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Several reports have shown that about 25% of harvested fruits globally are lost to spoilage by microorganisms. The study determined the quantitative metabolites and bioactivities of Aspilia africana extracts on fungi from spoiled Cucumis sativus and Carica papaya fruits. The fungi from spoiled C. sativus and C. papaya fruits were obtained using mycological techniques. The quantitative metabolites and bioactivities of the aqueous (ALEAA) and ethanol (ELEAA) extracts of A. africana were determined using the standard protocol and disc diffusion technique, respectively. The fungal genera obtained were Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Fusarium, and Rhizopus. There were variations in percentage yields, physical appearances, and pH of the extracts. The results of quantitative estimation of metabolites showed that ALEAA had mean protein, carbohydrate, and lipid contents of 15.36 ± 0.32%, 60.97 ± 1.14%, and 6.66 ± 0.04%, respectively. Alkaloids showed a positive correlation with protein (r = 0.2028) and carbohydrate (r = 0.421), and a negative correlation with lipid (r = -0.6556) at p < 0.05. The ELEAA exhibited more inhibitory effects on test fungal isolates, with mean zones of inhibition (IZs) ranging from 9.3 ± 0.1 to 18.8 ± 0.3 mm, than the ALEAA, with mean IZs ranging between 9.4 ± 0.4 and 16.0 ± 1.0 mm. The R coefficients of the extracts and IZs as exhibited by the fungi ranged from 0.5985 to 0.9936. The results have revealed quantitative metabolites and antifungal activities of the extract and also provided rationale for its utilization as a preservative for fruits against spoilage by fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya leaf curl disease (PaLCuD) is widespread and classified in the genus begomovirus (Geminiviridae), disseminated by the vector whitefly Bemisia tabaci. RNA interference (RNAi)-based antiviral innate immunity stands as a pivotal defense mechanism and biological process in limiting viral genomes to manage plant diseases. The current study aims to identify and analyze Carica Papaya locus-derived capa-microRNAs with predicted potential for targeting divergent begomovirus species-encoded mRNAs using a ‘four integrative in silico algorithms’ approach. This research aims to experimentally activate the RNAi catalytic pathway using in silico-predicted endogenous capa-miRNAs and create papaya varieties capable of assessing potential resistance against begomovirus species and monitoring antiviral capabilities. This study identified 48 predicted papaya locus-derived candidates from 23 miRNA families, which were further investigated for targeting begomovirus genes. Premised all the four algorithms combined, capa-miR5021 was the most anticipated miRNA followed by capa-miR482, capa-miR5658, capa-miR530b, capa-miR3441.2, and capa-miR414 ‘effective’ papaya locus-derived candidate capa-miRNA and respected putative binding sites for targets at the consensus nucleotide position. It was predicted to bind and target mostly to AC1 gene of the complementary strand and the AV1 gene of the virion strand of different begomovirus isolates, which were associated with replication-associated protein and encapsidation, respectively, during PaLCuD. These miRNAs were also found targeting betaC1 gene of betasatellite which were associated with retardation in leaf growth and developmental abnormalities with severe symptoms during begomovirus infection. To validate target prediction accuracy, we created an integrated Circos plot for comprehensive visualization of host–virus interaction. In silico-predicted papaya genome-wide miRNA-mediated begomovirus target gene regulatory network corroborated interactions that permit in vivo analysis, which could provide biological material and valuable evidence, leading to the development of begomovirus-resistant papaya plants. The integrative nature of our research positions it at the forefront of efforts to ensure the sustainable cultivation of papaya, particularly in the face of evolving pathogenic threats. As we move forward, the knowledge gained from this study provides a solid foundation for continued exploration and innovation in the field of papaya virology, and to the best of our knowledge, this study represents a groundbreaking endeavor, undertaken for the first time in the context of PaLCuD research.

It is common practice to use herbs to supplement for fish feed and as a way to trap fish during fishing expeditions. The use of these plant materials causes more harm than good in aquaculture species because of lack of knowledge of the side effects. The study was to find acute toxicity of the lethal dose (LD50) of Carica papaya leaf extract on Clarias gariepinus juveniles, hematological parameters, weight changes, liver enzymes. A total number of 200 C. gariepinus juveniles were used for the study. Juveniles were grouped into 5 groups for acute toxicity with different extract concentrations; 290.95 mg/l, 529.00 mg/l, 767.05 mg/l, 1005.10 mg/l, and 1243.15 mg/l. Based on the result of acute toxicity tests, assessment of sub-acute toxicity test was made, using different extract concentration; 290.00 mg/l, 502.50 mg/l, 714.15 mg/l and 925.75 mg/l. Administration of extract lasted for 28 days behavioural changes were observed in the experimental animals at the 96 h static bioassay. Weight were observed, specific growth rate was the lowest in 925.75 mg/l and the control. Hematological assay showed changes in the packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) as they were significantly increased in comparison to the control. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) showed no response except on day 7 when it declined significantly in fish exposed to 290.0 mg/l of extract. The white blood cell differentials and liver enzymes-alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were unaffected. The increase in red blood cell may be indicative that leaf extract of Carica papaya may have anti-anaemic properties. The absence of changes in the white blood cell and liver function enzymes, may be indicative that C. papaya leaf extract has no toxic effect on the juveniles.

Carica papaya, commonly referred to as papaya, is a member of the Caricaceae family, boasting a diverse array of compounds and biomolecules, notably papain, with significant industrial and medicinal value. This comprehensive review meticulously examines the properties, extraction techniques, and pharmacological importance of papain, coupled with an exploration of the pharmacological activities inherent in C. papaya. Extensive research data from reputable sources such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were scrutinized to collate pertinent information on the plant and its enzyme. Within C. papaya, a spectrum of bioactive compounds were identified, encompassing alkaloids, tannins, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, sugars, glycosides, amino acids, steroids, and the pivotal enzyme papain. Papain extraction methods and their activity modulation in response to pH, temperature, and other physicochemical parameters were examined in detail. This review provides a nuanced analysis of papain, addressing both its pharmacological implications and potential side effects. Its far-reaching applications in the medical, industrial, and pharmaceutical sectors were meticulously discussed, unveiling its market potential. Furthermore, C. papaya emerged as a reservoir of pharmacological activities, exhibiting antioxidant properties, anti-cancer potential, wound healing capabilities, digestive disorder management, and anxiolytic effects. The research underscores the promising potential of C. papaya and papain for diverse biological applications, prompting a call for further studies to unlock their therapeutic benefits, particularly in the realm of public health. Looking ahead, continued advancements in drug development hold the key to unraveling the intricate bioactive components of papaya and its papain cysteine proteases. These insights are poised to catalyze their development and application, promising substantial contributions to the betterment of humanity.

