugo, María P., Grimaldi, Salvatore, A. B. Gupta, Guse, Björn, Dawei Han, Hannah, David, Harpold, Adrian, Haun, Stefan, Heal, Kate, Helfricht, Kay, Herrnegger, Mathew, Hipsey, Matthew, Hlaváčiková, Hana, Hohmann, Clara, Holko, Ladislav, Hopkinson, Christopher, Hrachowitz, Markus, Tissa H. Illangasekare, Inam, Azhar, Camyla Innocente, Istanbulluoglu, Erkan, Jarihani, Ben, Kalantari, Zahra, Kalvans, Andis, Sonu Khanal, Khatami, Sina, Kiesel, Jens, Kirkby, Mike, Knoben, Wouter, Kochanek, Krzysztof, Kohnová, Silvia, Kolechkina, Alla, Krause, Stefan, Kreamer, David, Kreibich, Heidi, Kunstmann, Harald, Lange, Holger, Liberato, Margarida L. R., Lindquist, Eric, Link, Timothy, Junguo Liu, Loucks, Daniel Peter, Luce, Charles, Mahé, Gil, Makarieva, Olga, Malard, Julien, Shamshagul Mashtayeva, Shreedhar Maskey, Mas-Pla, Josep, Mavrova-Guirguinova, Maria, Mazzoleni, Maurizio, Mernild, Sebastian, Misstear, Bruce Dudley, Montanari, Alberto, Müller-Thomy, Hannes, Alireza Nabizadeh, Nardi, Fernando, Neale, Christopher, Nesterova, Nataliia, Bakhram Nurtaev, Odongo, Vincent O., Subhabrata Panda, Saket Pande, Zhonghe Pang, Papacharalampous, Georgia, Perrin, Charles, Pfister, Laurent, Pimentel, Rafael, Polo, María J., Post, David, Sierra, Cristina Prieto, Maria-Helena Ramos, Renner, Maik, Reynolds, José Eduardo, Ridolfi, Elena, Rigon, Riccardo, Riva, Monica, Robertson, David E., Rosso, Renzo, Tirthankar Roy, Sá, João H.M., Gianfausto Salvadori, Sandells, Mel, Schaefli, Bettina, Schumann, Andreas, Scolobig, Anna, Seibert, Jan, Servat, Eric, Shafiei, Mojtaba, Sharma, Ashish, Sidibe, Moussa, Sidle, Roy C., Skaugen, Thomas, Smith, Hugh, Spiessl, Sabine M., Stein, Lina, Ingelin Steinsland, Strasser, Ulrich, Su, Bob, Szolgay, Jan, Tarboton, David, Tauro, Flavia, Thirel, Guillaume, Fuqiang Tian, Tong, Rui, Kamshat Tussupova, Tyralis, Hristos, Uijlenhoet, Remko, Beek, Rens Van, Ent, Ruud J. Van Der, Ploeg, Martine Van Der, Loon, Anne F. Van, Meerveld, Ilja Van, Nooijen, Ronald Van, Oel, Pieter R. Van, Jean-Philippe Vidal, Freyberg, Jana Von, Vorogushyn, Sergiy, Przemyslaw Wachniew, Wade, Andrew J., Ward, Philip, Westerberg, Ida K., White, Christopher, Wood, Eric F., Woods, Ross, Zongxue Xu, Yilmaz, Koray K., and Yongqiang Zhang

Subjects
13. Climate action, 6. Clean water
Abstract

This paper is the outcome of a community initiative to identify major unsolved scientific problems in hydrology motivated by a need for stronger harmonisation of research efforts. The procedure involved a public consultation through online media, followed by two workshops through which a large number of potential science questions were collated, prioritised, and synthesised. In spite of the diversity of the participants (230 scientists in total), the process revealed much about community priorities and the state of our science: a preference for continuity in research questions rather than radical departures or redirections from past and current work. Questions remain focused on the process-based understanding of hydrological variability and causality at all space and time scales. Increased attention to environmental change drives a new emphasis on understanding how change propagates across interfaces within the hydrological system and across disciplinary boundaries. In particular, the expansion of the human footprint raises a new set of questions related to human interactions with nature and water cycle feedbacks in the context of complex water management problems. We hope that this reflection and synthesis of the 23 unsolved problems in hydrology will help guide research efforts for some years to come.

