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51. The Modeled Seasonal Cycles of Surface N2O Fluxes and Atmospheric N2O

Author

Sun, Qing, Joos, Fortunat, Lienert, Sebastian, Berthet, Sarah, Carroll, Dustin, Gong, Cheng, Ito, Akihiko, Jain, Atul K, Kou‐Giesbrecht, Sian, Landolfi, Angela, Manizza, Manfredi, Pan, Naiqing, Prather, Michael, Regnier, Pierre, Resplandy, Laure, Séférian, Roland, Shi, Hao, Suntharalingam, Parvadha, Thompson, Rona L, Tian, Hanqin, Vuichard, Nicolas, Zaehle, Sönke, and Zhu, Qing

Subjects
Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Climate Action, surface N2O emissions, tropospheric N2O, seasonal cycle, terrestrial biosphere model, ocean biogeochemistry model, Geochemistry, Oceanography, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Geoinformatics, Climate change impacts and adaptation
Abstract

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas and stratospheric ozone-depleting substance with large and growing anthropogenic emissions. Previous studies identified the influx of N2O-depleted air from the stratosphere to partly cause the seasonality in tropospheric N2O (aN2O), but other contributions remain unclear. Here, we combine surface fluxes from eight land and four ocean models from phase 2 of the Nitrogen/N2O Model Intercomparison Project with tropospheric transport modeling to simulate aN2O at eight remote air sampling sites for modern and pre-industrial periods. Models show general agreement on the seasonal phasing of zonal-average N2O fluxes for most sites, but seasonal peak-to-peak amplitudes differ several-fold across models. The modeled seasonal amplitude of surface aN2O ranges from 0.25 to 0.80 ppb (interquartile ranges 21%–52% of median) for land, 0.14–0.25 ppb (17%–68%) for ocean, and 0.28–0.77 ppb (23%–52%) for combined flux contributions. The observed seasonal amplitude ranges from 0.34 to 1.08 ppb for these sites. The stratospheric contributions to aN2O, inferred by the difference between the surface-troposphere model and observations, show 16%–126% larger amplitudes and minima delayed by ∼1 month compared to Northern Hemisphere site observations. Land fluxes and their seasonal amplitude have increased since the pre-industrial era and are projected to grow further under anthropogenic activities. Our results demonstrate the increasing importance of land fluxes for aN2O seasonality. Considering the large model spread, in situ aN2O observations and atmospheric transport-chemistry models will provide opportunities for constraining terrestrial and oceanic biosphere models, critical for projecting carbon-nitrogen cycles under ongoing global warming.

Published
2024

52. Hydrology Outweighs Temperature in Driving Production and Export of Dissolved Carbon in a Snowy Mountain Catchment

Author

Kerins, Devon, Sadayappan, Kayalvizhi, Zhi, Wei, Sullivan, Pamela L, Williams, Kenneth H, Carroll, Rosemary WH, Barnard, Holly R, Sprenger, Matthias, Dong, Wenming, Perdrial, Julia, and Li, Li

Subjects
Hydrology, Atmospheric Sciences, Earth Sciences, climate change, dissolved carbon, reactive transport, respiration beneath soils, groundwater, mountain watershed, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Civil engineering, Environmental engineering
Abstract

Terrestrial production and export of dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DOC and DIC) to streams depends on water flow and biogeochemical processes in and beneath soils. Yet, understanding of these processes in a rapidly changing climate is limited. Using the watershed-scale reactive-transport model BioRT-HBV and stream data from a snow-dominated catchment in the Rockies, we show deeper groundwater flow averaged about 20% of annual discharge, rising to ∼35% in drier years. DOC and DIC production and export peaked during snowmelt and wet years, driven more by hydrology than temperature. DOC was primarily produced in shallow soils (1.94 ± 1.45 gC/m2/year), stored via sorption, and flushed out during snowmelt. Some DOC was recharged to and further consumed in the deeper subsurface via respiration (−0.27 ± 0.02 gC/m2/year), therefore reducing concentrations in deeper groundwater and stream DOC concentrations at low discharge. Consequently, DOC was primarily exported from the shallow zone (1.62 ± 0.96 gC/m2/year, compared to 0.12 ± 0.02 gC/m2/year from the deeper zone). DIC was produced in both zones but at higher rates in shallow soils (1.34 ± 1.00 gC/m2/year) than in the deep subsurface (0.36 ± 0.02 gC/m2/year). Deep respiration elevated DIC concentrations in the deep zone and stream DIC concentrations at low discharge. In other words, deep respiration is responsible for the commonly-observed increasing DOC concentrations (flushing) and decreasing DIC concentrations (dilution) with increasing discharge. DIC export from the shallow zone was ~66% of annual export but can drop to ∼53% in drier years. Numerical experiments suggest lower carbon production and export in a warmer, drier future, and a higher proportion from deeper flow and respiration processes. These results underscore the often-overlooked but growing importance of deeper processes in a warming climate.

Published
2024

53. Reduced nicotine in cigarettes in a marketplace with alternative nicotine systems: randomized clinical trial.

Author

Hatsukami, Dorothy, Jensen, Joni, Carroll, Dana, Luo, Xianghua, Strayer, Lori, Cao, Qing, Hecht, Stephen, Murphy, Sharon, Carmella, Steven, Denlinger-Apte, Rachel, Colby, Suzanne, Strasser, Andrew, McClernon, F, Tidey, Jennifer, Benowitz, Neal, and Donny, Eric

Subjects
Cigarettes, Electronic cigarettes, Nicotine, Nicotine delivery systems, Reduced nicotine cigarettes, Smoking cessation, Tobacco, Tobacco control, Tobacco policy, Tobacco product regulations
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Reducing cigarette addictiveness has the potential to avert millions of yearly tobacco-related deaths worldwide. Substantially reducing nicotine in cigarettes decreases cigarette consumption, but no large clinical trial has determined the effects of reduced-nicotine cigarettes when other nicotine-containing products are available. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of reduced-nicotine cigarettes in the context of the availability of alternative nicotine delivery systems. METHODS: In a U.S. six-site, open-label, parallel-arm study, smokers were randomized for twelve weeks to an experimental marketplace containing cigarettes with either 0.4 mg or 15.8 mg nicotine per gram of tobacco; all had access to non-combusted alternative nicotine delivery systems (e.g., e-cigarettes; medicinal nicotine). Group differences in the primary outcomes (cigarettes per day, number of smoke-free days) were examined using linear and negative binomial regression, respectively (Trial Registration: NCT03272685). FINDINGS: Among 438 randomized participants (mean [standard deviation (SD), range] age, 44.5 [11.9, 20-73] years, 225 [51.4%] women, 282 [64.4%] White and 339 [77.4%] trial completers), those in the 0.4 mg vs. 15.8 mg nicotine cigarette condition experienced significantly lower cigarettes per day at the end of intervention (mean [SD], 7.05 [7.88] vs. 12.95 [9.07], adjusted mean difference, -6.21 [95% CI, -7.66 to -4.75], P

Published
2024

54. The Essential Role of Local Context in Shaping Risk and Risk Reduction Strategies for Snowmelt‐Dependent Irrigated Agriculture

Author

Gordon, Beatrice L, Boisrame, Gabrielle FS, Carroll, Rosemary WH, Ajami, Newsha K, Leonard, Bryan, Albano, Christine, Mizukami, Naoki, Andrade, Manuel A, Koebele, Elizabeth, Taylor, Michael H, and Harpold, Adrian A

Subjects
Hydrology, Earth Sciences, Generic health relevance, Climate Action, Zero Hunger, risk, adaptation, agriculture, climate change, hydrology, snow, Atmospheric Sciences, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Environmental Science and Management, Climate change science
Abstract

Climate change-induced shifts in snow storage and snowmelt patterns pose risks for adverse impacts to people, the environment, and irrigated agriculture. Existing research primarily focuses on evaluating these risks to irrigated agriculture at large scales, overlooking the role of local context in shaping risk dynamics. Consequently, many “at-risk” areas lack insight into how adaptation strategies for managing risk through water supply augmentation or water conservation vary across contexts and over time. To address this gap, we develop a comprehensive index for evaluating irrigated agriculture's risk and adaptation potential to changes in snow at local scales and apply it throughout the western US. Results confirm trends toward escalating risk for changes in snow storage and snowmelt patterns over the century. However, substantial heterogeneity in the extent and drivers of risk exists due to variability in localized interactions between declines in water supply (approximately −9% ± 13% by 2100) and increased agricultural demand (approximately 7% ± 5% by 2100). Despite an existing focus on supply augmentation as a critical adaptation strategy to reduce risk, we show its effectiveness diminishes for many areas over time, declining to an average of −54% of historical augmentation potential by 2100. Conserving water through historical changes in crop acreage and type emerges as a more stable adaptation measure, reducing demand by 7%–8% regardless of time. While particularly relevant for higher elevation, less intensive agricultural settings in snowmelt-dependent regions, findings underscore the need for strategies that support local-scale, context-appropriate adaptation to effectively manage escalating risk as snow changes.

