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Understanding the sources of light-absorbing organic (brown) carbon (BrC) and its interaction with black carbon (BC) and other non-refractory particulate matter (NR-PM) fractions is important for reducing uncertainties in the aerosol direct radiative forcing. In this study, we combine multiple filter-based techniques to achieve long-term, spectrally resolved, source- and species-specific atmospheric absorption closure. We determine the mass absorption efficiency (MAE) in dilute bulk solutions at 370 nm to be equal to 1.4 m2 g−1 for fresh biomass smoke, 0.7 m2 g−1 for winter-oxygenated organic aerosol (OA), and 0.13 m2 g−1 for other less absorbing OA. We apply Mie calculations to estimate the contributions of these fractions to total aerosol absorption. While enhanced absorption in the near-UV has been traditionally attributed to primary biomass smoke, here we show that anthropogenic oxygenated OA may be equally important for BrC absorption during winter, especially at an urban background site. We demonstrate that insoluble tar balls are negligible in residential biomass burning atmospheric samples of this study and thus could attribute the totality of the NR-PM absorption at shorter wavelengths to methanol-extractable BrC. As for BC, we show that the mass absorption cross-section (MAC) of this fraction is independent of its source, while we observe evidence for a filter-based lensing effect associated with the presence of NR-PM components. We find that bare BC has a MAC of 6.3 m2 g−1 at 660 nm and an absorption Ångström exponent of 0.93 ± 0.16, while in the presence of coatings its absorption is enhanced by a factor of ∼ 1.4. Based on Mie calculations of closure between observed and predicted total light absorption, we provide an indication for a suppression of the filter-based lensing effect by BrC. The total absorption reduction remains modest, ∼ 10 %–20 % at 370 nm, and is restricted to shorter wavelengths, where BrC absorption is significant. Overall, our results allow an assessment of the relative importance of the different aerosol fractions to the total absorption for aerosols from a wide range of sources and atmospheric ages. When integrated with the solar spectrum at 300–900 nm, bare BC is found to contribute around two-thirds of the solar radiation absorption by total carbonaceous aerosols, amplified by the filter-based lensing effect (with an interquartile range, IQR, of 8 %–27 %), while the IQR of the contributions by particulate BrC is 6 %–13 % (13 %–20 % at the rural site during winter). Future studies that will directly benefit from these results include (a) optical modelling aiming at understanding the absorption profiles of a complex aerosol composed of BrC, BC and lensing-inducing coatings; (b) source apportionment aiming at understanding the sources of BC and BrC from the aerosol absorption profiles; (c) global modelling aiming at quantifying the most important aerosol absorbers., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 21 (17), ISSN:1680-7375, ISSN:1680-7367

INTRODUÇÃO Devido a pandemia de COVID-19, a OMS orientou o uso de máscaras cirúrgicas por profissionais da saúde, indivíduos contaminados, seus cuidadores e população de risco. As máscaras de tecido reutilizáveis devem ser usadas pela população em áreas de possível contágio. OBJETIVO Traçar padrão epidemiológico do uso de mascáras pela população da cidade de Juiz de Fora, com base em sexo, idade, escolaridade e situação laboral. MÉTODOS O grupo de estudo foi composto por indivíduos com 18 anos ou mais, moradores de JF. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de formulário online no qual, após concordar com o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, os participantes responderam um questionário envolvendo identificação, padrão de uso de máscaras e conhecimentos acerca do uso de máscaras. As respostas foram agrupadas no software Minitab e, utilizando ferramentas de cálculo do próprio, foram feitas comparações estatísticas a partir dos dados obtidos. RESULTADO O não uso de máscaras predomina no sexo masculino. Incômodo foi o principal motivo para o não uso de máscaras, predominando no sexo masculino; adultos abaixo de 40 anos; e trabalhadores. CONCLUSÃO As principais estratégias para aumentar a adesão ao uso de máscara devem ser focadas na população masculina, nos trabalhadores e nos indivíduos com até 40 anos.

The disposal of wastewater resulting from olive oil production (olive mill wastewater, OMW) is a major issue for olive oil producers. This wastewater is among the most polluting due to the very high concentration of organic substances and the presence of hardly degradable phenolic compounds. The systems proposed for OMW treatment are essentially based either on conventional chemical-physical, biological and thermal processes, or on membrane processes. With respect to conventional methods, membrane processes allow to separate different species without the use of chemicals or heat. This work deals with the use of the integrated pressure-driven membrane processes for the treatment of OMW. They consist of a first stage (microfiltration, MF) in which a porous multichannel ceramic membrane retains suspended materials and produces a clarified permeate for a second stage (reverse osmosis, RO), in order to separate (and concentrate) dissolved substances from water. Laboratory scale experiments with different small flat sheet RO membranes were first carried out in order to select the most appropriate one for the successive bench scale tests with a spiral wound module having a large membrane surface. The aim of this test was to concentrate the dissolved substances and to produce water with low salinity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and reduced phytotoxicity due to a low content of phenolic compounds. The trend of the permeate flux and membrane retention as a function of the volume concentration ratio was investigated. The influence of OMW origin and its aging on the membrane performance was also studied.

