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Automatic segmentation of a video stream poses a serious challenge to multimedia research. Here we explore the idea that temporal segmentation might include the observers' watching style. We propose a way to parse a visual stimulus into temporally-defined units by exploiting the difference of exploratory eye movements between novice and expert observers. The difference was condensed into a single quantity, the quasi-instantaneous spatial extension of the regions fixated significantly longer by either group of observers, which we termed Visual Differential Attractor (VDA). As test-bed, we presented a videotaped billiard match to novice and professional players, and recorded their eye movements. We assessed whether VDA, in tracing over time the oculomotor difference between experts and novices, would mark the individual shots embedded in the movie. Indeed, VDA showed systematic modulations over time, with peaks and toughs occurring before and after the shots, respectively. The effect disappeared by analyzing separately the scanpath of novices and experts. This finding suggests that it is possible to parse a visual stimulus into behaviorally relevant temporal units by comparing the gaze of expert and naif observers.

Eight Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (STRs), DYS19, DYS389-I, DYS389-II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393 and DYS385, were typed in a population sample (n=101) of first-generation Albanian immigrants living in Italy.

We collected published and unpublished data from 17 contributing groups participating in the GeFI (Italian Forensic Geneticists). The total number of typed subjects was 1114 males and 777 females, coming from 11 regions of North, Centre, and South Italy, and Sardinia. Individual's multilocus genotypes included 4–12 loci. The total number of typed markers was 29, scattered along the X-chromosome genetic map in several clusters; the most used marker was DXS7423 (2429 gene copies); the mean number of subjects typed per marker was 336 for males and 208 for females. Data are available online.

We report the case of four women and a man, all born in an Italian village during and immediately after WWII, that recently contacted our laboratory in order to perform kinship analysis. According to their claim, the propositi were the illegitimate offspring of a country gentleman and a peasant woman, given in adoption immediately after birth. A story that curiously reminded us of Jean Jacques Rousseau, Therese Levasseur and their five children. Problems connected with DNA analysis in cases where all stated relationship are questioned, and a wide range of different pedigrees could be used as hypotheses in LR calculations are discussed.

Twenty-one X-chromosomal short tandem repeat loci, including the six clusters of linked markers DXS10148-DXS10135-DXS8378 (Xp22), DXS7132-DXS10074-DXS10079 (Xq12), DXS6801-DXS6809-DXS6789 (Xq21), DXS7424-DXS101 (Xq22), DXS10103-HPRTB-DXS10101 (Xq26), DXS8377-DXS10146-DXS10134-DXS7423-DXS10011 (Xq28), and the loci DXS6800 and GATA172D05 were typed in a northwestern Algerian population sample (n = 210; 104 men and 106 women). Allele and haplotype frequencies were calculated. No evidence of linkage disequilibrium was observed between pairs of loci within clusters of linked markers. At locus DXS10148, sequence analysis of a subset of alleles displaying unusual amplicon length (/= 36 repeat units) and anomalous electrophoretic mobility showed that this marker has a complex molecular structure with different repeat variants within alleles of identical amplicon size.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) U/K and J/T are sister haplogroups within the superhaplogroup R. They are both common in Europe, with a combined overall frequency similar to the one reported for H, the most common European haplogroup (40–50%). In this study, we selected 159 Italian subjects, already ascribed to U/K and J/T by RFLP typing, and assigned each mtDNA to specific clades/subclades by investigating at least one diagnostic coding region SNP. For each sister haplogroup, one multiplex PCR and one SNaPshot minisequencing reaction were set up targeting 16 U/K and 7 J/T coding region SNPs. Each mtDNA sample was clearly assigned to a specific subclade, which could be further subdivided into several minor sub-branches according to peculiar HVS I/II motifs. Such a molecular dissection of haplogroups U/K and J/T could be extremely useful to reduce the overall analysis time and labor intensive sequencing procedures in high volume forensic casework, for example when it is important to rapidly exclude samples in order to restrict the number of suspects.

