64 results on '"Capellacci, Samuela"'
Search Results
52. Genetic Diversity of the Genus Ostreopsis Schmidt: Phylogeographical Considerations and Molecular Methodology Applications for Field Detection in the Mediterranean Sea
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Penna, Antonella, primary, Fraga, Santiago, additional, Battocchi, Cecilia, additional, Casabianca, Silvia, additional, Perini, Federico, additional, Capellacci, Samuela, additional, Casabianca, Anna, additional, Riobó, Pilar, additional, Giacobbe, Maria Grazia, additional, Totti, Cecilia, additional, Accoroni, Stefano, additional, Vila, Magda, additional, Reñé, Albert, additional, Scardi, Michele, additional, Aligizaki, Katerina, additional, Nguyen-Ngoc, Lam, additional, and Vernesi, Cristiano, additional
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- 2012
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53. Quantification of G6PD in small and large intestine of rat during aging
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Biagiotti, Enrica, primary, Malatesta, Manuela, additional, Capellacci, Samuela, additional, Fattoretti, Patrizia, additional, Gazzanelli, Giancarlo, additional, and Ninfali, Paolino, additional
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- 2002
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54. Rabbit brain glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: biochemical properties and inactivation by free radicals and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
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Ninfali, Paolino, primary, Ditroilo, Massimiliano, additional, Capellacci, Samuela, additional, and Biagiotti, Enrica, additional
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- 2001
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55. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase supports the functioning of the synapses in rat cerebellar cortex
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Biagiotti, Enrica, primary, Guidi, Loretta, additional, Capellacci, Samuela, additional, Ambrogini, Patrizia, additional, Papa, Stefano, additional, Del Grande, Paolo, additional, and Ninfali, Paolino, additional
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- 2001
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56. Bioavailability of different chemical forms of dissolved silica can affect marine diatom growth.
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Capellacci, Samuela, Battocchi, Cecilia, Casabianca, Silvia, Giovine, Marco, Bavestrello, Giorgio, and Penna, Antonella
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BIOAVAILABILITY , *CHEMICALS , *SILICA , *OXIDES , *DIATOMS , *ALGAE - Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that dissolved silica obtained from mineral (crystalline quartz), biogenic amorphous (diatomaceous earth) and artificial amorphous sources ( Aerosil) influence the growth rate of two marine diatoms, Chaetoceros sp. and Skeletonema marinoi. Diatoms were reared in four different experimental conditions in artificial seawater containing either dissolved silica previously obtained through dissolution of the mineral crystalline quartz or two amorphous substrates, biogenic diatomaceous earth or artificial Aerosil silica. Sodium metasilicate was used as control. When the silica in the different media reached concentrations higher than 107 μ m, particles were eliminated by filtration and the diatom cells were inoculated. Maximum cell density, growth and silica assimilation rates of both species in the presence of dissolved silica derived from crystalline quartz and metasilicate were higher than those obtained with the other silica sources. These results are discussed against the background of previous geochemical studies that have shown that silica-water interactions are strictly dependent on the silica polymorphs involved and on the ionic composition of the solution. Our results demonstrate that the soluble silicon compounds generated in seawater by crystalline sources are highly bioavailable compared with those generated by biogenic and amorphous materials. These findings are potentially of considerable ecological importance and may contribute to clarifying anomalous spatial and temporal distributions of siliceous organisms with respect to the presence of lithogenic or biogenic silica sources in marine environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2013
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57. Impact of polystyrene nanoparticles on marine diatom Skeletonema marinoi chain assemblages and consequences on their ecological role in marine ecosystems.