74. Twenty-three unsolved problems in hydrology (UPH) - a community perspective

Author

Blöschl, Günter, Bierkens, Marc F.P., Chambel, Antonio, Cudennec, Christophe, Destouni, Georgia, Fiori, Aldo, Kirchner, James W., McDonnell, Jeffrey J., Savenije, Hubert, Sivapalan, Murugesu, Stumpp, Christine, Toth, Elena, Volpi, Elena, Carr, Gemma, Lupton, Claire, Salinas, Josè, Szeles, Borbala, Viglione, Alberto, Aksoy, Hafzullah, Allen, Scott T., Amin, Anam, Andréassian, Vazken, Arheimer, Berit, Aryal, Santosh K., Baker, Victor R., Bardsley, Earl, Barendrecht, Marlies, Bartošová, Alena, Batelaan, Okke, Berghuijs, Wouter Reinier, Beven, Keith J., Blume, Theresa, Bogaard, Thorn A., Borges de Amorim, Pablo, Böttcher, Michael E., Boulet, Gilles, Breinl, Korbinian, Brilly, Mitja, Brocca, Luca, Buytaert, Wouter, Castellarin, Attilio, Castelletti, Andrea F., Chen, Xiaohong, Chen, Yangbo, Chen, Yuanfang, Chifflard, Peter, Claps, Pierluigi, Clark, Martyn P., Collins, Andrian L., Croke, Barry F.W., Dathe, Annette, David, Paula C., De Barros, Felipe P.J., De Rooij, Gerrit H., Di Baldassarre, Giuliano, Driscoll, Jessica M., Duethmann, Doris, Dwivedi, Ravindra, Eriş, Ebru, Farmer, William H., Feiccabrino, James M., Ferguson, Grant, Ferrari, Ennio, Ferraris, Stefano, Fersch, Benjamin, Finger, David, Foglia, Laura, Fowler, Keirnan J.A., Gartsman, Boris I., Gascoin, Simon, Gaume, Eric, Gelfan, Alexander N., Geris, Josie, Gharari, Shervan, Glendell, Miriam, Gonzalez Bevacqua, Alena, González-Dugo, Maria P., Grimaldi, Salvatore, Gupta, Anil, Guse, Björn, Han, Dawei, Hannah, David M., Harpold, Adrian A., Haun, Stefan, Heal, Kate V., Helfricht, Kay, Herrnegger, Mathew, Hipsey, Matthew R., Hlaváčiková, Hana, Hohmann, Clara, Holko, Ladislav, Hopkinson, Chris D., Hrachowitz, Markus, Illangasekare, Tissa H., Inam, Azhar, Innocente, Camyla, Istanbulluoglu, Erkan, Jarihani, Ben, Kalantari, Zahra, Kalvans, Andis, Khanal, Sonu, Khatami, Sina, Kiesel, Jens, Kirkby, Michael J., Knoben, Wouter J.M., Kochanek, Krzysztof, Kohnová, Silvia, Kolechkina, Alla G., Krause, Stefan, Kreamer, David K., Kreibich, Heidi, Kunstmann, Harald, Lange, Holger, Liberato, Margarida L.R., Lindquist, Eric, Link, Timothy E., Liu, Junguo, Loucks, Daniel P., Luce, Charles H., Mahé, Gil, Makarieva, Olga, Malard, Julien J., Mashtayeva, Shamshagul, Maskey, Shreedhar, Mas-Pla, Josep, Mavrova-Guirguinova, Maria, Mazzoleni, Maurizio, Mernild, Sebastian H., Misstear, Bruce, Montanari, Alberto, Müller-Thomy, Hannes, Nabizadeh, Alireza, Nardi, Fernando, Neale, Christopher, Nesterova, Nataliia V., Nurtaev, Bakhram, Odongo, Vincent O., Panda, Subhabrata, Pande, Saket, Pang, Zhonghe, Papacharalampous, Georgia A., Perrin, Charles, Pfister, Laurent, Pimentel, Rafael, Polo, María J., Post, David A., Prieto Sierra, Cristina, Ramos, Maria H., Renner, Maik, Reynolds, José E., Ridolfi, Elena, Rigon, Riccardo, Riva, Monica, Robertson, David, Rosso, Renzo, Roy, Tirthankar, Sá, João H.M., Salvadori, Gianfausto, Sandells, Mel, Schaefli, Bettina, Schumann, Andreas, Scolobig, Anna, Seibert, Jan, Servat, Eric, Shafiei, Mojtaba, Sharma, Ashish, Sidibe, Moussa, Sidle, Roy C., Skaugen, Thomas, Smith, Hugh G., Spiessl, Sabine M., Stein, Lina, Tong, Rui, Tussupova, Kamshat, Tyralis, Hristos, Uijlenhoet, Remko, van Beek, Rens, Van Der Ent, Ruud J., van der Ploeg, Martine, Van Loon, Anne F., van Meerveld, Ilja, Van Nooijen, Ronald R.P., Van Oel, Pieter R., Vidal, Jean-Philippe, von Freyberg, Jana, Vorogushyn, Sergiy, Wachniew, Przemyslaw, Wade, Andrew J., Ward, Philip J., Westerberg, Ida K., White, Christopher J., Wood, Eric F., Woods, Ross A., Xu, Zongxue, Yilmaz, Koray K., and Zhang, Yongqiang

