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Herein, small‐sized fluorescent carbon nanoparticles (CNs) with tunable shapes ranging from spheres to various rods with aspect ratios (ARs) of 1.00, 1.51, 1.89, and 2.85 are prepared using a simple anion‐directed strategy for the first time. Based on comprehensive morphological and structural characteristics of CNs, along with theoretical calculations of density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations, their shape‐control mechanism is attributed to interionic interactions‐induced self‐assembly, followed by carbonization. The endoplasmic reticulum‐targeting accuracy of CNs is gradually enhanced as their shape changes from spherical to higher‐AR rods, accompanied by a Pearson's correlation coefficient up to 0.90. This work presents a facile approach to control the shape of CNs and reveals the relationship between the shape and organelle‐targeting abilities of CNs, thereby providing a novel idea to synthesize CNs that serve as precise organelle‐targeted fluorescent probes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal malignancies are the third-most common malignancies worldwide, with a rising incidence. Surgery remains the treatment of choice and adequate lymph node dissection is required for accurate staging. The objective of this study is to assess the use of carbon nanoparticles in lymph node tracing and resection in cases of colorectal cancer. For that purpose, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies included in Medline, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases. In the end, ten studies with a total number of 1418 patients were included in the final statistical analysis. The meta-analysis carried out showed that the use of carbon nanoparticles results in an increased number of lymph nodes harvested (WMD 6.15, 95% CI 4.14 to 8.16, p < 0.001) and a higher rate of cases with more than 12 lymph nodes harvested (OR 9.57, 95% CI 2.87 to 31.96, p = 0.0002). As a consequence, we suggest that carbon nanoparticles are used on a wider scale and that future research focuses on assessing the association between their use and overall patient survival. This study is limited by the fact that all included studies originate from China and by the fact that certain oncologic parameters and long-term outcomes have not been taken into account in the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lymph node (LN) metastasis is the most common metastasis route in gastric cancer. Extensive dissection of LNs can significantly improve the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. Recently, multiple clinical studies have demonstrated that either indocyanine green (ICG) or carbon nanoparticles (CNs) can assist to promote the dissection of LNs during laparoscopic radical gastrectomy. Considering the pros and cons of the two tracers, this study proposed a novel method of dual tracer (ICG combined with CNs) for lymphatic tracing in laparoscopic gastric cancer surgery. Methods: This trial is a prospective, randomized controlled trial (RCT) with an estimation of 516 participants that randomize into 4 groups (1:1:1:1), namely control group, ICG group, CNs group, and dual tracer group. The primary outcome is the number of dissected LNs. The secondary outcomes include positive rate, false positive rate, negative rate, false negative rate, number of metastatic LNs, relationship between LN metastasis and tracer stained, operation duration, blood loss, incision length, morbidity and mortality rate, 3-year DFS (disease free survival), PFS (progression-free survival), and OS (overall survival). Discussion: This study will investigate the efficacy and safety of a novel strategy using dual tracers for laparoscopic gastrectomy. The protocol has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (2021-361-02). The trial findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals. Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2100051309). Registered 18 September 2021, https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=133764. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanoallotropes, namely, graphene, fullerene and their derivatives, single- and multiwalled nanotubes, cause the great interest to researchers and their using not only in industry, medicine, pharmacy, but also in agriculture. There is a large number of literary data on the effect of carbon nanomaterials against the plant organism, not only as xenobiotics, but their use in crop production, namely, as: growth and development regulators; substances to increase the resistance of various crops to abiotic stress; targeted means for the delivery of fertilizers, plant protection means; stimulators of the accumulation of pharmaceutically active compounds. Research data are contradictory, as they differ in terms of the type of plant and the stage of its ontogenesis, the peculiarities of its cultivation, the type of nanoallotropes of carbon, the dose, method and duration of exposure, the size and purity of nanoparticles. At high concentrations, carbon nanoparticles cause toxic effects, which are accompanied by an impact on the processes of plant growth and development, inhibition of photosynthetic processes, and the induction of oxidative stress. At the same time, at low and moderate concentrations, carbon nanoparticles mainly stimulate the germination of seeds, the growth and development of vegetative parts of the plant and roots, improve the efficiency of photosynthesis, and contribute to both the protection of the plant from the effects of stressful environmental conditions and the accumulation of pharmaceutically valuable compounds. The presented review summarizes the data of the latest scientific research on the effect of carbon nanoallotropes on the plant organism and the possibility of their use as regulators of stress resistance in the cultivation of agricultural crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive carbon emissions, especially CO2 release, have been a global concern. Few studies applied nanotechnology to relieve the ecotoxicity of CO2. Here, we applied carbon dots (CDs) to neutralize the CO2. We found CO2 induced the aggregation of CDs, which is of significance for CDs in enhanced fluorescence intensity but decreased CDs function in nanozyme activity, and reduced CDs toxicity to bacteria and cancer cells. Our data suggest the concern of CO2 release in global health in CDs mediated anticancer drug delivery and antibiotics resistance. However, enhanced fluorescence in cells which can be applied for bioimaging or CO2 sensing as simulated investigation by static charged attraction of positively charged CDs with negatively charged soluble HCO3-. Thus, CO2 abrogates the nanomedicine efficacy in cancer cells and antibacterial and may induce drug resistance for patients undergoing chemotherapy or antibiotics therapy. To overcome the resistance, we may apply the CDs for a neutralization of CO2 for impact on anticancer nanomedicine and antibiotics and reducing the ecotoxicity in biological systems.

BackgroundThere has been a substantial increase in incidence of thyroid cancer globally over the past three decades, emphasizing the necessity for efficient surgical management. Surgical intervention requires meticulous lymphatic dissection; however, it is challenging to both accurately identify lymph nodes and preserve the surrounding structures. We investigated the role of carbon nanoparticles in endoscopic thyroid cancer surgery to improve surgical effects and reduce postoperative complications.MethodsChinese and English literature databases from inception to May 2023 were searched based on inclusion criteria, and data were extracted independently by two investigators. STATA software was used for data analysis.ResultsA comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted with 13 publications (9 randomized and 4 non-randomized controlled trials). The results demonstrated that the application of carbon nanoparticles in thyroid surgery led to an increase in the number of retrieved lymph nodes and identification of metastatic lymph nodes. Furthermore, it considerably reduced the rate of improper parathyroidectomy and the incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia.ConclusionThe application of carbon nanoparticles can effectively improve the effects of surgical treatment, can enhance the identification of intraoperative lymph nodes, reduce postoperative complications, and protect the integrity and function of the parathyroid gland.Systematic Review Registrationwww.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, identifier, CRD42023420504.