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Bellingeri, Arianna, Casabianca, Silvia, Capellacci, Samuela, Faleri, Claudia, Paccagnini, Eugenio, Lupetti, Pietro, Koelmans, Albert A., Penna, Antonella, and Corsi, Ilaria
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CARBON cycle ,MARINE ecology ,DIATOMS ,POLYSTYRENE ,CARBON fixation ,PLASTIC scrap - Abstract
Marine diatoms have been identified among the most abundant taxa of microorganisms associated with plastic waste collected at sea. However, the impact of nano-sized plastic fragments (nanoplastics) at single cell and population level is almost unknown. We exposed the marine diatom Skeletonema marinoi to model polystyrene nanoparticles with carboxylic acid groups (PS–COOH NPs, 90 nm) for 15 days (1, 10, 50 μg/mL). Growth, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and nano-bio-interactions were investigated. No effect on diatom growth was observed, however Dynamic light scattering (DLS) demonstrated the formation of large PS aggregates which were localized at the diatoms' fultoportula process (FPP), as shown by TEM images. Increase production of ROS and reduction in chain length were also observed upon PS NPs exposure (p < 0.005). The observed PS-diatom interaction could have serious consequences on diatoms ecological role on the biogeochemical cycle of carbon, by impairing the formation of fast-sinking aggregates responsible for atmospheric carbon fixation and sequestration in the ocean sea floor. S. marinoi exposure to PS NPs caused an increase of intracellular and extracellular oxidative stress, the reduction of diatom's chain length and the adhesion of PS NPs onto the algal surface. Image 1 • PN NPs do not affect S. marinoi growth rate. • Fifteen days of exposure to PS NPs affect diatoms at cell and colony level. • PS NPs exposure resulted in a reduction of diatom's colony chain length. • PS NPs aggregates localized at diatom's fultoportula process. • PS NPs causes an increase in intracellular and extracellular ROS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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58. First detection of tetrodotoxin and high levels of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish from Sicily (Italy) by three different analytical methods.
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Dell'Aversano, Carmela, Tartaglione, Luciana, Polito, Giuseppe, Dean, Karl, Giacobbe, Mariagrazia, Casabianca, Silvia, Capellacci, Samuela, Penna, Antonella, and Turner, Andrew D.
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TETRODOTOXIN , *BIVALVES , *MUSSELS , *ALEXANDRIUM , *PARALYTIC shellfish toxins - Abstract
Abstract Paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) and tetrodotoxin (TTX) are naturally-occurring toxins that may contaminate the food chain, inducing similar neurological symptoms in humans. They are co-extracted under the same conditions and thus their combined detection is desirable. Whilst PST are regulated and officially monitored in Europe, more data on TTX occurrence in bivalves and gastropods are needed before meaningful regulations can be established. In this study, we used three separate analytical methods - pre-column oxidation with liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection, ultrahigh performance hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and HILIC high resolution (HR) MS/MS - to investigate the presence of PST and TTX in seawater and shellfish (mussels, clams) collected in spring summer 2015 to 2017 in the Mediterranean Sea. Samples were collected at 10 sites in the Syracuse Bay (Sicily, Italy) in concomitance with a mixed bloom of Alexandrium minutum and A. pacificum. A very high PST contamination in mussels emerged, unprecedentedly found in Italy, with maximum total concentration of 10851 μg saxitoxin equivalents per kg of shellfish tissue measured in 2016. In addition, for the first time TTX was detected in Italy in most of the analysed samples in the range 0.8–6.4 μg TTX eq/kg. The recurring blooms of PST-producing species over the 3-year period, the high PST levels and the first finding of TTX in mussels from the Syracuse bay, suggest that monitoring programmes of PST and TTX in seafood should be activated in this geographical area. Highlights • Recurring blooms of Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium pacificum in Syracuse bay. • Toxin profile and content of seawater and shellfish collected in 2015, 2016, 2017. • Paralytic shellfish toxins contaminating mussels at levels up to 10851 μg STX eq/Kg. • First finding in Italy of tetrodotoxin in mussels at levels up to 6.4 μg TTX eq/Kg. • Comparison among PreCOX-HPLC-FLD, UHPLC-HILIC-MS/MS, and HPLC-HILIC-HRMS for PST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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59. Plastic-associated harmful microalgal assemblages in marine environment
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Fabio Varriale, Paolo Moretto, Maria Grazia Giacobbe, Samuela Capellacci, Silvia Casabianca, Nicola Ungaro, Antonella Penna, Luciana Tartaglione, Riccardo Narizzano, A. Dagnino, Enrico Barbone, R. Bertolotto, Carmela Dell'Aversano, Fulvia Risso, Casabianca, Silvia, Capellacci, Samuela, Giacobbe, Maria Grazia, Dell'Aversano, Carmela, Tartaglione, Luciana, Varriale, Fabio, Narizzano, Riccardo, Risso, Fulvia, Moretto, Paolo, Dagnino, Alessandro, Bertolotto, Rosella, Barbone, Enrico, Ungaro, Nicola, and Penna, Antonella