The continual discovery of new single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has led to an increased resolution of the Y chromosome phylogeny. Some of these Y-SNPs have shown to be restricted to small geographical regions and therefore may prove useful in the forensic field as tools for the prediction of population of origin of unknown casework samples. Here, we describe a system for the molecular dissection of haplogroup E-M78 (E1b1b1a), consisting of multiplex polymerase chain reaction and minisequencing of M78 and nine population-informative Y-SNPs (M148, M224, V12, V13, V19, V22, V27, V32, V65) in a single reaction. Sensitivity and admixture studies demonstrated that the SNP protocol allows robust genotyping from as little as 50 pg of male DNA, even in the presence of 500-fold amounts of female DNA. In order to evaluate the suitability of E1b1b1a, subhaplogrouping for population-of-origin prediction, the distribution of E-M78 and its derived variants was determined in an Italian population sample (n = 326).

Dropout of the amelogenin Y-specific allele due to an interstitial deletion of the Yp involving the amelogenin Y locus (AMELY) can cause misidentification of sex genotype with potentially serious consequences in personal identification processes and criminal investigations. Inclusion of additional sex-defining markers in forensic DNA typing kits is therefore advisable. In this study, the co-amplification of the sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene and 16 STR loci included in the AmpFlSTR Identifiler PCR Amplification Kit was evaluated. Combination of SRY and Identifiler primers did not compromise the amplification outcome and generated a 90bp male-specific SRY fragment, showing a reproducible peak height ratio in comparison with the AMELY peak. The SRY peak was detectable in presence of amounts of template DNA as low as 125pg, and in mixed samples with a male/female DNA ratio of 1:100.

The presence or absence of genetic heterogeneity in Sicily has long been debated. Through the analysis of the variation of Y-chromosome lineages, using the combination of haplogroups and short tandem repeats from several areas of Sicily, we show that traces of genetic flows occurred in the island, due to ancient Greek colonization and to northern African contributions, are still visible on the basis of the distribution of some lineages. The genetic contribution of Greek chromosomes to the Sicilian gene pool is estimated to be about 37% whereas the contribution of North African populations is estimated to be around 6%. In particular, the presence of a modal haplotype coming from the southern Balkan Peninsula and of its one-step derivates associated to E3b1a2-V13, supports a common genetic heritage between Sicilians and Greeks. The estimate of Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor is about 2380 years before present, which broadly agrees with the archaeological traces of the Greek classic era. The Eastern and Western part of Sicily appear to be significantly different by the χ2-analysis, although the extent of such differentiation is not very high according to an analysis of molecular variance. The presence of a high number of different haplogroups in the island makes its gene diversity to reach about 0.9. The general heterogeneous composition of haplogroups in our Sicilian data is similar to the patterns observed in other major islands of the Mediterranean, reflecting the complex histories of settlements in Sicily.

Hypervariable regions HV1 and HV2 of the mitochondrial DNA control region were sequenced in pre-therapy (serum) and post-therapy (saliva, hair) biological samples collected from HIV-infected patients ( n =13) treated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Occurrence of length/point heteroplasmic mutations as a consequence of treatment with NRTIs was evaluated. The observed rate of length heteroplasmy in the analyzed samples was consistent with values previously reported in untreated subjects, whereas no evidence of point heteroplasmy in post-treatment tissue samples was seen.

Reading online newspapers is increasingly becoming more common, so that thousands of newspapers are published online today. Despite this development, there are many unanswered questions concerning subjects’ behaviour during reading an online newspapers. Recording eye movements when a subject is navigating within a news website can provide quantitative and objective information on subject’s behaviour and combined with other methodologies – usability testing, focus groups, log analysis - represents a powerful tool for improving news websites functionality, and by consequence their achievement among readers. Two Italian newspaper websites have been considered for the study described in this paper and the analysis has been focused on the exploration behaviour within the newspaper home page and the reading of article pages.