Objective: This study explored prophylactic central compartment lymph node dissection (pCCLND) for patients with cN0 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and the effect of carbon nanoparticles (CNP) on surgical outcomes. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed PTC cases treated at our tertiary medical institution between January 2019 and December 2022. Only patients with indications for total thyroidectomy and cN0 disease were included. CNP has been associated with a higher number of harvested lymph nodes and a lower rate of accidental parathyroid gland (PTG) removal. Patients who used CNP in this study were classified as group 1, while those who denied its use were classified as group 2. Results: In total, 116 cases were included, with 80 patients in group 1 and 36 in group 2. Most patients were in stage T1, with 68 (85.0 %) patients in group 1 and 31 (86.1 %) in group 2. Postoperative hoarseness occurred in 3 (3.8 %) patients in group 1 and 1 (2.8 %) in group 2, which recovered within two months. In group 2, 250 nodes were harvested, 72 (28.8 %) of which were metastatic; in group 1, 889 nodes were harvested, 316 (35.5 %) of which were metastatic; the difference regarding the rates of metastatic lymph nodes between the 2 groups was statistically significant (P = 0.047). Differences in postoperative blood calcium and parathyroid hormone levels between the two groups were statistically significant (P = 0.035 and P = 0.034, respectively). There were symptoms of hypocalcemia in 6 (16.7 %) patients in group 2 but in only 2 (2.5 %) in group 1, all of which recovered within three months; the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.017). Conclusion: pCCLND is worth undertaking for cN0 PTC. CNP is beneficial for achieving more thorough dissection and reducing temporary hypoparathyroidism.

In this work, carbon dots were created from activated and non-activated pyrolytic carbon black obtained from waste tires, which were then chemically oxidized with HNO3. The effects caused to the carbon dot properties were analyzed in detail through characterization techniques such as ion chromatography; UV-visible, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy; ζ potential; transmission electron microscopy (TEM); and spectrofluorometry. The presence of functional groups on the surface of all carbon dots was revealed by UV-visible, FTIR, XPS, and Raman spectra. The higher oxidation degrees of carbon dots from activated precursors compared to those from nonactivated precursors resulted in differences in photoluminescence (PL) properties such as bathochromic shift, lower intensity, and excitation-dependent behavior. The results demonstrate that the use of an activating agent in the recovery of pyrolytic carbon black resulted in carbon dots with different PL properties. In addition, a dialysis methodology is proposed to overcome purification obstacles, finding that 360 h were required to obtain pure carbon dots synthesized by a chemical oxidation method.

Utilizing Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid (PLAL), we demonstrate a novel route for producing metallic and metalloid nanoinks. 11 nanoinks, incorporating Mg, C, and C–Mg in diverse liquids of isopropyl alcohol (IPA), ethanol, hydrochloric acid, and glycerine were fabricated. Remarkably, metalloid C–Mg nanoinks with 70 nm NP diameter exhibit resistivity below 1 Ohm/square, surpassing constituent Mg or C nanoinks and a commercial graphene nanoink (>390 Ohm/square). Comprehensive characterization via XPS, TEM, SEM, EDX, DLS, and UV–Vis spectroscopy elucidates nanoink attributes. These nanoinks hold promising prospects for nanoink and surface coating applications. Intriguing morphologies including quasi-spherical and rod-shaped carbon NPs, tree-branch-like Mg NPs, and NP colonies with interstitial gaps emerge from SEM images. TEM reveals ultra-small particles (

In this work, two methods for creating carbon nanoparticles from oil waste or by products, which accumulate on pipes and Furnaces walls and reduce equipment efficiency and service life (that can hinder the production process, accordingly it is removed weekly) — are compared. These waste products or by products result from the incomplete burning of hydrocarbon compounds during crude oil refining to produce petroleum products. The raw materials had been gathered from two places from Al-Dura refinery, sieving, burned in furnace of atmosphere that was both vacuumed and inert, crushed by mortar and washed by solvent, washing by distilled water, drying then reduced to nanoparticle size using direct crushing (sonication by probe) and indirect ultrasonic (bath sonication) processes. The samples were examined using the relevant procedures, such as EDX and SEM, as well as tests following crushing and burning. Zeta potential and particle size analysis were two additional tests conduct on the final products. The results showed that after burning, the proportion of carbon increased from 28.49, 36.30 to 91.59, and 94.47 % sequentially. Also, the direct ultrasonic method is superior to the indirect method for manufacturing carbon nanoparticles, which required less time and able to produce nanoparticles with average granular sizes about 37 nm and 86.6 nm for the first and second samples, respectively. Zeta potential data proved the resulting Nano carbon particles are quite stable.

Coffee skins, a cheap, agricultural waste, were carbonized in a tubular furnace under a nitrogen stream and then ball milled to fabricate coffee skin-carbon-nanoparticles (CCNPs). SEM showed 35.6–41.6 nm particle size. The 26.64 and 43.16 peaks in the XRD indicated a cubic graphite lattice. The FT-IR broadband revealed a 2500–3500 cm−1 peak, suggesting an acidic O-H group. CCNPs possessed a type-H3-loop in the N2-adsorption-desorption analysis, with a surface of 105.638 m2 g−1. Thereafter, CCNPs were tested for ciprofloxacin (CPXN) adsorption, which reached equilibrium in 90 min. CCNPs captured 142.6 mg g−1 from 100 mg L−1 CPXN, and the 5:12 sorbent mass-to-solution volume ratio was suitable for treating up to 75 mg L−1 contamination. The qt dropped from 142.6 to 114.3 and 79.2 mg g−1 as the temperature rose from 20 °C to 35 °C and 50 °C, respectively, indicating exothermic adsorption. CPXN removal efficiency decreased below pH 5.0 and above pH 8.0. Kinetically, CPXN adsorption fits the second-order model and is controlled by the liquid-film mechanism, indicating its preference for the CCNPs’ surface. The adsorption agreement with the liquid-film and Freundlich models implied the ease of CPXN penetration into the CCNP inner shells and the multilayered accumulation of CPXN on the CCNPs’ surface. The negative ∆H° and ∆G° revealed the exothermic nature and spontaneity of CPXN adsorption onto the CCNP. The CCNPs showed an efficiency of 95.8% during four consecutive regeneration-reuse cycles with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.1%, and the lowest efficiency in the fourth cycle was 92.8%.