Subjects
research agenda, interdisciplinary, hydrology, science questions, 6. Clean water, knowledge gaps
Abstract

Hydrological sciences journal, 64 (10), ISSN:0262-6667, ISSN:2150-3435

75. Twenty-three unsolved problems in hydrology (UPH) – a community perspective

Author

Blöschl, Günter, Bierkens, Marc F.P., Chambel, Antonio, Cudennec, Christophe, Destouni, Georgia, Fiori, Aldo, Kirchner, James W., McDonnell, Jeffrey J., Savenije, Hubert H.G., Sivapalan, Murugesu, Stumpp, Christine, Toth, Elena, Volpi, Elena, Carr, Gemma, Lupton, Claire, Salinas, Josè, Széles, Borbála, Viglione, Alberto, Hafzullah Aksoy, Allen, Scott T., Anam Amin, Vazken Andréassian, Arheimer, Berit, Aryal, Santosh K., Baker, Victor, Bardsley, Earl, Barendrecht, Marlies H., Bartosova, Alena, Batelaan, Okke, Berghuijs, Wouter R., Beven, Keith, Blume, Theresa, Bogaard, Thom, Amorim, Pablo Borges De, Böttcher, Michael E., Boulet, Gilles, Breinl, Korbinian, Brilly, Mitja, Brocca, Luca, Buytaert, Wouter, Castellarin, Attilio, Castelletti, Andrea, Xiaohong Chen, Yangbo Chen, Yuanfang Chen, Chifflard, Peter, Claps, Pierluigi, Clark, Martyn P., Collins, Adrian L., Croke, Barry, Dathe, Annette, David, Paula C., Barros, Felipe P. J. De, Rooij, Gerrit De, Baldassarre, Giuliano Di, Driscoll, Jessica M., Duethmann, Doris, Ravindra Dwivedi, Eris, Ebru, Farmer, William H., Feiccabrino, James, Ferguson, Grant, Ferrari, Ennio, Ferraris, Stefano, Fersch, Benjamin, Finger, David, Foglia, Laura, Keirnan Fowler, Gartsman, Boris, Gascoin, Simon, Gaume, Eric, Gelfan, Alexander, Geris, Josie, Shervan Gharari, Gleeson, Tom, Glendell, Miriam, Bevacqua, Alena Gonzalez, González-Dugo, María P., Grimaldi, Salvatore, A. B. Gupta, Guse, Björn, Dawei Han, Hannah, David, Harpold, Adrian, Haun, Stefan, Heal, Kate, Helfricht, Kay, Herrnegger, Mathew, Hipsey, Matthew, Hlaváčiková, Hana, Hohmann, Clara, Holko, Ladislav, Hopkinson, Christopher, Hrachowitz, Markus, Tissa