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This book is a defense of perspectivism in the age of post-truth. At the crossroads of science, art, and philosophy, it unearths a tradition that we must rediscover: the point of view is not only what divides, it is also what is shared.Today, perspective is associated with individualism and personal viewpoints. But in an age of post-truth, the only robust answer to relativism lies in fact in a reappraisal of perspectivism. In discussion with contemporary new realisms of various sorts, this book makes a case why perspectivism alone can avoid us falling back into epistemological naivetés. A journey into the history of optics, art, philosophy, and social psychology, this book unearths the forgotten tradition of perspectiva communis, which makes perspective the vector of a common horizon. This book argues that vision is never immediate. Rather, to see through is the key to understanding the perspectival operation. We never see by ourselves—all seeing must pass through something other than itself, through the mediation and the detour of an apparatus or the witness of a third party. Besides the theoretical framework for this new approach to perspective, this book presents a series of case studies ranging from innovative interpretations of classical authors and key moments in the history of art—from ancient painting, trompe l'oeil, and Brunelleschi's experiment in Renaissance Florence—to the issue of perspective in the work of contemporary artists such as Robert Smithson.The Share of Perspective will be of interest to scholars and advanced students working in aesthetics, phenomenology, art history, and the history of sciences.

The first collection to consider what it means for theory to be considered as a species of world literature – and vice versa. What does it mean for theory to be considered as a species of not just literature but world literature? This volume offers a wide range of accounts of how the “worlding” of literature both problematizes the national categorizing of theory (e.g., French theory), and brings new meanings and challenges to the coming together of theory and literature. In sum, it presents theory as world literature as a viable alternative to more commonplace approaches to theory. Under such an approach to theory, what it means to be an African, American, or Asian “theorist” – let alone a French, German, or Spanish one – in the new millennium is as complicated (or simple) as what means to be “African,” “American,” or “Asian.” “Worlded” literature is not considered here as only the world literature of nations and nationalities. Rather, it is also the worlded literature of individuals crossing borders, mixing stories, and speaking in dialect. So too is it the worlded literature of the multinational corporate publishing industry wherein success in the global market is a major determinate of aesthetic and literary value. Offering accounts of what it means to consider theory as world literature, the authors in this pioneering collection explore the ways in which we might regard theory as connected and reconnected through global literary networks of increasing complexity and precarity. By approaching theory from this perspective, Theory as World Literature demonstrates how and why theory is more worldly now than ever.

El intérprete actual debe ser capaz de adaptarse a los entornos de trabajo remoto desde la flexibilidad, versatilidad y voluntad de rentabilizar los recursos a su alcance. La obra ofrece una perspectiva amplia de varias de las herramientas virtuales y de los sistemas de interpretación remota más populares, en un momento de estabilización y necesidad de regulación de estándares que, en última instancia, vaya en beneficio de desarrolladores de recursos digitales, profesionales y usuarios. Todo ello requiere un trabajo coordinado de revisión de plataformas y tecnologías aplicadas a la profesión, así como la adaptación de los programas de formación a las necesidades del mercado actual de la interpretación en un mundo cada vez más digitalizado, sin por ello perder de vista el factor humano.

One is not born a worker or a boss, one becomes one from father to son... or almost. Social reproduction is not an iron law; it admits of exceptions that must be accounted for in order to measure its scope. This book aims to understand the passage from one social class to another and to forge a method of approaching these particular cases which remain a blind spot in the theory of social reproduction. It analyzes the political, economic, social, familial and singular causes that contribute to non-reproduction, and their effects on the constitution of individuals transiting from one class to another.At the crossroads of collective history and intimate history, Chantal Jaquet identifies class locations, the interplay of affects and encounters, and the role of sexual and racial differences. She invites us to break out of disciplinary isolation in order to grasp singularity at the crossroads of philosophy, sociology, psychology and literature. This requires deconstruction of the concepts of social and personal identity, in favour of a concepts like complexion and the criss-crossing determinations. Through the figure of the transclass, it is thus the whole human condition that is illuminated in a new light.