Published
2024

55. AI Alignment with Changing and Influenceable Reward Functions

Author

Carroll, Micah, Foote, Davis, Siththaranjan, Anand, Russell, Stuart, and Dragan, Anca

Subjects
Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

Existing AI alignment approaches assume that preferences are static, which is unrealistic: our preferences change, and may even be influenced by our interactions with AI systems themselves. To clarify the consequences of incorrectly assuming static preferences, we introduce Dynamic Reward Markov Decision Processes (DR-MDPs), which explicitly model preference changes and the AI's influence on them. We show that despite its convenience, the static-preference assumption may undermine the soundness of existing alignment techniques, leading them to implicitly reward AI systems for influencing user preferences in ways users may not truly want. We then explore potential solutions. First, we offer a unifying perspective on how an agent's optimization horizon may partially help reduce undesirable AI influence. Then, we formalize different notions of AI alignment that account for preference change from the outset. Comparing the strengths and limitations of 8 such notions of alignment, we find that they all either err towards causing undesirable AI influence, or are overly risk-averse, suggesting that a straightforward solution to the problems of changing preferences may not exist. As there is no avoiding grappling with changing preferences in real-world settings, this makes it all the more important to handle these issues with care, balancing risks and capabilities. We hope our work can provide conceptual clarity and constitute a first step towards AI alignment practices which explicitly account for (and contend with) the changing and influenceable nature of human preferences., Comment: Accepted to ICML 2024

Published
2024

56. Source-level reasoning for quantitative information flow

Author

Chen, Chris, McIver, Annabelle, and Morgan, Carroll

Subjects
Computer Science - Logic in Computer Science
Abstract

We present a novel formal system for proving quantitative-leakage properties of programs. Based on a theory of Quantitative Information Flow (QIF) that models information leakage as a noisy communication channel, it uses "gain-functions" for the description and measurement of expected leaks. We use a small imperative programming language, augmented with leakage features, and with it express adversaries' activities in the style of, but more generally than, the Hoare triples or expectation transformers that traditionally express deterministic or probabilistic correctness but without information flow. The programs are annotated with "gain-expressions" that capture simple adversarial settings such as "Guess the secret in one try." but also much more general ones; and our formal syntax and logic -based framework enables us to transform such gain-expressions that apply after a program has finished to ones that equivalently apply before the program has begun. In that way we enable a formal proof-based reasoning system for QIF at the source level. We apply it to the %programming language we have chosen, and demonstrate its effectiveness in a number of small but sometimes intricate situations.

Published
2024

57. Generative Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Review and Applications

Author

Sengar, Sandeep Singh, Hasan, Affan Bin, Kumar, Sanjay, and Carroll, Fiona

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

In recent years, the study of artificial intelligence (AI) has undergone a paradigm shift. This has been propelled by the groundbreaking capabilities of generative models both in supervised and unsupervised learning scenarios. Generative AI has shown state-of-the-art performance in solving perplexing real-world conundrums in fields such as image translation, medical diagnostics, textual imagery fusion, natural language processing, and beyond. This paper documents the systematic review and analysis of recent advancements and techniques in Generative AI with a detailed discussion of their applications including application-specific models. Indeed, the major impact that generative AI has made to date, has been in language generation with the development of large language models, in the field of image translation and several other interdisciplinary applications of generative AI. Moreover, the primary contribution of this paper lies in its coherent synthesis of the latest advancements in these areas, seamlessly weaving together contemporary breakthroughs in the field. Particularly, how it shares an exploration of the future trajectory for generative AI. In conclusion, the paper ends with a discussion of Responsible AI principles, and the necessary ethical considerations for the sustainability and growth of these generative models.

Published
2024

58. Observation of Generalized t-J Spin Dynamics with Tunable Dipolar Interactions

Author

Carroll, Annette N., Hirzler, Henrik, Miller, Calder, Wellnitz, David, Muleady, Sean R., Lin, Junyu, Zamarski, Krzysztof P., Wang, Reuben R. W., Bohn, John L., Rey, Ana Maria, and Ye, Jun

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Quantum Gases, Physics - Atomic Physics
Abstract

Long-range and anisotropic dipolar interactions profoundly modify the dynamics of particles hopping in a periodic lattice potential. Here, we report the realization of a generalized t-J model with dipolar interactions using a system of ultracold fermionic molecules with spin encoded in the two lowest rotational states. We systematically explore the role of dipolar Ising and spin-exchange couplings and the effect of motion on spin dynamics. The model parameters can be controlled independently, with dipolar couplings tuned by electric fields and motion regulated by optical lattices. Using Ramsey spectroscopy, we observed interaction-driven contrast decay that depends strongly both on the strength of the anisotropy between Ising and spin-exchange couplings and on motion. These observations are supported by theory models established in different motional regimes that provide intuitive pictures of the underlying physics. This study paves the way for future exploration of kinetic spin dynamics and quantum magnetism with highly tunable molecular platforms in regimes challenging for existing numerical and analytical methods, and it could shed light on the complex behaviors observed in real materials.

Published
2024

59. Two-axis twisting using Floquet-engineered XYZ spin models with polar molecules

Author

Miller, Calder, Carroll, Annette N., Lin, Junyu, Hirzler, Henrik, Gao, Haoyang, Zhou, Hengyun, Lukin, Mikhail D., and Ye, Jun

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Quantum Gases, Physics - Atomic Physics
Abstract

Polar molecules confined in an optical lattice are a versatile platform to explore spin-motion dynamics based on strong, long-range dipolar interactions. The precise tunability of Ising and spin-exchange interactions with both microwave and dc electric fields makes the molecular system particularly suitable for engineering complex many-body dynamics. Here, we used Floquet engineering to realize interesting quantum many-body systems of polar molecules. Using a spin encoded in the two lowest rotational states of ultracold KRb molecules, we mutually validated XXZ spin models tuned by a Floquet microwave pulse sequence against those tuned by a dc electric field through observations of Ramsey contrast dynamics, setting the stage for the realization of Hamiltonians inaccessible with static fields. In particular, we observed two-axis twisting mean-field dynamics, generated by a Floquet-engineered XYZ model using itinerant molecules in 2D layers. In the future, Floquet-engineered Hamiltonians could generate entangled states for molecule-based precision measurement or could take advantage of the rich molecular structure for quantum simulation of multi-level systems., Comment: 20 pages, 4 figures + 4 extended data figures

Published
2024
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60. The Jive Verification System and its Transformative Impact on Weather Forecasting Operations

Author

Loveday, Nicholas, Griffiths, Deryn, Leeuwenburg, Tennessee, Taggart, Robert, Pagano, Thomas C., Cheng, George, Plastow, Kevin, Ebert, Elizabeth, Templeton, Cassandra, Carroll, Maree, Khanarmuei, Mohammadreza, and Nagpal, Isha

Subjects
Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract

Forecast verification is critical for continuous improvement in meteorological organizations. The Jive verification system was originally developed to assess the accuracy of public weather forecasts issued by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. It started as a research project in 2015 and gradually evolved to be a Bureau operational verification system in 2022. The system includes daily verification dashboards for forecasters to visualize recent forecast performance and "Evidence Targeted Automation" dashboards for exploring the performance of competing forecast systems. Additionally, Jive includes a Jupyter Notebook server with the Jive Python library which supports research experiments, case studies, and the development of new verification metrics and tools. This paper describes the Jive verification system and how it helped bring verification to the forefront at the Bureau of Meteorology, leading to more accurate, streamlined forecasts. Jive has provided evidence to support forecast automation decisions and has helped to understand the evolving role of meteorologists in the forecast process. It has given operational meteorologists tools for evaluating forecast processes, including identifying when and how manual interventions lead to superior predictions. Work on Jive led to new verification science, including novel metrics that are decision-focused, including diagnostics for extreme conditions. Jive also provided the Bureau with an enterprise-wide data analysis environment and has prompted a clarification of forecast definitions. These collective impacts have resulted in more accurate forecasts, ultimately benefiting society, and building trust with forecast users. These positive outcomes highlight the importance of meteorological organizations investing in verification science and technology.

