Search

Additional file 4. Supplementary Figure Legends.

Additional file 3. Table S2.

Additional file 2. Table S1.

Additional file 1. Supplementary Materials and Methods.

A new freshwater goby, Rhinogobius houheensis, is described based on 40 specimens in a freshwater stream from the Houhe National Nature Reserve, Hubei Province, China. The new species can be distinguished from all its congeneric species by the following combination of characters: thee first dorsal fin rays VI, the second dorsal fin rays I/9-I/10; anal fin rays I/7-I/8; pectoral-fin rays 16–17; longitudinal scale series 37–40; transverse scales 12–14; predorsal scale series 0; and vertebrae counts 12+18=30. The first three spinous rays in the first dorsal fin are colored with two dark-blue stripes and one black spot in alive.

Rhinogobius houheensis sp. nov. (Tables 1���2; Figs. 1���5) Holotype. BFU 190710001, male, 66.6 mm standard length (SL) (Fig. 1); Baixi River, the upper reach of the Yuan River, Wufeng County, Hubei Province, China, 30��5'6"N 110��40'38"E; collected by Faxiang Hu; July 10, 2019. Paratypes. BFU 190710002-190710004, 3 females, 60.7���62.4 mm SL, locality same as holotype; July 10, 2019. BFU 170723001-170723002, 2 females, 61.3���67.9 mm SL; BFU 170723003-170723007, 5 males, 51.1���55.5 mm SL; locality same as holotype; July 23, 2017. BFU 170723008-170723014, 7 females, 46.2���66.6 mm SL; BFU 170723015, male, 54.2 mm SL; Specific location in 30��4'41"N 110��40'59"E; July 23, 2017. BFU 170725016170725021, 6 females, 51.7���62.4 mm SL; BFU 170725022-170725025, 4 males, 55.5���61.0 mm SL; Specific location in 30��4'4"N 110��41'4"E; July 25, 2017. HNU 170726026-170726027, 2 females, 55.0��� 61.2 mm SL; HNU 170726028-170726029, 2 males, 54.0��� 69.2 mm SL; Specific location in 30��5'32"N 110��40'15"E; July 26, 2017. NWIPB 180725030-180725032, 3 females, 62.8���72.5 mm SL; NWIPB 180725033-180725036, 4 males, 42.9���54.2 mm SL; Specific location in 30��5'5"N 110��40'47"E; July 25, 2018. Diagnosis. R. houheensis can be distinguished from all its congeners by a combination of the following features: predorsal scale series 0 (Fig. 2); vertebrae counts 12+18=30 (Fig. 3); first dorsal fin rays VI, second dorsal fin rays I/9-I/10 (Fig. 3 and Table 1); pectoral-fin rays 16���17 (Table 1). While alive (Fig. 4), the first dorsal fin consists of dark brown spinous rays and transparent fin membrane, the fin membrane with two navy blue stripes and a black spot between the first to the third spinous rays. The pectoral fin was grayish, its basal portion was light-brown. Description. Morphometric and meristic measurements for holotype and paratypes given in Table 1. Body slender, cylindrical anteriorly, laterally and posteriorly compressed. Head moderately broad. Eyes large and dorsolateral in position. Lips thick, with upper lip more prominent than lower one. Snout small, cheek fleshy. Mouth oblique, rear edge extending to vertical line through anterior margin of pupil in males, and merely extend-ing to vertical of anterior edge of orbit in female. Both jaws covered with 3���4 rows of conical and inwardly curved teeth. Anterior nare surrounded by a short tube and posterior nare covered a round hole. Gill opening and extended near-vertical of margin of preopercle. Fins. First dorsal fin rays VI (Fig. 3 and Table 1); second dorsal fin rays I/9-I/10 (Fig. 3 and Table 1). Second or third spine of first dorsal fin longest and non-filamentous. When depressed, rear tip of first dorsal fin extended to base of second branched ray of second dorsal fin in males, but just reached anterior margin of base of second dorsal fin in female. Anal fin rays I/7-I/8 (Fig. 3 and Table 1). Anal fin origin inserted at vertical line between fourth and fifth branched soft ray of second dorsal fin. Pectoral fin rays 16���17. Pectoral fins broad. Rear tip of pectoral fin extended to vertical line of anus when depressed in male, but could not extend to vertical line of anus in female. Pelvic fin rays I/5, disc rounded, which had two broad membranous lobes (Fig. 1 bottom). Scales. Body covered with ctenoid scales while mid-trunk scales were enlarged. Anterior predorsal area naked (Fig. 2 and Table 1). Opercle, preopercle, and pelvic base region scale-less. Longitudinal scale series counted 37���40 (modally 38, Table 1). Transverse scale series rounded 12���14 (Table 1). Head canals. Head canals shown in Figs. 5a and 5b. Nasal extension of anterior oculoscapular canal with terminal pores �� located in vertical between anterior and posterior nares. Anterior