In this landmark project, Moratto and Zhang evaluate how conference interpreting developed as a profession in China, and the directions in which it is heading. Bringing together perspectives from leading researchers in the field, Moratto and Zhang present a thematically organized analysis of the trajectory of professional conference interpreting in China. This includes discussion of the pedagogies used both currently and historically, the professionalization of interpreter education, and future prospects for virtual reality, multimodal conferences, and artificial intelligence. Taken as a whole, the contributors present a rich and detailed picture of the development of conference interpreting in China since 1979, its status today, and how it is likely to develop in the coming decades. An essential resource for scholars and students of conference interpreting in China, alongside its sister volume, The Pioneers of Chinese Interpreting: Insiders'Accounts on the Rise of a Profession.

The contributions in this volume are a reflection of the entire range of Interpreting Studies, from explorations of research methodology and interpreting quality research to public service interpreting today and in the past, risk management strategies in court interpreting, and the interdependencies of interpreters in project networks. They address questions such as who can be called an interpreter, present new approaches to interpreter education, and discuss advances in technology, both in terms of speech-to-text interpreting and the changes that the Covid-19 pandemic has brought to the lives of interpreters.The breadth of this volume's topics reflects the oeuvre of Franz Pöchhacker, who has left his mark on Interpreting Studies over more than three decades. This tribute not only reflects the many strands of his work, but also offers new research and insights by established scholars and young researchers in the ever growing field of Interpreting Studies.

This encyclopaedia will be an indispensable resource and recourse for all who are thinking about cities and the urban, and the relation of cities to literature, and to ways of writing about cities. Covering a vast terrain, this work will include entries on theorists, individual writers, individual cities, countries, cities in relation to the arts, film and music, urban space, pre/early and modern cities, concepts and movements and definitions amongst others. Written by an international team of contributors, this will be the first resource of its kind to pull together such a comprehensive overview of the field.

The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Methodology provides a comprehensive overview of methodologies in translation studies, including both well-established and more recent approaches.The Handbook is organised into three sections, the first of which covers methodological issues in the two main paradigms to have emerged from within translation studies, namely skopos theory and descriptive translation studies. The second section covers multidisciplinary perspectives in research methodology and considers their application in translation research. The third section deals with practical and pragmatic methodological issues. Each chapter provides a summary of relevant research, a literature overview, critical issues and topics, recommendations for best practice, and some suggestions for further reading.Bringing together over 30 eminent international scholars from a wide range of disciplinary and geographical backgrounds, this Handbook is essential reading for all students and scholars involved in translation methodology and research.

PLUNKETT'S MANUFACTURING & ROBOTICS INDUSTRY ALMANAC 2022Key Findings:Plunkett Research analyzes the major trends and technologies in the global Manufacturing & Robotics sectors. In addition, Plunkett profiles hundreds of the industry's top firms.Key Features:Industry trends analysis, market data and competitive intelligenceMarket forecasts and Industry StatisticsIndustry Associations and Professional Societies ListIn-Depth Profiles of hundreds of leading companiesIndustry GlossaryLink to our 5-minute video overview of this industryPages: 688Statistical Tables Provided: 29Companies Profiled: 503Geographic Focus: GlobalA complete market research report, including forecasts and market estimates, technologies analysis and developments at innovative firms. You will gain vital insights that can help you shape your own strategy for business development, product development and investments.How is the industry evolving?How is the industry being shaped by new technologies?How is demand growing in emerging markets and mature economies?What is the size of the market now and in the future?What are the financial results of the leading companies?What are the names and titles of top executives?What are the top companies and what are their revenues?Contents, Statistics, Forecasts and Analysis Include:Major Trends Affecting the Manufacturing, Automation & Robotics IndustryIntroduction to the Manufacturing, Automation & Robotics IndustryThe Coronavirus'Effect on the Manufacturing, Automation & Robotics IndustryIndustrial Robots and Factory Automation Advance Through Artificial Intelligence (AI)Service Robots Are Applied in a Variety of IndustriesS. Automobile Sales Show That Consumers Want Pickup Trucks and CrossoversGlobal Growth in Manufacturing and Trade Require Investment by Emerging NationsIntroduction to the Outsourcing & Offshoring IndustryPros and Cons of Outsourcing & OffshoringNearshoring and Reshoring Keep Operations Closer to HomeUpswing in the U.S. Apparel and Textile Sector as Firms ReshoreWage Rise Slows in China/Vietnam and Other Countries Gain Manufacturing Market ShareThe Vast Majority of Shoes Sold in the U.S. Are Made Elsewhere3-D Printing and Robotics Revolutionize Manufacture of Shoes and FabricsOriginal Design Manufacturing (ODM) Adds Value to Contract Electronics ManufacturingTrends in Manufacturing, such as Original Design Manufacturers (ODMs), Lead to Collaboration and Consulting-Like Services3D Printing (Additive Manufacturing), Rapid Prototyping and Computer Aided Design3PL Logistics Services and Supply Chain Management ServicesManufacturers Focus on High Performance Plastics and Specialty ChemicalsRefineries Along with Chemicals and Plastics Plants Delay Expansion Projects in U.S.Telecom Equipment Makers Face Intense Competition from Manufacturers in China/Huawei Faces ControversyBoeing and Airbus Lose OrdersS. Auto Manufacturers Ford, Chrysler and GM Compete Head-On with Volkswagen, Toyota and HondaIndia Sees Automobile Export GrowthMexico Is a Leading Automotive Maker and ExporterDesigners and Manufacturers Bypass the Middleman with Direct-to-Consumer Online Business ModelsArtificial Intelligence (AI), Deep Learning and Machine Learning Advance into Commercial Applications, Including Health Care and RoboticsThe Internet of Things (IoT) in Factories, Robotics and EquipmentHealth Care RoboticsRobotics in RetailManufacturing, Automation & Robotics Industry StatisticsOverview of the Manufacturing, Automation & Robotics IndustryManufacturing, Automation