The object of this study is to investigate the structure of cast magnesium alloy (Mg-Al-Zn) inoculated with nano particles of different allotropic forms of carbon. The aim of this study is to improve the processability and quality of critical load bearing magnesium alloy part castings. The tasks of the study are: attainment of efficient control of the alloy structural features by introduction of incremental additions of carbon nano particles; determination of the relationship between the quantity of the added inoculating carbon agent and α - solid solution grain size; determination of the influence of allotropic forms of carbon on the morphologic characteristics of the intergranular borders and the eutectoid (a+Mg17Al12); and comparative analysis of the phase composition of the standard ML5 alloy and the experimental alloy ML5 inoculated with carbon black, nanographite, and single-wall carbon nanotubes. The phase composition was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis using copper radiation. Micro X-ray spectral analysis was performed. The following findings were obtained. Using an optical microscope α – solid solution grain size was measured in the standard and inoculated alloy. In the samples of the alloy variants inoculated with 0.1 % wt. of carbon black, nanographite, and single-wall carbon nanotubes, the grain size was reduced by appox. 50 % compared with the standard alloy. In the samples of the alloy inoculated with 0.1 % wt. of nanographite and single wall carbon nanotubes, eutectoid (a+Mg17Al12) precipitates along the grain boundaries were thinner than those in the standard alloy samples and those inoculated with carbon black. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed no new phase formation. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the alloy samples with nanographite and nanotubes display weak peaks of free carbon, which may indicate the presence of free carbon in small quantities in the structure. The scientific and practical originality of the obtained results consists of the following: a technology of inoculation with incremental additions of allotropic forms of nano carbon, namely carbon black, nanographite, and single-wall carbon nanotubes, has been tested on a standard cast magnesium alloy (Mg-Al-Zn system) in an environment similar to the industrial production of critical magnesium cast components. It has been shown that the introduction of nanocarbon in a quantity of 0.1 % wt. can have a beneficial effect on the structural characteristics of ML5 cast magnesium alloy with no change in its phase composition. Nanographite and single wall carbon nanotubes with a regular structure contribute to the formation of thinner intergranular boundaries than amorphous carbon black.

The aim of this study was to analyse a capability of carbon-containing nanoparticles (CNPs) obtained by heating of organics, to influence mercury-induced neurotoxicity in biological system, such as presynaptic rat cortex nerve terminals. Methods. CNPs were obtained using method described in [6] by the combustion of citric acid and urea. The cortex nerve terminals isolated from Wistar rats were used in the experiments. [14C] glutamate uptake and release in the nerve terminals were monitored using a radiolabelled assay. In particular, rat brain nerve terminals (synaptosomes) were isolated from the rat cortex. The cortex regions were rapidly removed and homogenized in the ice-cold solution consisted of: sucrose 0.32 M; HEPES-NaOH 5 mM, pH 7.4; EDTA 0.2 mM. One synaptosomal preparation was isolated from one rat. The synaptosomes from brain homogenate were obtained according to the procedure proposed by Cotman with minor modifications [7] by differential centrifugation and Ficoll-400 density gradient centrifugation. The concentrations of proteins were monitored according to Larson. To measure the uptake of L-[14C] glutamate, the synaptosomal suspension was pre-incubated in the standard saline solution. Then, HgCl2 was applied to the synaptosomal incubation media, and synaptosomes were further incubated for 6 min before starting the uptake, which in turn was initiated by the application of the aliquots of non-radiolabelled L-glutamate (10 μM) supplemented with L-[14C] glutamate, 420 nM, 0.1 μCi/ml, and then the synaptosomes were incubated at 37 °C during 1 min to measure the initial rate of L-[14C] glutamate uptake. L-[14C] glutamate uptake was monitored with liquid scintillation counting using the ACS scintillation cocktail, 1.5 ml [8]. To measure the extracellular level of L-[14C] glutamate, the synaptosomes were were preincubated at 37 °C during 10 min to restore the ion gradients, and after that they were loaded with L-[14C] glutamate, 1 nmol per mg of protein, 238 mCi/mmol, in the standard saline solution at 37 °C during 10 min according to [9]. Total synaptosomal content of L-[14C] glutamate was equal to 200000±15000 cpm/mg protein. Results. In the first sets of the experiments, Hg2+ effects on the extracellular level of L-[14C] glutamate were assessed in nerve terminal preparations (Fig.1). It was shown a mercury-induced excitotoxic increase in the ambient level of L-[14C] glutamate in nerve terminal preparations. In the second sets of the experiments (Fig. 2), it was demonstrated that Hg2+ decreased the initial rate and accumulation of L-[14C] glutamate by nerve terminals starting from a concentration of 10 μM. Therefore, it was shown that a mercury-induced excitotoxic increase in the ambient level of L-[14C] glutamate in nerve terminal preparations (Fig. 1) resulted from weak functioning of glutamate transporter, and so significantly decreased L-[14C] glutamate uptake (Fig. 2). In the third sets of the experiments, it was shown that CNPs from heating of citric acid/urea mitigated an excitotoxic mercury-induced increase in the extracellular level of L-[14C] glutamate in nerve terminal preparations. The latter was equal to 0.425 ± 0.023 nmol/mg of proteins after combined application of HgCl2 (5 μM) and CNPs (1 mg/ml) (Р ≤ 0.05 as compared to effect of Hg2+per se; n = 6) and 0.460 ± 0.017 nmol/mg of proteins after combined application of HgCl2 (5 μM) and CNPs (10 mg/ml) (Р ≤ 0.05 as compared to effect of Hg2+ per se; n = 6). Therefore, CNPs were able to mitigate in an acute manner excitotoxic Hg2+-induced increase in the extracellular L-[14C]glutamate level in nerve terminals by 37%, thereby being a provisional Hg2+ scavenger. Conclusions. CNPs can mitigate Hg2+-induced excitotoxicity in nerve terminals. Taking into account this fact, it can be assumed that these nanoparticles can be used as Hg2+ adsorbent in the human organism. Besides biotechnological implementation of data, developed approach can be applicable for monitoring capability of different particles and compounds to mitigate Hg2+-mediated threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enhancement of carbon-supported components is a crucial factor in augmenting the interplay between carbon-supported and metal-active components in the utilization of catalysts for direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs). Here, we propose a strategy for designing a catalyst by modifying candle soot (CS) and loading nickel onto ordered carbon soot. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the Ni nanoparticles content on the electrocatalytic performance of Ni–CS, ultimately leading to the identification of a maximum composition. The presence of an excessive quantity of nickel particles leads to a decrease in the number of active sites within the material, resulting in sluggishness of the electron transfer pathway. The electrocatalyst composed of nickel and carbon support, with a nickel content of 20 wt%, has demonstrated a noteworthy current activity of 18.43 mA/cm2, which is three times that of the electrocatalyst with a higher nickel content of 25 wt%. For example, the 20 wt% Ni–CS electrocatalytic activity was found to be good, and it was approximately four times higher than that of 20 wt% Ni–CB (nickel–carbon black). Moreover, the chronoamperometry (CA) test demonstrated a reduction in current activity of merely 65.80% for a 20 wt% Ni–CS electrocatalyst, indicating electrochemical stability. In addition, this demonstrates the great potential of candle soot with Ni nanoparticles to be used as a catalyst in practical applications.

The creation of effective supercapacitor materials is still a priority in the quest to improve energy storage technology. Herein, we present a novel nanocomposite composed of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) and colloidal SnO2 quantum dots (c-SQDs) or colloidal SnO2 ultrasmall nanoparticles, synthesized through a facile sonochemical-assisted hydrothermal approach. The XRD and XPS analyses confirmed the successful synthesis and composition of the CNP/c-SQD nanocomposite. Morphology studies revealed a well-dispersed morphology with intimate interfacial interactions between the CNPs and c-SQDs. Specifically, the nanocomposite exhibited a high specific capacitance of 569 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g, surpassing conventional carbon-based supercapacitors. Furthermore, the nanocomposite displayed excellent stability with 99% capacity retention after 5000 cycles, indicative of its superior cyclability. These results underscore the potential of the CNP/c-SQD nanocomposite as a promising electrode material for high-performance supercapacitor applications, offering enhanced charge storage capacity, stability, and cyclability. This study contributes to the advancement of energy storage technologies, paving the way for the development of efficient and sustainable electrochemical energy storage devices.