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010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Assemblages ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Microorganism ,biotoxins ,010501 environmental sciences ,Toxicology ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Biotoxin ,Abundance (ecology) ,marine plastics ,Microalgae ,medicine ,harmful algae ,Humans ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Trophic level ,Diatoms ,Waste Products ,biology ,Toxin ,Ecology ,Assemblage ,Dinoflagellate ,Dispersal ,General Medicine ,Substrate (biology) ,biology.organism_classification ,Pollution ,qPCR ,Assemblages Dispersal Harmful algae Biotoxins Marine plastics qPCR ,Diatom ,Marine plastic ,Dinoflagellida ,Biological dispersal ,Marine Toxins ,Plastics ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Plastic debris carry fouling a variety of class-size organisms, among them harmful microorganisms that potentially play a role in the dispersal of allochthonous species and toxic compounds with ecological impacts on the marine environment and human health. We analyzed samples of marine plastics floating at the sea surface using a molecular qPCR assay to quantify the attached microalgal taxa, in particular, harmful species. Diatoms were the most abundant group of plastic colonizers with maximum abundance of 8.2 x 10(4) cells cm(-2) of plastics, the maximum abundance of dinoflagellates amounted to 1.1 x 10(3) cells cm(-2) of plastics. The most abundant harmful microalgal taxon was the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia spp., including at least 12 toxic species, and the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata with 6606 and 259 cells cm(-2), respectively. The abundance of other harmful microalgal species including the toxic allochthonous dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum ranged from 1 to 73 cells cm(-2). In the present study, a direct relationship between the abundance of harmful algal species colonizing the plastic substrates and their toxin production was found. The levels of potential toxins on plastic samples ranged from 101 to 10(2) ng cm(-2), considering the various toxin families produced by the colonized harmful microalgal species. We also measured the rate of adhesion by several target microalgal species. It ranged from 1.8 to 0.3 day(-1) demonstrating the capacity of plastic substrate colonizing rapidly by microalgae. The present study reports the first estimates of molecular quantification of microorganisms including toxin producing species that can colonize plastics. Such findings provide important insights for improving the monitoring practice of plastics and illustrate how the epi-plastic community can exacerbate the harmful effects of plastics by dispersal, acting as an alien and toxic species carrier and potentially being ingested through the marine trophic web. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Published
- 2019
60. The Role of Dissolved Carbohydrates in the Northern Adriatic Macroaggregate Formation.
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Penna, Nunzio, Kovač, Nives, Ricci, Fabio, Penna, Antonella, Capellacci, Samuela, and Faganeli, Jadran
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CARBOHYDRATES , *MUCILAGE , *PHYTOPLANKTON , *POLYSACCHARIDES - Abstract
Total dissolved carbohydrates and their monosaccharide and polysaccharide fractions were studied at a fixed sampling point in the northern Adriatic Sea off Pesaro, Italy, in 2002, 2003, and 2004 which were characterized by the presence of macroaggregates, and in 2001 and 2005 when the macroaggregates were absent. During the presence of macroaggregates in 2004, the study was extended to the southern part of the Gulf of Trieste, Slovenia. In parallel, phytoplankton biomass determined from chlorophyll a concentration, and nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients were tracked. The concentrations of total dissolved carbohydrates and, above all, dissolved polysaccharides were higher in late spring and early summer before and during the mucilage appearance. Conversely, the concentrations of dissolved monosaccharides remained nearly constant throughout the study period. In addition to higher polysaccharide concentration, other hydrological, chemical and biological factors seem also important for macroaggregate formation in the northern Adriatic Sea. Among them, the DIN/PO3-4 ratios, regularly increasing in spring due to phytoplankton use of nitrate and phosphate, could be indicative of macroaggregates appearance since they were lower in 2001 and 2005 while during the presence of mucilage in 2002, 2003 and 2004 they markedly increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
61. First detection of tetrodotoxin and high levels of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish from Sicily (Italy) by three different analytical methods
- Author
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Mariagrazia Giacobbe, Samuela Capellacci, Andrew D. Turner, Antonella Penna, Giuseppe Polito, Karl J Dean, Silvia Casabianca, Luciana Tartaglione, Carmela Dell'Aversano, Dell'Aversano, Carmela, Tartaglione, Luciana, Polito, Giuseppe, Dean, Karl, Giacobbe, Mariagrazia, Casabianca, Silvia, Capellacci, Samuela, Penna, Antonella, and Turner, Andrew D.
