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Arang aktif dapat dibuat dari berbagai macam bahan baku salah satunya adalah kulit singkong karena kulit singkong memiliki kandungan karbon sebesar 59,31%. Salah satu pemanfaatan arang aktif adalah sebagai adsorben pada pemurnian air sungai. Arang aktif kulit singkong dibuat dengan proses karbonisasi pada suhu yaitu 300°C, 500°C, dan 700°C di dalam furnace. Arang aktif yang telah dikarbonisasi akan diaktifkan dengan variasi konsentrasi NaOH yaitu 0,1 N; 0,2 N; dan 0,3 N dengan waktu perendaman selama 24 jam. Kemudian dikontakkan dengan air sungai selama 30 menit dan dianalisa penyerapan logam Fe dan Mn pada air sungai. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa hasil terbaik untuk penyerapan logam Fe yaitu pada suhu 700°C dan konsentrasi NaOH 0,3 N didapatkan konsentrasi penyerapan sebesar 0 mg/mL (tidak terdeteksi), sedangkan untuk logam Mn pada suhu 300°C dan konsentrasi NaOH 0,3 N didapatkan konsentrasi penyerapan sebesar 0,213 mg/mL. Kata kunci : arang aktif, kulit singkong, Fe, Mn Abstract- Active charcoal can be made from a variety of raw materials, one of which is the cassava skin because the skin has a carbon content of cassava 59,31%. One of the utilization of active charcoal is as adsorbents on purification of river water. Active charcoal cassava peels are made with the process of carbonization temperature 300oC, 500oC, and 700oC in the furnace. Active charcoal that has been in the carbonization is enabeld NaOH concentrations variations 0,1 N; 0,2 N; and 0,3 N with a time of immersion for 24 hours. Then in contact with river water right for 30 minutes and analyzed metal absorption of Fe and Mn in the river water. This research it can be concluded that the best results for the absorption of metals Fe, namely at a temperature 700oC and rhe concentration of NaOH 0,3 N obtained concentration absorption of 0 mg/mL (not detected), while for metal Mn at temperatures of 300oC and the concentration of NaOH 0,3 N obtained concentration absorption of 0,213 mg/mL. Keywords : active charcoal, cassava peels, Fe, Mn

Carbon dots (C-dots) have been successfully synthesized from cassava peels using the hydrothermal method. The C-dots are further passivated using poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) with a variation of the volume of 0.5 ml, 1.0 ml, and 1.5 ml. The properties of photoluminescence C-dots before and after PEG were characterized using photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectrophotometers. PEG succeeded in influencing PL C-dots properties, such as peak wavelength, PL intensity, and electron time decay. The addition of 0.5 ml of PEG to C-dots is the optimum condition and best with the peak wavelength, the PL intensity and, time decay electron is 507.52 nm, 5302 a.u, and 3.794031133 ns, respectively.

A comparative analysis of the efficiency of activated carbon produced from fermented cassava peels (CPB), unfermented cassava peels (CPA) and commercial grade activated carbon (CAC) in the treatment of refinery wastewater was carried out. CPB was found to be 8% and 18% more efficient when compared to CPA and CAC in the removal of COD, and 14% and 3% better than CAC and CPA respectively in the removal of BOD5. The removal efficiency of Pb 2+ by CPB was 100% compared to 95% and 57% by CPA and CAC while 96% of phenol was removed by CPB against 93% and 83% by CPA and CAC respectively. This better performance of CPB over CPA and CAC is not unconnected with its higher pH resulting from the removal of cyanide from the peels during the fermentation process. However, despite the high phenol removal efficiency by CPB, the concentration of phenol in the treated effluent does not meet the environmental guidelines for disposal. It is therefore, recommended that a two-stage CPB adsorption column arranged in series is necessary to treat refinery wastewater efficiently if it is desired to totally remove phenol from the effluent or reduce the concentration to 0.005 mg/l allowed by the Federal environmental protection agency (FEPA). The equilibrium adsorption test conducted showed that the Freundlich isotherm is a better fit for the adsorption of phenol by the three activated carbons with correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.9364, 0.9383 and 0.9541 for CAC, CPA and CPB respectively. CPB was found to be a better adsorbent as it has the highest adsorptive capacity as evidenced from its better Freundlich exponent. Keyword: Cassava peels, activated carbon, adsorption, refinery wastewater, environment, pollutant. Received: 2016.01.18 Accepted: 2016.03.04 Published: 2016.04.01 before being discharged into the environment or recycled back into the plant depending on water economics [Nekoo and Shoreh, 2013; Hariz and Monser, 2014]. Since refinery wastewater pollutants is made up of both organic and inorganic sources, the treatment of such wastewater will involve chemical, physical, biological or a combination of these processes [Adeyinka and RimiRukeh, 1999; Fetter et al., 1982]. To measure the organic content of wastewater, the biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) as well as the total organic matter