Background: Dengue-induced thrombocytopenia can be life-threatening. However, supportive and symptomatic treatment is the current management protocol. The leaf extract of papaya has shown promising results in improving the platelet count. There are many varieties of Carica papaya such as Washington, Honeydew, Coorg honeydew, Solo, Surya, Red lady, C0-1, CO-3, CO-5, C0-6. Aims and Objectives: The aim is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two varieties (“Red Lady” and “Solo”) of C. papaya fresh leaf extract in patients diagnosed with dengue-induced thrombocytopenia. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted for 2 months, and 18 dengue-confirmed inpatients with thrombocytopenia (platelet count

Nghiên cứu được thực hiện với mục đích khảo sát các đơn yếu tố: tỉ lệ dung môi/nguyên liệu và thời gian ảnh hưởng đến quá trình chiết cao nước từ hoa đu đủ đực, thu được kết quả tương ứng 40/1 (v/w) và 3,0 giờ với hàm lượng cao nước 31,40%. Bằng phương pháp quy hoạch thực nghiệm trực giao cấp I đã tìm được điều kiện chiết tối ưu là 100/1 (v/w) và 4,0 giờ với hàm lượng cao nước 31,75%. Thực nghiệm khảo sát các đơn yếu tố trong phòng thí nghiệm cho kết quả có độ tương thích gần với mô hình nên tỉ lệ dung môi/nguyên liệu 40/1 (v/w) và thời gian 3,0 giờ là các điều kiện chiết tối ưu được lựa chọn để thu cao nước. Cao nước thể hiện hoạt tính kháng vi khuẩn Enterococcus faecalis với MIC 128 µg/mL, ức chế sự phát triển của nấm Candida albicans với MIC 128 µg/mL và gây độc trên dòng tế bào ung thư phổi A549, ung thư gan Hep3B, ung thư vú MCF-7 với CS% từ 70,25±1,77 đến 78,50±2,18 ở nồng độ 30 µg/mL; từ 57,12±1,75 đến 95,71±3,24 ở nồng độ 100 µg/mL.

Background: Uterine stimulants are medications used to induce/augment labor, induce abortion, and to prevent postpartum hemorrhage. Currently, available drugs carrying adverse effects, hence the present study is designed to study the effect of Carica papaya raw fruits extract in comparison with oxytocin using in vitro rat uterus preparations. Aims and Objectives: Primary and secondary aims of the present study were to evaluate the uterine stimulant effect and also the potency of C. papaya fruit extract using in vitro rat uterus preparations in comparison with oxytocin. Materials and Methods: A total of 6 female rats were taken and anesthetized with ether. By giving midline incision at abdomen from pubic symphysis, two horns of uterus were identified and collected from each rat. Uterus of each rat was subjected to Oxytocin 0.32 IU (standard), alcoholic extract of C. papaya 0.32 mg (AECP), and combination of various doses of AECP (0.64 mg, 1.28 mg, and 2.56 mg) and a fixed dose of Oxytocin (0.32 IU). Using Sherrington’s kymograph, the uterine responses of each drug and combinations were studied in terms of height of the graph. Results: The mean contraction of uterus was 6.55mm and 2.26 cm, when Oxytocin (0.32 UI) and AECP (0.32 mg) injected, respectively. When combination of Oxytocin and different doses of AECP was injected, the uterus has shown dose-dependent response, i.e., 7.13 cm (Oxytocin 0.32 IU +AECP 3.2 mg), 8.08 cm (Oxytocin 0.32 IU + AECP 6.4 mg), and 9.01 cm (Oxytocin 0.32 IU + AECP 12.8 mg). Conclusion: AECP has shown dose-dependent uterine stimulant effect. Further studies are required to find out the possible mechanism behind the uterine stimulant activity of AECP.

This article reports the first case of papaya anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum salsolae in Mauritius. Papaya is an economically important crop primarily cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical countries. The diseased fruit displayed large, circular brown to black spots with a pink-colored edge. The researchers obtained pure cultures of two different types of colonies from the diseased tissues and confirmed the identity of the isolates as C. salsolae through morphological, molecular, and pathogenicity analyses. This finding highlights the emerging threat of C. salsolae to papaya production in Mauritius. The study was funded by the University of Mauritius and the European Union. [Extracted from the article]

This study thoroughly examined the proximate composition, bioactive composition, and in vitro biological activities of three different cultivars of papaya leaf extracts (PLEs) as potential functional ingredients and nutraceuticals. The dark green leaves of three papaya cultivars, Khaek Dam (KD), Holland (H), and Thai Local (L), were used in this study. The protein content of the leaves ranged from 25.96 to 32.18%, the fat content ranged from 7.34 to 11.66%, the carbohydrate content ranged from 5.80 to 17.91%, the moisture content ranged from 6.02 to 6.49%, the ash content ranged from 11.23 to 12.40%, and the fiber content ranged from 23.24 to 38.48%. The L cultivar possessed significantly higher protein and carbohydrate contents, whereas the H cultivar had the highest ash content (p < 0.05). The total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 113.94 to 173.69 mg GAE/g extract, with the KD cultivar having the highest TPC (p < 0.05). Several metabolic compounds such as phenolic compounds (particularly kaempferol, isorhamnetin, quercetin, ferulic acid, isoferulic acid, salicylic acid, sinapic acid, syringic acid, and vanillin), terpenoids (such as eucalyptol), glycosides, and indole were identified. The PLE from the KD cultivar had the highest levels of DPPH• inhibition, metal chelation, reducing power, and antidiabetic activity (p < 0.05), suggesting superior biological activity. All three PLEs reduced the proliferation of RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner with low nitric oxide formation. These results indicate that the papaya leaf, particularly from the KD cultivar, could be a promising source of functional food ingredients.

Background and Aim: Antibiotic resistance, especially in Gram-negative bacteria, is a major public health risk affecting all industries requiring the use of antibiotics, including agriculture and animal breeding. This study aimed to use papaya extracts to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and evaluate their antimicrobial activity against various Gram-negative bacteria. Materials and Methods: Silver nanoparticles were synthesized from the aqueous extracts of papaya seed, root, and bark, with AgNO3 used as a reducing agent. The phytofabricated AgNPs were analyzed by ultraviolet–visible absorbance, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and photon cross-correlation spectroscopy (PCCS). The disc-diffusion method was used to perform antibacterial analysis, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations were determined. We also investigated the antibiofilm activity of AgNPs and attempted to elucidate the potential mechanism of action on Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Results: Phytofabrication of AgNPs was successful with papaya root (PR-AgNPs) and papaya seed (PS-AgNPs), but not with papaya bark. Silver nanoparticles using papaya root and PS-AgNPs were both cubic and showed maximum absorbances of 2.6 and 0.3 AUs at 411.6 and 416.8 nm wavelengths and average hydrodynamic diameters X50 of 59.46 ± 7.03 and 66.57 ± 8.89 nm, respectively. The Ag in both AgNPs was confirmed by X-ray fluorescence by a distinctive peak in the spectrum at the silver Ka line of 22.105 keV. Both AgNPs exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against all Gram-negative bacteria, and PR-AgNPs were slightly better than AgNPs-PS. The MIC ranged from 16 µg/mL–28 µg/mL and 16 µg/mL–64 µg/mL, respectively, for PS-AgNPs and PR-AgNPs. The elucidation of the mechanism of action revealed interference with E. coli ATCC 25922 growth kinetics and inhibition of HM+-ATPase proton pumps. Conclusion: Papaya seed and root extracts were efficient reducing agents for the biogenic synthesis of AgNPs, with noteworthy antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. Future studies should be conducted to identify the phytochemicals and the mechanism involved in AgNPs synthesis.