We recently found a number of intermediate DYS458 alleles, indicated as .2. This allelic variant is distributed in several populations, but currently no information is available regarding the molecular structure and the genealogical correlation of chromosomes with this variant. The molecular characterisation of such allele, its worldwide distribution and the correlated evolutionary history are the subject of the present paper. Molecular and genealogical data are suggestive of a single origin for the .2 variant. Phylogeographic analysis points to either a Middle East or East African origin, but additional data is necessary to clarify this point. Our results suggest that the .2 variants is a stable polymorphism and that it could be used for population studies. © 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Within an Italian collaborative exercise on the extended haplotype of the Y-chromosome, 1288 subjects were typed by the AmpFlSTR YFiler Amplification Kit (AB Applied Biosystems) and other 526 were typed by the PowerPlex Y ® System (Promega). The sampling scheme included either a "regional" or a "local" recruitment, the first referring to individuals born in the region of the participating lab, the second referring to individuals coming from small villages. Total sample sizes were N =954 and 860, respectively. A significant decrease of haplotype diversity was found in the local samples. The results may be of interest in forensic applications of the Y-chromosome.

A sample of 1070 individuals was collected by 12 collaborating forensic laboratories from Central and Northern Italy, and typed by the so-called "NC01" triplex, including the three loci D10S1248, D14S1434, and D22S1045. Heterozygosities were 0.771, 0.717, and 0.720, respectively.

The Animal Type Pig PCR Amplification kit (Biotype AG, Dresden, Germany), a multiplex PCR system that allows the simultaneous amplification of 11 tetrameric short tandem repeats (STRs) and an Amelogenin-like locus for individual identification and sexing of pig (sus scrofa), was employed in the investigation of an alleged case of veterinary malpractice. A veterinarian responsible for collecting random blood samples as part of the program for the serological surveillance of swine vesicular disease (SVD) was accused of having drawn multiple samples from a single sow. STR typing of serum left overs from SVD testing strongly supported the conclusion that all the questioned samples included DNA from the same animal.

The distribution of Y-chromosomal single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) haplogroups and short tandem repeat (STR) haplotypes was determined in a sample of 102 unrelated men of Arab origin from northwestern Algeria (Oran area). A total of nine different haplogroups were identified by a panel of 22 binary markers. The most common haplogroups observed in the Algerian population were E3b2 (45.1%) and J1 (22.5%). Y-STR typing by a 17-loci multiplex system allowed 93 haplotypes to be defined (88 were unique). Striking differences in the allele distribution and gene diversity of Y-STR markers between haplogroups could be found. In particular, intermediate alleles at locus DYS458 specifically characterized the haplotypes of individuals carrying haplogroup J1. All the intermediate alleles shared a common repeat sequence structure, supporting the hypothesis that the variant originated from a single mutational event.

We report an unusual paternity test case showing multiple peculiarities. Using AmpFlSTR® Profiler Plus and AmpFlSTR® Identifiler PCR Amplification kits, the alleged father and the two children were apparently homozygous at the FGA locus, but using the PowerPlex® 16 kit the three individuals were found to be heterozygous. Drop-out was caused by a single mutation event in the presumptive binding site of the reverse primer. In addition, three inconsistencies were detected between the daughter and the alleged father among 18 STR markers. The occurrence of the rare null allele at the FGA locus and case history suggested that the true father was the brother of the alleged father. Furthermore, a single-step repeat maternal mutation was also detected at D16S539. This puzzling case was solved by using multiple analytical approaches, including the use of different primer pairs, the use of a high number of STR markers, and the characterization of the mutation causing the “null allele.”

Microscopic examination of a blood clot expelled by a physically and mentally disabled woman taken to the emergency room because of genital bleeding revealed the presence of chorionic villi encircled by decidua, hemorrhage, and necrosis. In order to identify the father of the product of conception, sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded abortion material were subjected to laser microdissection: DNA extraction from chorionic villi selectively isolated from the surrounding tissues allowed successful STR-typing of fetal cells, which was otherwise prevented by excess maternal DNA. The large number of homozygous genotypes in the fetal profile suggested incestuous paternity. Analysis of reference DNA samples from male relatives excluded the woman's father, paternal grandfather, and maternal grandfather, whereas the obligate paternal alleles of the fetus were constantly present in the genotypes of the woman's brother, clearly demonstrating brother-sister incest (probability of paternity > 99.99999%).