interorbital sections of oculoscapular canal separated, with paired pore ��. One single pore �� in posterior region. Pore �� and �� present near posterior edge of eyes. Lateral section of anterior oculoscapular canal with pores �� and terminal pore ��. Posterior oculoscapular canal exists two terminal pores �� and ��. Gap between anterior and posterior oculoscapular canals slightly smaller than length of posterior oculoscapular canal. Preopercular canals presented, with pores ε, ��, and ��. Sensory papillae. Sensory papillae illustrated in Figs. 5b and 5c. Row oblique and uniserial extended under orbit. Row b was longitudinal, extended anteriorly to a vertical through posterior margin of eyes, and its length near orbit diameter. Rows c and d were long, extended to vertical line of rear margin of orbits. Row cp absent. Row f comprised of paired papillae. Opercular papillae included ot, oi, and os. Anterior end of row oi was well-separated from a vertical row ot. Vertebrae. Total vertebrae counts 12+18=30 (Fig.3, n = 5). In terms of Figs. 3 a���c and 3e (except Fig. 3d, whose body warped and first dorsal fins seem to misregistration while 3D CT scanning), interdigitation of dorsal-fin pterygiophores and neural spines (P���V) 3/II I II I 0/9��10. Coloration of fresh specimens. Coloration displayed in Fig. 4. Head and body light-brown color with somewhat irregular dark brown spots in both males and females.Color of males deeper compared with that of females. Body dorsal side dark, and ventral side light-dark. Six or seven longitudinal deep brown stripes on lateral. First dorsal fin consisted of dark brown spinous rays and transparent fin membrane, which colored by two navy blue stripes and one black spot from first to third spinous rays; membrane edge covered by golden-yellow speckles. Second dorsal fin membrane also covered golden-yellow spots along edge. Anal fin gray with white margin in both males and females ��� caudal fin black-brown with a white edge similar to anal fin. Pectoral fin grayish, basal portion light-brown. Pelvic fin membrane grayish. Distribution and habitat. Currently, the species is only reported from Baixi River (Fig. 6), a freshwater stream in the mountain area, the upper reach of the Yuan River, which is a tributary of the Yangtze River (Fig. 7). It is currently known as an endemic species to this basin, which always lives in shallow part of the river (30���60 cm deep), with sand and gravel mixed substrate. When breeding seasons, the average samples caught by a portable folded fishing net were more in the upper reaches compared with that in the downstream reaches, which implied that to this goby swam the upper reaches of the stream to lay eggs to complete the life histories. Besides, the species had relatively high vertebrae counts. These behaviors suggested that R. houheensis could be a non-diadromous species. Etymology. The specific name, houheensis, refers to the type locality, the Houhe National Nature Reserve, Hubei Province, China. Chinese name of this species is suggested as ���Oi���Dm��. Phylogenetic analysis. The best fit model for the BI tree is GTR + I + G based on AIC. All samples of R. houheensis are clustered into one clade separated from other species of genus Rhinogobius (Fig. 8). Discussion. The vertebrae count is a substantial diagnostic character of species in genus Rhinogobius (Takahashi & Okazaki 2017). Suzuki et al. (2017) classified Rhinogobius species as two groups, which had 25���27 vertebrae counts into the lower count group, and vertebrae counts were more than 27 into the higher count group. Comparatively, the vertebrae counts of R. houheensis are almost currently the highest of all species in the genus Rhinogobius, whose number of vertebrae counts is 30. To distinguish R. houheensis from all its congeners, we compared R. houheensis with 46 valid species with vertebrae counts ���27 and seven species whose vertebrae counts were unknown (Table 2). Besides vertebrae counts, the other three meristic measurements (predorsal scales, pectoral-fin rays and longitudinal scale counts) were compared. R. houheensis can be distinguished from all its congeners except for R. bedfordi by the following combination of characters: 0 predorsal scales series, 30 vertebrae counts, pectoral fin rays 16���17 and longitudinal scale series 37���40. Subsequently, R. houheesis was compared with R. bedfordi. Similarly, the longitudinal scales of R. houheesis and R. bedfordi were more than 36. The predorsal scales of R. houheesis were absent, and nape of R. bedfordi