Abstract KUB chickens have a low volume of semen per ejaculate, but the concentration is high. IB volume and concentration requirements must be met. Papaya (Carica papaya L.), is rich in carbohydrates, protein, fat, fiber, antioxidants and vitamins. Quail yolk contains lipoprotein, fat, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamin A. The addition of papaya juice in ringer's lactate diluent + quail yolk as a diluent for KUB chicken semen is thought to improve the quality of KUB chicken spermatozoa during storage. Experimental research, using a Completely Randomized Factorial Design with two factors; the first factor is diluent with two levels, namely level I (ringer's lactate + quail yolk) and II (ringer's lactate + quail yolk + papaya juice); while the second factor is the length of time of storage in the refrigerator at 50C consisting of five levels namely 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours. The research variables included volume, consistency, pH, color and odor, concentration of spermatozoa, motility of spermatozoa (%), viability of spermatozoa and abnormality of spermatozoa. The results showed that there was a significant interaction between adding papaya juice to ringer's diluent + quail yolk and storage time at 50C on the quality of semen (spermatozoa) of KUB chickens. The addition of papaya juice to ringer's diluent + quail yolk had a good effect on maintaining motility, viability and abnormal spermatozoa of KUB chickens. The length of storage time has a significant effect on the quality of semen (spermatozoa) of KUB chickens. Keywords: Carica papaya; KUB chicken; Spermatozoa Abstrak Ayam KUB memiliki volume semen per ejakulat rendah, namun konsentrasinya tinggi. Syarat volume dan konsentrasi IB harus terpenuhi. Pepaya (Carica papaya L.), kaya kandungan karbohidrat, protein, lemak, serat, antioksidan, vitamin A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, asam folat, vitamin C, E dan K. Yolk puyuh mengandung lipoprotein, lemak, karbohidrat, mineral serta vitamin A. Penambahan sari buah pepaya dalam pengencer ringer’s laktat + yolk puyuh sebagai pengencer semen ayam KUB diduga dapat meningkatkan kualitas spermatozoa ayam KUB selama penyimpanan. Penelitian secara eksperimen, menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap Faktorial (RAL-Faktorial) dengan 2 (dua) faktor; faktor pertama adalah bahan pengencer dengan 2 (dua) level yaitu level I (ringer’s laktat + yolk puyuh) dan II (ringer’s laktat + yolk puyuh + sari buah pepaya); sedangkan faktor kedua adalah lama waktu penyimpanan didalam refrigerator pada suhu 50C yang terdiri atas 5 (lima) level yaitu 0, 2, 4, 6 dan 8 jam. Variabel penelitian meliputi volume, konsistensi, pH, warna dan bau, konsentrasi spermatozoa, motilitas spermatozoa (%), viabilitas spermatozoa dan abnormalitas spermatozoa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada interaksi yang signifikan antara penambahan sari buah pepaya pada pengencer ringer’s + yolk puyuh dan lama waktu penyimpanan pada suhu 50C terhadap kualitas semen (spermatozoa) ayam KUB. Penambahan sari buah pepaya pada pengencer ringer’s + yolk puyuh memberikan pengaruh yang baik dalam mempertahankan motilitas, viabilitas dan abnormalitas spermatozoa ayam KUB. Lama waktu penyimpanan memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kualitas semen (spermatozoa) ayam KUB. Kata kunci: Ayam KUB; Pepaya; Spermatozoa