Published
2024

61. 'I Upload...All Types of Different Things to Say, the World of Blindness Is More Than What They Think It Is': A Study of Blind TikTokers' Identity Work from a Flourishing Perspective

Author

Lyu, Yao, Cai, Jie, Dosono, Bryan, Yadav, Davis, and Carroll, John M.

Subjects
Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction
Abstract

Identity work in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has focused on the marginalized group to explore designs to support their asset (what they have). However, little has been explored specifically on the identity work of people with disabilities, specifically, visual impairments. In this study, we interviewed 45 BlindTokers (blind users on TikTok) from various backgrounds to understand their identity work from a positive design perspective. We found that BlindTokers leverage the affordance of the platform to create positive content, share their identities, and build the community with the desire to flourish. We proposed flourishing labor to present the work conducted by BlindTokers for their community's flourishing with implications to support the flourishing labor. This work contributes to understanding blind users' experience in short video platforms and highlights that flourishing is not just an activity for any single Blind user but also a job that needs all stakeholders, including all user groups and the TikTok platform, serious and committed contribution., Comment: ACM CSCW

Published
2024

62. The LHCb VELO Upgrade Module Construction

Author

Akiba, K., Alexander, M., Bertella, C., Biolchini, A., Bitadze, A., Bogdanova, G., Borghi, S., Bowcock, T. J. V., Bridges, K., Brock, M., Burke, A. T., Buytaert, J., Byczynski, W., Carroll, J., Coco, V., Collins, P., Davis, A., Francisco, O. De Aguiar, De Bruyn, K., De Capua, S., De Roo, K., Doherty, F., Douglas, L., Dufour, L., Dumps, R., Dutta, D., Eklund, L., Elvin, A., Farry, S., Prieto, A. Fernandez, Lima, V. Franco, Freestone, J., Fuzipeg, C., Galati, M. D., Torreira, A. Gallas, Geertsema, R. E., Gersabeck, E., Gersabeck, M., Grant, F., Halewood-leagas, T., Hennessy, K., Hulsbergen, W., Hutchcroft, D., Hynds, D., Jans, E., John, D., John, M., Jurik, N., Ketel, T., Klaver, S., Kopciewicz, P., Kostiuk, I., Kraan, M., Langstaff, M., Latham, T., Leflat, A., Cid, E. Lemos, Lukashenko, V., Merk, M., Milovanovic, M., Monk, M., Murray, D., Nasteva, I., Oblakowska-Mucha, A., Pajero, T., Parkes, C., Alvarez, A. Pazos, Trigo, E. Perez, Perry, M., Reiss, F., Rinnert, K., Rodriguez, E. Rodriguez, Rovekamp, J., Sanders, F., Smead, L. G. Scantlebury, Schiller, M., Shears, T., Smith, N. A., Snoch, A., Svihra, P., Szumlak, T., van Beuzekom, M., van Overbeek, M., Regueiro, P. Vazquez, Volkov, V., Wormald, M., and Zunica, G.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The LHCb detector has undergone a major upgrade for LHC Run 3. This Upgrade I detector facilitates operation at higher luminosity and utilises full-detector information at the LHC collision rate, critically including the use of vertex information. A new vertex locator system, the VELO Upgrade, has been constructed. The core element of the new VELO are the double-sided pixelated hybrid silicon detector modules which operate in vacuum close to the LHC beam in a high radiation environment. The construction and quality assurance tests of these modules are described in this paper. The modules incorporate 200 \mum thick, n-on-p silicon sensors bump-bonded to 130 \nm technology ASICs. These are attached with high precision to a silicon microchannel substrate that uses evaporative CO$_2$ cooling. The ASICs are controlled and read out with flexible printed circuits that are glued to the substrate and wire-bonded to the chips. The mechanical support of the module is given by a carbon fibre plate, two carbon fibre rods and an aluminium plate. The sensor attachment was achieved with an average precision of 21 $\mathrm{\mu m}$, more than 99.5\% of all pixels are fully functional, and a thermal figure of merit of 3 \mathrm{Kcm^{2}W^{-1}}$ was achieved. The production of the modules was successfully completed in 2021, with the final assembly and installation completed in time for data taking in 2022.

Published
2024

63. The PEPSI Exoplanet Transit Survey (PETS). V: New Na D transmission spectra indicate a quieter atmosphere on HD 189733b

Author

Keles, E., Czesla, S., Poppenhaeger, K., Hauschildt, P., Carroll, T. A., Ilyin, I., Baratella, M., Steffen, M., Strassmeier, K. G., Bonomo, A. S., Gaudi, B. S., Henning, T., Johnson, M. C., Molaverdikhani, K., Nascimbeni, V., Patience, J., Reiners, A., Scandariato, G., Schlawin, E., Shkolnik, E., Sicilia, D., Sozzetti, A., Mallonn, M., Veillet, C., Wang, J., and Yan, F.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Absorption lines from exoplanet atmospheres observed in transmission allow us to study atmospheric characteristics such as winds. We present a new high-resolution transit time-series of HD 189733b, acquired with the PEPSI instrument at the LBT and analyze the transmission spectrum around the Na D lines. We model the spectral signature of the RM-CLV-effect using synthetic PHOENIX spectra based on spherical LTE atmospheric models. We find a Na D absorption signature between the second and third contact but not during the ingress and egress phases, which casts doubt on the planetary origin of the signal. Presupposing a planetary origin of the signal, the results suggest a weak day-to-nightside streaming wind in the order of 0.7 km/s and a moderate super-rotational streaming wind in the order of 3 - 4 km/s, challenging claims of prevailing strong winds on HD 189733b., Comment: Accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

Published
2024

64. Optimization of resources for digital radio transmission over IBOC FM through max-min fairness

Author

Martínez, Mónica Rico, Ferreira, Juan Carlos Vesga, Vargas, Joel Carroll, Niño, María Consuelo Rodríguez, Toro, Andrés Alejandro Diaz, and Carrero, William Alexander Cuevas

Subjects
Computer Science - Information Theory
Abstract

The equitable distribution of resources in a network is a complex process, considering that not all nodes have the same requirements, and the In-Band On-Channel (IBOC) hybrid transmission system is no exception. The IBOC system utilizes a hybrid in-band transmission to simultaneously broadcast analog and digital audio over the FM band. This article proposes the use of a Max-Min Fairness (MMF) algorithm, with a strategy to optimize resource allocation for IBOC FM transmission in a multiservice scenario. Additionally, the MMF algorithm offers low computational complexity for implementation in low-cost embedded systems, aiming to achieve fair resource distribution and provide adequate Quality of Service (QoS) levels for each node in the RF network, considering channel conditions and traffic types. The article explores a scenario under saturated traffic conditions to assess the optimization capabilities of the MMF algorithm under well-defined traffic and channel conditions. The evaluation process yielded highly favorable results, indicating that theMMF algorithm can be considered a viable alternative for bandwidth optimization in digital broadcasting over IBOC on FM with 95% confidence, and it holds potential for implementation in other digital broadcasting system., Comment: 10 pages, 3 table

Published
2024
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65. Scalable Spatiotemporal Prediction with Bayesian Neural Fields

Author

Saad, Feras, Burnim, Jacob, Carroll, Colin, Patton, Brian, Köster, Urs, Saurous, Rif A., and Hoffman, Matthew

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Statistics - Applications, Statistics - Methodology
Abstract

Spatiotemporal datasets, which consist of spatially-referenced time series, are ubiquitous in many scientific and business-intelligence applications, such as air pollution monitoring, disease tracking, and cloud-demand forecasting. As modern datasets continue to increase in size and complexity, there is a growing need for new statistical methods that are flexible enough to capture complex spatiotemporal dynamics and scalable enough to handle large prediction problems. This work presents the Bayesian Neural Field (BayesNF), a domain-general statistical model for inferring rich probability distributions over a spatiotemporal domain, which can be used for data-analysis tasks including forecasting, interpolation, and variography. BayesNF integrates a novel deep neural network architecture for high-capacity function estimation with hierarchical Bayesian inference for robust uncertainty quantification. By defining the prior through a sequence of smooth differentiable transforms, posterior inference is conducted on large-scale data using variationally learned surrogates trained via stochastic gradient descent. We evaluate BayesNF against prominent statistical and machine-learning baselines, showing considerable improvements on diverse prediction problems from climate and public health datasets that contain tens to hundreds of thousands of measurements. The paper is accompanied with an open-source software package (https://github.com/google/bayesnf) that is easy-to-use and compatible with modern GPU and TPU accelerators on the JAX machine learning platform., Comment: 27 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables, 2 listings