TEZ12255 Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2019. Kaynakça (s. 93-111) var. xv, 113 s. :_tablo ;_29 cm. Bu çalışmada, Miscanthus giganteus ve manyok kabuklarından biyoetanol üretimi araştırılmıştır. Hemiselülozik materyalin fermente edilebilir şekerlere dönüştürülebilmesi için piroliz aşamasında NaOH ve H2SO4 iki farklı konsantrasyonda (0.5 ve % 1 (a/h)) 2 farklı sıcaklıkta (120 ve 180°C) ve sürelerde (10 ve 90 dk) yüksek basınçlı Parr reaktöründe ön muameleye tabi tutulmuştur. Selüzozik enzimler (Cellic CTec2) ve amilolitik enzimler hidrolize edilerek elde edilen hidrolizatlar Saccharomyces cerevisiae ile fermente edilmiştir. Manyok kabuğunun nişasta içeriğinin hidrolizi için ise ? amilaz ve glikoamilaz kullanılmıştır. Fermantasyonda sıcaklık (25 ve 30°C) ve azot ilavesinin (pepton ilaveli (4g.L-1) ve pepton ilavesiz) etkisi de araştırılmıştır. Fermantasyonlarda pH 5.5’e ayarlanmıştır. Miscanthus örneklerinde piroliz ve enzimatik hidroliz sonrasında en yüksek fermente edilebilir şeker miktarı 32.78g/L ile 120°C, % 0.5 (a/h) NaOH konsantrasyonu ve 90 dak. ön muamele; manyok kabuğu örneklerinde ise 30.12g/L ile 120°C, %1 (h/h) H2SO4 konsantrasyonu ve 10 dak. ön muamele koşullarında koşullarında edilmiştir. Miscanthus ve manyok hidrolizatlarının fermantasyonu sonucu en yüksek etanol miktarı sırasıyla 12.59 ± 0.03 g/L ve 14.07 ± 0.63 g/L ile 30°C'de ve pepton ilavesi koşullarında elde edilmiştir. In this study, bioethanol production from Miscanthus giganteus and cassava peel feedstocks was investigated. In order to convert hemicellulosic content to fermentable sugars miscanthus and cassava peels were treated at two different temperatures (120 and 180°C) for 10 and 90 min using NaOH ve H2SO4 at two different concentrations (0.5 ve % 1 (w/v)). The hydrolysates obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulases (Cellic CTec2 ) and amylolytic enzymes were fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Starch content of cassava peels was hydrolysed using -amylase and glucoamylase. Effect of temperature (25 and 30°C) and nitrogen supplementation (with pepton additon (4g.L-1) and without) on fermentation was also investigated. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 5.5. The maximum fermentable sugar obtained in the pyrolysis of miscanthus samples was 32.78g/L at 120°C for 90 min using % 0.5 (w/v) NaOH, whereas that for cassava peel was 30.12g/L at 120°C for 10 min using %1 (v/v) H2SO4. The maximum ethanol obtained during fermentration of miscanthus and cassaava peel hydrolysates were 12.59 ± 0.03 g/L ve 14.07 ± 0.63 g/L, respectively at 30°C with peptone supplementation.

Generation of biogas by a combination of four substrates of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), cassava (Manihot esculentum) peels, poultry droppings and cow dung was investigated using anaerobic digester and gasometric chamber to determine the level of production. Total viable bacterial counts in the combination were 7.86 X107, 5.45 X105 cfuml-1 before and after digestion respectively while fungal counts were 2.45 x102, 3.35 X104 cfuml-1 before and after digestion respectively. The combination of the four substrates, yielded biogas of 815 mls, 875 ml and 1340 mls from respective weights of 1 kg, 2 kg and 3 kg within 15 days without starter culture while with starter culture biogas yield within 15 days was 840 mls 1170 mls and 1690 mls from the 1 kg, 2 kg and 3 kg weights respectively. Total biogas yield obtained without starter culture was 4355 mls, 5325 mls and 6700 mls from the 1 kg, 2 kg and 3 kg weights respectively and 4865 mls, 5935 mls and 7822 mls within 45 days with starter culture. Results, show that biogas volume vary significantly, [F(2, 16) = 14.93, P < 0.001] with and [F(2, 16) = 19.42, P < 0.001] without starter culture at the 1% level of significance due to weights. There was also significant difference [F(2,16) =16.45, P