MIKC-type MADS-box genes, also known as type II genes, play a crucial role in regulating the formation of floral organs and reproductive development in plants. However, the genome-wide identification and characterization of type II genes as well as a transcriptomic survey of their potential roles in Carica papaya remain unresolved. Here, we identified and characterized 24 type II genes in the C. papaya genome, and investigated their evolutional scenario and potential roles with a widespread expression profile. The type II genes were divided into thirteen subclades, and gene loss events likely occurred in papaya, as evidenced by the contracted member size of most subclades. Gene duplication mainly contributed to MIKC-type gene formation in papaya, and the duplicated gene pairs displayed prevalent expression divergence, implying the evolutionary significance of gene duplication in shaping the diversity of type II genes in papaya. A large-scale transcriptome analysis of 152 samples indicated that different subclasses of these genes showed distinct expression patterns in various tissues, biotic stress response, and abiotic stress response, reflecting their divergent functions. The hub-network of male and female flowers and qRT-PCR suggested that TT16-3 and AGL8 participated in male flower development and seed germination. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the evolution and functions of MIKC-type genes in C. papaya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a tropical fruit, well recognized for its nutritional value and many health benefits. It is frequently used in the preparation of processed products and extraction of papain enzyme. All of these processes discard the papaya seeds and peels which can reach 20% of the fruit weight. Consequently, there has been increasing interest in recovering valuable chemical constituents from papaya biowastes and producing value-added products. Papaya seed has been well-characterized for its nutrients, particularly glucosinolates content which contribute to its health effects. Additionally, the seed represents a rich source of lipids, proteins, and dietary fibers. Likewise, the peel has extra proportion of fibers and carotenoids.This review outlines the phytochemical composition of papaya fruit biowastes, their biological functions, application in functional food, bioenergy, and other industrial uses. State-of-the-art valorization practices of papaya fruits biowastes are presented with suggestions for potential biorefinery applications. Different optimization techniques combining downstream biotechnology to develop maximal utilization of the non-edible parts of these major fruit crops are also reviewed for the first time. Abbrevations: Benzylglucosinolate (BG); Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC); Dry weight (DW); Gallic acid equivalents (GAE); High voltage electrical discharges (HVED); Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE); Microwave power (MP); Microwave vacuum drying (MVD); Papaya seed oil (PSO); Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs); Pulsed electric field (PEF); Quercetin equivalent (QE); Response surface methodology (RSM), Solvent extraction (SE); Subcritical water extraction (SWE); Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE); Volatile organic compounds (VOCs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dengue-induced thrombocytopenia can be life-threatening. However, supportive and symptomatic treatment is the current management protocol. The leaf extract of papaya has shown promising results in improving the platelet count. There are many varieties of Carica papaya such as Washington, Honeydew, Coorg honeydew, Solo, Surya, Red lady, C0-1, CO-3, CO-5, C0-6. Aims and Objectives: The aim is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two varieties (“Red Lady” and “Solo”) of C. papaya fresh leaf extract in patients diagnosed with dengue-induced thrombocytopenia. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted for 2 months, and 18 dengue-confirmed inpatients with thrombocytopenia (platelet count <1,50,000/μL) were enrolled. The study participants were grouped into the standard “Control” group, “Solo” group who received fresh papaya leaf extract “Solo” and “Red Lady” group who received fresh papaya leaf extract of “Red Lady.” About 30 mL of leaf extract was given thrice daily for 5 days. Results: The mean change from the baseline value of platelets was found to be 59,168/µL for the control group and 57,000/µL for Red Lady, and 93,167/µL for the solo group. The study showed a positive trend with improvement in platelet count in “Solo” Variety group when compared to “Red Lady” group and the control group. The safety results showed that both the papaya leaf extracts have a favorable safety profile. Conclusion: There was an improvement in platelet count in “Solo” variety group when compared to “Red Lady” and the control group. However, the results were not statistically significant. No adverse events were observed during the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around 14.5% of the greenhouse gases causing climate change in the environment are released by livestock excrement. Calf deworming is one technique to prevent manure dispersion in the herd as it prevents diarrhea outbreaks. To evaluate the efficacy of Carica papaya in controlling coccidiosis and strongylids a total of 18 newly weaned calves (5 - 7 months old) were randomly distributed into three treatments in the Completely Randomized Design. Treatments were: T1 - Control (Amprolium); T2 - pure green unripe papaya fruit juice; T3 - green unripe papaya fruit juice with papaya powdered seeds. Fresh green unripe papaya fruits and ripe papaya were obtained from the local farmers of Balo-i, Lanao del Note. After thoroughly washing the fruits, the seeds from the ripe papaya were collected, sundried for three days, and manually pulverized. The unripe green papayas on the other hand were chopped, blended, and filtered using a clean cloth. The extracted juice was then added to distilled water at a 1:1 ratio. After which, 100 grams of powdered seeds were added to the juice and blended again until the desired texture was achieved. The green papaya fruit juices were given once daily for 5 consecutive days at a rate of 10 mg/kg of the animal's body weight the same dosage as the control (amprolium). The fecal examination for quantitative and qualitative identification of internal parasite present was done during the days 0, 5, 7, and 21 post-incubation treatments. All the data gathered were analyzed using One-Way Anova run-in SPSS version 20. Results revealed that green unripe papaya fruit juice with or without added papaya powdered seeds significantly (P = 0.05) expelled higher counts of coccidia compared to the control. Efficiency analysis revealed that pure unripe papaya juices with or without added powdered papaya seeds were 78% effective at preventing coccidia and 61% effective at getting rid of strongylids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Uterine stimulants are medications used to induce/augment labor, induce abortion, and to prevent postpartum hemorrhage. Currently, available drugs carrying adverse effects, hence the present study is designed to study the effect of Carica papaya raw fruits extract in comparison with oxytocin using in vitro rat uterus preparations. Aims and Objectives: Primary and secondary aims of the present study were to evaluate the uterine stimulant effect and also the potency of C. papaya fruit extract using in vitro rat uterus preparations in comparison with oxytocin. Materials and Methods: A total of 6 female rats were taken and anesthetized with ether. By giving midline incision at abdomen from pubic symphysis, two horns of uterus were identified and collected from each rat. Uterus of each rat was subjected to Oxytocin 0.32 IU (standard), alcoholic extract of C. papaya 0.32 mg (AECP), and combination of various doses of AECP (0.64 mg, 1.28 mg, and 2.56 mg) and a fixed dose of Oxytocin (0.32 IU). Using Sherrington's kymograph, the uterine responses of each drug and combinations were studied in terms of height of the graph. Results: The mean contraction of uterus was 6.55mm and 2.26 cm, when Oxytocin (0.32 UI) and AECP (0.32 mg) injected, respectively. When combination of Oxytocin and different doses of AECP was injected, the uterus has shown dose-dependent response, i.e., 7.13 cm (Oxytocin 0.32 IU +AECP 3.2 mg), 8.08 cm (Oxytocin 0.32 IU + AECP 6.4 mg), and 9.01 cm (Oxytocin 0.32 IU + AECP 12.8 mg). Conclusion: AECP has shown dose-dependent uterine stimulant effect. Further studies are required to find out the possible mechanism behind the uterine stimulant activity of AECP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A genome-wide analysis for two families of key transcription factors (TF; WRKY and NAC) involved in drought response revealed 46 WRKY and 66 NAC members of the Carica papaya genome. A phylogenetic analysis grouped the CpWRKY proteins into three groups (I, II a, b, c, d, e and III), while the CpNAC proteins were clustered into 15 groups. The conserved domains, chromosomal localization and promoter cis-acting elements were also analyzed. In addition, from a previous transcriptome study of two contrasting genotypes in response to 14 days of water deficit stress (WDS), we found that 29 of the 46 CpWRKYs genes and 25 of the 66 CpNACs genes were differentially expressed in response to the WDS. In the present paper, the native wild genotype (WG) (collected in its center of origin) consistently showed a higher expression (transcripts per million; TPM and fold change; FC) than the commercial genotype (CG) in almost all the members of the CpWRKY and CpNAC gene families. To corroborate this, we selected CpWRKY50 and CpNAC83.1 for further evaluation by RT-qPCR. Consistently, the WG showed higher relative expression levels (REL) after 14 days of WDS than the CG, in both the leaves and roots. The results suggest that the CpWRKY and CpNAC TF families are important for drought tolerance in this species. The results may also suggest that, during the domestication process, the ability of the native (wild) C. papaya genotypes to respond to drought (including the overexpression of the CpWRKY and CpNAC genes) was somehow reduced in the current commercial genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya is a nutritious fruit cultivated worldwide under suitable climate conditions. This plant is polygamous, bearing female, male, and hermaphrodite sex types determined by sex chromosomes XX, XY, and XYh, respectively. In this paper, a molecular sex determination of papaya var. 'Maradol' was carried out based on PCR and specific primers. Specific molecular markers resulted in sixty-nine hermaphrodites and twenty-one female plants, matching 100% to the flower morphology. Nevertheless, since the summer stressing conditions rose in the greenhouse, sex reversal to male phenotype was observed in 43% of hermaphrodite plants due to high-temperature conditions. A specific male marker could not detect that change, supporting the proposal that sex reversal is caused by harsh environmental conditions aimed at epigenetic modification and genes related to hormones. Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of molecular sex determination and the importance of controlling the growing requirements of papaya to avoid sex reversal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) applied as pre-cutting, post-cutting, and double application (before and after cutting) on the changes in the firmness and quality parameters of fresh-cut ripe ‘Maradol’ papaya. Four treatments (T1-T4) were used. T1 (Control treatment): Fresh-cut ‘Maradol’ papaya slices (Control treatment or T1) dipped in 1% CaCl2 for 2 min, then sprayed with 0.1% iso-ascorbic acid and 0.05% sorbic acid. One part of the T1 slices were treated with 1000 nL/L of 1-MCP for 12 h at 10 °C (T2). T3: Fresh-cut papaya slices treated with the same additives from the whole papaya treated 1000 nL/L of 1-MCP for 12 h at 20 °C. T4: Fresh-cut papaya with additives treated with 1-MCP before and after cutting. All slices were packed in polypropylene trays with a perforated cover and stored at 4 ºC. T3 and T4 slices exhibited lower firmness loss and decreased activity of pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase, and b-galactosidase compared to T1 and T2 slices. Moreover, T3 and T4 slices had low translucency and microbial load, complying with the European Union limit (3 log CFU/g). No significant variations in acidity, pH, and total soluble solids were noted between treatments, but higher color values were obtained in T3 and T4 slices. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study where the combining effects of additives and 1-MCP application before and after cutting extended the shelf-life of fresh-cut ‘Maradol’ papaya for up to 13 days at 4 °C, twice the duration reported by others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carica papaya seeds were used in this research for the synthesis of AgNPs. The production of silver nanoparticles was characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD and SEM-EDX analysis. The antibacterial activity of the prepared AgNPs was evaluated by the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method with the antibacterial activity of different compounds against Bacillus aerogenes. UV–Vis spectral peaks are found at 8–18 nm. SEM and TEM analysis revealed several spherical structures between 10 nm and 50 nm. XRD analysis also confirmed its 50 nm size. Experimental data revealed that AgNPs inhibited bacterial growth. This study shows that papaya seed extract contributes to the bioreduction and stabilization of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dengue fever is a common disease in tropical countries. According to the data from the Indonesia Ministry of Health, there were 71.633 Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) cases reported in Indonesia, with approximately 459 people dying from the disease. Thrombocytopenia is the most common clinical feature of DHF and often causes serious complications if not treatedproperly. Several studies have analyzed the potency of Carica papaya leaf which has been proven asan effective therapy for thrombocytopenia. Objectives: This systematic review aims to discover the potency of Carica papaya leaf extract as a therapy for thrombocytopenia. Method: Literature was searched by using keywords in accordance with the topic, then filtered according to the inclusion criteria that had been determined according to the PRISMA rules. Publication bias in this reviewwas conducted subjectively using the Revman 5.4 software. Results: From 138 studies, it wasfound that screening was carried out based on inclusion criteria, including a randomized controlled trial study in humans with a population of dengue fever patients and received the intervention of papaya leaf extract so that 6 studies were included in the inclusion study, which was then carried out by qualitative synthesis from the study. Based on the results of the qualitative analysis, it wasfound that there was a faster and more significant improvement in the platelet count between the intervention group compared to the control group in the 6 studies. Conclusion: Carica papaya leaf extract has potential as a thrombocytopenia therapy in dengue fever patients.