Published
2024
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66. Search for CP-violating Neutrino Non-Standard Interactions with the NOvA Experiment

Author

NOvA Collaboration, Acero, M. A., Acharya, B., Adamson, P., Aliaga, L., Anfimov, N., Antoshkin, A., Arrieta-Diaz, E., Asquith, L., Aurisano, A., Back, A., Balashov, N., Baldi, P., Bambah, B. A., Bat, A., Bays, K., Bernstein, R., Bezerra, T. J. C., Bhatnagar, V., Bhattarai, D., Bhuyan, B., Bian, J., Booth, A. C., Bowles, R., Brahma, B., Bromberg, C., Buchanan, N., Butkevich, A., Calvez, S., Carroll, T. J., Catano-Mur, E., Cesar, J. P., Chatla, A., Chaudhary, S., Chirco, R., Choudhary, B. C., Christensen, A., Cicala, M. F., Coan, T. E., Cooleybeck, A., Cortes-Parra, C., Coveyou, D., Cremonesi, L., Davies, G. S., Derwent, P. F., Djurcic, Z., Dolce, M., Doyle, D., Tonguino, D. Dueñas, Dukes, E. C., Dye, A., Ehrlich, R., Ewart, E., Filip, P., Franc, J., Frank, M. J., Gallagher, H. R., Gao, F., Giri, A., Gomes, R. A., Goodman, M. C., Groh, M., Group, R., Habig, A., Hakl, F., Hartnell, J., Hatcher, R., He, M., Heller, K., Hewes, V, Himmel, A., Ivaneev, Y., Ivanova, A., Jargowsky, B., Jarosz, J., Johnson, C., Judah, M., Kakorin, I., Kaplan, D. M., Kalitkina, A., Kleykamp, J., Klimov, O., Koerner, L. W., Kolupaeva, L., Kralik, R., Kumar, A., Kuruppu, C. D., Kus, V., Lackey, T., Lang, K., Lesmeister, J., Lister, A., Liu, J., Lock, J. A., Lokajicek, M., MacMahon, M., Magill, S., Mann, W. A., Manoharan, M. T., Plata, M. Manrique, Marshak, M. L., Martinez-Casales, M., Matveev, V., Mehta, B., Messier, M. D., Meyer, H., Miao, T., Mikola, V., Miller, W. H., Mishra, S., Mishra, S. R., Mislivec, A., Mohanta, R., Moren, A., Morozova, A., Mu, W., Mualem, L., Muether, M., Mulder, K., Myers, D., Naples, D., Nath, A., Nelleri, S., Nelson, J. K., Nichol, R., Niner, E., Norman, A., Norrick, A., Nosek, T., Oh, H., Olshevskiy, A., Olson, T., Ozkaynak, M., Pal, A., Paley, J., Panda, L., Patterson, R. B., Pawloski, G., Petrova, O., Petti, R., Prais, L. R., Rafique, A., Raj, V., Rajaoalisoa, M., Ramson, B., Ravelhofer, M., Rebel, B., Roy, P., Samoylov, O., Sanchez, M. C., Falero, S. Sánchez, Shanahan, P., Sharma, P., Shmakov, A., Sheshukov, A., Shukla, S., Singha, D. K., Shorrock, W., Singh, I., Singh, P., Singh, V., Smith, E., Smolik, J., Snopok, P., Solomey, N., Sousa, A., Soustruznik, K., Strait, M., Suter, L., Sutton, A., Sutton, K., Swain, S., Sweeney, C., Sztuc, A., Oregui, B. Tapia, Tas, P., Thakore, T., Thomas, J., Tiras, E., Torun, Y., Tripathi, J., Trokan-Tenorio, J., Urheim, J., Vahle, P., Vallari, Z., Vasel, J., Villamil, J. D., Vockerodt, K. J., Vrba, T., Wallbank, M., Wetstein, M., Whittington, D., Wickremasinghe, D. A., Wieber, T., Wolcott, J., Wrobel, M., Wu, S., Wu, W., Xiao, Y., Yaeggy, B., Yahaya, A., Yankelevich, A., Yonehara, K., Yu, Y., Zadorozhnyy, S., Zalesak, J., and Zwaska, R.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

This Letter reports a search for charge-parity (CP) symmetry violating non-standard interactions (NSI) of neutrinos with matter using the NOvA Experiment, and examines their effects on the determination of the standard oscillation parameters. Data from $\nu_{\mu}(\bar{\nu}_{\mu})\rightarrow\nu_{\mu}(\bar{\nu}_{\mu})$ and $\nu_{\mu}(\bar{\nu}_{\mu})\rightarrow\nu_{e}(\bar{\nu}_{e})$ oscillation channels are used to measure the effect of the NSI parameters $\varepsilon_{e\mu}$ and $\varepsilon_{e\tau}$. With 90% C.L. the magnitudes of the NSI couplings are constrained to be $|\varepsilon_{e\mu}| \, \lesssim 0.3$ and $|\varepsilon_{e\tau}| \, \lesssim 0.4$. A degeneracy at $|\varepsilon_{e\tau}| \, \approx 1.8$ is reported, and we observe that the presence of NSI limits sensitivity to the standard CP phase $\delta_{\tiny\text{CP}}$.

Published
2024

67. Dichotomous Dynamics of Magnetic Monopole Fluids

Author

Hsu, Chun-Chih, Takahashi, Hiroto, Jerzembeck, Fabian, Dasini, Jahnatta, Carroll, Chaia, Dusad, Ritika, Ward, Jonathan, Dawson, Catherine, Sharma, Sudarshan, Luke, Graeme, Blundell, Stephen J., Castelnovo, Claudio, Hallén, Jonathan N., Moessner, Roderich, and Davis, J. C. Séamus

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons
Abstract

A recent advance in the study of emergent magnetic monopoles was the discovery that monopole motion is restricted to dynamical fractal trajectories (J. Hall\'en et al, Science 378, 1218 (2022)) thus explaining the characteristics of magnetic monopole noise spectra (Dusad, R. et al. Nature 571, 234 (2019); Samarakoon, A. M. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 119, e2117453119 (2022)). Here we apply this new theory to explore the dynamics of field-driven monopole currents, finding them comprised of two quite distinct transport processes: initially swift fractal rearrangements of local monopole configurations followed by conventional monopole diffusion. This theory also predicts a characteristic frequency dependence of the dissipative loss-angle for AC-field-driven currents. To explore these novel perspectives on monopole transport, we introduce simultaneous monopole current control and measurement techniques using SQUID-based monopole current sensors. For the canonical material Dy2Ti2O7, we measure ${\Phi}(t)$, the time-dependence of magnetic flux threading the sample when a net monopole current $J(t) = \dot{\Phi}(t)/\mu_0$ is generated by applying an external magnetic field $B_0(t)$. These experiments find a sharp dichotomy of monopole currents, separated by their distinct relaxation time-constants before and after $t \approx 600 {\mu}s$ from monopole current initiation. Application of sinusoidal magnetic fields $B_0(t) = Bcos({\omega}t)$ generates oscillating monopole currents whose loss angle ${\theta}(f)$ exhibits a characteristic transition at frequency $f \approx 1.8$ kHz over the same temperature range. Finally, the magnetic noise power is also dichotomic, diminishing sharply after $t \approx 600 {\mu}s$. This complex phenomenology represents a new form of heterogeneous dynamics generated by the interplay of fractionalization and local spin configurational symmetry.