An experimental study of hydrogen sulfide adsorption on a fixed bed for biogas purification is proposed. The adsorbent investigated was powdered hematite, synthesized by a wet-chemical precipitation method and further activated with copper (II) oxide, used both as produced and after pelletization with polyvinyl alcohol as a binder. The pelletization procedure aims at optimizing the mechanical properties of the pellet without reducing the specific surface area. The active substrate has been characterized in its chemical composition and physical properties by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and N2 physisorption/desorption for the determination of surface area. Both powders and pellets have been tested as sorbents for biogas purification in a fixed bed of a steady-state adsorption column and the relevant breakthrough curves were determined for different operating conditions. The performance was critically analyzed and compared with that typical of other commercial sorbents based on zinc oxide or relying upon specific compounds supported on a chemically inert matrix (SulfaTreat&reg, ). The technique proposed may represent a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to commercial sorbents in conventional desulphurization processes.

Accounting for the wavelength- and source-dependent optical absorption properties of the abundant light-absorbing organic (brown) carbon (BrC) and the mixing state of atmospheric black carbon (BC) are essential to reduce the large uncertainty in aerosol radiative forcing. Estimation of BrC absorption online by subtraction is highly uncertain and may be biased if not decoupled from the potential BC absorption enhancement (lensing) due to non-refractory (organic and inorganic) coating acquisition.Here, the reported total particulate absorption is based on long-term, filter-based seven-wavelength Aethalometer (AE33 model) data, corrected for multiple scattering effects with Multi-Wavelength Absorbance Analyzer (5λ MWAA) measurements. Using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy absorbance measurements along with particle size distributions obtained by a scanning mobility particle sizer, we have conducted Mie calculations to assess the importance of source-specific extractable particulate BrC (Moschos et al., 2018) versus BC absorption.For the species-specific optical closure, the wavelength dependence of bare BC absorption is estimated using MWAA measurements upon successive filter extractions to remove the influence of BrC/coatings. The lensing contribution, supported by observations from field-emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, is estimated at longer wavelengths using a refined proxy for the BC coating thickness. The approach is validated independently by applying a novel positive matrix factorization-based approach on the calibrated total AE33 absorption data.Based on the observational constraints established in this study, we demonstrate for various distinct case studies that the interplay between lensing and BrC absorption results in lower than expected BC absorption at shorter wavelengths. This indicates that the volume additivity assumption is not valid for particulate absorption by internally mixed heterogeneous atmospheric aerosol populations. These comprehensive experimental analyses verify the BC lensing suppression predicted for simplified core-shell structures containing moderately absorbing BrC (Lack & Cappa, 2010). The implications discussed in this work are relevant for co-emitted species from biomass burning or aged plumes with high BrC to BC mass/absorption ratio. ReferencesMoschos, V., Kumar, N. K., Daellenbach, K. R., Baltensperger, U., Prévôt, A. S. H., and El Haddad, I.: Source apportionment of brown carbon absorption by coupling ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy with aerosol mass spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Tech. Lett., 5, 302-308, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00118, 2018.Lack, D. A. and Cappa, C. D.: Impact of brown and clear carbon on light absorption enhancement, single scatter albedo and absorption wavelength dependence of black carbon, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4207–4220, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4207-2010, 2010.

Membrane distillation (MD) has been around since the 1960s but only recently it has been widely studied, mainly for desalination. Its application in wastewater treatment is emerging more and more, but despite its great potential for the realization of zero-liquid-discharge systems, many advances are still needed for its acceptance by industrial operators. This chapter introduces the basic components of MD, and then, through a review of literature examples, applications of MD in the treatment of wastewater are explored. In the last part of the chapter, the integration of MD with other treatments is explored and some considerations about economics are reviewed.

Membrane distillation is a promising thermally driven separation process that can be used for water desalination. The primary requirement of this technique is the hydrophobicity of the membrane, so polymeric membranes are mainly used as the ceramic ones are intrinsically hydrophilic. In this work, in order to modify the water wettability, Al2O3 commercial tubular membranes with different pore sizes were functionalized using methyltrichlorosilane. The main aim of the work was to verify in depth the effects and the success of this hydrophobizing treatment. The effect of silanization on pore size and geometry was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy as well as gas permeation in order to highlight possible morphological changes in the membrane structure. No evident modification was detected. The hydrophobicity was assessed by measuring water contact angles which increased from about zero for the pristine supports up to 145° for the modified membranes. After treatment, the water entry pressures ranged between 0.7 and 2.1 bar. Further analyses were carried out in order to elucidate the amount of silicon grafted to the Al2O3 particles and its distribution. Finally, the modified membranes were tested in a vacuum membrane distillation plant at different temperatures (50, 70 and 90 °C) using as feed both deionized water and a highly concentrated NaCl solution (90 g/L). Very satisfactory performances were obtained. The permeate fluxes were comparable – or even higher – to those registered for a polypropylene membrane used as a reference. The separation properties were evaluated during the NaCl solution tests and were close to the full rejection of salt in any operating condition.