Papaya milk, a mixture of papaya pulp and dairy milk, is one of the most popular beverages in Taiwan. However, the enzymes present in papaya can cause accumulation of hydrophobic amino acids, resulting in a bitter taste of papaya milk. Thus, it is important to select papaya cultivars without the potential to form the bitter taste, but it is difficult to select these papaya cultivars using a sensory test. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between the intensity of the bitterness with the contents of proteins and free amino acids. The results indicated that neither milk nor papaya alone tastes bitter. Heating the milk or the papaya before mixing and mixing only papaya latex with milk confirmed that an enzyme in papaya causes the bitter taste in papaya milk. The intensity of bitterness positively correlated with the contents of total soluble protein, free amino acids and the phenylalanine and tyrosine/tryptophan contents. Analyses using different papaya accessions in different seasons showed that tyrosine/tryptophan (r = 0.613***) and phenylalanine (r = 0.612***) correlate more strongly with bitterness intensity than the total soluble protein (r = 0.258*) or free amino acids (r = 0.38**). In this drink, milk provides the substrates to form the bitter substances, but the enzymes in the papaya are needed for the reaction to occur. The levels of the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine/tryptophan showed the highest correlation with the intensity of bitterness.

The prevalence of obesity in contemporary society has brought attention to how serious it is all around the world. Obesity, a proinflammatory condition defined by hypertrophied adipocytes and immune cells that reside in adipose tissue, is characterized by elevated circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines. The pro-inflammatory mediators trigger a number of inflammatory pathways and affect the phosphorylation of a number of insulin-signaling pathways in peripheral tissues. In this work, we pointed the outcome of the leaves of Carica papaya (C. papaya) on the inflammatory molecules by in vivo and in silico analysis in order to prove its mechanisms of action. Adipocytokines, antioxidant enzymes, gene and protein expression of pro-inflammatory signaling molecules (mTOR, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IKKβ) by q-RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, as well as histopathological analysis, in adipose tissues were carried out. C. papaya reinstated the levels of adipocytokines, antioxidant enzymes and mRNA levels of mTOR, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IKKβ in the adipose tissues of type 2 diabetic rats. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies revealed that caffeic acid, transferulic acid and quercetin had the top hit rates against IKKβ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and mTOR. This study concludes that C. papaya put back the altered effects in fatty tissue of type 2 diabetic rats by restoring the adipocytokines and the gene expression.

Background: GDSL-like esterase/lipase proteins (GELPs) are enzymes that possess unique characteristics, they contain four invariable catalytic residues. Advances in the study of these proteins are interesting. The cloning and functional expression of a papaya esterase have not been reported. Therefore, in this work we evaluated the heterologous production of Carica papaya esterase CpEST in the yeast Komogataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris). Results: The cloning and expression of the protein was performed under the PAOX1 promoter, and productions of up to 43 AU/mL were achieved using residual glycerol from biodiesel in the batch phase and methanol for the induction phase. Enzyme activity assays determined that CpEST has a high preference for short-chain substrates (p-NP C4 and p-NP C8), and optimal activity conditions were observed at 30°C and pH 10. The enzyme showed the highest stability to acetone, ethanol and tert-butanol solvents, retaining approximately 55% of its initial enzymatic activity after 1 h of exposure. Conclusions: Cloning and functional expression of papaya CpEST esterase was achieved. During fermentation, the yeasts used as a carbon source residual glycerol from biodiesel production. Based on the results obtained from the characterization of the esterase, it was found that it has a high potential for use in the bioenergy and detergent industry.How to cite: Reyes-Reyes AL, Valero F, Sandoval G. Cloning, protein expression and biochemical characterization of Carica papaya esterase. Electron J Biotechnol 2022;61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.11.004.