Eight Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (STRs)-DYS19, DYS389-I, DYS389-II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393 and DYS385 - were typed in a population sample (n = 255) of unrelated Sicilian males from nine different towns on the main island and from the island of Pantelleria. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Results from a collaborative exercise with proficiency testing conducted by 20 Italian laboratories on the 15 loci included in the Identifiler ® kit were analyzed by allele sharing methods and by standard population genetics tests. The validated database, including about 1500 subjects, was merged with that of a previous exercise conducted on nine loci, and the resulting allele frequencies, subdivided by Italian region, were published on-line.

Sequence variation of the hypervariable segments (HVS) I/II of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the haplogroup affiliation were determined in a sample of 271 Italian subjects. This analysis showed that 42% of the individuals could be ascribed to H, the most frequent haplogroup in European Caucasian populations. This fraction was then screened for specific single nucleotide polymorphisms located in the coding region to identify H subclades H1-H15. We set up two multiplex polymerase chain reactions and specific SNaPshot assays to investigate the frequency distribution of these subgroups in our population sample and to examine their usefulness in discriminating among commonly shared HVS I/II sequences. This allowed the assignment of a large portion of the mtDNAs ( approximately 70%) to specific subhaplogroups, with H1 and H5 being the most represented. About two-thirds of the individuals sharing common HVS I/II sequences were subdivided and ascribed to specific H subhaplogroups with a significant reduction of the frequencies of the most common mtDNA haplotypes. Haplogroup H subtyping could thus be extremely useful in forensic identification when many samples have to be analysed and compared, avoiding excessive time-consuming and labor-intensive sequencing analysis.

Genotyping of transcribed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cDNA molecules derived from tissue-specific mRNAs has a potential for linking cell types to donors in mixed stains. To test this hypothesis, a single base extension assay targeting the synonymous SNP marker rs857870 in the myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen (MNDA) gene was designed. In blood/semen mixtures from donors with informative MNDA genotype (opposite homozygotes), only the MNDA allele of the blood contributor was observed in cDNA, even at blood/semen ratios of 1/20, corresponding to the limit of detection for mixtures by STR profiling. In blood/saliva mixtures, the MNDA allele of the saliva donor was sporadically seen in cDNA, probably due to trace amounts of blood in the donor's saliva, suggesting that the informativeness of the assay may be limited in presence of cell types with partially overlapping mRNA profiles.

Italians residing in Piedmont (Northwest Italy) KEYWORDS: forensic science, DNA typing, population genetics, Piedmont, Italians, D3S1358, TH01, D21S11, D18S51, Penta E, D5S818,D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, CSF1PO, Penta D, vWA, D8S1179, TPOX, FGA Several studies on allelic frequencies of tetrameric STR loci(CODIS loci) in the Italian population have been published; how-ever, data regarding the distribution of recently introduced pen-tameric loci are still scarce.Blood/saliva samples were obtained from 147 unrelated Ital-ians residing in Piedmont (North West Italy). Genomic DNAwasisolated by means of spin columns (Macherey-Nagel, D¨uren,Germany).PCRamplificationwasperformedaccordingtotheman-ufacturer’s instruction using the GenePrint TM R PowerPlex 16 Sys-tem (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI). The amplified productswere detected with the 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosys-tems, Foster City, CA). Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was evalu-ated by exact test using the software GENEPOP Version 3.3 (1).

In this study, we evaluated the effect on DNA typing of storage of human tissue in formalin versus an alcohol-based method (Complucad®). Samples of tissue were collected at different time from fixation. DNA was isolated and, after quantitation, was amplified by quadruplex PCR including four STR loci (LPL, F13B, FESFPS and F13A01). For alcohol-fixed tissue, quantitation showed that DNA yield remained unchanged regardless of storage time and complete profiles were obtained. Instead, the DNA amount recovered from those fixed with formalin was lower and DNA looked very degraded. Actually, for these samples, we observed a lack of amplification of >200 bp loci.

Epiglottic cartilage was evaluated as an alternative source of genomic DNA from decomposed human remains to be used in forensic casework. The histological study of epiglottic cartilage samples, taken from three bodies exhumed after 6–18 months, showed the presence of a well-conserved matrix delimiting the lacunae, where residual chondrocytes could be seen. The amount of genomic DNA isolated from the samples by means of a standard organic phenol/chloroform method varied from 0.25 to 2 ng/mg of tissue. Coamplification of six short tandem repeat (STR) loci plus Amelogenin, followed by capillary electrophoresis, generated full profiles for all the DNA extracts. In one case, it was possible to compare the obtained profile with that from a reference blood sample collected at the time of postmortem examination: complete concordance of genotypes was observed at all loci.