Published
2024

68. The DUNE Far Detector Vertical Drift Technology, Technical Design Report

Author

DUNE Collaboration, Abud, A. Abed, Abi, B., Acciarri, R., Acero, M. A., Adames, M. R., Adamov, G., Adamowski, M., Adams, D., Adinolfi, M., Adriano, C., Aduszkiewicz, A., Aguilar, J., Aimard, B., Akbar, F., Allison, K., Monsalve, S. Alonso, Alrashed, M., Alton, A., Alvarez, R., Amar, H., Amedo, P., Anderson, J., Andrade, D. A., Andreopoulos, C., Andreotti, M., Andrews, M. P., Andrianala, F., Andringa, S., Anfimov, N., Ankowski, A., Antoniassi, M., Antonova, M., Antoshkin, A., Aranda-Fernandez, A., Arellano, L., Diaz, E. Arrieta, Arroyave, M. A., Asaadi, J., Ashkenazi, A., Asquith, L., Atkin, E., Auguste, D., Aurisano, A., Aushev, V., Autiero, D., Azfar, F., Back, A., Back, H., Back, J. J., Bagaturia, I., Bagby, L., Balashov, N., Balasubramanian, S., Baldi, P., Baldini, W., Baller, B., Bambah, B., Banerjee, R., Barao, F., Barenboim, G., Alzás, P. Barham, Barker, G. J., Barkhouse, W., Barr, G., Monarca, J. Barranco, Barros, A., Barros, N., Barrow, D., Barrow, J. L., Basharina-Freshville, A., Bashyal, A., Basque, V., Batchelor, C., Bathe-Peters, L., Battat, J. B. R., Battisti, F., Bay, F., Bazetto, M. C. Q., Alba, J. L. L. Bazo, Beacom, J. F., Bechetoille, E., Behera, B., Belchior, E., Bell, G., Bellantoni, L., Bellettini, G., Bellini, V., Beltramello, O., Benekos, N., Montiel, C. Benitez, Benjamin, D., Neves, F. Bento, Berger, J., Berkman, S., Bernardini, P., Bersani, A., Bertolucci, S., Betancourt, M., Rodríguez, A. Betancur, Bevan, A., Bezawada, Y., Bezerra, A. T., Bezerra, T. J., Bhat, A., Bhatnagar, V., Bhatt, J., Bhattacharjee, M., Bhattacharya, M., Bhuller, S., Bhuyan, B., Biagi, S., Bian, J., Biery, K., Bilki, B., Bishai, M., Bitadze, A., Blake, A., Blaszczyk, F. D., Blazey, G. C., Blucher, E., Boissevain, J., Bolognesi, S., Bolton, T., Bomben, L., Bonesini, M., Bonilla-Diaz, C., Bonini, F., Booth, A., Boran, F., Bordoni, S., Merlo, R. Borges, Borkum, A., Bostan, N., Bracinik, J., Braga, D., Brahma, B., Brailsford, D., Bramati, F., Branca, A., Brandt, A., Bremer, J., Brew, C., Brice, S. J., Brio, V., Brizzolari, C., Bromberg, C., Brooke, J., Bross, A., Brunetti, G., Brunetti, M., Buchanan, N., Budd, H., Buergi, J., Burgardt, D., Butchart, S., V., G. Caceres, Cagnoli, I., Cai, T., Calabrese, R., Calcutt, J., Calin, M., Calivers, L., Calvo, E., Caminata, A., Campanelli, W., Benitez, A. Campos, Canci, N., Capó, J., Caracas, I., Caratelli, D., Carber, D., Carceller, J. M., Carini, G., Carlus, B., Carneiro, M. F., Carniti, P., Terrazas, I. Caro, Carranza, H., Carrara, N., Carroll, L., Carroll, T., Carter, A., Casazza, D., Forero, J. F. Castaño, Castaño, F. A., Castillo, A., Castromonte, C., Catano-Mur, E., Cattadori, C., Cavalier, F., Cavanna, F., Centro, S., Cerati, G., Cervelli, A., Villanueva, A. Cervera, Chakraborty, K., Chalifour, M., Chappell, A., Charitonidis, N., Chatterjee, A., Chen, H., Chen, M., Chen, W. C., Chen, Y., Chen-Wishart, Z., Cherdack, D., Chi, C., Chirco, R., Chitirasreemadam, N., Cho, K., Choate, S., Chokheli, D., Chong, P. S., Chowdhury, B., Christian, D., Chukanov, A., Chung, M., Church, E., Cicala, M. F., Cicerchia, M., Cicero, V., Ciolini, R., Clair, J., Clarke, P., Cline, G., Coan, T. E., Cocco, A. G., Coelho, J. A. B., Cohen, A., Collot, J., Conley, E., Conrad, J. M., Convery, M., Cooke, P., Copello, S., Cova, P., Cox, C., Cremaldi, L., Cremonesi, L., Crespo-Anadón, J. I., Crisler, M., Cristaldo, E., Crnkovic, J., Crone, G., Cross, R., Cudd, A., Cuesta, C., Cui, Y., Cussans, D., Dai, J., Dalager, O., Dallavalle, R., da Motta, H., Dar, Z. A., Darby, R., Peres, L. Da Silva, David, Q., Davies, G. S., Davini, S., Dawson, J., De Aguiar, R., De Almeida, P., Debbins, P., De Bonis, I., Decowski, M. P., de Gouvêa, A., De Holanda, P. C., Astiz, I. L. De Icaza, De Jong, P., De la Torre, A., Delbart, A., Delepine, D., Delgado, M., Dell'Acqua, A., Monache, G. Delle, Delmonte, N., De Lurgio, P., Demario, R., Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, DeMuth, D. M., Dennis, S., Densham, C., Denton, P., Deptuch, G. W., De Roeck, A., De Romeri, V., Detje, J. P., Devine, J., Dharmapalan, R., Dias, M., Díaz, J. S., Díaz, F., Di Capua, F., Di Domenico, A., Di Domizio, S., Di Falco, S., Di Giulio, L., Ding, P., Di Noto, L., Diociaiuti, E., Distefano, C., Diurba, R., Diwan, M., Djurcic, Z., Doering, D., Dolan, S., Dolek, F., Dolinski, M. J., Domenici, D., Domine, L., Donati, S., Donon, Y., Doran, S., Douglas, D., Doyle, T. A., Dragone, A., Drielsma, F., Duarte, L., Duchesneau, D., Duffy, K., Dugas, K., Dunne, P., Dutta, B., Duyang, H., Dvornikov, O., Dwyer, D. A., Dyshkant, A. S., Dytman, S., Eads, M., Earle, A., Edayath, S., Edmunds, D., Eisch, J., Englezos, P., Ereditato, A., Erjavec, T., Escobar, C. O., Evans, J. J., Ewart, E., Ezeribe, A. C., Fahey, K., Fajt, L., Falcone, A., Fani', M., Farnese, C., Farzan, Y., Fedoseev, D., Felix, J., Feng, Y., Fernandez-Martinez, E., Ferraro, F., Ferry, G., Fields, L., Filip, P., Filkins, A., Filthaut, F., Fine, R., Fiorillo, G., Fiorini, M., Fogarty, S., Foreman, W., Fowler, J., Franc, J., Francis, K., Franco, D., Franklin, J., Freeman, J., Fried, J., Friedland, A., Fuess, S., Furic, I. K., Furman, K., Furmanski, A. P., Gabrielli, A., Gago, A. M., Galizzi, F., Gallagher, H., Gallas, A., Gallice, N., Galymov, V., Gamberini, E., Gamble, T., Ganacim, F., Gandhi, R., Ganguly, S., Gao, F., Gao, S., Garcia-Gamez, D., García-Peris, M. Á., Gardim, F., Gardiner, S., Gastler, D., Gauch, A., Gauvreau, J., Gauzzi, P., Ge, G., Geffroy, N., Gelli, B., Gent, S., Gerlach, L., Ghorbani-Moghaddam, Z., Giammaria, P., Giammaria, T., Gibin, D., Gil-Botella, I., Gilligan, S., Gioiosa, A., Giovannella, S., Girerd, C., Giri, A. K., Giugliano, C., Giusti, V., Gnani, D., Gogota, O., Gollapinni, S., Gollwitzer, K., Gomes, R. A., Bermeo, L. V. Gomez, Fajardo, L. S. Gomez, Gonnella, F., Gonzalez-Diaz, D., Gonzalez-Lopez, M., Goodman, M. C., Goswami, S., Gotti, C., Goudeau, J., Goudzovski, E., Grace, C., Gramellini, E., Gran, R., Granados, E., Granger, P., Grant, C., Gratieri, D. R., Grauso, G., Green, P., Greenberg, S., Greer, J., Griffith, W. C., Groetschla, F. T., Grzelak, K., Gu, W., Guarino, V., Guarise, M., Guenette, R., Guerard, E., Guerzoni, M., Guffanti, D., Guglielmi, A., Guo, B., Guo, Y., Gupta, A., Gupta, V., Gurung, G., Gutierrez, D., Guzowski, P., Guzzo, M. M., Gwon, S., Haaf, K., Habig, A., Hadavand, H., Haenni, R., Hagaman, L., Hahn, A., Haiston, J., Hakenmueller, J., Hamernik, T., Hamilton, P., Hancock, J., Happacher, F., Harris, D. A., Hartnell, J., Hartnett, T., Harton, J., Hasegawa, T., Hasnip, C., Hatcher, R., Hayrapetyan, K., Hays, J., Hazen, E., He, M., Heavey, A., Heeger, K. M., Heise, J., Henry, S., Morquecho, M. A. Hernandez, Herner, K., Hewes, V., Higuera, A., Hilgenberg, C., Hillier, S. J., Himmel, A., Hinkle, E., Hirsch, L. R., Ho, J., Hoff, J., Holin, A., Holvey, T., Hoppe, E., Horton-Smith, G. A., Hostert, M., Houdy, T., Howard, B., Howell, R., Hristova, I., Hronek, M. S., Huang, J., Huang, R. G., Hulcher, Z., Ibrahim, M., Iles, G., Ilic, N., Iliescu, A. M., Illingworth, R., Ingratta, G., Ioannisian, A., Irwin, B., Isenhower, L., Oliveira, M. Ismerio, Itay, R., Jackson, C. M., Jain, V., James, E., Jang, W., Jargowsky, B., Jena, D., Ji, X., Jiang, C., Jiang, J., Jiang, L., Jipa, A., Joaquim, F. R., Johnson, W., Jones, B., Jones, R., Fernández, D. José, Jovancevic, N., Judah, M., Jung, C. K., Junk, T., Jwa, Y., Kabirnezhad, M., Kaboth, A. C., Kadenko, I., Kakorin, I., Kalitkina, A., Kalra, D., Kamiya, F., Kandemir, M., Kaplan, D. M., Karagiorgi, G., Karaman, G., Karcher, A., Karyotakis, Y., Kasai, S., Kasetti, S. P., Kashur, L., Katsioulas, I., Kauther, A., Kazaryan, N., Ke, L., Kearns, E., Keener, P. T., Kelly, K. J., Kemp, E., Kemularia, O., Kermaidic, Y., Ketchum, W., Kettell, S. H., Khabibullin, M., Khan, N., Khotjantsev, A., Khvedelidze, A., Kim, D., Kim, J., King, B., Kirby, B., Kirby, M., Kish, A., Klein, J., Kleykamp, J., Klustova, A., Kobilarcik, T., Koch, L., Koehler, K., Koerner, L. W., Koh, D. H., Kolupaeva, L., Korablev, D., Kordosky, M., Kosc, T., Kose, U., Kostelecký, V. A., Kothekar, K., Kotler, I., Kovalcuk, M., Kozhukalov, V., Krah, W., Kralik, R., Kramer, M., Kreczko, L., Krennrich, F., Kreslo, I., Kroupova, T., Kubota, S., Kubu, M., Kudenko, Y., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Kuhlmann, S., Kulagin, S., Kumar, J., Kumar, P., Kumaran, S., Kunze, P., Kunzmann, J., Kuravi, R., Kurita, N., Kuruppu, C., Kus, V., Kutter, T., Kvasnicka, J., Labree, T., Lackey, T., Lambert, A., Land, B. J., Lane, C. E., Lane, N., Lang, K., Langford, T., Langstaff, M., Lanni, F., Lantwin, O., Larkin, J., Lasorak, P., Last, D., Laudrain, A., Laundrie, A., Laurenti, G., Lavaut, E., Lawrence, A., Laycock, P., Lazanu, I., Lazzaroni, M., Le, T., Leardini, S., Learned, J., LeCompte, T., Lee, C., Legin, V., Miotto, G. Lehmann, Lehnert, R., de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui, Leitner, M., Silverio, D. Leon, Lepin, L. M., Li, J. -Y., Li, S. W., Li, Y., Liao, H., Lin, C. S., Lindebaum, D., Lineros, R. A., Ling, J., Lister, A., Littlejohn, B. R., Liu, H., Liu, J., Liu, Y., Lockwitz, S., Lokajicek, M., Lomidze, I., Long, K., Lopes, T. V., Lopez, J., de