Background and Aim: Antibiotic resistance, especially in Gram-negative bacteria, is a major public health risk affecting all industries requiring the use of antibiotics, including agriculture and animal breeding. This study aimed to use papaya extracts to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and evaluate their antimicrobial activity against various Gram-negative bacteria. Materials and Methods: Silver nanoparticles were synthesized from the aqueous extracts of papaya seed, root, and bark, with AgNO3 used as a reducing agent. The phytofabricated AgNPs were analyzed by ultraviolet-visible absorbance, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and photon cross-correlation spectroscopy (PCCS). The disc-diffusion method was used to perform antibacterial analysis, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations were determined. We also investigated the antibiofilm activity of AgNPs and attempted to elucidate the potential mechanism of action on Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Results: Phytofabrication of AgNPs was successful with papaya root (PR-AgNPs) and papaya seed (PS-AgNPs), but not with papaya bark. Silver nanoparticles using papaya root and PS-AgNPs were both cubic and showed maximum absorbances of 2.6 and 0.3 AUs at 411.6 and 416.8 nm wavelengths and average hydrodynamic diameters X50 of 59.46 ± 7.03 and 66.57 ± 8.89 nm, respectively. The Ag in both AgNPs was confirmed by X-ray fluorescence by a distinctive peak in the spectrum at the silver Ka line of 22.105 keV. Both AgNPs exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against all Gram-negative bacteria, and PR-AgNPs were slightly better than AgNPs-PS. The MIC ranged from 16 µg/mL-128 µg/mL and 16 µg/mL-64 µg/mL, respectively, for PS-AgNPs and PR-AgNPs. The elucidation of the mechanism of action revealed interference with E. coli ATCC 25922 growth kinetics and inhibition of H+-ATPase proton pumps. Conclusion: Papaya seed and root extracts were efficient reducing agents for the biogenic synthesis of AgNPs, with noteworthy antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. Future studies should be conducted to identify the phytochemicals and the mechanism involved in AgNPs synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue fever is a life-threatening illness in humans caused by the dengue virus belonging to Flaviviridae, affecting mainly in tropical and subtropical countries. The spread of this disease is through the dengue vector Aedes aegypti. Development of biodegradable, environmentally safe, low-cost larvicides is essential to overcome the resurgence effects of chemical insecticides. The present study included the development of bioformulations from larvicidal polar solvent extracts of the plant leaves. The solvents used for the extractions were ethyl acetate for Aloe vera (A), ethanol for Carica papaya (B), and methanol for Parthenium hysterophorous (C). Bioformulations in different combinations like A, B, C, A+B, B+C, C+A, and A+B+C with the concentrations of 50ppm, 100ppm, 150ppm, 200ppm, 250ppm and 300ppm were tested against the IVth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and the results were recorded for every 24h 48h and 72h . The bioformulation extracts B+C (300ppm) showed 90 percent mortality of larvae after 72 h of treatment. It was concluded that the larvae's mortality was caused by the presence of bioactive compounds of B+C extracts. This formulation can be considered an effective biopesticide for the dengue vector Ae. aegypti IVth instar larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant proteases are well known for their various industrial applications. Papain, present in papaya latex (Carica papaya) and pineapple bromelain (Ananas comosus), is undoubtedly the most studied and widely used vegetable protease in the food and pharmaceutical industry worldwide. However, its potential as a biopesticide has been little explored. The objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of proteases from Carica papaya latex and peel and crown of Ananas comosus fruits on agricultural pests. To evaluate proteolytic activity on nematodes, extracts, and approximately 50 juveniles of Panagrellus sp. were placed in microtubes. To evaluate the insecticidal effect, larvae and pupae of Tenebrio molitor L. were submerged in active and denatured extracts. Additionally, larvae of T. molitor were fed an artificial diet at doses of 0, 100, 250, and 500 mg/g of wheat bran. The weight and number of dead larvae were recorded, and feeding behavior was evaluated. The proteases of papaya latex and papain caused reduction (p < 0.05) on Panagrellus sp. The extracts showed a toxic effect (p < 0.05) against the larvae of T. molitor. Active papain resulted in the absence of wings in 53.3% of adults from the pupae, and no malformation caused by denatured papain was observed. No mortality was observed in larvae fed an artificial diet. However, there was a strong feed reduction, reduction in the relative rate of consumption, reduction in growth and feed conversion efficiency caused by papaya latex. The results of this study show that plant proteases have the potential for the development of sustainable alternatives for the control of arthropod pests and parasitic nematodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we present proliferation data from 10 years of the continuous in vitro incubation of cv. Solo papaya shoots and propose a reliable method for the long-term micropropagation of papaya, using microshoots developed from the axillary buds of papaya shoots as primary explants. Three different media were assayed. The proliferation medium (PPRM) allowed us to maintain papaya shoots under continuous proliferation for 20 years, maintaining consistent behavior. Most of the shoots developed in the PPRM rooted during the incubation and then acclimated easily, maintaining the ploidy and morphological characteristics of the parental plants, and flowering and setting fruits normally. The PPRM medium consisted of MS medium supplemented with naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (0.1 mg L−1), benzyladenine (BA) (0.5 mg L−1), gibberellic acid (GA3) (0.5 mg L−1), and adenine hemisulphate (40 mg L−1). The average multiplication rate was higher than 20 shoots per explant during the long-term assay. The elongation medium (PELM) was designed to recover shoots with poor growth and allowed the development of high-quality shoots ready for rooting. It consisted of an MS basal medium supplemented with NAA (0.1 mg L−1), kinetin (KIN) (0.5 mg L−1), and GA3 (1 mg L−1). The rooting medium (PROM) was designed to induce high-quality roots from nonrooted shoots and consisted of a half-strength MS medium and indole-3-butiryc acid (IBA) (1 mg L−1). On PROM, agar can be exchanged for expanded vermiculite. Acclimation took place inside an acclimatization tunnel under progressive hydric stress. After 4 weeks, the plant recovery rate was 90% for plants maintained under continuous proliferation for ten years. The main objective of this work was to provide a micropropagation method which would maintain healthy elite genotypes of papaya for long periods of time and produce a high number of good quality plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beneficial microorganisms tend to promote growth and development of Carica papaya at different levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Rhizophagus irregularis and Trichoderma viride on C. papaya growth under greenhouse conditions for 28 days. C. papaya plantlets obtained through micropropagation were used after acclimation. Each plantlet received a treatment with 500 R. irregularis spores and/or 5x107 T. viride spores randomly. The plants were cultured under greenhouse conditions and watered with an 15-15-15 NPK solution for 28 days. The results demonstrate that the treatments with R. irregularis and the coinoculation with R. irregularis and T. viride promoted the vegetative growth of papaya plants by increasing shoot length, shoot diameter, number of leaves and leaf area. Treatment with T. viride did not induce significant changes. It is concluded that the use of beneficial microorganisms such as R. irregularis and T. viride increases the growth parameters of C. papaya in the first days of culture under greenhouse conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, biotechnological advances demonstrate the potential of cyanobacteria in various