Recently, increasing attention of researchers in the field of membrane technology has been paid to the development of membranes based on biopolymers. One of the well-proven polymers for the development of porous membranes is cellulose acetate (CA). This paper is devoted to the study of the influence of different parameters on ultrafiltration CA membrane formation and their transport properties, such as the variation in coagulation bath temperature, membrane shrinkage (post-treatment at 80 °C), introduction to casting CA solution of polymers (polyethylene glycol (PEG), polysulfone (PS), and Pluronic F127 (PL)) and carbon nanoparticles (SWCNTs, MWCNTs, GO, and C60). The structural and physicochemical properties of developed membranes were studied by scanning electron and atomic force microscopies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements. The transport properties of developed CA-based membranes were evaluated in ultrafiltration of bovine serum albumin (BSA), dextran 110 and PVP K-90. All developed membranes rejected 90% compounds with a molecular weight from ~270,000 g/mol. It was shown that the combination of modifications (addition of PEG, PS, PL, PS-PL, and 0.5 wt% C60) led to an increase in the fluxes and BSA rejection coefficients with slight decrease in the flux recovery ratio. These changes were due to an increased macrovoid number, formation of a more open porous structure and/or thinner top selective, and decreased surface roughness and hydrophobization during C60 modification of blend membranes. Optimal transport properties were found for CA-PEG+C60 (the highest water—394 L/(m2h) and BSA—212 L/(m2h) fluxes) and CA-PS+C60 (maximal rejection coefficient of BSA—59%) membranes.

The aim of the study is to carry out green synthesis of carbon nanoparticles and to study its applications in plant fortification and to analyze the bioaccumulation of minerals in the seeds. The synthesis of carbon nanoparticles was by pyrolysis of coconut milk. The average particle size and surface morphology was determined by scanning electron microscope, UV spectroscopy was used to find the optical spectra, Raman spectroscopy was conducted for comparing Raman shift and the crystallite size was calculated by (XRD) analysis. The soil used for cultivation was also analyzed before and after addition of carbon nanoparticles and the changes in pH and amount of minerals and organic matter was studied and showed improved soil characteristics after addition of carbon nanoparticles in a 1:10 ratio. The growth of a monocot and dicot plant species were analyzed as control and test for up to 22 days to study the effect of carbon nanoparticles on physical and chemical parameters of the plant. The results did show a significant rate of increase in root and shoot length of the test plants. Chemical parameters such as concentration of IAA, amount of protein and estimation of chlorophyll was determined by Salkowski test, Lowry’s test and Chlorophyll estimation test respectively which also showed positive results to the addition of carbon nanoparticles. There was also a significant increase in magnesium content in the seeds which proved mineral bioaccumulation in the soil as a result of carbon nanoparticle addition.

Abstract Background Overwhelming Fe accumulation in tumor arouses strong oxidative stress. To benefit the cancer patients, Fe(II) delivered by carbon nanoparticles-Fe(II) complex (CNSI-Fe) should be visualized to ensure the successful intratumoral injection and the antitumor mechanisms should be investigated at molecular level. Results Intracellular Fe accumulations associating with the uptakes of CNSI-Fe were observed both in vitro and in vivo. The retention of Fe(II) in tumor over 72 h was visualized by magnetic resonance imaging. CNSI-Fe inhibited the tumor growth and expanded the lifespan of colonic tumor-bearing mice. The antitumor activity of CNSI-Fe was attributed to the increases of OH radicals and the oxidative stress in tumor cells, which resulted in cell apoptosis and ferroptosis. The transcriptome analyses confirmed the changes of ferroptosis and inflammation signaling pathways by CNSI-Fe treatment. The low toxicity of CNSI-Fe was indicated by the serum biochemistry, hematology, and histopathology. Conclusion CNSI-Fe induced the efficient apoptosis and ferroptosis of colonic tumor for cancer therapy. Our results would benefit the clinical applications of CNSI-Fe and stimulate great interest in the nanomedicine.

Eco-friendly, biomass derived single component luminescent materials with dual emission bands hold immense potential in white light emitting devices (WLED). Compared to WLED fabricated from different color emitting carbon nanoparticles, self-reabsorption and degradation will be negligible in single system white light emitting materials which guarantees stability in long run. Herein, we report a facile, inexpensive and sustainable direct thermal decomposition method to synthesize carbon nanoparticles with dual emission bands. Addition of PVP could efficiently enhance the red emission band of carbon nanoparticles. The excitation dependent broad blue-green emission and excitation independent narrow red emission helps to obtain white light emitting carbon nanoparticles. Upon change in excitation wavelength from 410 nm to 370 nm, white light emissions are obtained with tunable CCT value from 2648 K to 8980 K respectively. By virtue of this tunable warm to cool white light emission, single system WLED can be designed suitable for both indoor and outdoor applications.