Background Rapid on-site evaluation is a great tool for optimizing the adequacy and quality of cytologic samples. The objective of the current study was to analyze a low-cost telecytopathology method for the remote assessment of thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNABs), with comparison of the primarily rendered adequacy and diagnosis with the final conventional analysis. Methods Material collected from thyroid FNABs was immediately smeared onto glass slides and stained with Diff-Quik. A conventional microscope attached to a smart device was operated on-site by either a medical student or a pathology resident for Wi-Fi transmission of the images by Skype. The cytopathologist would remotely guide the screening of the slides, zooming in and out of areas of interest. Remote assessment included an analysis of material adequacy and a preliminary diagnosis. The quality of the transmission and the number of slides also were recorded. After a washout period of 3 weeks, final diagnosis and adequacy were assigned by conventional microscopy. Results The final agreement rate for adequacy between remote and conventional analysis was 90.5%. For diagnosis, the final agreement rate was 83.3%. The diagnosis agreement rate varied, depending on the quality of transmission: there was 88% agreement when the quality was excellent, 77.8% agreement when it was good, and 62.5% agreement when it was poor. Conclusions Low-cost telecytopathology is an efficient method for the remote assessment of thyroid FNAB adequacy and diagnosis. The wide use of such technology in low-resource or remote centers may have a positive impact on the number of adequate or satisfactory samples, optimizing the management of patients who have thyroid nodules.

Flat sheet membranes made of polyvinyldene fluoride (PVDF) were prepared via nonsolvent induced phase separation (NIPS). The focus of this work was concentrated on the effect of the support structure and material on the morphology and on the distillation performance of the final membranes. To this end, various membranes were prepared casting a uniform polymer solution film on six commercial non-woven tissues and on three thin nets, characterized by different materials and morphologies, and then immersing them in an ethanol coagulation bath. FE-SEM analysis was widely exploited to evaluate both the surface and cross section structure of membranes. The different interactions between the dope solution and the support materials as well as the different extent of mutual entanglement were found to be key parameters in the membrane preparation, governing both the overall porosity and pore size.

Introdução: O Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) é uma das maiores causas de morte e incapacidade adquirida em todo o mundo. Além da alta mortalidade, o AVC é um importante causador de déficits neurológicos irreversíveis que necessitam de reabilitação, sendo que aproximadamente 70% dos pacientes não retomarão ao seu trabalho e 30% necessitarão de auxílio para caminhar. Entender o perfil epidemiológico e a contribuição de cada fator de risco é essencial para estabelecer políticas locais específicas para diminuir a incidência da doença e prevalência de complicações que ocorrem devido ao AVC, tanto para o bem-estar a curto e a longo prazo da população. A prevenção pode ser feita em até 90% dos casos de AVC, visto que estes podem ser atribuídos a fatores de risco modificáveis. Objetivo: Conscientizar e orientar a população da cidade de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais acerca dos fatores de risco modificáveis do AVC e, consequentemente, sobre sua prevenção. Relato de experiência: No mês de outubro de 2018 foram realizadas palestras educativas e orientações a respeito do AVC e seus fatores de risco. Além disso, os pacientes do serviço de Neurologia, seus acompanhantes e transeuntes locais tiveram dois dos fatores de risco modificáveis associados ao AVC avaliados: a pressão arterial sistêmica e a circunferência abdominal. Aqueles com alterações foram orientados e encaminhados a procurar um serviço específico. Conclusão: A educação da população sobre as formas de prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares, em especial o acidente vascular cerebral, que é uma doença conhecida por apresentar tantos fatores causais modificáveis, é essencial para evitar o aumento da incidência dessas patologias tão prevalentes no país.

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was used for membrane preparation using the nonsolvent induced phase separation (NIPS). In this paper, the effect of the polymer concentration in the dope solution and the nonsolvent bath composition is widely investigated. In particular, the effect of increasing concentrations of ethanol in the coagulation bath on the morphology and characteristics of the membranes, as well as on their performance in membrane distillation of pure water and a brine was evaluated. FESEM analysis, coupled with contact angle determination highlighted different coagulation paths that allowed to obtain superhydrophobic membranes at higher ethanol concentrations. Moreover, the polymer concentration had major effects on the overall porosity and pore size of the membrane. By tuning the membrane preparation conditions, it was possible to obtain membranes that showed great distillate flux as well as a complete salt rejection during the vacuum membrane distillation tests.