areas, thus becoming a group of high economic value. The objective of this study was to obtain and develop, by biotechnological means, a consortium of cyanobacteria isolated from the rhizospheric soil of Carica papaya. The culture was carried out in BG110 culture medium, with aeration of 0,32 Lmin-1, at a light intensity of 48,83 μEm-2s-1, with a temperature of 22 °C ± 2. A consortium formed was isolated and developed. by the species Nostoc commune, Calothrix sp. and Aphanothece mitussima. The effective development of this consortium at the laboratory level is verified, with values of chlorophylls, carotenes, proteins and lipids at the end of the test of 0,18 ±0,02 µgmL-1, 0,12 ±0,004 µgmL-1, 31, 25±8,49% and 13,92±2,95 % respectively, and a decrease in nitrate concentrations of 4,03±0,12 mgL-1 in the medium. The highest values of phycocyanin were obtained 21 days after the start of the experiments (4,38±0,001 µgmL-1), which allows expanding the spectrum of microorganisms obtained from the rhizosphere with potential stimulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan (Ch) is a biopolymer with excellent antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, capable of maintaining the organoleptic quality of fruits. These properties have been related to its molecular weight. However, the effect of different molecular weights on the non‐enzymatic antioxidant system and postharvest quality of anthracnose‐infected papaya is still unknown. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of different Ch molecular weights (13, 25, and 55 kDa) on anthracnose development, antioxidant capacity, and postharvest quality of papaya. The Ch‐55, Ch‐25, and 13 kDa inhibited the development of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. In comparison with thiabendazole, Ch with different molecular weights showed fungicidal effects. Ch‐55 kDa reduced anthracnose incidence and severity and maintained postharvest quality parameters of papaya. In addition, Ch‐55 and Ch‐13 kDa favored synthesis of ascorbic acid, total phenolics, and antioxidant capacity. Therefore, Ch‐55 kDa is an alternative to the protection against C. gloeosporioides and a stimulant of the non‐enzymatic antioxidant system in papaya fruits during its postharvest storage. Practical Application: Ch with different molecular weights have different effects over anthracnose control and postharvest quality in papaya. In addition, they have different stimulation levels on the non‐enzymatic antioxidant system of papaya fruits, in a higher level than the chemical fungicide TBZ, by regulating the growth of the fungus and the degradative processes that are generated in fungal infection. In this sense, we believe that our findings could be of interest for producers and farmers to take advantage of this biopolymer to control anthracnose, preserve the postharvest quality, and stimulate the non‐enzymatic antioxidant system of papaya fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background – Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic blood disorder caused by mutations in the β-globin gene that affects the shape and transport of red blood cells in blood vessels, leading to various clinical complications. The pharmacological reactivation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) through compounds such as hydroxyurea (HU), is one of the currently available treatments, however, their safety concerns and expensive cost in low- and middle-Income countries limit their use. In this context, it is essential to study novel HbF-inducing compounds that have scarcer adverse effects and can be widely available, such as Carica papaya leaf (CP) extracts, a medicinal plant with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Aim of the study – Evaluate the effect of CP methanolic leaf extracts (CPMLE) on biological parameters such as cell proliferation and viability on the K562 cell line. Methods – K562 cells were exposed for 72 hours to CPMLE at 500 µg/mL and for 24 hours to CPMLE (0.5; 50; 100 µg/mL) and HU (25 μg/mL). Cell proliferation and viability after CPMLE exposure were analyzed by cell counting. Results – The results demonstrate that cell proliferation and viability were affected by CPMLE only at the concentration of 500 µg/mL, with no effects being observed at the lower concentrations analysed. Conclusion – Our results showed that CPMLE is not cytotoxic when incubated at concentrations equal to or below 100 μg/mL thus allowing us to explore this compound in the evaluation of its therapeutic potential, in the context of sickle cell anemia treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria is a highly prevalent infectious disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite transmitted through Anopheles mosquitoes, which poses a significant public health challenge worldwide, including in Indonesia. Therefore, a study was conducted to identify potential drug compounds from the Carica papaya plant that could inhibit various antimalarial proteins or receptors, such as Plasmodium falciparum DXR reductase complex with fosmidomycin, Plasmepsin V Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, P. falciparum hexose transporter, P. falciparum protein kinase 5, and P. falciparum dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase. The researchers used the Pyrx application to dock the C. papaya compounds with the targeted antimalarial proteins to determine the binding affinity values. Additionally, they used the Yasara dynamics application to conduct molecular dynamics simulation to ensure the stability of the bonds formed between the ligands and proteins. The results showed that 14 compounds found in C. papaya, particularly flavonoids and terpenoids, had the potential to inhibit the six antimalarial proteins with the lowest binding affinity values. Furthermore, the molecular dynamics simulation on 6M20 and 1V0P proteins indicated that the compounds effectively inhibited Plasmodium proteins, as they had an RMSD value below 2.5 Angstrom. The study suggests that C. papaya could be a potential source of antimalarial compounds, which could be developed into new drugs to combat this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics and immunotherapies possess unavoidable adverse effects that hinder sepsis management. Herbal drugs have demonstrated potential immunomodulatory properties vital for sepsis treatment. We hypothesized in the present study that the use of Carica papaya leaves extract had the potential to improve survival and modulate immune cytokine release during sepsis. Animals were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to induce sepsis. Septic rats divided into 10 groups received ethanol extract of C. papaya leaves (50 and 100 mg/kg), imipenem (120 mg/kg) and cyclophosphamide (CP, 10 mg/kg). To investigate the immunomodulatory potentials of EE, cytokine levels like interleukin (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and IL-10 along with hematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed. Our results exhibited improved survival rates concerning ethanol extract treatment alone and in combination with imipenem and CP (100%) as compared to the CLP group (33.3%) on day 7 post-surgery. The combination treatment of ethanol extract with imipenem and CP significantly (P < 0.001) ameliorated cytokine levels and hematological and biochemical parameters in septic rats. A histopathological examination suggested improved liver and kidney tissue condition after combination treatment as compared to the CLP group. Therefore, it was concluded that combination therapy of extract with imipenem and CP improved survival rates and marked immunomodulatory potential in septic rats compared to monotherapy. The findings suggested the use of a mixture of these drugs in clinical settings to treat sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temperature effect on the interaction between fungal isolates of papaya was studied. Rhizopus stolonifer, Colletotrichum cobbittiense, Fusarium pernambucarum, and Alternaria arborescens were grown in papaya agar in pairs, one against the other, at 13, 25, and 35 °C. The growth rate for each fungus was compared when grown alone or paired. Four types of interaction were observed: mutual intermingling, mutual antagonism on contact, dominance on contact, and dominance at a distance. At 13 and 35 °C, F. pernambucarum was more competitive whereas at 25 °C R. stolonifer does. In