The book looks at ways of world-building in prose fictions of cosmic voyage in the seventeenth century. With the rise of the New Astronomy, there equally was a resurgence of the cosmic voyage in fiction. Various models of the universe were reimagined in prose form. Most of these voyages explore imagined versions of a world in the moon, such as the cosmic voyages by Johannes Kepler, Francis Godwin and Savinien Cyrano de Bergerac. In Margaret Cavendish's The Blazing World, an eponymous imaginary planet is introduced. The book analyses the world-building of cosmic voyages by combining theories of world-building with contemporary concepts from early modern literature. It shows how imaginary worlds were created in early modern prose literature.

A masterpiece of nineteenth-century literature in a fresh translation that fully captures the language, psychology, and social reach of Stendhal's original Fueled with a combustible mix of ambition, naivete, and Napoleonic ideals, Julien Sorel sets his sights on the heights of French society. But for the son of a provincial carpenter in post-Napoleonic France, the prospects for advancement are vanishingly narrow, the chances for glory rarer yet. After securing a toehold as a tutor to a wealthy family, Julien proceeds through a series of misadventures, illicit affairs, and lucky reversals to breach the ranks of French aristocracy—only to be undone by treasonous schemes, cynical romantic calculations, and an unexpectedly genuine and ultimately disastrous passion.Shocking at the time of its original publication, startling in its relevance today, Stendhal's masterpiece is a scorching social satire, a remarkably detailed portrait of a fraught moment in history and, as perhaps the first psychological novel, a brilliant precursor to modern literature at once comical and tragic, cerebral and passionate. This new translation faithfully reproduces the nimble wit, emotional depth, and social acuity of Stendhal's text. Distinguished translator Raymond N. MacKenzie includes an extensive introduction to Stendhal's world and time, as well as copious annotations that explain allusions and terms for the modern reader.

A crucial period for the birth of the modern subject, France's'long eighteenth century'(approximately 1650-1820) was an era marked by the formulation of a new aesthetic and ethical code revolving around the intensification of emotions and the hyperbolic use of weeping. Precisely because tears are not a simple biological fact but rather hang suspended between natural immediacy, on one side, and cultural artifice, on the other, the analysis of crying came to represent an exemplary testing ground for investigations into the enigmatic relations binding the realm of physiology to that of psychology. Thinking About Tears explores how the link between tears and sensibility in France's long eighteenth century helps shed light on the process through which the European emotional lexicon has been built: from viewing tears as governed by the sphere of'passions'and'feelings', thinkers began to view crying as first a matter of sensibility and then of sensiblerie (a pathological excess of sensibility), thereby presupposing an intimate connection with the category of'sentiments'. For this reason, this volume examines not only or even primarily the actual emotion of crying, but also the attempt to think about and explain this feeling. Drawing on a wide range of early modern philosophical, medical, religious, and literary texts-including moral treatises on the passions, medical textbooks, letters, life-writings, novels, and stage-plays-Thinking About Tears reveals another side to a period that has too often been saddled with the cursory label of'the age of reason'.