covered with small scales. However, R. houheensis could be distinguished from R. bedfordi by having a non-filamentous second spine of the first dorsal fin (vs filamentous in R. bedfordi) (Regan 1908). In addition, R. houheensis is absenting (vs presenting in R. bedfordi) (Suzuki et al. 2017) vertical dark lines or rows of dark spots on the caudal fin. The maximum vertebrae counts in the genus Rhinogobius were reported to be 29 (Suzuki et al. 2017; Takahashi & Okazaki 2017; Chen et al. 2008; Endruweit 2018).However, some original descriptions of vertebrae counts of the Rhinogobius species did not consider the last caudal vertebrae (urostyle). Therefore, we further compared R. houheensis with R. carpenter, R. liui, R. multimaculatus, R. ngutinhoceps and R. phuongae, which have 29 vertebrae counts. Except for vertebrae counts, R. houheensis could be distinguished from R. carpenter, R. ngutinhoceps and R. phuongae by the following character: 0 predorsal scales series (Table 2). The descriptions (Wu et al. 2008) of R. liui and R. multimaculatus confirmed that the vertebrae counts did include the last caudal vertebrae (urostyle). Conclusively, the new species that the current study described could also be differentiated from species of Rhinogobius whose vertebrae counts were 29. ......continued on the next page a Nape covered with small scales. b 0 in males, 2���4 in females. The strongly supported monophyly of R. houheesis population according to Cyt b datasets (Fig. 8) also support-ed the reliability of our results. Those Cyt b datasets of R. houheesis would contribute to the phylogenetic analyses of Rhinogobius species in the future study. The vertebrae counts were potentially related to the four ecotypes of Rhinogobius (Akihito et al. 2000). In the rivers and streams of the continents, the species of Rhinogobius generally have high vertebrae counts (Chen et al. 2008). R. houheensis would be a typical sample to study the relationship between morphology and phylogeny, as well as the mechanism of this environmental adaptability in the future study., Published as part of Wanghe, Kunyuan, Hu, Faxiang, Chen, Minhao & Luan, Xiaofeng, 2020, Rhinogobius houheensis, a new species of freshwater goby (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Houhe National Nature Reserve, Hubei province, China, pp. 351-365 in Zootaxa 4820 (2) on pages 352-363, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/4397805, {"references":["Takahashi, S. & Okazaki, T. (2017) Rhinogobius biwaensis, a new gobiid fish of the \" yoshinobori \" species complex, Rhinogobius spp., endemic to Lake Biwa, Japan. Ichthyological Research 64, 444 - 457. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10228 - 017 - 0577 - 4","Suzuki, T., Shibukawa, K. & Aizawa, M. (2017) Rhinogobius mizunoi, a new species of freshwater goby (teleostei: Gobiidae) from Japan. Bulletin of the Kanagawa Prefectural Museum, Natural Science, 2017, 79 - 95.","Regan, C. T. (1908) The Duke of Bedford's Zoological Exploration in Eastern Asia. - VIII. A ColIection of Fresh-water Fishes from Corea. In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908 (1), 59 - 63, pls. 2 - 3. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1908. tb 01835. x","Endruweit, M. (2018) Description of four new species of freshwater gobies from the Black River drainage in China and Vietnam (Teleostei: Gobiidae). Zootaxa, 4486 (3), 284 - 310. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4486.3.4","Wu, H., Chen, Y. & Huang, D. (2008) Fauna sinica: Ostichthyes. Perciformes. V Gobioidei. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 612 - 614.","Chen, I. - S., Wu, H. - L. & Shao, K. - T. (1999 a) A new species of Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Fujian Province, China. Ichthyological Research, 46, 171 - 178. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02675435","Chen, I. S. & Kottelat, M. (2005) Four new freshwater gobies of the genus Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from northern Vietnam. Journal of Natural History, 39, 1407 - 1429. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930400008736","Herre, A. W. C. T (1927) Gobies of the Philippines and the China Sea. Monographs Bureau of Science Manila, 23, 1 - 352.","Endruweit, M. (2017) Neotype designation for Rhinogobius carpenter i Seale 1910, and its placement in Tukugobius Herre 1927 (Teleostei: Gobiidae). Zootaxa, 4277 (4), 549 - 560. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4277.4.5","Chen, I. S. & Miller, P. J. (1998) Redescription of a chinese freshwater goby, Gobius davidi (Gobiidae), and comparison with Rhinogobius lentiginis. Cybium, 22, 211 - 221.","Akihito, P., Hayashi, M., Yoshino, T., Shimada, K., Senou, H. & Yamamoto, T. (1984) Suborder Gobioidei. In: Masuda, H., Amaoka, K., Araga, C., Uyeno, T. & Yoshino, T. (Eds.), The Fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. First Edition. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 235 - 355.","Chen, I., Yang, J. & Chen, Y. (1999 b) A New Goby of the Genus Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Honghe Basin, Yunnan Province, China. Ichthyological Research, 10, 335 - 343. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10228 - 008 - 0045 - 2","Li, F., Li, S. & Chen, J. K. (2018) Rhinogobius immaculatus, a new species of freshwater goby (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Qiantang River, China. Zoological Research, 39, 396 - 405. https: // doi. org / 10.24272 / j. issn. 2095 - 8137.2018.065","Sakai, H., Ikoma, K., Yamazaki, Y., Takahashi, H. & Ida, H. (2000) Morphological Features of a Russian Freshwater Goby, Rhinogobius lindbergi (Pisces: Gobiidae), and Its Genetic Relationships to Japanese Species. Biogeography: international journal of biogeography, phylogeny, taxonomy, ecology, biodiversity, evolution, and conservation biology, 2000, 51 - 61.","Chen, I. S., Kottelat, M. & Miller, P. J. (1999 c) Freshwater gobies of the genus Rhinogobius from the Mekong Basin in Thailand and Laos, with descriptions of three new species. Zoological Studies, 38, 19 - 32.","Chen, I. S., Miller, P. J., Han, L. W. & Fang, L. S. (2002) Taxonomy and mitochondrial sequence evolution in non-diadromous species of Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) of Hainan Island, southern China. Marine and Freshwater Research 53, 259 - 273. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / MF 01167","Chen, I. - S. & Miller, P. (2008) Two new freshwater gobies of genus Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) in southern China, around the northern region of the South China Sea. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 19, 225 - 232.","Wu, Q., Deng, X., Wang, Y. & Liu, Y. (2018) Rhinogobius maculagenys, a new species of freshwater goby (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Hunan, China. Zootaxa 4476 (1), 118 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4476.1.11","Chen, I. S. (2000) Rhinogobius maculicervix, a new species of goby from the Mekong basin in northern Laos. Ichthyol Explor Freshw, 11, 81 - 87.","Xia, J. H., Wu, H. L., Li, C. H., Wu, Y. Q. & Liu, S. H. (2018) A new species of Rhinogobius (Pisces: Gobiidae), with analyses of its DNA barcode. Zootaxa, 4407 (4), 553 - 562. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4407.4.7","Chen, I. S. & Kottelat, M. (2003) Three new freshwater gobies of the genus Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from northeastern Laos. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 51, 87 - 95.","Huang, S. P., Chen, I. S. & Shao, K. T. (2016) A new species of Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Zhejiang Province, China. Ichthyological Research, 63, 470 - 479. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10228 - 016 - 0516 - 9","Huang, S. P. & Chen, I. S. (2007) Three new species of Rhinogobius Gill, 1859 (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Hanjiang basin, Southern china. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 2014, 101 - 110.","Chen, I. & Shao, K. (1996) A taxonomic review of the gobiid fish genus Rhinogobius Gill, 1859 from Taiwan, with descriptions of three new species. Zoological Studies, 35 (3), 200 - 214.","Bogutskaya, N. G., Naseka, A. M., Shedko, S. V., Vasil'eva, E. D. & Chereshnev, I. A. (2008) The fishes of the Amur River: Updated check-list and zoogeography. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 19, 301 - 366.","Chen, I. - S. & Fang, L. - S. (2006) A new species of Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Hanjiang basin in Guangdong Province, China. Ichthyological Research, 53, 247 - 253. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10228 - 006 - 0342 - 6","Akihito, Iwata, A., Kobayashi, T., Ikeo, K., Imanishi, T., Ono, H., Umehara, Y., Hamamatsu, C., Sugiyama, K., Ikeda, Y., Sakamoto, K., Fumihito, A., Ohno, S. & Gojobori, T. (2000) Evolutionary aspects of gobioid fishes based upon a phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b genes. Gene, 259, 5 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0378 - 1119 (00) 00488 - 1"]}