Based on the domain theory, the domain structure of electrically calcined anthracite was studied for the first time. The carbon microstructure of the electrically calcined anthracite was analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The analysis revealed that the carbon microstructure comprised microdomains with particle sizes below 30 nm and domains with particle sizes below 200 nm. In addition, non-graphitizable carbon structures formed by partial microdomain and domain structures were difficult to grow. Thus, we successfully synthesized novel β-type silicon carbide (β-SiC) nanoparticles with larger particle sizes below 200 nm and smaller particle sizes below 60 nm using a non-graphitizable carbon composed of carbon nanoparticles as the main raw material. Through calculation and analysis, the synthesis mechanism revealed that due to the presence of highly reactive interfacial regions between the domains of electrically calcined anthracite, silicon first diffused to the highly reactive interface between the domains of electrically calcined anthracite and reacted with the highly active carbon atoms in it to form silicon carbide, resulting in a certain degree of volume expansion. The volume expansion led to the cracking and dispersion of the domains, which further led to mutual diffusion and reaction within the exfoliated domains to generate SiC nanoparticles. And the non-exfoliated SiC nanoparticles generated at the reaction interface on the surface of electrically calcined anthracite were observed by the AFM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee skins, a cheap, agricultural waste, were carbonized in a tubular furnace under a nitrogen stream and then ball milled to fabricate coffee skin-carbon-nanoparticles (CCNPs). SEM showed 35.6–41.6 nm particle size. The 26.64 and 43.16 peaks in the XRD indicated a cubic graphite lattice. The FT-IR broadband revealed a 2500–3500 cm−1 peak, suggesting an acidic O-H group. CCNPs possessed a type-H3-loop in the N2-adsorption-desorption analysis, with a surface of 105.638 m2 g−1. Thereafter, CCNPs were tested for ciprofloxacin (CPXN) adsorption, which reached equilibrium in 90 min. CCNPs captured 142.6 mg g−1 from 100 mg L−1 CPXN, and the 5:12 sorbent mass-to-solution volume ratio was suitable for treating up to 75 mg L−1 contamination. The qt dropped from 142.6 to 114.3 and 79.2 mg g−1 as the temperature rose from 20 °C to 35 °C and 50 °C, respectively, indicating exothermic adsorption. CPXN removal efficiency decreased below pH 5.0 and above pH 8.0. Kinetically, CPXN adsorption fits the second-order model and is controlled by the liquid-film mechanism, indicating its preference for the CCNPs' surface. The adsorption agreement with the liquid-film and Freundlich models implied the ease of CPXN penetration into the CCNP inner shells and the multilayered accumulation of CPXN on the CCNPs' surface. The negative ∆H° and ∆G° revealed the exothermic nature and spontaneity of CPXN adsorption onto the CCNP. The CCNPs showed an efficiency of 95.8% during four consecutive regeneration-reuse cycles with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.1%, and the lowest efficiency in the fourth cycle was 92.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphology of carbon material formed in an arc discharge in a mixture of i-butane, n-butane, and propane when spraying a graphite-nickel electrode was studied. The experiments were carried out with changing the gas medium pressure. Carbon globules, graphene structures, and carbon nanotubes have been discovered. It was found that at pressures of 75 and 400 torr, carbon globules predominate in the resulting materials. At gas pressures of 200 torr, the material collected from the cold screen surface contains both graphene-like structures and significant amounts of carbon nanotubes. The physical reasons influencing the observed phenomena are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing sustainable, inexpensive material has been proposed as a promising catalyst. Herein, we report the synthesis of new hybrid material composed of carbon nanoparticles entrapped in iron vanadate. Thus obtained new material was characterized using SEM, PXRD, Raman and XPS.The catalytic potentiality of CNP/FeVO4 has been tested in the oxidation of biomass derived hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in an aqueous medium. An enhanced conversion of 5‐HMF to diformylfuran (DFF) is observed in the presence of CNP/FeVO4 than FeVO4 alone. The absence of expensive metals and using only water as a solvent, along with recyclability of catalyst make our catalytic method green and attractive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged in the last few years as new carbon nanostructures due to their excellent optical and physicochemical properties and thus promising applications in different areas. In this work, we describe the preparation of different CDs obtained from distinct bottom-up methods and also using different low molar mass precursors in order to study advantages and disadvantages of each experimental method used. Different techniques were performed to characterize the nanoparticles, such as Transmission electron microscopy, Potentiometric titration, Fourier transform infrared, Fluorescence and Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The CDs obtained using conventional hydrothermal carbonization showed the highest values of quantum yield (QY), whereas the nanoparticles obtained by the heating reflux reaction method exhibited the lowest QY values mainly due to incomplete polymerization and/or carbonization reactions of the material. In addition, a study to evaluate the use of the CDs as nanoprobes for metallic ions showed that one of the samples exhibited high selective and sensitive response toward Fe3+, with a detection limit of 0.89 µM. Furthermore, the nanoparticles used as sensors were obtained with an environmentally friendly strategy, and the CD-based photoluminescence method is simple, has a short response time and present low-cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aimed to measure the efficacy of using carbon nanoparticles in the preoperative localization of early breast cancer (BC) cases as well as in the detection of sentinel lymph nodes in Egypt. In addition, the purpose of the study was to determine whether the efficacy of carbon nanoparticles outweighs their high price and additional shipping fees. Material and methods The current pilot study enrolled 16 early BC patients, particularly those eligible for breast-conserving surgery. All patients underwent standardized injection techniques. The operating surgeons provided comprehensive intraoperative findings and postoperative histopathological reports of the excised tissues. Results After neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), downstaging of the study subjects was achieved until reaching the TNM stage of T1N1M0 and T1N0M0 in 2 cases (12.5%) and 14 cases (87.5%), respectively. Ultrasound-guided injection of carbon nanoparticles was done, followed by surgical excision on the same day or the day after injection. Eleven patients had positive mass lesions preoperatively, with a mean tumoral size of less than 1 cm in maximum dimension. Moreover, 6 out of the 11 patients showed positive black staining intraoperatively with an accuracy of 68.75%. Postoperative histopathological examination (the gold standard) of axillary specimens revealed that 3 out of 16 of the study population have positive tumor-infiltrated lymph nodes. However, only 2 of these cases demonstrated intra-operative black staining, with the black dye's positive and negative predictive values of staining being 100% and 92.2%, respectively. Conclusions Preoperative carbon nanoparticle suspension injection is a safe and effective method for adequate tumoral localization in BC patients. Nevertheless, this pilot study did not provide strong evidence for the adequacy of sentinel lymph node detection due to the small sample size, high cost, and extra shipping fees of the carbon nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Wettability, typically estimated through the contact angle, is a fundamental property of surfaces with wide-ranging implications in both daily life and industrial processes. Recent scientific interest has been paid to the surfaces exhibiting extreme wettability: superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic surfaces, characterized by high water repellency and exceptional water wetting, respectively. Both chemical composition and morphology play a role in the determination of the wettability “performance” of a surface. To tune surface-wetting properties, we considered coatings of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) in this study. They are a new class of nanomaterials synthesized in flames whose chemistry, dimension, and shape depend on combustion conditions. For the first time, we systematically studied the wettability of CNP coatings produced in a controlled rich ethylene/air flame stabilized over a McKenna burner. A selected substrate was intermittently inserted in the flame at 15 mm above the burner to form a thin coating thanks to a thermophoretic-driven deposition mechanism. The chemical-physical quality and the deposed quantity of the CNPs were varied by opportunely combing the substrate flame insertion number (from 1 to 256) and the carbon-to-oxygen ratio, C/O (from 0.67 to 0.87). The wettability of the coatings was evaluated by measuring the contact angle, CA, with the sessile drop method. When the C/O = 0.67, the CNPs were nearly spherical, smaller than 8 nm, and always generated hydrophilic coatings (CA < 35°). At higher C/O ratios, the CNPs reached dimensions of 100 nm, and fractal shape aggregates were formed. In this case, either hydrophilic (CA < 76°) or superhydrophobic (CA ~166°) behavior was observed, depending on the number of carbon nanoparticles deposed, i.e., film thickness. It is known that wettability is susceptible to liquid surface tension, and therefore, tests were conducted with different fluids to establish a correlation between the flame conditions and the nanostructure of the film. This method offers a fast and simple approach to determining mesoscale information for coating roughness and topographical homogeneity/inhomogeneity of their surfaces.