Resumo: Compreender as experiências de organização dos sistemas públicos de saúde universais em relação à promoção da saúde em unidades de atenção primária de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil, e Toronto, Ontário, Canadá. Pesquisa exploratória descritiva de abordagem qualitativa realizada em unidades da atenção primária. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com questões sobre as práticas de promoção, com 25 profissionais em Florianópolis, e 10, em Toronto. Os dados foram discutidos por meio de análise temática, identificando as práticas, dificuldades e facilidades da promoção da saúde. Nessas cidades, 60% dos profissionais e gestores não receberam conhecimento específico de promoção na sua formação. No que tange às habilidades promotoras de saúde, em Toronto identificou-se que os sujeitos reconhecem a autonomia e os determinantes sociais, já em Florianópolis as relacionam com a educação em saúde e participação popular. Em ambas as cidades, as práticas de promoção são direcionadas para atividades individuais e coletivas. A motivação para atuar provém da interdisciplinaridade e das demandas oriundas da população. Destaca-se a relevância da promoção, como forma de cuidado e estímulo à autonomia do indivíduo e da comunidade, considerando os determinantes sociais. Essas práticas alcançam a saúde integral da comunidade, porém, observam-se limites das equipes que ainda realizam atividades voltadas para a doença. Os recursos são escassos, necessitando de ações intersetoriais para a melhoria da qualidade de vida. A atenção à saúde está voltada para o modelo hegemônico, carecendo avançar para a concepção positiva da saúde e determinantes sociais. Abstract: The study aimed to compare the experiences with the organization of universal public healthcare systems in relation to health promotion in primary care units in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, and Toronto, Ontario, Canada. This was a descriptive exploratory study with a qualitative approach in primary care units. Data were collected with semi-structured interviews containing questions on health promotion practices, with 25 health professionals in Florianópolis and 10 in Toronto. The data were discussed using thematic analysis, identifying the practices, difficulties, and facilities in health promotion. In the two cities, 60% of health professionals and health administrators had not received any specific knowledge on health promotion during their training. As for health promotion skills, health professionals in Toronto identified them with autonomy and social determinants, while in Florianópolis they were related to health education and community participation. In both cities, health promotion practices are targeted to individual and collective activities. The motivation to act comes from interdisciplinarity and the demands raised by the population. Health promotion is a relevant form of care and stimulus for individual and community autonomy, in light of social determinants. Such practices aim at comprehensive health for the community, but there are limits in the teams that still conduct disease-centered activities. Resources are limited, requiring inter-sector actions to improve quality of life. Healthcare centers on the hegemonic model, and progress is needed to achieve a positive approach to health and social determinants. Resumen: Comprender las experiencias de organización de los sistemas públicos de salud universales, respecto a la promoción de la salud en unidades de atención primaria de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil, y Toronto, Ontario, Canadá. Se trata de una investigación exploratoria descriptiva de enfoque cualitativo, realizada en unidades de la atención primaria. Para la recogida de datos se utilizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con cuestiones sobre las prácticas de promoción, con 25 profesionales en Florianópolis y 10, en Toronto. Los datos se discutieron mediante un análisis temático, identificando las prácticas, dificultades y facilidades de la promoción de la salud. En esas ciudades, un 60% de los profesionales y gestores no conocían específicamente las posibilidades de promoción en su formación. En lo que atañe a las habilidades promotoras de salud, en Toronto se identificó que los sujetos reconocen la autonomía y los determinantes sociales, ya en Florianópolis las relacionan con la educación en salud y participación popular. En ambas ciudades, las prácticas de promoción se dirigen a actividades individuales y colectivas. La motivación para actuar proviene de la interdisciplinaridad y de las demandas provenientes de la población. Se destaca la relevancia de la promoción, como forma de cuidado y estímulo a la autonomía del individuo y de la comunidad, considerando los determinantes sociales. Estas prácticas alcanzan la salud integral de la comunidad, no obstante, se observan los límites de los equipos que todavía realizan actividades dirigidas a la enfermedad. Los recursos son escasos, por lo que son necesarias acciones intersectoriales para la mejora de la calidad de vida. La atención a la salud está enfocada hacia el modelo hegemónico, careciendo avances hacia la concepción positiva de la salud y los determinantes sociales.

