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Coccidiosis is a complex parasitic disease ubiquitous in all types of poultry production. It can have both a direct effect on bird health and welfare with significant negative impacts on the production parameters and indirect effect as it predisposes to other pathogens. Ionophore coccidiostats have been used safely for over 45 years by poultry producers. Concerns have been raised that their use in livestock production could promote the development of antibiotic resistance, but their unique mode of action makes it unlikely. Conversely their removal can result in increased use of therapeutic antibiotics to treat disease posing a greater risk of antibiotic resistance development. Economic and environmental models examining the impact of the removal of ionophore coccidiostats from UK production suggest the annual cost to the broiler sector would be between £68.02-£109.95 million and result in an additional 84,000 tonnes CO2 e being produced per annum. Any cost increase would make this wholesome and affordable animal protein less affordable to poorer sectors of society. Increased greenhouse gas production, demand for water and land as a result of less efficient production will impact on climate change targets.

Continuity of key water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure and WASH practices—for example, hand hygiene—are among several critical community preventive and mitigation measures to reduce transmission of infectious diseases, including COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases. WASH guidance for COVID-19 prevention may combine existing WASH standards and new COVID-19 guidance. Many existing WASH tools can also be modified for targeted WASH assessments during the COVID-19 pandemic. We partnered with local organizations to develop and deploy tools to assess WASH conditions and practices and subsequently implement, monitor, and evaluate WASH interventions to mitigate COVID-19 in low- and middle-income countries in Latin America and the Caribbean and Africa, focusing on healthcare, community institution, and household settings and hand hygiene specifically. Employing mixed-methods assessments, we observed gaps in access to hand hygiene materials specifically despite most of those settings having access to improved, often onsite, water supplies. Across countries, adherence to hand hygiene among healthcare providers was about twice as high after patient contact compared to before patient contact. Poor or non-existent management of handwashing stations and alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) was common, especially in community institutions. Markets and points of entry (internal or external border crossings) represent congregation spaces, critical for COVID-19 mitigation, where globally-recognized WASH standards are needed. Development, evaluation, deployment, and refinement of new and existing standards can help ensure WASH aspects of community mitigation efforts that remain accessible and functional to enable inclusive preventive behaviors.

This study charts the growth of the drug delivery literature published during 1974-2015 from journals indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded database. The growth of publications on drug delivery paralleled the total scientific publications for three decades (1974-2003); however, from 2004 to 2015 it exploded fourfold, while the total increased only 1.75 fold. Industrialized countries (USA, UK, Germany, Japan, Italy, France and Canada) were the most prolific during the first decades, but in 2014-2015 China, India and South Korea ranked 1st, 3rd and 4th respectively among the productive countries. The number of participating countries increased fivefold (from 19 to 96). During the last 15years, the journals targeted by drug delivery research increased nearly 2.4 fold (416 to 1001) and three journals (Journal of Controlled Release, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, and International Journal of Pharmaceutics) published nearly one-fifth of the drug delivery research in 2014-2015.

Purpose: In this study, we aimed to investigate the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of children and adolescents diagnosed with tic disorders. Materials and Methods: The study population included 187 children with tic disorders, aged between 4 and 18 years. The data were obtained by using Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), Screen for Child Anxiety and Related Disorders, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). The demographic information, history of familial diseases were recorded. Results: The study included 37 girls (mean 10.9 ± 2.5 years) and 150 boys (mean 10.9 ± 2.7 years) with a mean age of 10.9 ± 2.6 years. Of all cases, 135 were classified as Tourette Syndrome (n=135; 72,2%), 50 as motor tics (n=50; 26,7 %) and 2 as others tic disorders (n=2; 1,1%) according to the diagnostic tic disorders subtype. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of mean age and first symptom age according to the subtype of tic disorder. In 91% of the cases, the age of onset of tics was 12 years or younger. The rate of having at least one comorbidity, mean number of comorbidities and comorbid ADHD rates were significantly higher among boys than girls. The most common comorbid diagnoses were ADHD (n=142, 75.9%), OCD (n= 08, 57.8%) and anxiety disorder (n=57, 30.4%). Conclusion: In our study, male cases, early onset and multiple comorbid diagnoses were found to be significantly higher in childhood tic disorders., Amaç: Bu çalışmada, tik bozukluğu tanısı alan çocuk ve ergenlerin sosyodemografik verileri, klinik özellikleri ve eşlik eden diğer ruhsal bozuklukların araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya, Tik Bozukluğu tanısı olan 4-18 yaş aralığında 187 olgu alındı. Ruhsal belirtilerin taranması amacı ile Okul Çağı Çocukları İçin Duygulanım Bozuklukları ve Şizofreni Görüşme Çizelgesi-Şimdi ve Yaşam boyu Şekli Türkçe uyarlaması ÇDŞG-ŞY (KSADS-PL), Tik belirti şiddeti için, Yale Genel Tik Ağırlığını Derecelendirme Ölçeği (YGTDÖ) kullanıldı. Olguların demografik bilgileri ve ailesel hastalık öyküleri kaydedildi. Bulgular: Çalışmaya, ortalama yaşı 10,9±2,6 yaş olan, 37 kız (ortalama 10,9±2,5 yaş) ve 150 erkek (ortalama 10,9±2,7 yaş) olgu alındı. Tik Bozukluğu alt tipine göre olguların 135’i (%72,2) Tourette Sendromu, %26,7’si (n=50) motor tik bozukluğu, 2’si (%1,1) bunların dışında bir tik bozukluğu tanısı aldı. Tik Bozukluğu alt tipine göre olguların ortalama yaşı, ilk belirti yaşı açısından iki grup arasında anlamlı fark yoktu. Olguların % 91’inde tiklerin başlangıç yaşı, 12 yaş ve altında idi. Kızlara göre erkekler arasında en az bir eş tanıya sahip olma oranı, ortalama eş tanı sayısı ve dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu (DEHB) eş tanı oranı anlamlı biçimde daha fazlaydı. En sık görülen eş tanılar, DEHB (n=142, %75,9), obsesif kompulsif bozukluk (OKB) (n=108, %57,8) ve anksiyete bozukluğu (n=57, %30,4) idi. Sonuç: Çalışmamızda, çocukluk çağı tik bozukluklarında erkek olgu, erken başlangıç ve çoklu eş tanıların belirgin düzeyde yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Keywords: Tic disorders, Tourette Syndrome, phenomenology, childhood.