Vision is our main way to interact with the environment. Clear vision of an object is guaranteed only when its image falls steadily within that specific central part of the retina which is called fovea. In order to explore a visual scene, the eyes have to move in such a way as to bring the image of an object of interest onto the fovea and to maintain it stable

In recent years Italy experienced a strong migration flow from Albania: a STR reference database, to be used in forensic casework, was created for the Albanian population. Blood/saliva samples were obtained from 100 unrelated Albanians residing in Piedmont (North West Italy). Genomic DNA was isolated from blood by the Chelex method (1) and from saliva by standard organic phenol/chlorophorm extraction. PCR amplification was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions, using the GenePrint™ PowerPlex™ System (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI). The amplified products were detected with the 310 Genetic Analyzer (Perkin-Elmer, Foster City, CA). Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was evaluated by exact test using the software GENEPOP Version 3.2a (2). The complete data are available to any interested researcher at http://medicina.medfarm.unito.it/dipart/dafml/torre/databasealbanians.htm

The two dimensional representation of the eye movement performed by a subject while exploring a scene is commonly called “scanpath.” By examining both the spatial and temporal evolution of the scanpath on the scene presented to the subject we are able to quantify, in a completely objective way, where the subject is looking and for how long his gaze remains on a specific area. The recording of scanpaths during the exploration of a computer display can represent a powerful tool in the context of usability testing.In order to study the scanpath of a user interacting with a computer display we need a system able to record the vertical and horizontal components of eye movement with respect to the screen surface. Several systems are currently available on the market that are based on different eye movement recording techniques and each one is characterized by both advantages and drawbacks.We have used and compared two such eye-tracking systems that exploit video camera based recording and track the center of the pupil and of the corneal reflections elicited by infrared light illumination. One system consists of a headset supporting two dichroic mirrors and two high-speed CCD cameras for binocular recording. Two sets of infrared light emitting diodes illuminate each eye for the generation of corneal reflections. The headset is heavy and must be fastened very tightly to avoid slipping since any displacement relative to the head can introduce an error in the reconstruction of gaze position on the display.The other system is composed of a video camera mounted below the computer screen and exploits the Pupil-Center/Corneal-Reflection method to determine gaze direction. A small infrared light emitting diode illuminates the eye and generates a bright reflection on the cornea. The major advantage of the system is that it operates without any sort of contact with the subject thus allowing even very long acquisition sessions without causing discomfort to the subject. Moreover, since the measure of gaze position is performed with respect to the computer display, small movements of the head do not introduce errors.In order to be able to examine a subject's behavior while interacting with a computer system in a most natural way, we developed a software program that allows for the recording of both the gaze and mouse actions of a user while freely navigating the World Wide Web, any hypertext document, and possibly while using any graphical user interface.Data analysis is performed offline by reproducing the vertical and horizontal components of eye movement on each page that the subject has explored during the recording. Zones of interest can be defined on each page in an interactive way. Then the software can compute the number of accesses to each zone, the fixation time for each access, i.e. the time spent by the subject looking inside the zone, and the sequence of exploration, i.e. which zone has been observed as the first, which one as the second and so on.

Twelve X-chromosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci (DXS6789, DXS6809, GATA172D05, DXS101, DXS8378, DXS8377, DXS7132, DXS6800, DXS6801, DXS7424, HPRTB, DXS10011), including two clusters of closely linked markers (DXS6801–DXS6809–DXS6789 mapping in Xq21 and DXS7424–DXS101 mapping in Xq22) were typed in a northwestern Algerian population sample (n = 210; 104 men and 106 women). The calculated allele and haplotype frequencies were compared with those previously obtained for the same set of markers in the Italian population. No evidence of linkage disequilibrium was observed between pairs of loci within clusters of strictly linked markers.