«These influential essays by one of the world's leading experts in the field revisit the central methodological debates in Utopian Studies over the past half century. They include recent commentary on the development of key disagreements respecting the concepts of utopia, eutopia and dystopia, as well as the relations between the three ‘faces'of the subject, literature, ideas or theory, and intentional communities. Sargent's encyclopaedic knowledge of utopianism is deployed throughout to illuminate many areas of concern. This collection provides an essential starting-point for any student of this vibrant, controversial, increasingly popular, and ever-mutating subject.» (Gregory Claeys, Professor Emeritus of History, University of London) «Utopia is about change, and how better to promote it than to model it? Here a world-leading bibliographer and scholar reconsiders his considerable opus with an open mind but no less passion for his urgently timely topic. The imperfect, critical utopia – whether in fiction, practice, or theory, whether as dystopian warning or eutopian inspiration – is the only one we can trust. Sargent rejects the naysaying of cynics and anti-utopians, urging us to envision and struggle for betterment. ‘Utopias will not go away,'he contends. ‘They will always remain the conscience of the world.'Indeed they won't, and indeed they will.» (Michael S. Cummings, Distinguished Teaching Professor Emeritus of Political Science, University of Colorado, Denver) «This collection makes available Professor Sargent's most important essays on utopia, particularly those dealing with attempts to define and delimit the genre. This is an absolutely essential work which reveals the full breath of Sargent's contributions to the study of utopia.» (Peter Fitting, Professor Emeritus of French, University of Toronto) «Sargent's contribution to the emergence of Utopian Studies as a distinct field is unparalleled. It comprises encyclopaedic knowledge, theoretical rigour, and tireless support of new work. This volume contains seminal essays notable for their impact, but also for their clarity, originality, and erudition. To have them together in one place, with his reflections on them, is an invaluable resource for both young and established scholars – and essential reading for anyone working in the field.» (Ruth Levitas, Emeritus Professor of Sociology, University of Bristol) Utopianism envisions a significantly different society than the current one and includes utopian literature, intentional communities, and utopian social theory. This volume reprints some of the author's articles on utopianism together with two not previously published and notes on how they came to be written and his reflections from 2021.

In the past, while visiting the First World War battlefields, the author often wondered where the various Victoria Cross actions took place. He resolved to find out. In 1988, in the midst of his army career, research for this book commenced and over the years numerous sources have been consulted. Victoria Crosses on the Western Front: Second Battle of Bapaume is designed for the battlefield visitor as much as the armchair reader. A thorough account of each VC action is set within the wider strategic and tactical context. Detailed sketch maps show the area today, together with the battle-lines and movements of the combatants. It will allow visitors to stand upon the spot, or very close to, where each VC was won. Photographs of the battle sites richly illustrate the accounts. There is also a comprehensive biography for each recipient, covering every aspect of their lives warts and all: parents and siblings, education, civilian employment, military career, wife and children, death and burial/commemoration. A host of other information, much of it published for the first time, reveals some fascinating characters, with numerous links to many famous people and events.

Byronism, Napoleonism and Nineteenth-Century Realism offers a fresh analysis of the nineteenth-century European novel, exploring the cultural images of Byron and Napoleon as they appear in the construction of ‘bourgeois heroism.'Utilising a unique pan-European perspective, this volume draws together concepts of heroism with theoretically informed questions of form, particularly the role of the hero-protagonist and development of literary realism. Observing Byron and Napoleon as parallel entities, whose rise and twin fame cast long shadows in the first decades of the nineteenth century, this text exemplifies the force of personality which made them heroes. Even where they were reviled, their commitment to challenging moribund cultural and social values make them touchstones for all those who attempted to understand the nineteenth century's modernity. Integrating the study of heroism in the nineteenth-century novel with key developments in critical theory, Byronism, Napoleonism and Nineteenth-Century Realism is essential reading for students and scholars of the bourgeois hero, as well as those with a wider interest in nineteenth-century literature.