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Environmental Engineering ,Paralytic shellfish toxins ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,UHPLC-HILIC-MS/MS ,02 engineering and technology ,Tetrodotoxin ,010501 environmental sciences ,Biology ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Mediterranean sea ,Tandem Mass Spectrometry ,medicine ,HPLC-FLD ,Animals ,Humans ,Shellfish Poisoning ,Environmental Chemistry ,Alexandrium spp ,Food science ,Paralytic shellfish poisoning ,Sicily ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,Shellfish ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Saxitoxin ,fungi ,Chemistry (all) ,Fishes ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,food and beverages ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,medicine.disease ,Paralytic shellfish toxin ,Pollution ,HPLC-HILIC-HRMS/MS ,020801 environmental engineering ,Shellfish poisoning ,Italy ,chemistry ,Alexandrium spp Paralytic shellfish toxins Tetrodotoxin UHPLC-HILIC-MS/MS HPLC-HILIC-HRMS/MS HPLC-FLD ,Seawater ,Bay - Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) and tetrodotoxin (TTX) are naturally-occurring toxins that may contaminate the food chain, inducing similar neurological symptoms in humans. They are co-extracted under the same conditions and thus their combined detection is desirable. Whilst PST are regulated and officially monitored in Europe, more data on TTX occurrence in bivalves and gastropods are needed before meaningful regulations can be established. In this study, we used three separate analytical methods - pre-column oxidation with liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection, ultrahigh performance hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and HILIC high resolution (HR) MS/MS - to investigate the presence of PST and TTX in seawater and shellfish (mussels, clams) collected in spring summer 2015 to 2017 in the Mediterranean Sea. Samples were collected at 10 sites in the Syracuse Bay (Sicily, Italy) in concomitance with a mixed bloom of Alexandrium minutum and A. pacificum. A very high PST contamination in mussels emerged, unprecedentedly found in Italy, with maximum total concentration of 10851 mu g saxitoxin equivalents per kg of shellfish tissue measured in 2016. In addition, for the first time TTX was detected in Italy in most of the analysed samples in the range 0.8-6.4 mu g TTX eq/kg. The recurring blooms of PST-producing species over the 3-year period, the high PST levels and the first finding of TTX in mussels from the Syracuse bay, suggest that monitoring programmes of PST and TTX in seafood should be activated in this geographical area. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Published
- 2019
62. Ostreopsis fattorussoi sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new benthic toxic Ostreopsis species from the eastern Mediterranean Sea
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Cecilia Totti, Mariachiara Chiantore, Samuela Capellacci, Carmela Dell'Aversano, Valentina Giussani, Stefano Accoroni, Tiziana Romagnoli, Marie Abboud-Abi Saab, Valentina Asnaghi, Antonella Penna, Luciana Tartaglione, Patrizia Ciminiello, Accoroni, Stefano, Romagnoli, Tiziana, Penna, Antonella, Capellacci, Samuela, Ciminiello, Patrizia, Dell'Aversano, Carmela, Tartaglione, Luciana, Abboud Abi Saab, Marie, Giussani, Valentina, Asnaghi, Valentina, Chiantore, Mariachiara, and Totti, Cecilia
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benthic dinoflagellates ,harmful algae ,Mediterranean Sea ,nutrients ,Ostreopsis ,ova- toxins ,palytoxins ,phylogeny ,taxonomy ,0106 biological sciences ,Mediterranean climate ,ovatoxins ,Plant Science ,010501 environmental sciences ,Aquatic Science ,01 natural sciences ,Benthic dinoflagellate ,Epitheca ,Mediterranean sea ,DNA, Algal ,Species Specificity ,Phylogenetics ,Botany ,Harmful algae ,Lebanon ,Phylogeny ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Taxonomy ,Palytoxin ,biology ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,Ostreopsi ,Dinoflagellate ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,biology.organism_classification ,Benthic zone ,Cyprus ,Dinoflagellida ,Taxonomy (biology) ,Ovatoxin ,Dinophyceae ,Nutrient - Abstract