This research centers on optimizing the machining process of Al7072 alloy reinforced with carbon nanoparticles. While surface roughness is the primary research focus, it is one of the most critical parameters in the manufacturing of aerospace components. According to the Taguchi design of experiments tool, the structured experimental framework has been used to learn the precise consequences of Cutting speed (Cs) , Feed rate (Fr), and Depth of Cut (DoC) on surface roughness outcomes. Using cutting-edge algorithms, particularly the Artificial Neural Network, significantly increases these predictive abilities. It hence forecasts the surface roughness achieved with various machining outcomes. According to the initial results, the surface roughness response is extremely dependent on the machining outcomes. The signal-to-noise ratio conducted the statistical analysis to discover the best parameter equation that would allow for the best surface quality and machining economy. Furthermore, the ANN-based model has been created, demonstrating a high level of accuracy in providing feed response. This might be used to optimize the machining process. The results recommend improving the accessibility of machining and increasing aerospace equipment’s quality of service. Thus, the process presented in this research might improve the public’s communication with respect to machining and machining economics.

The work examines the unique nanostructure of carbon nanoparticles deposited from sooting premixed flames with flame temperatures exceeding 2200 K. This flame temperature regime has previously been shown to transition from typical soot formation conditions to a regime whereby the flame-form carbon adopts a nanostructure considerably more ordered than soot. Graphenic carbon deposits observed by High-resolution TEM (HRTEM) are reported here corroborating previous Raman spectroscopy evidence. The use of premixed stretch-stabilized flames enables particle production in the high-temperature regime under a flow field amenable to low-dimensional flame modeling. Although the flame flow configuration is relatively simple, three sample preparation methods are used to assess the representation of true carbon properties as they exist in the flame. HRTEM imaging is carried out on carbon particle samples prepared by rapid-insertion deposition, aerosol dilution probe deposition and carbon particle film deposition. Images from rapid-insertion samples show amorphous particles in the lightly sooting flame and turbostratic particles in the heavy sooting flame. There is trace evidence of graphenic structure in rapid-insertion samples but the most striking particles on the TEM grid are graphite nanocrystals presumably formed by a new artificial crystallization process. HRTEM images of particles collected over time by diluted aerosol deposition and film deposition show clear graphenic structures. Overall, the carbon nanostructure observed by HRTEM is a mixture of amorphous, turbostratic and graphenic carbon lattices depending on the flame condition and sampling method. The current work highlights potential impacts of higher flame temperatures and higher equivalence ratio on deposited flame-formed carbon. Namely, graphenic particle structure is observed in rapid-insertion deposition samples but graphene portions are most abundant in aerosol dilution and carbon particle film deposition samples. This may indicate that graphene structures grow on the deposition surface over time.

Dispersion and aggregation of nanoparticles in aqueous solutions are important factors for safe and effective application of nanoparticles, for instance, in the oil industry. As conventional oil reserves are depleted, it is necessary to advance chemical enhanced oil recovery (cEOR) techniques to develop unconventional oil reservoirs. Nanoparticles modified by surfactants can be a promising reagent in cEOR. These nanomaterials can reduce interfacial tension and change the wettability of reservoir rock, which leads to an increase in oil recovery. However, the application of nanoparticles is limited by their substantial aggregation in aqueous solutions. The purpose of this work is to select nanoparticles for obtaining stable sols in water in the presence of an anionic surfactant and to optimize the conditions (pH) for further modifying the nanoparticles with the anionic surfactant. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is used as an anionic surfactant. The aggregation of oxide and carbon nanoparticles in water and anionic surfactant solutions was studied by laser diffraction, dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering methods. Most of the studied nanoparticles in water form aggregates with bi-, three- and polymodal particle size distributions. TiO2 nanoparticles obtained by plasma dynamic synthesis form the most stable sols in anionic surfactant solutions. The range of 5–7 pH is defined as optimal for their modification with surfactants. The stability of carbon nanoparticles in aqueous solutions increases significantly in the presence of a surfactant. The obtained results form the basis for further research on the modification of marked nanoparticles in surfactant solutions.

