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52. Towards an acoustic-based coupled observation and modelling system for monitoring and predicting ecosystem dynamics of the open ocean

Author

Handegard, N., Buisson, L., Brehmer, P., Chalmers, S., De Robertis, A., Huse, G., Kloser, Rudy, Macaulay, G., Maury, O., Ressler, P., Stenseth, N., Godø, O., Handegard, N., Buisson, L., Brehmer, P., Chalmers, S., De Robertis, A., Huse, G., Kloser, Rudy, Macaulay, G., Maury, O., Ressler, P., Stenseth, N., and Godø, O.

Abstract

Assessment of open-ocean ecosystems relies on understanding ecosystem dynamics, and development of end-to-end ecosystem models represents an approach that addresses these challenges. These models incorporate the population structure and dynamics of marine organisms at all trophic levels. Satellite remote sensing of ocean colour and direct at-sea measurements provide information on the lower trophic levels of the models, and fisheries studies provide information on top predator species. However, these models suffer from a lack of observations for the so-called mid-trophic levels, which are poorly sampled by conventional methods. This restricts further development, and we argue that acoustic observations from a range of platforms (e.g. buoys, moorings) can be linked to the ecosystem models to provide much-needed information on these trophic levels. To achieve this, the models need to be tailored to incorporate the available acoustic data, and the link from acoustic backscatter to biologically relevant variables (biomass, carbon, etc.) needs attention. Methods to progress this issue are proposed, including the development of observation models and focal areas for ground truthing. To ensure full use of the potential of acoustic techniques, we argue that a systematic and long-term strategy incorporating the following elements is required: development of metadata standards and automated data analysis, inclusion of acoustic sensors in large-scale observatory programmes, improvement of observation-model links, and efficient sampling strategies. Finally, these elements should be tied together in an observation-modelling framework, coordinated by international organizations, to improve our understanding and quantification of open-ocean ecosystem dynamics. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Published
2013

53. Safeguarding Masculinity

Author

Dreher, T, Christina, HO, Chalmers, S, Dreher, TI, Dreher, T, Christina, HO, Chalmers, S, and Dreher, TI

Published
2009

63. B7x/ B7- H4 modulates the adaptive immune response and ameliorates renal injury in antibody-mediated nephritis.

Author

Pawar, R. D., Goilav, B., Xia, Y., Herlitz, L., Doerner, J., Chalmers, S., Ghosh, K., Zang, X., and Putterman, C.

Subjects
IMMUNE response, KIDNEY injuries, IMMUNOGLOBULINS, NEPHRITIS, LUPUS erythematosus, AUTOIMMUNE diseases, MORTALITY, PATIENTS
Abstract

Kidney disease is one of the leading causes of death in patients with lupus and other autoimmune diseases affecting the kidney, and is associated with deposition of antibodies as well as infiltration of T lymphocytes and macrophages, which are responsible for initiation and/or exacerbation of inflammation and tissue injury. Current treatment options have relatively limited efficacy; therefore, novel targets need to be explored. The co-inhibitory molecule, B7x, a new member of the B7 family expressed predominantly by non-lymphoid tissues, has been shown to inhibit the proliferation, activation and functional responses of CD4 and CD8 T cells. In this study, we found that B7x was expressed by intrinsic renal cells, and was up-regulated upon stimulation with inflammatory triggers. After passive administration of antibodies against glomerular antigens, B7x−/− mice developed severe renal injury accompanied by a robust adaptive immune response and kidney up-regulation of inflammatory mediators, as well as local infiltration of T cells and macrophages. Furthermore, macrophages in the spleen of B7x−/− mice were polarized to an inflammatory phenotype. Finally, treatment with B7x-immunoglobulin ( Ig) in this nephritis model decreased kidney damage and reduced local inflammation. We propose that B7x can modulate kidney damage in autoimmune diseases including lupus nephritis and anti-glomerular basement membrane disease. Thus, B7x mimetics may be a novel therapeutic option for treatment of immune-mediated kidney disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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83. Comparison of a modified microagglutination technique for HBsAg with the standard technique and a new RIA system.

Author

Supran, E M, Gardner, P S, Cayzer, I, Court, G, and Chalmers, S

Abstract

A further modification of the standard RPHA technique (Hepatest, Wellcome Reagents) for the detection of HBsAg is described. This modification does not require a centrifugation step which is required by the other modifications that have been described previously and consequently takes a little longer to perform. It does, however, retain the advantages of increased sensitivity and decreased costs which are also features of the other modifications. A series of 939 routine clinical specimens were used to evaluate the method described and to evaluate a new RIA kit for the detection of HBsAg (Hepatube, Wellcome Reagents). Of 53 specimens found to be positive for HBsAg by RIA, 50 (94% were detected by the modified Hepatest RPHA as opposed to 47 (89%) by the standard technique. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
1981
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84. An evaluation of two new haemagglutination tests for the rapid diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid diseases.