Rego, I. López, López-March, N., Lord, T., LoSecco, J. M., Louis, W. C., Sanchez, A. Lozano, Lu, X. -G., Luk, K. B., Lunday, B., Luo, X., Luppi, E., Maalmi, J., MacFarlane, D., Machado, A. A., Machado, P., Macias, C. T., Macier, J. R., MacMahon, M., Maddalena, A., Madera, A., Madigan, P., Magill, S., Magueur, C., Mahn, K., Maio, A., Major, A., Majumdar, K., Man, M., Mandujano, R. C., Maneira, J., Manly, S., Mann, A., Manolopoulos, K., Plata, M. Manrique, Corchado, S. Manthey, Manyam, V. N., Marchan, M., Marchionni, A., Marciano, W., Marfatia, D., Mariani, C., Maricic, J., Marinho, F., Marino, A. D., Markiewicz, T., Marques, F. Das Chagas, Marsden, D., Marshak, M., Marshall, C. M., Marshall, J., Martín-Albo, J., Martinez, N., Caicedo, D. A. Martinez, López, F. Martínez, Miravé, P. Martínez, Martynenko, S., Mascagna, V., Massari, C., Mastbaum, A., Matichard, F., Matsuno, S., Matteucci, G., Matthews, J., Mauger, C., Mauri, N., Mavrokoridis, K., Mawby, I., Mazza, R., Mazzacane, A., McAskill, T., McConkey, N., McFarland, K. S., McGrew, C., McNab, A., Meazza, L., Meddage, V. C. N., Mefodiev, A., Mehta, B., Mehta, P., Melas, P., Mena, O., Mendez, H., Mendez, P., Méndez, D. P., Menegolli, A., Meng, G., Messier, M. D., Metallo, S., Metcalf, J., Metcalf, W., Mewes, M., Meyer, H., Miao, T., Miccoli, A., Michna, G., Mikola, V., Milincic, R., Miller, G., Miller, W., Mineev, O., Minotti, A., Miralles, L., Miranda, O. G., Mironov, C., Miryala, S., Miscetti, S., Mishra, C. S., Mishra, S. R., Mislivec, A., Mitchell, M., Mladenov, D., Mocioiu, I., Mogan, A., Moggi, N., Mohanta, R., Mohayai, T. A., Mokhov, N., Molina, J., Bueno, L. Molina, Montagna, E., Montanari, A., Montanari, C., Montanari, D., Montanino, D., Zetina, L. M. Montaño, Mooney, M., Moor, A. F., Moore, Z., Moreno, D., Moreno-Palacios, O., Morescalchi, L., Moretti, D., Moretti, R., Morris, C., Mossey, C., Mote, M., Moura, C. A., Mouster, G., Mu, W., Mualem, L., Mueller, J., Muether, M., Muheim, F., Muir, A., Mulhearn, M., Munford, D., Munteanu, L. J., Muramatsu, H., Muraz, J., Murphy, M., Murphy, T., Muse, J., Mytilinaki, A., Nachtman, J., Nagai, Y., Nagu, S., Nalbandyan, M., Nandakumar, R., Naples, D., Narita, S., Nath, A., Navrer-Agasson, A., Nayak, N., Nebot-Guinot, M., Nehm, A., Nelson, J. K., Neogi, O., Nesbit, J., Nessi, M., Newbold, D., Newcomer, M., Nichol, R., Nicolas-Arnaldos, F., Nikolica, A., Nikolov, J., Niner, E., Nishimura, K., Norman, A., Norrick, A., Novella, P., Nowak, J. A., Oberling, M., Ochoa-Ricoux, J. P., Oh, S., Oh, S. B., Olivier, A., Olshevskiy, A., Olson, T., Onel, Y., Onishchuk, Y., Oranday, A., Osbiston, M., Vélez, J. A. Osorio, Ormachea, L. Otiniano, Ott, J., Pagani, L., Palacio, G., Palamara, O., Palestini, S., Paley, J. M., Pallavicini, M., Palomares, C., Pan, S., Panda, P., Vazquez, W. Panduro, Pantic, E., Paolone, V., Papadimitriou, V., Papaleo, R., Papanestis, A., Papoulias, D., Paramesvaran, S., Paris, A., Parke, S., Parozzi, E., Parsa, S., Parsa, Z., Parveen, S., Parvu, M., Pasciuto, D., Pascoli, S., Pasqualini, L., Pasternak, J., Patrick, C., Patrizii, L., Patterson, R. B., Patzak, T., Paudel, A., Paulucci, L., Pavlovic, Z., Pawloski, G., Payne, D., Pec, V., Pedreschi, E., Peeters, S. J. M., Pellico, W., Perez, A. Pena, Pennacchio, E., Penzo, A., Peres, O. L. G., Gonzalez, Y. F. Perez, Pérez-Molina, L., Pernas, C., Perry, J., Pershey, D., Pessina, G., Petrillo, G., Petta, C., Petti, R., Pia, V., Pickering, L., Pietropaolo, F., Pimentel, V. L., Pinaroli, G., Pinchault, J., Plows, K., Plunkett, R., Pollack, C., Pollman, T., Pompa, F., Pons, X., Poonthottathil, N., Poppi, F., Porter, J., Potekhin, M., Potenza, R., Pozimski, J., Pozzato, M., Prakash, S., Prakash, T., Pratt, C., Prest, M., Prosser, A., Psihas, F., Pugnere, D., Qian, X., Raaf, J. L., Radeka, V., Rademacker, J., Radics, B., Rafique, A., Raguzin, E., Rai, M., Rajagopalan, S., Rajaoalisoa, M., Rakhno, I., Rakotondravohitra, L., Ralte, L., Delgado, M. A. Ramirez, Ramson, B., Rappoldi, A., Raselli, G., Ratoff, P., Ray, R., Razafinime, H., Rea, E. M., Real, J. S., Rebel, B., Rechenmacher, R., Reggiani-Guzzo, M., Reichenbacher, J., Reitzner, S. D., Sfar, H. Rejeb, Renner, E., Renshaw, A., Rescia, S., Resnati, F., Restrepo, D., Reynolds, C., Ribas, M., Riboldi, S., Riccio, C., Riccobene, G., Ricol, J. S., Rigan, M., Rincón, E. V., Ritchie-Yates, A., Ritter, S., Rivera, D., Rivera, R., Robert, A., Rocha, J. L. Rocabado, Rochester, L., Roda, M., Rodrigues, P., Alonso, M. J. Rodriguez, Rondon, J. Rodriguez, Rosauro-Alcaraz, S., Rosier, P., Ross, D., Rossella, M., Rossi, M., Ross-Lonergan, M., Roy, N., Roy, P., Rubbia, C., Ruggeri, A., Ferreira, G. Ruiz, Russell, B., Ruterbories, D., Rybnikov, A., Saa-Hernandez, A., Saakyan, R., Sacerdoti, S., Sahoo, S. K., Sahu, N., Sakashita, K., Sala, P., Samios, N., Samoylov, O., Sanchez, M. C., Bravo, A. Sánchez, Sanchez-Lucas, P., Sandberg, V., Sanders, D. A., Sankey, D., Santoro, D., Saoulidou, N., Sapienza, P., Sarasty, C., Sarcevic, I., Sarra, I., Savage, G., Savinov, V., Scanavini, G., Scaramelli, A., Scarff, A., Schefke, T., Schellman, H., Schifano, S., Schlabach, P., Schmitz, D., Schneider, A. W., Scholberg, K., Schukraft, A., Schuld, B., Segreto, E., Selyunin, A., Senise, C. R., Sensenig, J., Shaevitz, M. H., Shanahan, P., Sharma, P., Kumar, R., Shaw, K., Shaw, T., Shchablo, K., Shepherd-Themistocleous, C., Sheshukov, A., Shi, W., Shin, S., Shivakoti, S., Shoemaker, I., Shooltz, D., Shrock, R., Siddi, B., Silber, J., Simard, L., Sinclair, J., Sinev, G., Singh, Jaydip, Singh, J., Singh, L., Singh, P., Singh, V., Chauhan, S. Singh, Sipos, R., Sironneau, C., Sirri, G., Siyeon, K., Skarpaas, K., Smedley, J., Smith, E., Smith, J., Smith, P., Smolik, J., Smy, M., Snape, M., Snider, E. L., Snopok, P., Snowden-Ifft, D., Nunes, M. Soares, Sobel, H., Soderberg, M., Sokolov, S., Salinas, C. J. Solano, Söldner-Rembold, S., Soleti, S. R., Solomey, N., Solovov, V., Sondheim, W. E., Sorel, M., Sotnikov, A., Soto-Oton, J., Sousa, A., Soustruznik, K., Spinella, F., Spitz, J., Spooner, N. J. C., Spurgeon, K., Stalder, D., Stancari, M., Stanco, L., Steenis, J., Stein, R., Steiner, H. M., Lisbôa, A. F. Steklain, Stepanova, A., Stewart, J., Stillwell, B., Stock, J., Stocker, F., Stokes, T., Strait, M., Strauss, T., Strigari, L., Stuart, A., Suarez, J. G., Subash, J., Surdo, A., Suter, L., Sutera, C. M., Sutton, K., Suvorov, Y., Svoboda, R., Swain, S. K., Szczerbinska, B., Szelc, A. M., Sztuc, A., Taffara, A., Talukdar, N., Tamara, J., Tanaka, H. A., Tang, S., Taniuchi, N., Casanova, A. M. Tapia, Oregui, B. Tapia, Tapper, A., Tariq, S., Tarpara, E., Tatar, E., Tayloe, R., Tedeschi, D., Teklu, A. M., Vidal, J. Tena, Tennessen, P., Tenti, M., Terao, K., Terranova, F., Testera, G., Thakore, T., Thea, A., Thiebault, A., Thompson, A., Thorn, C., Timm, S. C., Tiras, E., Tishchenko, V., Todorović, N., Tomassetti, L., Tonazzo, A., Torbunov, D., Torti, M., Tortola, M., Tortorici, F., Tosi, N., Totani, D., Toups, M., Touramanis, C., Travaglini, R., Trevor, J., Triller, E., Trilov, S., Truncali, D., Trzaska, W. H., Tsai, Y., Tsai, Y. -T., Tsamalaidze, Z., Tsang, K. V., Tsverava, N., Tu, S. Z., Tufanli, S., Turner, J., Tuzi, M., Tyler, J., Tyley, E., Tzanov, M., Uchida, M. A., González, J. Ureña, Urheim, J., Usher, T., Utaegbulam, H., Uzunyan, S., Vagins, M. R., Vahle, P., Valder, S., Valdiviesso, G. A., Valencia, E., Valentim, R., Vallari, Z., Vallazza, E., Valle, J. W. F., Van Berg, R., Van de Water, R. G., Forero, D. V., Van Nuland-Troost, M., Varanini, F., Oliva, D. 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Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