Production of L-lactic acid using cultures of Rhizopus oligosporus and Lactobacillus plantarum was investigated. Cassava peels were hydrolyzed by boiling for 1 h in either NaOH or HCl solutions followed by neutralization to a pH of 6.2. Reducing sugar produced from the hydrolysates increased with increasing concentrations of alkali or acid. Samples hydrolyzed with HCl produced a maximum reducing sugar concentration of 402 mg/g substrate while alkali hydrolyzed samples produced a maximum reducing sugar concentration of 213 mg/g substrate. Hydrolysates were amended with 0.5% ammonium sulphate solution and inoculated with either single or mixed cultures of Rhizopus oligosporus and Lactobacillus plantarum and incubated for 48 h for lactic acid production. The best lactic acid production of 50.2 g/100g substrate was observed in a mixed culture fermentation of acid hydrolyzed peels. Mixed culture fermentation of alkali hydrolyzed peels produced a maximum lactic acid concentration of 36.4 g/100g substrate. Un hydrolyzed cassava peels inoculated with a mixed culture of the microorganisms produced only 4.6 g/100g substrate. This work reports an efficient use of cassava peels for bio-product formation through microbial fermentation.

Mozambique is one of the largest coal exporters in Africa. Usually miningactivities generate polluted water that is discharged into the Zambezi river basin in the Moatize area without treatment, increasing the risk both to the local environment and to public health because of this water containing significant amounts of metals and metalloids. At the same time, Mozambique is one of the largest producers of cassava peels, most of which are wasted. The aim of the present investigation was to study the use of discarded cassava peels to treat the polluted mine water from Moatize by means of adsorption. The effects both of the pH and of the contact time between the adsorbent, the adsorbate and the adsorption isotherms were examined.For calcium, magnesium, cobalt, mercury and manganese, an equilibrium wasattained in less than 50 min, the removal efficiency of calcium, magnesium, and mercury being greater under alkaline conditions and being greatest for cobalt at pH 4 and for manganese at pH 7.5. The correlation coefficients of the experimental data were very high for the calcium, magnesium and manganese metals as compared with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. For the Langmuir isotherms, it was found that the adsorption of calcium, magnesium, cobalt, mercury, and manganese by the cassava peels was favorable for adsorption generally, whereas for the Freundlich isotherms it was only manganese that was found to be not favorable for adsorption. (Less)

Cassava peels and bamboo waste materials discarded from construction are two sources of waste that could constitute serious menace where they exist in large quantities and inadequately handled. The study examined the physicochemical characteristics of activated carbon materials derived from cassava peels and bamboo waste materials discarded from construction site. Both materials were subjected to carbonization and chemical activation using zinc chloride. Results show that the chemical activation of the materials had a more effect on pore formation in cassava peels than in bamboo materials. Bamboo material exhibited a reverse trend for zinc and sulphate ion decontamination efficiencies as the value of zinc chloride impregnation varied unlike cassava peel carbon biomass which exhibited a more consistent result of decontamination efficiency for the seven contaminants tested. Although waste bamboo biomass exhibited higher adsorption intensity as indicated by values of decontamination for most of the contaminants tested, the cassava peel carbon biomass showed a more balanced adsorption level., {"references":["P. L. Y. Foo and L.Y. Lee \"Preparation of Activated Carbon from Parkia Speciosa Pod by Chemical Activation\". Proc. World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science (WCEC 2010), Sept. 2010: 98-104, 2010.","W. Hassler \"Purification with Activated Carbon\", Chemical Publishing Co, Inc., New York, 1974.","P.T. Williams and A. R. Reed, A.R. \"High grade of activation and pyrolysis of natural fiber textile waste\". Journal of Analysis, Application and Pyrolsis vol. 7 no 1, pp. 971-986, 2004.","T.H. Usmani, M. Tahir, I. SiddiQui and F. A. Perveen \"Preparation of Activated Carbon from Date Pits by Physical Activation in Fluidized Bed Reactor\", Jour. Chem.Soc.Pak, vol. 25, no 3, pp 183-187, 2003","D. Adinata, W. M. A. W. Daud, and M. K. Aroua \"Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from palm shell by chemical activation with K2CO3\" Journal of Bioresource Technology. vol. 98, pp 145–149, 2007.","A. Ahmadpour, B. King and D. Do \"Comparison of equilibria and kinetics of high surface area activated carbon produced from different precursors and by different chemical treatments\" Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., vol 37, no 4, pp 133-136, 1998.","A. M. Puziy, O. I. Poddubnaya, A. Matinez-Alonso, F. J. Suarez-Garcia and M. D. Tascon \"Characterization of synthetic carbon activated with phosphoric acid\" Journal of Applied surface vol 200 no 2002, pp 99-202, 2002.","P. Subhashree, \"Production and characterization of Activated Carbon produced from a suitable Industrial sludge\" National Institute of Technology Rourkela. Pp. 1-69, 2011.","L. A. Nwaogwu, N. C. Agha, C. S. Alisi and C. E. Ihejirika \"Investigation on the effect of cassava effluent-polluted soil on germination, emergence and oxidative stress parameters of Telferia occidentalis,\" Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) vol. 1, no. 6, pp 104-111, 2011.\n[10]\tA. O. Obadina, O. B. Oyewole, L. O. Sanni, and S. S. Abiola \"Fungal enrichment of cassava peels proteins\", African Journal of Biotechnology. 5(3): 302-304, 2006.\n[11]\tO. A. Omotosho, \"Production and Utilization of Cassava Peel Activated Carbon in Treatment of Effluent from Cassava Processing Industry\", M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering University of Ibadan, Nigeria, pp. 50-72, 2012.\n[12]\tO. O. Ijaola, \"Production and utilization of activated carbon from waste bamboo as adsorbent in water treatment\". M.Sc. Thesis submitted to Faculty of Technology University of Ibadan. pp.59-70, 2011.\n[13]\tO. O. Ijaola, \"Production and utilization of activated carbon from waste bamboo as adsorbent in water treatment\". M.Sc. Thesis submitted to Faculty of Technology University of Ibadan. pp.59-70, 2011.\n[14]\tO. A. Omotosho, \"Production and Utilization of Cassava Peel Activated Carbon in Treatment of Effluent from Cassava Processing Industry\", M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering University of Ibadan, Nigeria, pp. 50-72, 2012.\n[15]\tH. Hasar, \"Adsorption of nickel(II) from aqueous solution onto activated carbon prepared from almond husk\". Journal of Hazardous Materials B97 (2003) 49–57, 2003.\n[16]\tV. R. Kinhikar \"Removal of Nickel (II) from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption with Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)\". Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, vol 2 no 6, pp 6-11, 2012.\n[17]\tM. E.l-Batouti and A. M. Ahmed \"Adsorption Kinetics Of Nickel (II) Onto Activated Carbon Prepared From Natural Adsorbent Rice Husk\", International Journal of Technology Enhancements and Emerging Engineering Research, vol 2 no 15 pp 145-148, 2014."]}