vivo validation showed R. stolonifer was the dominant fungus at 25 °C but coexists with C. cobbittiense forming a second infection. Then, a hierarchy may be established through a growth mechanism to infer which fungi may develop first and damage fruit to prevent postharvest losses. These findings could improve the management of papaya fruit in the postharvest stage. Several species of fungi are responsible for postharvest diseases in papaya. Diseases development depends on environmental and fruit physiological conditions. One species may dominate or inhibit other's or can coexist as well. Interactions between pathogenic fungi may be considered to infer fungi development. These results may help us to improve the postharvest treatment of papaya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carica papaya maintains an abnormally small but complete NLR family while showing weak disease resistance. To better understand their origin, evolution, and biological function, we identified 59 NLR genes via a customized RGAugury and investigated their characteristics, evolutionary history, and expression profiles based on the improved papaya genome and large-scale RNA-seq data. The results indicated that duplication is a major evolutionary force driving the formation of the papaya NLR family. Synteny analyses of papaya and other angiosperms showed that both insertion and inheritance-derived NLRs are present in papaya. Transcriptome-based expression and network analyses revealed that NLRs are actively involved in biotic stress responses. For example, a papaya-specific inserted TNL was up-regulated strongly by the fungal infection. Both transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses confirmed the expression divergence of an RNL and an RCNL, a pair of tandem duplication genes involved in different co-expression modules. Furthermore, we observed an inserted gene cluster composed of five duplicated CNLs, showing dosage effects and functional differentiation of disease-resistance genes during evolution. This research will enhance our knowledge of the special NLR family in papaya, which may serve as a model plant for disease-resistance genetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies from laboratory animal models and complementary medical practices have implied that nutrients from special plants or herbs contain antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-obese, anti-hypertensive, and anti-inflammatory properties. Seaweed and tropical papaya, which are widely available in Asian and Pacific countries, have been used as home remedies for centuries. The bioactive extracts from these plants contain vitamins A, C, B and E complexes, as well as polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, essential fatty acids, flavonoids, saponins, fucoidan, and phlorotannin. In this review, the authors examine the pathogenesis of diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia due to the dysregulation of glucose homeostasis, antidiabetic/antihyperglycemic seaweed or/and papaya derived bioactive phytochemicals and their proposed mechanisms of action in the management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The authors also propose combining papaya and seaweed to enhance their antidiabetic effects, leveraging the advantages of herb-to-herb combination. Papaya and seaweed have demonstrated antidiabetic effects through in vitro assays, cellular models, and animal studies despite the limited clinical trials. Nutraceuticals with antidiabetic effects, such as secondary metabolites isolated from seaweed and papaya, could be combined for a synergistic effect on T2DM management. However, the application of these compounds in their purified or mixed forms require further scientific studies to evaluate their efficacy against diabetes-related complications, such as hyperlipidemia, elevated free radicals, pro-inflammatory molecules, insulin insensitivity, and the degeneration of pancreatic beta cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were green synthesized using Carica papaya leaf extract and tested for larvicidal activity against Anopheles culicifacies. The C. papaya ZnO nanoparticles (CP-ZnONPs) were characterized using UV–Visible spectrophotometer, FTIR, XRD, and TEM analysis. The hemolytic and antioxidant assays were also performed for the estimation of toxicity and the antioxidant potential of the CP-ZnONPs. The synthesized CP-ZnONPs were crystalline in nature with an average size of 20 nm. The observed LC50 and LC90 values against A. culicifacies larvae after 48 h of exposure were 92.17 ± 1.02 and 316.66 ± 1.24 µg/mL. CP-ZnONPs offered larval mortality of and 96.36 ± 1.15% after 48 h at 500 µg/mL. Free radical inhibition of 58.02% was observed at the highest tested concentration (100 mg/mL). The results strongly endorse the development of CP-ZnONPs as novel larvicidal agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya fruit (Carica papaya) has different degrees of ripening within each fruit, affecting its commercial market value. The fruit characteristics of "Tainung No. 2" Red papaya were investigated at the stem-end, middle, and calyx-end across 3 ripening stages and categorized based on fruit skin coloration: unripe at 16 weeks after anthesis (WAA), half-ripe at 18 WAA, and full-ripe at 20 WAA. The fruits maintained an elliptical shape during ripening with a ratio of 2.36 of the length to the width. The peel and pulp color changed from green to white to yellow during ripening, regardless of the three parts. In the pulp, soluble solid contents increased, and firmness decreased during ripening but did not differ among the three parts. Individual nutrient contents, including metabolites and minerals, changed dynamically between the ripening stages and fruit parts. Total carbohydrates and proteins, N, and K, were accumulated more at the stem-end during ripening; meanwhile, fructose, glucose, Mg, and Mn were accumulated more at the calyx-end. In the principal component analysis, ripening stages and fruit parts were distinctly determined by the first and second principal components, respectively. Understanding the nutrient and metabolite dynamics during ripening and their distribution within the fruit can help optimize cultivation practices, enhance fruit quality, and ultimately benefit both growers and consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is the first record of the effect of cereal bait formulated with papaya seed powder (PSP) on reproductive functions of female Bandicota bengalensis. Treatment baits prepared using WSO (wheat, sugar, oil mix) bait and PSP in ratios 97:3, 95:5 and 90:10 were fed to three groups of rats for 30 days in no-choice with one group as untreated control. The average weight of rats used was 235 g. Rats were evaluated immediately and after 30 days of treatment withdrawal. Acceptance of treatment baits by different groups was 79.06–89.45%, leading to the ingestion of 68.36–186.23 g/kg bwt of PSP. Results revealed significant (P

Natural coloring agents obtained from plants, insects, animals, and minerals are used to color faces, hairs, textiles, and food preparations for centuries. This current review explained the role of traditional natural coloring agents in ancient times. It encompasses the advantages of natural dyes over synthetic dyes, their classification, and medicinal properties. The objective of review is to provide a retrospective study of natural colors for fibers based on their therapeutic potential. For the preparation of this manuscript, all the relevant information was gathered from accessible and inaccessible resources (Web, Books, Thesis, etc.). The information included in the article was downloaded from scientific engines and databases (Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scifinder, Science Direct, Publons, Wiley Online Library, PubMed, Taylor & Francis online and Scopus indexed journals) using different keywords. Natural coloring agents like Carica papaya, curcumin, betalain, quercetin, lycopene, lawsone, crocin, juglone, anthocyanin, and several others are reported to have medicinal values. The present review summarizes the application of natural dyes for coloring fibers and pharmaceutical preparations is beneficial over synthetic dyes based on their additional therapeutic effects. The use of synthetic dyes for fibers can cause toxic effects as it contain heavy metals and causes pollution and damage the environment.