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Objective:The sleep/wake cycle plays a vital role in mental health and daily life. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of circadian rhythm sleep disorders in the young population and their effect on psychological health and mental disability.Materials and Methods:The present study is part of the first phase of the Ravansar cohort (a branch of the Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in Iran cohort) and included 2991 participants from Ravansar, Iran. Data were collected using standard questionnaires, including the Kessler Psychological Distress (PD) Scale (K10), Sheehan Disability Scale, and sleep timing.Results:The prevalence of advanced sleep phase disorder (ASPD) was 0.4% in the sample, the prevalence of delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD) was 4.1%, and the prevalence of the desire to change sleep patterns was 61.3%. The results also showed that the level of PD in people with and without ASPD was not significant, but the level of PD was significantly higher in people with DSPD compared to those without (p

Social exegesis is one of the emerging trends in the Quranic Commentary and one of the influential events in contemporary hermeneutics. It is clear that this new phenomenon, like any other intellectual and social phenomenon, did not appear suddenly and in a vacuum. This research seeks to answer the question that which factors were effective in forming the Social exegesis of the Quran. The innovation of the current research is to take the Synchrony Approach as one of the new and efficient research methods to find the answer to this question. The Synchrony Approach observes a historical phenomenon in a certain period of history in order to show, among other things, the contexts of its formation. The historical period related to this research is the interval of several decades between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The pondering of the developments of this period shows that social exegesis was formed due to the factors such as the inefficiency of traditional exegesis in responding to new requirements, the multifaceted attack on Islam and religious values, the influence of modern Muslim thinkers from the religious reform movement in Europe, the role of the Quran in the contemporary religious reform movement in the Islamic world, and the social personality of contemporary exegetes. This movement can be seen in the commentaries written after that era and even up to the present time.

Abstract Background Regarding the paucity of evidence on the side effects of the booster dose of Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine in vaccinated people with Sinopharm or Sputnik V, we aimed to set up a cohort event monitoring (CEM) study to capture adverse events occurring in individuals who will receive the booster doses of AstraZeneca (either the first or second booster dose) following being vaccinated with Sinopharm or sputnik V vaccines in Iran. Methods The present study is an active COVID-19 vaccine safety surveillance through an observational prospective cohort study that will be conducted in vaccination centers in Iran. The study will be conducted in twelve provinces of Iran. Study sites are vaccination centers where the AstraZeneca vaccine is administered to the cohort population. The study population includes all individuals who have received two doses of Sinopharm or Sputnik V vaccines and either the first or second booster dose of AstraZeneca according to the national guidelines for immunization in Iran in 2023. We are planning to include 30,000 eligible people in this study. Each individual will be followed up for 13 weeks after either the first or second booster dose of the AstraZeneca vaccine. Furthermore, convenience sampling is used to include participants in the present study. Participation in the study will be strictly voluntary. Discussion With the planned study we will provide a valid epidemiological evidence to improve the understanding of the safety of the booster dose of the AstraZeneca and to better evaluate the effectiveness of public health interventions. This could help policy makers in managing the COVID-19 pandemic according to scientific evidence.

Verse 6 of Surah Mubaraka Saf, on behalf of Jesus (pbuh), announces the appearance of the promised prophet. Most of the researchers have considered the phrase "Esmuho Ahmad" to mean the special naming of the Prophet (PBUH) as "Ahmed" and to prove his prophethood, they looked for this name or its semantic equivalent in the Bible and stated some cases. orientalists have tried to deny this issue. The current research with a descriptive-analytical approach and using verbal evidence such as the discovery of the meaning of words, the meaning of the name of science, the linguistic style of the Qur'an and the Testaments in introducing personalities and semantic development and non-verbal evidence such as historical, narrative and intellectual evidence in order to discover the meaning of this phrase It has been important and challenging. The result is that the meaning of the words "name" and "Ahmad" is not simply (his name is Ahmad); rather, the meaning (his attributes are more praised) can be determined from it, that these outstanding attributes have become one of the clear reasons for the distinction and recognition of the Prophet from others. On the other hand, verse 6 of Sura Saf does not necessarily indicate the existence of this name in the Bible, but it is possible that the good news with this name is in the oral tradition of Jesus (pbuh). By examining the above-mentioned evidence, it is appropriate to interpret the meaning of this phrase into higher concepts than simply referring to the name of knowledge of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). And by considering the semantic development, both the meaning of the name and the moral and behavioral attributes of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) can be determined from the phrase will, which made him the leader of other divine messengers.