Effect of earthworm innoculation on vermi-assisted bioremediation of spent engine oil contaminated soil was investigated. The rate of biodegradation of used engine oil was studied for a period of fourteen weeks under laboratory conditions. After 14 weeks, the control sample (without earthworm or organic amendment), the bio-stimulated sample (with organic amendment but without worms) and the earthworm-innoculated sample (with organic amendment and earthworms) recorded 10.08%, 24.33% and 91.92% reduction in pertroleum hydrocarbon content respectively. The co-application of organic amendment and earthworm is recommended for the accelaration of bioremediation of used engine oil contaminated soil.Keywords: cassava peels; used engine oil; bacterial flora; kinetics; Eudriluseugeniae

In-vitro degradation of cassava peel was carried out for 20 days with Trichoderma viride. The highest protein level attainable at the end of the 20th day was 15.95% and the least was 4.76%. Proximate and detergent fibre composition of in-vitro degraded cassava peel samples were determined. Experimental diets were formulated with graded levels of degraded cassava peels for weaned pigs. Diets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 contained biodegraded cassava peels at the expense of cassava flour at levels 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%, respectively. Diet 3 was found to be the best utilized with feed conversion ratio (2.74+0.10), while diet 2 with the poorest conversion (3.20+0.07) was the least utilized. The best and least weight gain were recorded in the pigs fed diets 3 and 5, respectively. Biodegradation increased the crude protein content of the cassava peels, which was 15.95% at 20 days compared to 4.76 and 10.13% at 0 and 5th day, respectively. Phytic and tannic acid contents were also reduced by in-vitro degradation. Colonial counts of micro-organisms from faecal samples of pigs ranged between 108 – 1010 cfu/ml. Presence of Mucor spp and Pseudomonas spp. was noted in the experimental diets, while isolates of Lactobacilli spp., E. Coli, Pseudomonas spp. and yeast were the major micro-organisms in the faecal samples. It is therefore, concluded that biodegraded cassava peels should not be used in pig's production, as parameters studied were not significant (P>0.05) and cost of feed per kg live weight gain was best in control. Keywords : Microbial characterization; feed; faecal samples; weaned pigs; cassava peels; pigs performance Moor Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 6 (1&2) 2005 pp. 36-44

Cassava pulp was fermented with pure strains of Saccharomyces cerevisae and two bacteria namely Lactobacillus delbruckii and Lactobacillus coryneformis for 3 days. The squeezed liquid from the fermented pulp was used to ferment cassava peels for 7 days. Analysis of the dried fermented peels revealed that there was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the protein content of the cassava peels fermented with squeezed liquid from the inoculated cassava pulp (21.5%) when compared with the unfermented cassava peel (8.2%). Moreover, the treatment equally brought about a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the cyanide (6.2 mg/kg) and phytate content (789.7 mg/100g) when compared with the unfermented cassava peels, which had 44.6 mg/kg cyanide and 1043.6 mg/100g phytate. The fermented cassava peels could be a good protein source in livestock feeds