This is a descriptive-exploratory study using a qualitative approach, conducted in ten municipalities in southern Brazil. Data were obtained by talking to 21 nurses from February to November 2012, through semi-structured interviews using questions to probe their health promotion practices. Data were analyzed through thematic analysis focused on health promotion concepts. We identified four themes about health promotion practices of family health nurses in Brazil: a) training of nurses for health promotion practice was weak; b) nurses formed health promotion groups around diseases and life stages; c) nurses formed groups to meet community needs; and d) nurses used health promotion techniques in group work. These family health nurses were somewhat aware of the importance of health promotion, and how to assist the population against various ailments using some health promotion strategies. The main weaknesses were the lack of understanding about health promotion concepts, and the difficulty of understanding the relevance of its practice, probably attributable to limitations in training. We conclude that primary care groups in Brazil’s unified health system could do better in applying health promotion concepts in their practice.

Rapid on-site evaluation is a great tool for optimizing the adequacy and quality of cytologic samples. The objective of the current study was to analyze a low-cost telecytopathology method for the remote assessment of thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNABs), with comparison of the primarily rendered adequacy and diagnosis with the final conventional analysis.Material collected from thyroid FNABs was immediately smeared onto glass slides and stained with Diff-Quik. A conventional microscope attached to a smart device was operated on-site by either a medical student or a pathology resident for Wi-Fi transmission of the images by Skype. The cytopathologist would remotely guide the screening of the slides, zooming in and out of areas of interest. Remote assessment included an analysis of material adequacy and a preliminary diagnosis. The quality of the transmission and the number of slides also were recorded. After a washout period of 3 weeks, final diagnosis and adequacy were assigned by conventional microscopy.The final agreement rate for adequacy between remote and conventional analysis was 90.5%. For diagnosis, the final agreement rate was 83.3%. The diagnosis agreement rate varied, depending on the quality of transmission: there was 88% agreement when the quality was excellent, 77.8% agreement when it was good, and 62.5% agreement when it was poor.Low-cost telecytopathology is an efficient method for the remote assessment of thyroid FNAB adequacy and diagnosis. The wide use of such technology in low-resource or remote centers may have a positive impact on the number of adequate or satisfactory samples, optimizing the management of patients who have thyroid nodules.

Atmospheric simulation chambers are exploratory platforms used to study various atmospheric processes at realistic but controlled conditions. We describe here a new facility specifically designed for the research on atmospheric bio-aerosol as well as the protocols to produce, inject, expose and collect bio-aerosols. ChAMBRe (Chamber for Aerosol Modelling and Bio-aerosol Research) is installed at the Physics Department of the University of Genoa, Italy, and it is a node of the EUROCHAMP-2020 consortium. The chamber is made of stainless steel with a total volume of about 2.2 m3. The lifetime of aerosol particle with dimension from a few hundreds of nanometres to a few microns varies from about 2 to 10 h. Characteristic parts of the facility are the equipment and the procedures to grow, inject, and extract bacterial strains in the chamber volume while preserving their viability. Bacteria are part of the atmospheric ecosystem and have impact on several levels as: health related issues, cloud formation, and geochemistry. ChAMBRe will host experiments to study the bacterial viability vs. the air quality level, i.e. the atmospheric concentration of gaseous and aerosol pollutants. In this article, we report the results of the characterization tests as well as of the first experiments performed on two bacterial strains belonging to the Gram-positive and Gram-negative groups. A reproducibility at the 10 % level has been obtained in repeated injections and collection runs with a clean atmosphere, assessing this way the chamber sensitivity for systematic studies on bacterial viability vs. environmental conditions.

