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Spinel-lherzolite xenoliths trapped within the alkali basalts flow in the Liri region (Kapsiki Plateau) have a protogranular texture and consist of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and spinel crystals. These xenoliths are residues of partial melting of the primitive mantle, with the low titanium content in clinopyroxene crystals (TiO2 < 0.5 wt.%). The clinopyroxene of the spinel-lherzolite xenoliths from Liri, are divided into two distinct groups according to their trace element characteristics. The variations in the rare earths elements make it possible to classify the different clynopyroxenes in two groups: the first group consisting of the samples of Liri (Liri 1, Liri 02, Liri 3, Liri 05 and Liri 5) rich in light rare earths elements (LREEs), with ratios (Ce/Yb)N normalized which vary between 3.00 and 7.78. It is probably a cryptic metasomatism due to the absence of hydrated minerals (such as amphibole) which caused these enrichments. The second group comprises samples of Liri (Liri 01, Liri 2, Liri 04, Liri 4) depleted in light rare earths elements, with the ratio in (Ce/Yb) N < 1.2. This depletion in rare earths elements results from the extraction of the melting liquid.

Spinel-bearing lherzolite xenoliths from the Hossere Garba (1272 m.a.s.l) volcano on the Adamawa Plateau, is located in Likok village, at about 35 km to WSW of Ngaoundere. These xenoliths (~11 cm size) have been sampled into the host basaltic lava flows from the NE flank of the Hossere Garba volcano. These xenoliths characterized by porphyroclastic texture consisted of olivine (~55 vol.%), orthopyroxene (~19 vol.%) and clinopyroxene (~21 vol.%) crystals. Spinel crystals (~5 vol.%) are red brown and interstitial between the crystals of olivine and pyroxenes. CaO contents are low (

International audience; Spinel-bearing lherzolite xenoliths from the Hosséré Garba (1272 m.a.s.l) volcano on the Adama-wa Plateau, is located in Likok village, at about 35 km to WSW of Ngaoundéré. These xenoliths (~11 cm size) have been sampled into the host basaltic lava flows from the NE flank of the Hosséré Garba volcano. These xenoliths characterized by porphyroclastic texture consisted of olivine (~55 vol.%), orthopyroxene (~19 vol.%) and clinopyroxene (~21 vol.%) crystals. Spinel crystals (~5 vol.%) are red brown and interstitial between the crystals of olivine and pyroxenes. CaO contents are low (

International audience; High resolution laser ablation ICP-MS analyses are performed along the growth axis of an archaeological carbonate deposit from a water tower in the antique city of Ostia (Italy). Results show a composite structure with high frequency cycles, thought to be seasonal, and longer-term variations in Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, Pb/Ca and U/Ca ratios. Changes in the broad trace element composition at the beginning of the deposit are interpreted as the hallmark of important modifications in the sources supplying the water to the city. Our study suggests that trace elements analysis in archaeological carbonates have the potential to provide high-resolution seasonal records, which could give insights into historic environment variability and past policy of natural resource administration. Les étapes de croissance d'un dépôt de carbonate provenant d'un château d'eau de la ville antique d'Ostie sont étudiées à l'aide d'un ICP-MS à ablation laser. Les résultats montrent une structure composite, avec des cycles hautes fréquences, probablement saisonniers, se superposant à un signal à plus long terme pour les rapports élémentaires suivants : Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, Pb/Ca et U/Ca. Un changement de composition au début du dépôt est interprété comme la mémoire de modifications importantes dans la localisation de la source d'eau qui approvisionnait la ville. À l'issue de cette étude, on peut entrevoir les potentialités de l'analyse des éléments traces dans les carbonates archéologiques, afin d'aborder avec une haute résolution la question environnementale durant la période historique et, ainsi de mieux cerner les politiques passées de gestion des ressources naturelles.

International audience; An ultramafic/mafic complex is exposed at sea, at the foot of the Galicia Margin (Spain and Portugal). It comprises various types of peridotites and pyroxenites, as well as amphibole-diorites, gabbros, dolerites and basalts. For chronological and structural reasons (gabbros were emplaced within peridotites before the continental break-up) this unit cannot be assigned to the Atlantic oceanic crust. The compilation of all available petrological and geochemical data suggests that peridotites are derived from the sub-continental lithospheric mantle, deeply transformed during Cretaceous rifting. Thus, websterite dykes extracted from the depleted MORB mantle reservoir (DMM), were emplaced early within the lithospheric harzburgites; subsequent boudinage and tectonic dispersion of these dykes in the peridotites, during deformation stages at the beginning of rifting, resulted in the formation of fertile but isotopically depleted lherzolites. Sterile but isotopically enriched websterites, would represent melting residues in the peridotites, after significant partial melting and melt extraction related to the thermal erosion of the lithosphere. The latter melts are probably the source of brown amphibole metasomatic crystallization in some peridotites, as well as of the emplacement of amphibole-diorite dykes. Melts directly extracted from the asthenosphere were emplaced as gabbro within the sub-continental mantle. Mixing this DMM melts together with the enriched melts extracted from the lithosphere, provided the intermediate isotopic melt-compositions-in between DMM and Oceanic Islands Basalts reservoir-observed for the dolerites and basalts, none of which being characterized by a genuine N-MORB signature. An enriched lithospheric mantle, present prior to rifting of the Galicia margin, is in good agreement with data from the Messejana dyke (Spain) and more generally, with those of all continental tholeiites of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP).