The new benthic toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis fattorussoi sp. nov. is described from eastern Mediterranean Sea Lebanon and Cyprus coasts, supported by morphological and molecular data. The plate formula, Po, 3’, 7’’, 6c, 7s, 5’’’, 2’’’’, is typical for the Ostreopsis genus. It differs from all other Ostreopsis species in that i) the curved suture between plates 1’ and 3’ makes them approximately hexagonal, ii) the 1’ plate lies in the left-half of the epitheca and is obliquely orientated leading to a characteristic shape of plate 6’’. The round thecal pores are bigger than the other two Mediterranean species (O. cf. ovata and O. cf. siamensis). O. fattorussoi is among the smallest species of the genus (DV: 60.07±5.63 μm, AP: 25.66±2.97 μm, W: 39.81±5.05 μm) along with O. ovata. Phylogenetic analyses based on the LSU and ITS rDNA shows that O. fattorussoi belongs to the Atlantic/Mediterranean Ostreopsis spp. clade separated from the other Ostreopsis species. O. fattorussoi produces OVTX-a and structural isomers OVTX-d and –e, O. cf. ovata is the only other species of this genus known to produce these toxins. The Lebanese O. fattorussoi did not produce the new palytoxin-like compounds (ovatoxin-i, ovatoxin-j1, ovatoxin-j2, and ovatoxin-k) that were previously found in O. fattorussoi from Cyprus. The toxin content was in the range of 0.28-0.94 pg. cell−1. In Lebanon coast, O. fattorussoi was recorded throughout the year 2015 (temperature range 18-31.5 °C), with peaks in June and August. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
- Published
- 2016
63. The sxt Gene and Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins as Markers for the Monitoring of Toxic Alexandrium Species Blooms
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Carmela Dell'Aversano, Antonella Penna, Michele Scardi, Patrizia Ciminiello, Samuela Capellacci, Luciana Tartaglione, Maria Grazia Giacobbe, Silvia Casabianca, Santiago Fraga, Federico Perini, Penna, Antonella, Perini, Federico, Dell'Aversano, Carmela, Capellacci, Samuela, Tartaglione, Luciana, Giacobbe, Maria Grazia, Casabianca, Silvia, Fraga, Santiago, Ciminiello, Patrizia, and Scardi, Michele
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Genetic Markers ,Settore BIO/07 ,Alexandrium ,medicine.disease_cause ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Microbiology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Mediterranean sea ,Aquaculture ,Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo ,Dinoflagellida ,Ecosystem ,Environmental Monitoring ,Humans ,Mediterranean Sea ,Microalgae ,Saxitoxin ,Seawater ,Shellfish Poisoning ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,HILIC-HRMS ,Paralytic shellfish poisoning ,Medio Marino ,PSP ,biology ,sxt genes ,Economics ,Ecosystems ,Metabolites ,Polymerase chain reaction ,Shellfish ,Toxic materials ,Water analysis ,business.industry ,Toxin ,Chemistry (all) ,Dinoflagellate ,General Chemistry ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Shellfish poisoning ,qPCR ,chemistry ,Genetic marker ,business - Abstract
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is a serious human illness caused by the ingestion of seafood contaminated with saxitoxin and its derivatives (STXs). These toxins are produced by some species of marine dinoflagellates within the genus Alexandrium. In the Mediterranean Sea, toxic Alexandrium spp. blooms, especially of A. minutum, are frequent and intense with negative impact to coastal ecosystem, aquaculture practices and other economic activities. We conducted a large scale study on the sxt gene and toxin distribution and content in toxic dinoflagellate A. minutum of the Mediterranean Sea using both quantitative PCR (qPCR) and