DUNE is an international experiment dedicated to addressing some of the questions at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics, including the mystifying preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe. The dual-site experiment will employ an intense neutrino beam focused on a near and a far detector as it aims to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and to make high-precision measurements of the PMNS matrix parameters, including the CP-violating phase. It will also stand ready to observe supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector implements liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC) technology, and combines the many tens-of-kiloton fiducial mass necessary for rare event searches with the sub-centimeter spatial resolution required to image those events with high precision. The addition of a photon detection system enhances physics capabilities for all DUNE physics drivers and opens prospects for further physics explorations. Given its size, the far detector will be implemented as a set of modules, with LArTPC designs that differ from one another as newer technologies arise. In the vertical drift LArTPC design, a horizontal cathode bisects the detector, creating two stacked drift volumes in which ionization charges drift towards anodes at either the top or bottom. The anodes are composed of perforated PCB layers with conductive strips, enabling reconstruction in 3D. Light-trap-style photon detection modules are placed both on the cryostat's side walls and on the central cathode where they are optically powered. This Technical Design Report describes in detail the technical implementations of each subsystem of this LArTPC that, together with the other far detector modules and the near detector, will enable DUNE to achieve its physics goals., Comment: 425 pages; 281 figures Central editing team: A. Heavey, S. Kettell, A. Marchionni, S. Palestini, S. Rajogopalan, R. J. Wilson

Published
2023

69. Personalized pangenome references

Author

Sirén, Jouni, Eskandar, Parsa, Ungaro, Matteo Tommaso, Hickey, Glenn, Eizenga, Jordan M., Novak, Adam M., Chang, Xian, Chang, Pi-Chuan, Kolmogorov, Mikhail, Carroll, Andrew, Monlong, Jean, and Paten, Benedict

Published
2024
Full Text
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70. Multiomic profiling identifies predictors of survival in African American patients with acute myeloid leukemia