Objective: To evaluate the value of refined extracapsular anatomy combined with carbon nanoparticle suspension tracing technology for protecting parathyroid function and the thoroughness of lymph node dissection in the central region during endoscopic thyroid cancer surgery. Patients and methods: Retrospective clinical data analysis was performed on 108 patients who underwent endoscopic thyroid cancer surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital) from November 2019 to November 2022. Before surgery, thyroid function tests, color Doppler ultrasounds and neck-enhanced CT scans were performed on all patients. Cytopathological diagnosis obtained via ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration served as confirmation for the primary diagnosis. It was determined whether to perform a total thyroidectomy or a hemithyroidectomy (HT) together with preventive unilateral (ipsilateral) central neck dissection. Follow-up times were 1 to 34 months. Results: Transient neuromuscular symptoms were present in 3.70% (4/108) cases, with no permanent neuromuscular symptoms or permanent hypoparathyroidism. Regarding transient hypoparathyroidism, the patients recovered after three months and did not need long-term calcium supplementation. The number of harvested LNs (mean± SD) was 5.54 ± 3.84, with ≤5 in 57.41% (62/108) and >5 in 42.59% (46/108) cases. The number of patients with metastatic LNs was 37.96% (41/108), with ≤2 in 65.85% (27/41) and >2 in 34.15% (14/41) cases. Conclusions: Fine extracapsular anatomy combined with carbon nanoparticle suspension tracing is effective in endoscopic thyroid cancer surgery. It can improve the thoroughness of prophylactic central neck dissection and recognition of the parathyroid gland and avoid parathyroid injury and other complications to effectively protect parathyroid function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for healthy foods with high functional value has progressively increased. Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have a promising application in agriculture including the enhancement of plant growth. However, there are few studies on the interactive effects of CNPs and mild salinity on radish seed sprouting. To this end, the effect of radish seed priming with 80mM CNPs on biomass, anthocyanin, proline and polyamine metabolism, and antioxidant defense system under mild salinity growth condition (25 mM NaCl). The results indicated that seed nanopriming with CNPs along with mild salinity stress enhanced radish seed sprouting and its antioxidant capacity. Priming boosted the antioxidant capacity by increasing antioxidant metabolites such as (polyphenols, flavonoids, polyamines, anthocyanin, and proline). To understand the bases of these increases, precursors and key biosynthetic enzymes of anthocyanin [phenylalanine, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid, naringenin, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase (CHS), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL)], proline [pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), proline dehydrogenase (PRODH), Sucrose, Sucrose P synthase, invertase) and polyamines [putrescine, spermine, spermidine, total polyamines, arginine decarboxylase, orinthnine decarboxylase, S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase, spermidine synthase, spermine synthase] were analyzed. In conclusion, seed priming with CNPs has the potential to further stimulate mild salinity-induced bioactive compound accumulation in radish sprouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate whether the application of carbon nanoparticles (CNs) in total or near-total thyroidectomy combined with central lymph node dissection (CLND) for thyroid cancer (TC) is beneficial to lymph node dissection, parathyroid, and recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) protection. Methods: Relevant literatures were systematically searched on PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library Databases until March 31, 2021. All analyses were performed using Revman Manager 5.3 software. The main results were the number of central lymph nodes, the number of central metastatic lymph nodes, accidental parathyroidectomy, postoperative hypoparathyroidism, postoperative hypocalcemia, and postoperative transient RLN paralysis. Results: This meta-analysis identified 4 randomized controlled trials and 8 non-randomized controlled trials comprising 1870 patients. Compared with the control, the use of CNs was helpful to dissect more central lymph nodes (weighted mean difference [WMD]: 3.55, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.12-4.98, P <.00001) and central metastatic lymph nodes (WMD: 1.69, 95% CI:1.31-2.08, P <.00001), lower rate of accidental parathyroidectomy (odds ratio [OR]:.33, 95% CI:.23-.47, P <.00001), lower rate of both postoperative transient hypoparathyroidism (OR:.40, 95% CI:.31-.51, P <.00001), and transient hypocalcemia (OR:.37, 95% CI:.27-.51, P <.00001). However, there were no statistical difference between the groups for postoperative permanent hypoparathyroidism (OR:.29, 95% CI:.06-1.28, P =.10), postoperative permanent hypocalcemia (OR:.94, 95% CI:.10-9.16, P =.96), and postoperative transient RLN paralysis (OR:.66, 95% CI:.40-1.12, P =.12). Conclusions: The application of CNs in total or near-total thyroidectomy combined with CLND for TC can better dissect the central lymph nodes and protect parathyroid glands (PGs) and their function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To investigate the efficacy and safety of lymph nodes (LNs) dissection guided by carbon nanoparticles (CNs) in gastric cancer (GC) surgery. Materials and methods: We searched electronic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus for relevant articles up to September 2022 and collected all studies comparing the CNs group with blank controls group on the efficacy and safety of LN dissection in gastrectomy. A pooled analysis of the collected data was performed, including the number of retrieved LNs, the staining rate of LNs, the number of metastatic LNs dissection, various intraoperative outcomes, and postoperative complications. Results: A total of 9 studies including 1770 participants (502 in the CNs group and 1268 in the control group) were included. As compared to the blank control group, the CNs group detected 10.46 more LNs in each patient (WMD = 10.46, 95% CI: 6.63 ~ 14.28, p < 0.00001, I2 = 91%), and also significantly more metastatic LNs (WMD = 2.63, 95% CI: 1.43 ~ 3.83, p < 0.0001, I2 = 41%). However, there was no significant difference in the rate of metastatic LNs between the CNs and control groups (OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 0.94 ~ 2.00, P = 0.1, I2 = 89%). In addition, there was no increase in operative time, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative complications associated with CNs-guided gastrectomy. Conclusion: CNs-guided gastrectomy is safe and effective, and can increase the efficiency of LN dissection without increasing the risk of surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A top-down synthesis of graphene quantum dots (GQD) was carried out by hydrothermal method from different carbon sources (graphene, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and black carbon) and H 2 O 2 as an oxidizing agent, with an N source added in the reaction to modify the chemical surface of the GQD, giving rise to the nanomaterial N-GQD. The modified chemical surface of N-GQD partially allowed the nucleation and coupling of gold nanoparticles from a H A u C l 4 solution. The X-ray diffraction spectrogram confirms the amorphization of the precursor materials, while the functionalized surface of N-GQD was characterized through UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared, and photoluminescense spectrometry; TEM and FE-SEM show particle sizes between 8 and 15 nm. N-GQD@AuNP presence can be confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy and TEM analysis, showing partial coupling and nanoparticle nucleation of Au in the structure with particle sizes between 20 and 40 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water pollution has invaded seas, rivers, and tap water worldwide. This work employed commercial Mesquite charcoal as a low-cost precursor for fabricating Mesquite carbon nanoparticles (MUCNPs) using a ball-milling process. The scanning electron energy-dispersive microscopy results for MUCNPs revealed a particle size range of 52.4–75.0 nm. The particles were composed mainly of carbon with trace amounts of aluminum, potassium, calcium, titanium, and zinc. The X-ray diffraction peaks at 26.76 and 43.28 2θ° ascribed to the (002) and (100) planes indicated a crystalized graphite phase. Furthermore, the lack of FT-IR vibrations above 3000 cm−1 showed that the MUCNPs were not functionalized. The MUCNPs' pore diameter, volume, and surface area were 114.5 Ǻ, 0.363 cm3 g−1, and 113.45 m2 g−1. The batch technique was utilized to investigate MUCNPs' effectiveness in removing chlorohexidine gluconate (CHDNG) from water, which took 90 min to achieve equilibrium and had an adsorption capacity of 65.8 mg g−1. The adsorption of CHDNG followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, with the rate-limiting step being diffusion in the liquid film. The Langmuir isotherm dominated the CHDNG adsorption on the MUCNPs with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. The thermodynamic studies revealed that CHDNG adsorption onto the MUCNPs was exothermic and favorable, and its spontaneity increased inversely with CHDNG concentration. The ball-milling-made MUCNPs demonstrated consistent efficiency through regeneration–reuse cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mini-review examines the current state of the problem of peripheral nerve (PN) regeneration, including details of the internal structure of PN, types of their damage, biochemical aspects, in particular the function of Schwann cells, macrophages, intermolecular interactions of cell membrane receptors with extracellular matrix proteins, which are involved in the peripheral nerve regeneration process. The development of artificial nerve tubes (conduits) to suture the distal and proximal ends of the