HILIC-HRMS techniques. We developed a new qPCR assay for the estimation of the sxtA1 gene copy number in seawater samples during a bloom event in Syracuse Bay (Mediterranean Sea) with an analytical sensitivity of 2.0 × 10° sxtA1 gene copy number per reaction. The linear correlation between sxtA1 gene copy number and microalgal abundance and between the sxtA1 gene and STX content allowed us to rapidly determine the STX-producing cell concentrations of two Alexandrium species in environmental samples. In these samples, the amount of sxtA1 gene was in the range of 1.38 × 105 − 2.55 × 108 copies/L and the STX concentrations ranged from 41−201 nmol/L. This study described a potential PSP scenario in the Mediterranean Sea., SI
- Published
- 2015
64. Chemical, molecular, and eco-toxicological investigation of Ostreopsis sp. from Cyprus Island: structural insights into four new ovatoxins by LC-HRMS/MS
- Author
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Samuela Capellacci, Antonia Mazzeo, Patrizia Ciminiello, Takeshi Yasumoto, Carmela Dell'Aversano, Valentina Giussani, Marco Faimali, Antonella Penna, Martino Forino, Luciana Tartaglione, Valentina Asnaghi, Mariachiara Chiantore, Tartaglione, Luciana, Mazzeo, Antonia, Dell'Aversano, Carmela, Forino, Martino, Giussani, Valentina, Capellacci, Samuela, Penna, Antonella, Asnaghi, Valentina, Faimali, Marco, Chiantore, Mariachiara, Yasumoto, Takeshi, and Ciminiello, Patrizia
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,LC-HRMS/MS ,Range (biology) ,Zoology ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Mass Spectrometry ,Analytical Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Genus ,Palytoxin ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Animals ,Ostreopsis sp., Ovatoxins, LC-HRMS/MS, Cyprus Island ,Ostreopsis sp ,Ovatoxins ,Islands ,Molecular Structure ,biology ,Low toxicity ,Toxin ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Cyprus Island ,biology.organism_classification ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry ,Cyprus Island, LC-HRMS/MS, Ostreopsis sp., Ovatoxins ,Dinoflagellida ,Marine Toxins ,Artemia ,Artemia salina ,Ovatoxin ,Marine toxin ,Chromatography, Liquid - Abstract
Blooms of benthic dinoflagellates of the genus Ostreopsis (mainly O. cf. ovata and occasionally O. cf. siamensis) represent a serious concern for humans in the Mediterranean area, due to production of palytoxin-like compounds listed among the most potent marine toxins known. In this work, six strains of Ostreopsis sp. from Cyprus Island were analyzed through an integrated approach based on molecular, chemical, and eco-toxicological methods. Cypriot Ostreopsis sp. was found to be a species distinct from O. cf. ovata and O. cf. siamensis, belonging to the Atlantic/Mediterranean Ostreopsis spp. clade. Some variability in toxin profiles emerged: three strains produced ovatoxin-a (OVTX-a), OVTX-d, OVTX-e, and isobaric palytoxin, so far found only in O. cf. ovata; the other three strains produced only new palytoxin-like compounds, which we named ovatoxin-i, ovatoxin-j(1), ovatoxin-j(2), and ovatoxin-k. The new ovatoxins present the same carbon skeleton as ovatoxin-a, differing primarily in an additional C2H2O2 moiety and an unsaturation in the region C49-C52. Other minor structural differences were found, including the presence of a hydroxyl group at C44 (in OVTX-j(1) and OVTX-k) and the lack of a hydroxyl group in the region C53-C78 (in OVTX-i and OVTX-j(1)). The toxin content of the analyzed Ostreopsis sp. strains was in the range 0.06-2.8 pg cell(-1), definitely lower than that of a Ligurian O. cf. ovata strain cultured under the same conditions. Accordingly, an eco-toxicological test on Artemia salina nauplii demonstrated that Ostreopsis sp. presents a very low toxicity compared to O. cf. ovata. The whole of these data suggest that Ostreopsis sp. from Cyprus Island poses a relatively low risk to humans.
- Published
- 2015
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