This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. The triggers of laughter in spoken language or conversation can often be very simple, such as a change in gesture, or in vocal tone or tempo. Speakers and listeners understand these dynamics of gesture through motor cognition and use them to great effect. The causes of laughter and the experience of humor in written texts, however, are less well understood. In Kinesic Humor, Guillemette Bolens offers a cognitive poetics-based study of triggers of laughter in texts, focusing in particular on tonic shifts and gesture in plot and narrative. Bolens shows how literary texts from a variety of periods provide remarkably precise information concerning kinesthesia, the role of tonicity in communication, and the impact of momentum, timing, and tempo on the way in which gestures are processed in human exchanges. She investigates the narrative use of such parameters and how they prompt laughter in a wide-ranging corpus of major authors that includes Chrétien de Troyes, Cervantes, Milton, Saint-Simon, Rousseau, Sterne, and Stendhal. Using the theory of embodied cognition, Bolens shows how thwarted perceptions and expectations of movements and sensations produce the cognitive shifts typical of humor. Bringing together narratology, cognitive studies, gesture studies, humor studies, and historical context, this book offers original perspectives on important artworks and represents a major contribution to cognitive poetics. Originally published in French as L'Humour et le savoir des corps in 2016, this volume not only brings the work to an English-speaking audience for the first time but expands significantly on the original by analyzing a new corpus of texts and engaging with recent advances in the field to develop a cutting-edge theory of kinesic humor.

This book addresses an anomaly in the novel as genre: the generic promise to readers--that'reading a novel'is a familiar and repeatable experience--is challenged by the extravagant exceptions to this rule. Furthermore, these exceptions (such as Moby-Dick, Ulysses, or To the Lighthouse) are sui generis, hybrid concoctions that cannot be said to be typical novels. The novel, then, as literary form, succeeds by extravagantly disregarding or even disavowing the protocols of its own genre. Examining a number of famous examples from Don Quixote to Nostromo, this book offers an anatomy of exceptions that illustrate the structural role of their exceptionality for the prestige of the novel as literary form.

Das vorliegende Werk behandelt die repressiven Maßnahmen, die während der beiden Weltkriege in den kriegführenden Staaten gegen die Angehörigen von Feindstaaten durchgeführt wurden. Dabei handelte es sich zum größten Teil um ethnische Minderheiten, die sich in den jeweiligen Staaten angesiedelt hatten und nach Kriegsausbruch zu ‘feindlichen Ausländern'erklärt wurden. Das Werk stellt einen wichtigen Beitrag zu einer Vielzahl von Forschungsfragen dar, das über das engere Thema der Feindstaatenangehörigkeit hinaus geht und größere Themen wie totale Kriegsführung, innere Sicherheit und Humanitätsbemühungen neu beleuchtet.

Reading is a peculiar kind of experience. Although its practice and theory have a very long tradition, the question of aesthetic pleasure is as perplexing as ever. Why do we read? What exactly thrills us in the text? One of the most prominent scholars having addressed these questions in the twentieth century is undeniably Roland Barthes, who distinguished between the «ordinary» pleasure of reading and bliss (jouissance), a delight so profound that it cannot be expressed in words. Taking his work as a central reference, and revisiting some of his seminal publications on the subject such as Empire of Signs (1970) and The Pleasure of the Text (1973), this collection of essays adopts a similar interdisciplinary approach to explore a broad range of themes and issues related to the notion of readerly enjoyment, between form and content, emotion and reason, and escapist and knowledge-seeking responses to the text: how do literary and ideological pleasures intersect? In what ways do perversions, madness or even fatigue contribute to the pleasure of the text? How do writing and signs, sense and significance, but also image and text interact in the intermedial process of reading? How can paratexts – i.e. the margins of the text, including footnotes – and metatexts play a part in the reader's enjoyment?