Author

Stiff, Andrew, Fornerod, Maarten, Kain, Bailee N., Nicolet, Deedra, Kelly, Benjamin J., Miller, Katherine E., Mrózek, Krzysztof, Boateng, Isaiah, Bollas, Audrey, Garfinkle, Elizabeth A. R., Momoh, Omolegho, Fasola, Foluke A., Olawumi, Hannah O., Mencia-Trinchant, Nuria, Kloppers, Jean F., van Marle, Anne-Cecilia, Hu, Eileen, Wijeratne, Saranga, Wheeler, Gregory, Walker, Christopher J., Buss, Jill, Heyrosa, Adrienne, Desai, Helee, Laganson, Andrea, Hamp, Ethan, Abu-Shihab, Yazan, Abaza, Hasan, Kronen, Parker, Sen, Sidharth, Johnstone, Megan E., Quinn, Kate, Wronowski, Ben, Hertlein, Erin, Miles, Linde A., Mims, Alice S., Oakes, Christopher C., Blachly, James S., Larkin, Karilyn T., Mundy-Bosse, Bethany, Carroll, Andrew J., Powell, Bayard L., Kolitz, Jonathan E., Stone, Richard M., Duarte, Cassandra, Abbott, Diana, Amaya, Maria L., Jordan, Craig T., Uy, Geoffrey L., Stock, Wendy, Archer, Kellie J., Paskett, Electra D., Guzman, Monica L., Levine, Ross L., Menghrajani, Kamal, Chakravarty, Debyani, Berger, Michael F., Bottomly, Daniel, McWeeney, Shannon K., Tyner, Jeffrey W., Byrd, John C., Salomonis, Nathan, Grimes, H. Leighton, Mardis, Elaine R., and Eisfeld, Ann-Kathrin

Published
2024
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82. Widening global variability in grassland biomass since the 1980s

Author

MacDougall, Andrew S., Esch, Ellen, Chen, Qingqing, Carroll, Oliver, Bonner, Colin, Ohlert, Timothy, Siewert, Matthias, Sulik, John, Schweiger, Anna K., Borer, Elizabeth T., Naidu, Dilip, Bagchi, Sumanta, Hautier, Yann, Wilfahrt, Peter, Larson, Keith, Olofsson, Johan, Cleland, Elsa, Muthukrishnan, Ranjan, O’Halloran, Lydia, Alberti, Juan, Anderson, T. Michael, Arnillas, Carlos A., Bakker, Jonathan D., Barrio, Isabel C., Biederman, Lori, Boughton, Elizabeth H., Brudvig, Lars A., Bruschetti, Martin, Buckley, Yvonne, Bugalho, Miguel N., Cadotte, Marc W., Caldeira, Maria C., Catford, Jane A., D’Antonio, Carla, Davies, Kendi, Daleo, Pedro, Dickman, Christopher R., Donohue, Ian, DuPre, Mary Ellyn, Elgersma, Kenneth, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eskelinen, Anu, Estrada, Catalina, Fay, Philip A., Feng, Yanhao, Gruner, Daniel S., Hagenah, Nicole, Haider, Sylvia, Harpole, W. Stanley, Hersch-Green, Erika, Jentsch, Anke, Kirkman, Kevin, Knops, Johannes M. H., Laanisto, Lauri, Lannes, Lucíola S., Laungani, Ramesh, Lkhagva, Ariuntsetseg, Macek, Petr, Martina, Jason P., McCulley, Rebecca L., Melbourne, Brett, Mitchell, Rachel, Moore, Joslin L., Morgan, John W., Muraina, Taofeek O., Niu, Yujie, Pärtel, Meelis, Peri, Pablo L., Power, Sally A., Price, Jodi N., Prober, Suzanne M., Ren, Zhengwei, Risch, Anita C., Smith, Nicholas G., Sonnier, Grégory, Standish, Rachel J., Stevens, Carly J., Tedder, Michelle, Tognetti, Pedro, Veen, G. F. (Ciska), Virtanen, Risto, Wardle, Glenda M., Waring, Elizabeth, Wolf, Amelia A., Yahdjian, Laura, and Seabloom, Eric W.

Published
2024
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83. Mucosal adenovirus vaccine boosting elicits IgA and durably prevents XBB.1.16 infection in nonhuman primates

Author

Gagne, Matthew, Flynn, Barbara J., Andrew, Shayne F., Marquez, Josue, Flebbe, Dillon R., Mychalowych, Anna, Lamb, Evan, Davis-Gardner, Meredith E., Burnett, Matthew R., Serebryannyy, Leonid A., Lin, Bob C., Ziff, Zohar E., Maule, Erin, Carroll, Robin, Naisan, Mursal, Jethmalani, Yogita, Pessaint, Laurent, Todd, John-Paul M., Doria-Rose, Nicole A., Case, James Brett, Dmitriev, Igor P., Kashentseva, Elena A., Ying, Baoling, Dodson, Alan, Kouneski, Katelyn, O’Dell, Sijy, Wali, Bushra, Ellis, Madison, Godbole, Sucheta, Laboune, Farida, Henry, Amy R., Teng, I-Ting, Wang, Danyi, Wang, Lingshu, Zhou, Qiong, Zouantchangadou, Serge, Van Ry, Alex, Lewis, Mark G., Andersen, Hanne, Kwong, Peter D., Curiel, David T., Roederer, Mario, Nason, Martha C., Foulds, Kathryn E., Suthar, Mehul S., Diamond, Michael S., Douek, Daniel C., and Seder, Robert A.

Published
2024
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98. Students Speak: A Snapshot of Youth Well-Being in the District of Columbia

Author

Bellwether, Carroll, Kristen, Patel, Priyanka, Lambert, Ebony, and King, Melissa Steel

Abstract

In fall 2022 and winter 2023, Education Forward DC and Venture Philanthropy Partners+Raise DC supported a cohort of Washington, D.C., public charter schools (PCS) in administering selected domains of the Panorama Social Emotional Learning (SEL) survey to provide educators with data on well-being for students in grades 3-12. The organizations partnered with Bellwether to analyze the schools' survey data and develop a report. All D.C. Local Education Agencies (LEAs) are invited to join the annual report so that as many schools and district leaders as possible are equipped with actionable data and locally contextualized research on supporting students' social-emotional well-being. This report summarizes the current state of student well-being across participating D.C. schools. It is intended to aid educators, policymakers, and communities in interpreting the survey results, tracking progress over time, and identifying strengths and areas for growth. Coupled with the DCPS Panorama SEL survey data, this report aims to provide a more comprehensive picture of student well-being across the city. [Additional funding for this report was provided by Education Forward DC and Raise DC.]

Published
2023

99. Teachers' Experiences of Teaching during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Research Report

Author

Cambridge University Press & Assessment (United Kingdom), Carroll, Matthew, and Constantinou, Filio

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic caused unprecedented disruption to education around the world. There is much to learn from this period, to better understand what happened, to provide support to those affected, and to inform future responses to disruption. This research aimed to contribute to this field by recording teachers' experiences of teaching in the pandemic. The authors carried out a survey of teachers at schools that use Cambridge Centre for Evaluation and Monitoring (CEM) assessments, with the intention of sampling a wide range of experiences, from multiple countries, from primary and secondary schools, and from state and independent schools. In doing so, the authors hoped to engage with both the overall patterns and the variation in experiences. The survey asked questions about impacts on students, impacts on teachers, and teaching practices. Although findings were wide-ranging, several emerging themes were identified. These were: (1) learning loss was common but more complex than may be acknowledged; (2) wellbeing of both students and teachers is an important consideration; (3) lessons can be learned from experiences of remote teaching, both in terms of the challenges faced and the beneficial aspects experienced; (4) parents played a vital role in education during the pandemic, presenting potential opportunities for continued engagement; (5) experiences were variable within and between groups, and this should be explicitly considered when supporting affected students; (6) developing communities of practice and good quality training resources was beneficial and could continue to be so outside of the pandemic; and (7) despite the challenges faced, there are opportunities to change 'normal' practice as a result of what was learned during the period of disruption. This report is intended primarily as a description of the study background and methodology, and as a repository of results, whilst the emerging themes indicate where there is potential for further research or, indeed, action to support those affected.

Published
2023

100. Rounding Up: An Analysis of Math Curriculum Effectiveness Studies

Author

Bellwether, Gold, Thomas, Carroll, Kristen, Newby, Leonard D. T., and King, Melissa Steel

Abstract

In this analysis, the authors describe current approaches to assessing the effectiveness of math curricula and identify potential opportunities to further tailor effectiveness studies to the needs of the practitioners who rely on the research to make adoption decisions. Through analysis of 61 effectiveness studies, supplemented by expert interviews, the authors cataloged various characteristics (including the source, curriculum component of interest, unit of analysis, outcomes, research methods, duration of study, and others) and identified common themes and gaps. Based on the trends that surfaced in their sample of math curriculum effectiveness studies, they conclude with recommendations for funders, researchers, and practitioners as they fund, design, and consume future research.

Published
2023

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