Author

Cayzer, I, Chalmers, S R, Doniach, D, and Swana, G

Abstract

Two haemagglutination tests using preserved turkey erythrocytes are described for the detection of thyroglobulin and microsomal antibodies, respectively. Comparative studies with the more traditional sheep cell techniques show good correlation of titres when testing sera from patients with autoimmune thyroid disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
1978

93. The Radiomicrography of the Autopsy Brain

Author

Anderson Nettleship, I. Meschan, Melvin Winer, Wolfgang Zeman, and Chalmers S. Pool

Subjects
business.industry, Point source, Radiography, Sample (material), Brain, Anode, law.invention, Photographic plate, Optics, law, Humans, Medicine, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Autopsy, Electron microscope, Tube (container), business, Focus (optics)
Abstract

One of the aims of radiography is to be able to magnify the radiographic image even as histologic technics magnify the cellular composition of the gross specimen. Various methods have been employed to achieve this goal: (1) Utilization of a special tube with a small anode producing soft x-rays penetrating the specimen, which lies in close contact with a fine grain photographic plate. (2) Utilization of a point source of x-rays either by means of a pin-hole serving as a secondary focus or by an extremely small focal spot roentgen tube. (3) Utilization of hard x-rays which first penetrate the photographic film, then the sample, and finally strike a heavy metal absorber such as lead. The secondary back-scatter from the lead absorber then penetrates the sample and strikes the film, producing a secondary image. (4) The electron microscope employing beta rays, alpha rays, and similar non-x-ray methods. A recent review of this subject by Bellman is summarized in Figure 1. In most instances, these studies were ma...

Published
1955
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94. [Untitled]

Author

Isadore Mechn, Chalmers S. Pool, Anderson Nettleship, Melvin Winer, and Wolfgang Zeeman

Subjects
General Medicine
Published
1956
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97. Computer Aided Design of Systems at Functional Level

Author

Deans, N. D., Chalmers, S. J., Paterson, C., and Jutagir, A.

Abstract

Existing CAD tools are largely used to examine and verify the behaviour of circuits already designed by engineers. This paper describes high-level behavioural modelling facilities developed to simulate algorithmic state machines and digital signal processing systems and so confirm their behaviour before detailed circuit design work is undertaken.

Published
1989
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98. MAZE PERFORMANCE AND FIXATED BEHAVIOR IN THE RAT AFTER CRANIAL X IRRADIATION

Author

Oddist D. Murphree, Chalmers S. Pool, and Thomas T. Frost

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Nervous tissue, Brain, Brain damage, T-maze, medicine.disease, Rats, Surgery, Radiation Injuries, Experimental, Psychiatry and Mental health, Lethargy, medicine.anatomical_structure, Extinction (neurology), Anesthesia, medicine, Animals, Humans, Learning, Irradiation, medicine.symptom, Psychology
Abstract

Pontions of the cranium of rnts were irradiated with 1760 r, other areas being shielded. The eyes of the rats were then removed and 90 days postirradiation learning trials were conducted in a Stone 14 choice-point mu1tiple T maze. The immediate postirradiation response consisted mainly of several days of lethargy and drowsiness followed by gradual return toward usual behavior. Learning performances of control and irradiated groups did not differ in errors committed in the region of relatively high performance levels between trial 13 and 32, the region of fastest learning. The Wald-Wulfowitz Runs Test showed that the rates of extinction were not different between control and irradiated animals. Histologic examination of the brains 12 months after irradiation showed no lesions of either the nervous tissue proper or of the vessels. It was concluded that: mild brain damage of this type is not a serious factor in fixation development and extinction; the mild brain damage did impair maze performance; slightly impaired intellectuality is not an important factor in fixation development; and vision is not important for fixations of this kind. (H.H.D.)

Published
1961
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99. FRACTURES OF THE SPINE DURING INSULIN SHOCK THERAPY

Author

POOL, CHALMERS S. and MESCHAN, ISADORE

Abstract

INTRODUCTION IN A PREVIOUS communication,1 an analysis of electric-shock fractures was presented in which correlations with possible predisposing factors were discussed.It was the purpose of the present, similar invesigation to study insulin-shock fractures of the thoracic portion of the spine in an effort to correlate such fractures with any determinable theoretical predisposing or etiologic factors and to determine the incidence of such fractures with insulin shock treatment. A review of the literature did not reveal any information along these lines. GENERAL COMMENT REGARDING INSULIN SHOCK.— Insulin shock is defined as a "circulatory insufficiency resulting from overdosage with insulin which causes the sudden reduction of blood sugar. It is marked by tremor, sweating, vertigo, diplopia, convulsions, and collapse."2 Insulin shock therapy for certain psychoses was developed in 1928 by Manfred Sakel,3 and the fact that it is still being used despite the difficulty of its administration is

Published
1952
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100. LETTERS.

Author

MURRAY, CHALMERS S., CALESCIBETTA, CARMEN C., KERWIN, FRED N., CONNOLLY, AILEEN, WATERS, RALPH, MANAHAN, RICHARD, PATTY, ERNEST N., WESCOTT, EUGENE M., CASHEN, WILLIAM R., SWAR, ELISE, RAGONESI, V. R., RAY, E. M., DORNEY, H. JACKSON, RADMACHER, BETTY, DOYLE, E. P., KASTNER, FRANK, MAHER JR., JAMES, and POWELL, ADAM C.

Subjects
LETTERS to the editor, FREEDOM of religion, FUNDRAISING
Abstract

Several letters to the editor are presented in response to articles in previous issues including one which discusses the freedom of religion in the U.S., "The Defeat of the Happy Warrior" in the April 18, 1960 issue, and one which discusses the success of Mary Todhunter Clark Rockefeller's success in her fund-raising campaign of husband, Governor Nelson Rockefeller.

Published
1960

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