IntroductionChickpea is a valuable and protein-rich pulse crop which is widely cultivated in more than 50 countries. Cultivation of chickpea in rotation with cereals can improve soil fertility through the process of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Among the chickpea producing provinces in Iran, Kermanshah province has the first rank of chickpea production. Root rots and wilt have been considered the most devastating diseases limiting chickpea production in Kermanshah Province. However, the etiology of these diseases has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the fungal species causing wilt, yellowing and root rot in Kermanshah province, identify the dominant species and determine the prevalence of the disease in different regions of the province. Materials and MethodsOne hundred ninety-four chickpea fields, representative of the main planting areas throughout Kermanshah province, were surveyed during growing seasons 2011-2015. In each field, at least four diseased plant samples showing yellowing or wilting symptoms were collected, kept in paper bags, and transferred to the laboratory. 5 mm long pieces of root and stem of affected plants were prepared, surface sterilized and plated on Water Agar. The culture plates were incubated at a temperature of 25°C and examined on a daily basis. Pure cultures were obtained using either the hyphal-tip or single spore techniques. The isolates were then morphologically identified using available descriptions from the literature. Out of the abundant isolates, a total of 288 were selected for further investigation regarding their pathogenicity and aggressiveness. To prepare the inoculum, oat seeds were soaked in water for 24 hours and then transferred to 500 ml flasks. The flasks were autoclaved at a temperature of 121°C for 20 minutes, twice on two consecutive days. Each fungal isolate was cultured on five plates containing Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. Then, the autoclaved oat seeds were added to the plates. The plates were then incubated at 25°C for two weeks until the fungus completely covered the seeds surface. The pots (4 cm in diameter and 12 cm in height) were filled to a height of 6 cm with an autoclaved soil mixture (field soil / sand at a ratio of 2:1), then 2 ml of inoculum was applied to the soil surface, the inoculum was covered with one cm of autoclaved soil, the two seeds of chickpea cultivar, Bivanij were placed on the soil surface, Finally, the seeds were covered with 2 cm of soil. In this test, three replicates were considered for each isolate. The control pots were mock inoculated with uninfested oat seeds. The pots were kept in the growth chamber for a maximum of five to six weeks at 25-28 ° C. The disease severity was rated according to a 0-4 scale. Results and DiscussionBased on morphological characteristics, eight fungal species including Fusarium oxysporoum, F. solani, F. equiseti, F. proliferatum, F. verticillioides, F. culmorum, Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani were identified. Based on the results of pathogenicity test, except for F. verticillioides and F. culmorum other species were identified as pathogenic. Among these, F. oxysporum and F. solani species complex were classified as the most common and most aggressive pathogens. F. equiseti and F. proliferatum were ranked as weakly aggressive pathogens. In this study, vascular discoloration, a major characteristic of the pathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum, was observed in only a few inoculated plants suggesting that most of the recovered isolates did not belong to F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri. Disease symptoms triggered by most of the isolates of F. oxysporum species complex in this study are consistent with those of F. redolens. However, accurate identification of these isolates requires a combination of molecular protocols and detailed morphological studies. ConclusionOur results showed that Fusarium species are the main agent causing root rot, yellowing and wilt on chickpea in kermanshah province. Among these, F. oxysporum species complex was the most common and most aggressive species. However, contrary to previous reports, most of the F. oxysporum isolates examined in this study did not belong to F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri. Since the accurate pathogen identification is crucial for efficient disease management, accurate identification of the pathogen needs to be confirmed using molecular protocols. We also concluded that F. proliferatum is a weak pathogen of chickpea root. This is the first report of pathogenicity of F. proliferatum on chickpeas.

Background: Organizational knowledge management requires a structure or framework to identify, extract and document knowledge. The review of knowledge management sources shows that since the late 1980s, several cycles have been introduced in the field of knowledge management, and the Mayer and Zack cycle has been one of the most important cycles. The purpose of this study was to design a model for documenting organizational experiences based on the view of point of Iranian libraries managers in medical sciences universities by using Mayer and Zack model. Methods: The research method was survey and correlation schemes are used. The population of the study consisted of 209 managers and heads of central and hospital libraries. Sampling was a stratified random sampling method. data gathering was done in 2022 by questionnaire. path- analyses and structural equation modeling was used to data analyses. RMS-Theta measure was used to test the model. Results: The results of the partial least squares test showed that the gathering knowledge and Knowledge refinement has a significant effect on knowledge documentation. Knowledge refinement had the highest and knowledge application had the lowest impact on knowledge documentation. Conclusion: The results confirmed the effects of knowledge collection and refinement on knowledge documentation. Therefore, it is possible to rely on the designed model and effective factors of knowledge documentation and generalize the obtained results for knowledge documentation in libraries and information centers.

Abstract Objectives Sleep is one of the issues that attracted the attention of researchers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Researchers focused their studies on the prevalence of sleep disorders, sleep quality, and sleep duration. Sleep hygiene is a set of guidelines that play an important role in the sleep quality, the present study sought to evaluate the amount of sleep hygiene and sleep quality in Iranian adolescents and their relationship during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The present study was conducted using a cross-sectional design. The research population consisted of all adolescents living in Kermanshah (western Iran) in 2021. The participants were a sample of 610 adolescents. They completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory and Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale. Results The mean sleep quality score for the participants was 7.14 ± 2.47, indicating the high frequency of sleep problems affecting the participants. There were significant correlations between all components of sleep hygiene and sleep quality. There was also a significant correlation (r = − 0.46 between sleep hygiene and sleep quality (p