damaged nerve with an artificial conduit is the main strategy for PN recovery. Emphasis is placed on the use of leading biomaterials of the new generation, in particular, based on natural polysaccharides (alginate - Alg and chitosan - CS) and carbon nanoparticles CNP (single and multi wall carbon nanotubes – SWCNTs/MWCNTs, graphene - G, graphene oxide - GO or fullerene - C60) obtained in the Sumy State University laboratory "Bionanocomposite" (Ukraine) to solve the PN regeneration problem. The results of studies of the obtained materials with carbon nanoparticles such as C60 and SWCNTs on electrical conductivity, swelling ability, and the ability to adsorb tryptophan (an amino acid that is indispensable for the functioning of the central nervous system) are presented. The peculiarities of the effect of carbon-based materials on the restoration of the functions of damaged nerve tissue are considered. Also, the usefulness of CNTs in neuroscience has been noted due to their specific properties, namely strength, flexibility, and electrical conductivity, in particular for mediating the growth and differentiation of neurons. This characteristics of the recently created polymer samples with CNP showed that these biomaterials have properties beneficial for neural tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Overwhelming Fe accumulation in tumor arouses strong oxidative stress. To benefit the cancer patients, Fe(II) delivered by carbon nanoparticles-Fe(II) complex (CNSI-Fe) should be visualized to ensure the successful intratumoral injection and the antitumor mechanisms should be investigated at molecular level. Results: Intracellular Fe accumulations associating with the uptakes of CNSI-Fe were observed both in vitro and in vivo. The retention of Fe(II) in tumor over 72 h was visualized by magnetic resonance imaging. CNSI-Fe inhibited the tumor growth and expanded the lifespan of colonic tumor-bearing mice. The antitumor activity of CNSI-Fe was attributed to the increases of OH radicals and the oxidative stress in tumor cells, which resulted in cell apoptosis and ferroptosis. The transcriptome analyses confirmed the changes of ferroptosis and inflammation signaling pathways by CNSI-Fe treatment. The low toxicity of CNSI-Fe was indicated by the serum biochemistry, hematology, and histopathology. Conclusion: CNSI-Fe induced the efficient apoptosis and ferroptosis of colonic tumor for cancer therapy. Our results would benefit the clinical applications of CNSI-Fe and stimulate great interest in the nanomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of studies of the formation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbon nanoparticles during the pyrolysis of ethylene mixtures with the addition of linear ethers: dimethyl ether CH3OCH3 (DME), diethyl ether C2H5OC2H5 (DEE), and dimethoxymethane CH3OCH2OCH3 (DMM). The studies were carried out behind reflected shock waves at temperatures of 1650–2550 K and pressures of 2.7–4.1 atm using optical diagnostic methods: laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and laser extinction. These additives were found to accelerate the formation of PAHs and carbon nanoparticles. Kinetic modeling results show that this effect is due to the presence of methyl and ethyl groups in the molecules, which promote the formation of PAHs and soot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Improving crop yields by increasing fertilizer-use-efficiency is essential to minimizing agriculture's environmental impact. Water-dispersible carbon nanomaterials (CNM) have emerged as an innovative material to improve crop yields by increasing nutrient utilization and enhancing crop physiological processes. However, the optimum dose of CNM, performance on crop growth, and impact on soil biochemical properties remain poorly understood. Methods: A greenhouse pot experiment (55 days) was conducted to evaluate the effect of three CNM rates, applied basally as a soil drench amendment, on the growth of two lettuce varieties and soil biochemical properties. We compared three CNM rates (200, 400 & 800 mg kg−1; C200F, C400F & C800F) along with a negative control (C0F0; no fertilizer or CNM) and a positive control (C0F; fertilizer at recommended doses like CNM treatments, no CNM applied). Results: We found that nitrogen (N), phosphorus and potassium (K) accumulation by lettuce and availability in soil were enhanced with CNM application, with 31% (C200F) and 34% (C400F) increases in shoot N accumulation compared to C0F, and K accumulation peaking at C800F (230% increase over C0F). Compared to C0F, soil microbial biomass carbon was 67–180% (C200F) or 42–150% (CF400) higher, phosphatase enzyme activity was 29–32% higher with C200F, and urease enzyme activity was 37–38% higher at C400F, indicating greater soil biological activity at lower application rates. Conclusion: Overall, CNM (200–400 mgkg−1 soil) promoted lettuce growth, enhanced soil fertility and soil biological activity, elucidating that water-dispersible CNM can be an alternative soil amendment to improve crop growth and soil biochemical quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical resection remains the most effective treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma at present, and it is crucial to make the optimal extent of lymph node dissection as well as to reduce the incidence of surgical complications. Carbon nanoparticles have played an important role as a new generation developer in protecting parathyroid glands and tracing lymph nodes during papillary thyroid carcinoma surgery. Many studies have been reported in recent years, but the application value of carbon nanoparticles has not been definitely confirmed. In this review, the application progress of carbon nanoparticles in papillary thyroid carcinoma surgery is summarized to provide further reference for optimizing surgical treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical parameters of the liquid crystalline materials can be tuned by the dispersion of nanoparticles. Concentration of dopant in the host LC material affects its optical properties significantly, which makes the dispersed system suitable for LC-based devices. In the present investigation, we have studied the effect of different concentrations of nanoparticles on the optical properties of LC, as a guest–host system, where PCNP is guest material and NLC is host material. Porous carbon nanoparticles (PCNPs) were dispersed into the nematic liquid crystal (NLC) in three different concentrations. Optical parameters were measured for pure NLC and NLC-PCNP composites. Photoluminescence (PL) study was performed and it was found that the PL intensity increased for the PCNP dispersed system. High photoluminescence has much importance in the luminescent displays. Full width half maxima (FWHM) were also determined by the Gaussian fitting of PL intensity data. UV absorbance was also measured which gets increased for the PCNP dispersed NLC system when compared to pure NLC. Optical bandgap was found to be reduced after the dispersion of PCNP into NLC. Several other parameters such as absorption coefficient and optical density were also determined. The proposed work may be significant for the liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and other devices which require less bandgap materials. This work may also put some light on the effect of dopants on the LC material in the research based on guest–host system. Increasing the photoluminescence and creating less bandgap materials using carbon nanoparticles is a real challenge, and porous nanoparticles used here overcome this challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the current study is to fabricate a 3D scaffold using alginate hydrogel implemented with carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) as the filler. The SEM imaging revealed that the scaffold possesses a porous internal structure with interconnected pores. The swelling value of the scaffolds (more than 400%) provides a wet niche for bone cell proliferation and migration. The in vitro evaluations showed that the scaffolds were hemocompatible (with hemolysis induction lower than 5%) and cytocompatible (inducing significant proliferative effect (cell viability of 121 ± 4%, p < 0.05) for AlG/CNPs 10%). The in vivo studies showed that the implantation of the fabricated 3D nanocomposite scaffolds induced a bone-forming effect and mediated bone formation into the induced bone defect. In conclusion, these results implied that the fabricated NFC-integrated 3D scaffold exhibited promising characteristics beneficial for bone regeneration and can be applied as the bone tissue engineering scaffold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to carry out green synthesis of carbon nanoparticles and to study its applications in plant fortification and to analyze the bioaccumulation of minerals in the seeds. The synthesis of carbon nanoparticles was by pyrolysis of coconut milk. The average particle size and surface morphology was determined by scanning electron microscope, UV spectroscopy was used to find the optical spectra, Raman spectroscopy was conducted for comparing Raman shift and the crystallite size was calculated by (XRD) analysis. The soil used for cultivation was also analyzed before and after addition of carbon nanoparticles and the changes in pH and amount of minerals and organic matter was studied and showed improved soil characteristics after addition of carbon nanoparticles in a 1:10 ratio. The growth of a monocot and dicot plant species were analyzed as control and test for up to 22 days to study the effect of carbon nanoparticles on physical and chemical parameters of the plant. The results did show a significant rate of increase in root and shoot length of the test plants. Chemical parameters such as concentration of IAA, amount of protein and estimation of chlorophyll was determined by Salkowski test, Lowry's test and Chlorophyll estimation test respectively which also showed positive results to the addition of carbon nanoparticles. There was also a significant increase in magnesium content in the seeds which proved mineral bioaccumulation in the soil as a result of carbon nanoparticle addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]