This study charts the evolution of the scientific literature on Parkinson's disease (PD) from 1983 to 2017 to inform communities of scientists, physicians, patients, caregivers and politicians concerned with PD. Articles published in journals indexed in the Science Citation Index-Expanded database of the Web of Science were retrieved and analyzed in seven five-year periods: 1983–1987, 1988–1992, 1993–1997, 1998–2002, 2003–2007, 2008–2012 and 2013–2017. Over 35 years the number of research papers on PD increased 33-fold: 885 papers in 1983–1987 to 29,972 in 2013–2017. At the same time the number of countries contributing to PD research increased from 37 to 131. The USA was the most prolific country throughout, followed by several European (UK, Germany, Italy and France) and English-speaking (Canada and Australia) countries. By 2003, several Asian countries (China, South Korea, India and Turkey) emerged with rapid increases in publications related to PD. By 2013–2017, China surpassed all but the USA to rank 2nd globally in productivity. Despite an increase from 4 to 22 African countries publishing PD research from 1983 to 2017, most were either unproductive or contributed ≤5 papers in each five-year period. There has also been a 12-fold increase in the number of journals (232–2824) containing papers on PD. In 2013–2017 three PD-focused journals (Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, Movement Disorders and Journal of Parkinson's Disease) contained 6.8% of all PD papers while a large majority (82.5%) of journals published ≤ 10 papers. This quantitative study complements the numerous extant qualitative reviews to provide a global perspective on PD research.

This paper considers the impact of marketing ethics on stakeholders’ commitment in fast food restaurants in Rivers state. Advertizing ethics and pricing ethics were used as the dimensions of marketing ethics. 25 copies of research instrument were distributed to four fast food restaurants in Rivers state, out of the copies distributed, 91 copies were retrieved and useful for data analyses. The results of our test show that a significant relationship exists between our dimensions and stakeholders commitment. Therefore, it led to the recommendations which proposed that both government and management must ensure that there is a conscious effort in maintaining the standard of ethics within the fast food restaurants.

This paper considers the extent to which Altruism, Conscientiousness and sportsmanship is being influenced by procedural justice in First bank, Union Bank, Access Bank, Sterling Bank, United Bank for Africa (UBA) and Guaranty Trust Bank (GTB) in Rivers state. The sources of data are both primary and secondary. The primary sources includes observation and structured questionnaire while secondary data includes journals and scholarly publications related to the impact of organizational Justice on Organizational Citizenship Behavior(OCB). Spearman Rho was used in analyzing our hypotheses and multiple regressionanalysesis also used in testing the cause-effect relationship which exists amongst our variables. This paper reveals that there is a positive correlation between procedural Justice and Altruism, Consciousness and sportsmanship. It was also revealed that organizational climate has a very weak influence on OCB. This signifies that the distribution of work/benefits and the process which led to the distribution are useful tools with which an employee measures or perceive the presence of procedural justice.

This study examines the extent to which traditional market days influence the development of long distance trade in Nigeria. Two rural markets were selected for this study and they are Orie-Umuosu Nsulu market in Abia state and Afo-Igwe market in Anambra state. 100 copies of research instrument were distributed in each of the markets under study and our data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and Linear Regression. Our findings show a significant relationship existing between traditional market days and long distance trade. The study further recommends a reawakening of the concept of history in every area of learning in Nigeria, both at the primary, secondary and tertiary institutions of learning as well as immortalizing past heroes who played significant roles in long distance trade in time past., http://ijsab.com/volume-2-issue-3/1299

When Malta joined the EU in 2004, Maltese became an official language of the EU. Due to this accession and for other reasons, such as economic prosperity, political stability, and archipelago safety, an ever-increasing number of foreign people have opted to live on the islands. Most Maltese are bilingual and speak both Maltese and English, so foreigners who speak English have little difficulty in practical communication. However, many foreigners who cannot speak Maltese feel disadvantaged, and prefer to learn the language to integrate into Maltese society. For foreigners who do not speak English, the need to learn Maltese is greater as Maltese is the dominant language. Still others may want to learn Maltese for specific occupational or academic purposes or simply to improve their communication skills. All these reasons lead to a demand for Maltese language courses, which is not always met, as such courses are not always available, especially in Gozo, or may not be in accord with a learner’s aims., N/A