Aiming at improving the speed and accuracy of auto-focus for telescope observation, algorithms for image estimation and auto-focus were investigated and are discussed in this article. Based on the image quality assessment, the auto-focusing process of the telescope system is realized by using the mountain-climb search method. Several evaluation functions were tested in different scenarios. It is demonstrated that the Tenengrad image estimation function (IEF) is suitable for an instant and accurate auto-focus process of the telescope. Furthermore, we implemented sampling and dynamic adaptive focusing window (ES-DAFW) methods with the Tenengrad IEF to enhance the sensitivity and accuracy of the auto-focus process. The experimental results showed that our ES-DATW method can provide more accurate results in less time for the auto-focus process compared to the conventional approaches, especially for a sparse image. These results promise significant applications to the auto-focusing of other telescopes with image quality assessment.

In this paper, the technology of rapid target recognition based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) data of target in the process of laser damage was studied. In terms of LIBS data classification, this paper used support vector machine (SVM), which was more advantageous in nonlinear and small sample cases, as the core algorithm. In order to solve the problem of large amount of high-precision LIBS data, which leaded to slow recognition, a segmented weighted peak intensity algorithm was proposed. Compared with the original data, the length of the spectrum vector constructed by this method can be reduced by about 10 times. Under the condition of ensuring the recognition accuracy, the recognition time of LIBS samples can be reduced by an order of magnitude. At the same time, the method can balance the recognition time and accuracy by adjusting the segment length, which has good flexibility and practicability.

Based on the observational data of sunspots, the relation between the amplitude of solar cycle and the total area of all active regions occurred in a solar cycle has been investigated. The result shows that the amplitude of solar cycle has a good correlation with the total area of all active regions occurred in the solar cycle. The relation between the amplitude of solar cycle and the area of the largest active region during a solar cycle has also been investigated. The result shows that the amplitude of solar cycle has a poor correlation with the area of the largest active region during a solar cycle, and there is no fixed relation between the peak time of a solar cycle and the time when the largest active region occurred in the solar cycle.