RESUMO Objetivo: refletir acerca do itinerário de pesquisa de Paulo Freire como referencial teórico-metodológico desenvolvido no interior dos Círculos de Cultura e suas contribuições para a saúde. Método: o texto foi construído com suporte da práxis freireana, buscando refletir sobre seu método de trabalho, que ocorre em três fases dialéticas e interdisciplinares: investigação temática; codificação e descodificação; e desvelamento crítico. O itinerário de pesquisa valoriza as fontes culturais e históricas dos participantes, que podem ser desveladas nos Círculos de Cultura. Resultados: esse referencial está embasado em uma pedagogia crítico-social, que tem um compromisso ético de emancipação e libertação da sociedade para promover qualidade de vida. Para que isso ocorra há dois elementos que são fundamentais na sua filosofia: a conscientização e o diálogo. Esses refletem um verdadeiro exercício de transdisciplinaridade, especialmente na área da saúde, que tem suas práticas voltadas ao ser humano. Paulo Freire é um educador que se fundamenta em uma visão político-humanista, cujos principais conceitos são: diálogo, cultura, práxis, opressor/oprimido, emancipação e Círculo de Cultura. Conclusão: a práxis freireana reflete a realidade e intervêm sobre ela, teorizando-a não pedagogicamente e sim na sua dimensão política. Articula-se com a pesquisa qualitativa, buscando o desvelamento da realidade social. RESUMEN Objetivo: reflexionar sobre el itinerario de investigación de Paulo Freire como referencial teórico-metodológico desarrollado en el interior de los Círculos de Cultura y sus contribuciones a la salud. Método: el texto fue construido con soporte de la praxis freireana, buscando reflexionar sobre su método de trabajo, que ocurre en tres fases dialécticas e interdisciplinares: investigación temática; codificación y descodificación; y desvelamiento crítico. El itinerario de investigación valora las fuentes culturales e históricas de los participantes, que pueden ser desveladas en los Círculos de Cultura. Resultados: este referencial está fundamentado en una pedagogía crítico-social, que tiene un compromiso ético de emancipación y liberación de la sociedad para promover calidad de vida. Para que esto ocurra hay dos elementos que son fundamentales en su filosofía: la concientización y el diálogo. Estos reflejan un verdadero ejercicio de transdisciplinariedad, especialmente en el área de la salud, que tiene sus prácticas orientadas al ser humano. Paulo Freire es un educador que se fundamenta en una visión político-humanista, cuyos principales conceptos son: diálogo, cultura, praxis, opresor/oprimido, emancipación y Círculo de Cultura. Conclusión: la praxis freireana refleja la realidad e interviene sobre ella, teorizándola no pedagógicamente, sino en su dimensión política. Se articula con la investigación cualitativa, buscando el desvelamiento de la realidad social. ABSTRACT Objective: to reflect on Paulo Freire’s Research Itinerary as a theoretical-methodological framework developed within the Culture Circles and their contributions to health. Method: the text was constructed with the support of the Freirean praxis, seeking to reflect on its method of work, which occurs in three dialectical and interdisciplinary phases: thematic research; coding and decoding; and critical unveiling. The research itinerary values the cultural and historical sources of the participants, which can be revealed in the Culture Circles. Results: this framework is based on a critical-social pedagogy, which has an ethical commitment to emancipation and liberation from society to promote quality of life. For this to occur there are two fundamental elements in its philosophy: awareness and dialogue. These reflect a true exercise of transdisciplinarity, especially in the area of health, whose practices are aimed at the human being. Paulo Freire is an educator, based on a political-humanist vision, whose main concepts are: dialogue, culture, praxis, oppressor/oppressed, emancipation and Culture Circles Conclusion: freirean praxis reflects reality and intervenes in such, theorizing it not pedagogically but in its political dimension. It is articulated with qualitative research, seeking to unveil social reality.

Objetivo Discutir a utilização do Sistema de informação da Atenção Básica na perspectiva da promoção da saúde. Métodos Estudo descritivo quantitativo realizado em Unidades de Saúde da Família de 21 municípios da Grande Florianópolis. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre outubro de 2011 e julho de 2012, através de entrevista com profissionais da saúde, caracterizando o uso do Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica. Resultados Todos os municípios pesquisados utilizam este Sistema de informação; dezenove (90,5%) utilizam as Fichas; enquanto oito municípios (38,1%) realizam todos os relatórios. Conclusão Os dados gerados por este sistema possibilitam o planejamento das ações de promoção da saúde pelas equipes. É necessário que haja discussões dos dados nas reuniões e reorganização das atividades na Atenção Básica. Objective To discuss the use of the Primary Care Information System from the perspective of health promotion. Methods A quantitative descriptive study conducted in Family Health Units of 21 municipalities of Florianópolis. Health care (public health) Data collection was conducted between October of 2011 and July of 2012, through interviews with health professionals, featuring the use of the Primary Care Information System. Results All municipalities surveyed use this information system; nineteen (90.5%) used flow sheets; while Sistemas de informação; Atenção eight municipalities (38.1%) used all of the reports. Conclusion The data generated by this system enables the planning of health promotion actions by the teams. There needs to be discussion of the data in the meetings and reorganization of primary care activities.

A numerical model comprising a system of partial differential equations was set up to describe the diffusion and reaction of carbon dioxide into aqueous solutions of different absorbents. The solution of the governing equation was a function of the physical and chemical parameters involved, such as Henry constant, diffusion coefficients and reaction rates. Although these parameters have been estimated and reported in literature, uncertainty still exists about their reliability. Comparison between numerical predictions and experimental values from specifically designed experiments shows them to be in good agreement, thus increasing the confidence on the correctness of these parameters, which form then the basis for a proper design of industrial units.

This paper deals with the preparation of novel polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes from an aqueous dispersion of fluorinated polymer and a pore forming agent (PFA) sintered onto the outer surface of a porous tubular support. Different membranes were obtained by varying the ratio between PTFE and PFA in the starting dispersion as well as the number of dispersion layers sintered on the support. Membranes were characterized through scanning electron microscopy and gas–liquid displacement porosimetry. Distillation tests of the membrane were carried out on a laboratory scale unit fed with a NaCl solution. The characteristics and performance of the membranes were compared with those of commercial porous PTFE tubulets.