H. Illangasekare, Inam, Azhar, Camyla Innocente, Istanbulluoglu, Erkan, Jarihani, Ben, Kalantari, Zahra, Kalvans, Andis, Sonu Khanal, Khatami, Sina, Kiesel, Jens, Kirkby, Mike, Knoben, Wouter, Kochanek, Krzysztof, Kohnová, Silvia, Kolechkina, Alla, Krause, Stefan, Kreamer, David, Kreibich, Heidi, Kunstmann, Harald, Lange, Holger, Liberato, Margarida L. R., Lindquist, Eric, Link, Timothy, Junguo Liu, Loucks, Daniel Peter, Luce, Charles, Mahé, Gil, Makarieva, Olga, Malard, Julien, Shamshagul Mashtayeva, Shreedhar Maskey, Mas-Pla, Josep, Mavrova-Guirguinova, Maria, Mazzoleni, Maurizio, Mernild, Sebastian, Misstear, Bruce Dudley, Montanari, Alberto, Müller-Thomy, Hannes, Alireza Nabizadeh, Nardi, Fernando, Neale, Christopher, Nesterova, Nataliia, Bakhram Nurtaev, Odongo, Vincent O., Subhabrata Panda, Saket Pande, Zhonghe Pang, Papacharalampous, Georgia, Perrin, Charles, Pfister, Laurent, Pimentel, Rafael, Polo, María J., Post, David, Sierra, Cristina Prieto, Maria-Helena Ramos, Renner, Maik, Reynolds, José Eduardo, Ridolfi, Elena, Rigon, Riccardo, Riva, Monica, Robertson, David E., Rosso, Renzo, Tirthankar Roy, Sá, João H.M., Gianfausto Salvadori, Sandells, Mel, Schaefli, Bettina, Schumann, Andreas, Scolobig, Anna, Seibert, Jan, Servat, Eric, Shafiei, Mojtaba, Sharma, Ashish, Sidibe, Moussa, Sidle, Roy C., Skaugen, Thomas, Smith, Hugh, Spiessl, Sabine M., Stein, Lina, Ingelin Steinsland, Strasser, Ulrich, Su, Bob, Szolgay, Jan, Tarboton, David, Tauro, Flavia, Thirel, Guillaume, Fuqiang Tian, Tong, Rui, Kamshat Tussupova, Tyralis, Hristos, Uijlenhoet, Remko, Beek, Rens Van, Ent, Ruud J. Van Der, Ploeg, Martine Van Der, Loon, Anne F. Van, Meerveld, Ilja Van, Nooijen, Ronald Van, Oel, Pieter R. Van, Jean-Philippe Vidal, Freyberg, Jana Von, Vorogushyn, Sergiy, Przemyslaw Wachniew, Wade, Andrew J., Ward, Philip, Westerberg, Ida K., White, Christopher, Wood, Eric F., Woods, Ross, Zongxue Xu, Yilmaz, Koray K., and Yongqiang Zhang