Hydrogeological characteristics of the Chaîne des Puys are linked with its climatic, geological, morphological and environmental characteristics. These specifities constrain origin, quantity quality and flow of water in volcanic aquifers. As the chemical and isotopic signatures of water reflect processes occurring during the water cycle, their variations into and between the various compartments specifies the role of these factors. The subject of this thesis deals with the chemical (major ions) and isotopic (δ18O, δ2H, δ13C) characterization of different stages of the water cycle to define the operation of sub-volcanic aquifers of the Chaîne des Puys. In this perspective, this work focused on two themes: 1) the definition of the input signal of regional aquifers, a prerequisite to any hydrogeological study, and 2) studying the functioning of the Argnat catchment, located in the North of the Chaine des Puys. The study of the mechanisms of acquisition of the rain chemistry (Na+, K+, Mg2+, NH4+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3-, SO42- , PO43-, HCO3-) based on its long-distance travel (rainout) and the influence of meteorological parameters on the local chemical input during rain (washout), shows that the majority of rain comes from the Atlantic and the Mediterranean Basin and is predominately influenced by terrigenous (Ca2+, HCO3-) and anthropogenic (NO3-,NH4+,SO42-) elements, often associated (neutralization process). The local influence on the chemistry is largely due to the terrigenous sediments from the basin of the Limagne, but soil moisture, wind direction and speed can promote recharge of cloud by anthropogenic aerosols from Clermont-Ferrand. The evolution of chemical (major ions) and isotopic (δ18O, δ2H, δ13C) parameters between the different compartments of the Argnat basin emphasizes the role of the unsaturated zone in the supply of the saturated zone in volcanic aquifers. Thus it appears that the scheme of a vertical circulation is not simple and that the behavior of the unsaturated zone is close to that of a perched aquifer. In this case, the existence of a perched aquifer can only be explained by superimposed circulations within the basalt flow which is heterogeneous in terms of physical characteristics and therefore the hydrodynamic. From 10 sampling points, the study of the transfer into the saturated zone from upstream to downstream, given the geological context and topography, allows estimate the relative contribution of supply from high and low altitudes. Those from low altitude significantly modify the water chemistry, particularly through chlorides and nitrates contributions. The interpretation of δ13C measurements associated with calculations of pCO2 confirms the presence of deep origin CO2 and precises its geographic distribution within the basin Argnat., Les caractéristiques hydrogéologiques de la Chaîne des Puys sont liées à ses particularités climatiques, géologiques, morphologiques et environnementales qui vont contraindre l'eau souterraine en terme d'origine, quantité, qualité et parcours dans les aquifères volcaniques. La composition chimique et isotopique de l'eau reflétant l'ensemble des processus intervenant lors du cycle de l'eau, ses variations au sein et entre les différents compartiments permettent donc de préciser le rôle de ces différents facteurs. C'est l'objet de cette thèse qui porte sur la caractérisation chimique (ions majeurs) et isotopique (δ18O, δ2H, δ13C) des différentes étapes du cycle de l'eau afin de définir le fonctionnement des aquifères sous-volcaniques de la Chaîne des Puys. Dans cette perspective, notre travail s'est articulé autour de deux thèmes : 1) la définition du signal d'entrée des aquifères régionaux, préalable indispensable à toute étude hydrogéologique, 2) l'étude du fonctionnement du bassin versant d'Argnat localisé au Nord de la Chaîne des Puys. L'étude des mécanismes d'acquisition de la chimie de la pluie (Na+, K+, Mg2+, NH4+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3-, SO42- , PO43-, HCO3-) en fonction de son trajet longue distance (rainout), et de l'influence des paramètres météorologiques, environnementaux locaux sur le lessivage pendant la pluie (washout), montre que la majorité des pluies proviennent de l'Atlantique et du Bassin Méditerranéen et est essentiellement influencée par les éléments terrigènes (Ca2+, HCO3-) et anthropiques (NO3-,NH4+,SO42-), souvent associés (processus de neutralisation). L'influence locale sur la chimie est surtout liée aux éléments terrigènes provenant du bassin sédimentaire de la Limagne, mais l'humidité du sol, la direction et la vitesse du vent peuvent favoriser une recharge du nuage en éléments anthropiques originaires de l'agglomération de Clermont-Ferrand. L'évolution des paramètres chimiques (ions majeurs) et isotopiques (δ18O, δ2H, δ13C) entre les différents compartiments du bassin d'Argnat met en évidence le rôle de la zone non saturée dans l'alimentation de la zone saturée des aquifères volcaniques. Il apparaît ainsi que le schéma d'une alimentation verticale n'est pas simple et que le comportement de la zone non saturée se rapproche de celui d'un aquifère perché. Dans ce cas, l'existence d'un aquifère perché ne peut s'expliquer que par des circulations superposées à l'intérieur même de la coulée basaltique qui s'avère ainsi hétérogène du point de vue des caractéristiques physiques et donc de l'hydrodynamique. L'étude du transfert en zone saturée depuis l'amont vers l'aval, à partir de 10 points de prélèvements permet d'estimer, compte tenu du contexte géologique et de la topographie, la contribution relative des alimentations de haute et basse altitude. Ces venues de basse altitude modifient significativement la chimie de l'eau, notamment via des apports en éléments anthropiques tels que les chlorures et les nitrates. L'interprétation des mesures de δ13C associées aux calculs de pCO2 confirme la présence de CO2 d'origine profonde et précise sa répartition géographique dans le bassin d'Argnat.