In order to satisfy the future energy demands, the development of alternative sources of energy is currently object of interest. Among all the possibilities, biogas is a renewable methane-based fuel obtainable by anaerobic digestion of different types of raw materials, including waste-waters. This gas product contains relevant amounts of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) with traces of other compounds and, to be used, it needs to be purified from the components responsible of a decreasing in the combustion efficiency. On the upgrading process, the CO2 removal is necessary to respect the Wobbe Index specification and it can be realized by various technologies in different devices. Among all the current techniques, CO2-absorption into physical or chemical solvents in packed towers is commonly applied, but the use of gas-liquid membrane contactors represents an innovative alternative. In particular the second ones are characterized by various operational advantages, such as independent gas/liquid control, optimal load of the absorbent, no entrainment, flooding or foaming and modular and very compact devices. In this work a polypropylene hollow fiber membrane contactor was used to investigate the CO2-absorption from a model gas mixture into aqueous solutions of monoethanolamine (MEA), piperazine (PZ), methyildiethanolamine (MDEA) and their mixtures. The effect of reagent type and concentration was studied as well as the influence of temperature and gas composition. Experimental results show the high reactivity of MEA and PZ, capable of increasing the absorption rate in MDEA-based solvents, characterized by large loading capacity and easiness of regeneration.

In recent years microporous hollow fiber membrane contactors (HFMCs) have been intensively studied for many separation operations, among which chemical CO2 absorption from gaseous mixtures. The vast majority of studies on this subject are conducted at laboratory scale and focus on simple model gases. At pilot and demonstration scale fewer investigations are available and a thorough knowledge on the concrete applicability of HFMCs under realistic conditions is still lacking at present. This work stems from a cooperative project involving two industrial partners, IPLOM, a refinery, and Italiana Coke, a coking plant, strongly interested in a possible implementation of HFMC-based units within their processes. A pilot plant has been expressly designed and operated for this study; the heart is a special pressure-resistant HFMC. Our aim was to experimentally assess the behavior of membranes in presence of raw industrial gaseous effluents which, due to their own complexity, could generate unexpected and challenging problems. At the same time different absorbing aqueous solutions, giving rise to different membrane/solvent interactions, have been assessed. Particular efforts were devoted in this work to exploring the feasibility of HFMC-based devices capable of operating at elevated pressures, an important issue on which a surprising lack of information exists.

A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e o diabetes mellitus (DM) são classificados como doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis responsáveis pela mudança do perfil epidemiológico da mortalidade nos últimos anos, em nosso país. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar a atuação educativa da Enfermagem frente aos fatores de risco dessas patologias, visando à qualidade de vida da população beneficiada. Realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica, de caráter exploratório do tipo revisão integrativa da literatura, nos últimos 07 anos, através da base de dados da Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave: Cuidados de Enfermagem; Hipertensão; Diabetes Mellitus; Fatores de Risco. Os resultados estão expostos em tabela, gráficos e fluxograma. Abordou-se a prevalência dos fatores de risco modificáveis da HAS e DM, seguido da prática de promoção da saúde e prevenção desses fatores pela equipe de enfermagem. Acredita-se que a educação em saúde, se realizada precocemente por profissionais comprometidos, é capaz de uma sensibilização social sobre a importância de hábitos saudáveis de vida.

Carbon dioxide from a gas stream was captured in a liquid water solution through a polymeric membrane that provided the interfacial area between the two phases. Three different absorbents (monoethanolamine, piperazine, and potassium carbonate) were tested, and the effects of their concentrations on the CO2 absorption rate were investigated. The solution containing piperazine showed the best CO2 uptake, whereas that containing potassium carbonate was the least effective. This observation can be fully explained when the effects of the physicochemical parameters governing the absorption process (CO2 solubility, diffusivity, and reactivity in the solution) are taken into proper account. Useful guidelines for the correct design of a CO2 capturing system by a liquid solution were obtained.