Subjects
13. Climate action, 6. Clean water
Abstract

This paper is the outcome of a community initiative to identify major unsolved scientific problems in hydrology motivated by a need for stronger harmonisation of research efforts. The procedure involved a public consultation through online media, followed by two workshops through which a large number of potential science questions were collated, prioritised, and synthesised. In spite of the diversity of the participants (230 scientists in total), the process revealed much about community priorities and the state of our science: a preference for continuity in research questions rather than radical departures or redirections from past and current work. Questions remain focused on the process-based understanding of hydrological variability and causality at all space and time scales. Increased attention to environmental change drives a new emphasis on understanding how change propagates across interfaces within the hydrological system and across disciplinary boundaries. In particular, the expansion of the human footprint raises a new set of questions related to human interactions with nature and water cycle feedbacks in the context of complex water management problems. We hope that this reflection and synthesis of the 23 unsolved problems in hydrology will help guide research efforts for some years to come.

78. How can we model subsurface stormflow at the catchment scale if we cannot measure it?

Author

Luisa Hopp, Peter Chifflard, Ilja van Meerveld, Theresa Blume, Katja Maerker, Stefan Achleitner, Bernhard Kohl, Andreas Hartmann, Oliver Gronz, Thomas Graef, Edoardo Martini, Martin Reiss, Christian Reinhardt-Imjela, Michael Rinderer, University of Zurich, and Chifflard, Peter

Subjects
Hydrology, 10122 Institute of Geography, 2312 Water Science and Technology, 900 Geschichte und Geografie::910 Geografie, Reisen::910 Geografie, Reisen, Measure (physics), Environmental science, measurement, 910 Geography & travel, subsurface stormflow, Catchment scale, Water Science and Technology, catchment scale
Abstract

Subsurface stormflow (SSF) can be a dominant run‐off generation process in humid mountainous catchments (e.g., Bachmair & Weiler, 2011; Blume & van Meerveld, 2015; Chifflard, Didszun, & Zepp, 2008). Generally, SSF develops in structured soils where bedrock or a less permeable soil layer is overlaid by a more permeable soil layer and vertically percolating water is deflected, at least partially, in a lateral downslope direction due to the slope inclination. SSF can also occur when groundwater levels rise into more permeable soil layers and water flows laterally through the more permeable layers to the stream (“transmissivity feedback mechanism”; Bishop, Grip, & O'Neill, 1990). The different existing terms for SSF in the hydrological literature such as shallow subsurface run‐off, interflow, lateral flow, or soil water flow reflects the different underlying process concepts developed in various experimental studies in different environments by using different experimental approaches at different spatial and temporal scales (Weiler, McDonnell, Tromp‐van Meerveld, & Uchida, 2005). Intersite comparisons and the extraction of general rules for SSF generation and its controlling factors are still lacking, which hampers the development of appropriate approaches for modelling SSF. But appropriate prediction of SSF is essential due to its clear influence on run‐off generation at the catchment scale (e.g., Chifflard et al., 2010; Zillgens, Merz, Kirnbauer, & Tilch, 2005), on the formation of floods (e.g., Markart et al., 2013, 2015) and on the transport of nutrients or pollutants from the hillslopes into surface water bodies (Zhao, Tang, Zhao, Wang, & Tang, 2013). However, a precise simulation of SSF in models requires an accurate process understanding including, knowledge about water pathways, residence times, magnitude of water fluxes, or the spatial origin of SSF within a given catchment because such factors determine the transport of subsurface water and solutes to the stream. But due to its occurrence in the subsurface and its spatial and temporal variability, determining and quantifying the processes generating SSF is a challenging task as they cannot be observed directly. Therefore, it is logical to ask whether we can really model SSF correctly if we cannot measure it well enough on the scale of interest (Figure 1). This commentary reflects critically on whether current experimental concepts and modelling approaches are sufficient to predict the contribution of SSF to the run‐off at the catchment scale. This applies in particular to the underlying processes, controlling factors, modelling approaches, research gaps, and innovative strategies to trace SSF across different scales.

Published
2019

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