Allele and genotype frequencies for five PCR-based DNA markers (LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8 and GC) were determined in 100 unrelated individuals from Piedmont (Northwest Italy). All five loci met Hardy-Weinberg expectations in the sampled population. The combined PD and CE were, respectively, 0.995 and 0.697. Frequencies obtained were compared with other previously published data on Caucasian populations with no significant differences. The genetic data from this study, in addition to those already collected by other groups, contribute to the expansion of the Italian DNA database suitable for forensic casework and paternity testing.

Typing of X-chromosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci in a deficiency paternity case revealed a single Mendelian incompatibility between a female child and her putative grandmother, consisting of an opposite homozygosity at locus DXS8378. The presence of a null allele due to a primer binding site mutation on the child's paternally inherited X chromosome was confirmed by amplification with newly designed DXS8378 external primers. Sequencing analysis showed a point mutation (C>T transition at position 168, according to GenBank accession G08098) in the binding site of the original DXS8378 reverse primer.

In a worldwide collaborative effort, 19,630 Y-chromosomes were sampled from 129 different populations in 51 countries. These chromosomes were typed for 23 short-tandem repeat (STR) loci (DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385ab, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635, GATAH4, DYS481, DYS533, DYS549, DYS570, DYS576, and DYS643) and using the PowerPlex Y23 System (PPY23, Promega Corporation, Madison, WI). Locus-specific allelic spectra of these markers were determined and a consistently high level of allelic diversity was observed. A considerable number of null, duplicate and off-ladder alleles were revealed. Standard single-locus and haplotype-based parameters were calculated and compared between subsets of Y-STR markers established for forensic casework. The PPY23 marker set provides substantially stronger discriminatory power than other available kits but at the same time reveals the same general patterns of population structure as other marker sets. A strong correlation was observed between the number of Y-STRs included in a marker set and some of the forensic parameters under study. Interestingly a weak but consistent trend toward smaller genetic distances resulting from larger numbers of markers became apparent. Fil: Corach, Daniel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Caputo, Mariela. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Marino, Miguel Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Laboratorio de Analisis de ADN; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Purps, Josephine. Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Alemania Fil: Siegert, Sabine. University of Cologne; Alemania Fil: Willuweit, Sascha. Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Alemania Fil: Nagy, Marion. Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Alemania Fil: Alves, Cíntia. Universidad de Porto; Portugal Fil: Salazar, Renato. Universidad de Porto; Portugal Fil: Angustia, Sheila M. T.. Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory; Filipinas Fil: Santos, Lorna H.. Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory; Filipinas Fil: Anslinger, Katja. Universitat Genzentrum Der Ludwing-maximilians; Alemania Fil: Bayer, Birgit. Universitat Genzentrum Der Ludwing-maximilians; Alemania Fil: Ayub, Qasim. The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Reino Unido Fil: Wei, Wei. The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Reino Unido Fil: Xue, Yali. The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Reino Unido Fil: Tyler Smith, Chris. The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Reino Unido Fil: Baeta Bafalluy, Miriam. Universidad de Zaragoza; España Fil: Martínez Jarreta, Begoña. Universidad de Zaragoza; España Fil: Egyed, Balazs. Eotvos University, Budapest; Argentina Fil: Balitzki, Beate. Universidad de Basilea; Suiza Fil: Tschumi, Sibylle. Universidad de Basilea; Suiza Fil: Ballard, David. King; Reino Unido Fil: Syndercombe Court, Denise. King; Reino Unido Fil: Barrantes, Xinia. Poder Judicial, Forensic Sciences Department; Costa Rica Fil: Bäßler, Gerhard. Landeskriminalamt Baden-Württemberg; Alemania Fil: Berger, Burkhard. Universidad de Innsbruck; Austria Fil: Niederstätter, Haral. Universidad de Innsbruck; Austria Fil: Parson, Walther. Universidad de Innsbruck; Austria. University Park; Estados Unidos Fil: Davis, Carey. Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics; Estados Unidos. Institute of Applied Genetics; Estados Unidos Fil: Furfuro, Sandra. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Laboratorio de Análisis de ADN; Argentina Fil: Locarno, Laura. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Laboratorio de Análisis de ADN; Argentina