The book review summarizes a synopsis of the main points of the doctoral research by author Maria Badet Souza, which resulted in the work Periodismo e imaginários (Journalism and imaginariness). Brasil, más allá de lo tropical y lo sensual. The work consistently contributes to the studies on media perception and groups of immigrants. From these references, the author approaches issues gaining prominence in her research, namely, the social representation of Brazil in Spain, the perception by the Spanish people in relation to groups of Brazilian immigrants and, in our view, in an even more emphatic and contributive way, the author introduces the issue of the perception of Brazilian women’s media image with 120 young people. A resenha apresenta uma síntese dos principais eixos da pesquisa de doutoramento realizada pela autora Maria Badet Souza que resultou na obra Periodismo e imaginários. Brasil, más allá de lo tropical y lo sensual. A obra colabora de maneira consistente para os estudos de recepção midiática e de coletivos de imigrantes. Partindo desses referenciais a autora adentra em questões que ganham relevo em sua pesquisa, quais sejam, a representação social do Brasil na Espanha, a percepção dos espanhóis em relação aos coletivos de imigrantes brasileiros e, ao nosso ver, de maneira ainda mais enfática e contributiva, a autora introduz a questão da recepção da figura midiática da mulher brasileira junto a 120 jovens.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Florianópolis, 2016. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratório descritiva, de abordagem qualitativa, com o objetivo de conhecer as práticas de promoção da saúde realizadas pelos profissionais da Atenção Primária do município de Florianópolis/SC, relacionando-as com os determinantes sociais da saúde. A coleta de dados da pesquisa ocorreu através de entrevistas semiestruturada no segundo semestre de 2015, em cinco unidades de saúde, com 25 profissionais atuantes na Atenção Primária. A coleta de dados iniciou a partir da entrada de campo nas Unidades de Saúde, com data e hora marcadas com os participantes. Para a análise dos dados, valeu-se da análise de conteúdo, mais propriamente da proposta operativa de Minayo. Relacionaram-se as categorias que emergiram, as quais, em seguida, foram discutidas à luz da fundamentação teórica sobre promoção da saúde e determinantes sociais da saúde. Descreveram-se e discutiram-se os resultados por meio de quatro manuscritos: Práticas de promoção da saúde na Atenção Primária: alcances e limites; Práticas de promoção da saúde desenvolvidas pelas equipes multiprofissionais da Atenção Primária; A atuação dos profissionais da Atenção Primária sobre a promoção da saúde: dialogando com os determinantes sociais da saúde; A atuação dos coordenadores das unidades de Atenção Primária acerca das práticas de promoção da saúde. As análises indicaram como facilidades para a realização das práticas de promoção da saúde, o adequado processo de trabalho das equipes de saúde no município e o apoio do Núcleo de Apoio a Saúde da Família, o qual propicia condições estruturais e de vínculo com a comunidade. Como principais dificuldades foi citada a demanda excessiva de usuários para consultas individuais e a falta de recursos humanos. Destaca-se a relevância da Promoção da Saúde na Atenção Primária como forma de cuidado e estímulo àautonomia do indivíduo e da comunidade, considerando os determinantes sociais da saúde. Nota-se que tanto a academia quanto os gestores estão investindo na formação profissional que inclui a promoção da saúde, porém os profissionais ainda se deparam com dificuldades em trabalhar sobre os determinantes sociais da saúde da população devido ao foco individualizado e setorizado do atendimento. Observa-se carência de métodos que auxiliem a avaliação e efetividade das práticas realizadas. Os profissionais já conseguem visualizar mudanças positivas na saúde da população. Evidenciou-se que as práticas de promoção da saúde realizadas na Atenção Primária são fundamentais para incrementar o estado de saúde positivo da população, principalmente quando é realizada a partir da determinação social da saúde da comunidade e os profissionais e coordenadores são atores fundamentais no processo de implementação destas ações na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Abstract : This is an exploratory-descriptive, qualitative approach in order to meet the health promotion practices, carried out by professionals of primary care in Florianópolis / SC, relating them to the social determinants of health. The collection of survey data during the second half of 2015 in five health units with 25 professionals working in primary care. Data collection began from the field entry in the health units, marked with date and time with the participants. We used an instrument of six questions related to the work on health promotion practices with professionals from Health Strategy teams of family and another questionnaire with five questions related to organization and financing of health promotion practices with professionals to carrying out semi-structured interviews. For data analysis, took advantage of content analysis, more specifically the operative proposal of Minayo. Categories have been described that have emerged, which then were discussed in light of the theoretical framework of health promotion and social determinants of health. They have been described and discussed the results through four manuscripts: Health Promotion Practices in Primary Care: scope and limits; Health promotion practices developed by multidisciplinary teams of Primary; The role of professionals in primary care on health promotion: a dialogue with the social determinants of health; The role of the coordinators of primary care units about health promotion practices. Analyses indicated as facilities for carrying out health promotion practices, the appropriate work process of health teams in the city and the support of the Center for Support to Health, which provides structural and bond conditions with the community. Main difficulties was cited excessive demand of users for individual consultations and the lack of human resources. It highlights the importance of health promotion in primary care as a way to careand encouraging the autonomy of the individual and the community considering the social determinants of health. Note that both the academy as managers are investing in vocational training including health promotion, but professionals still face difficulties in working on social determinants of population health due to the individualized focus and sectored of care. Observed lack of methods to assist the evaluation and effectiveness of the activities undertaken. Professionals can already see positive changes in population health. It was evident that health promotion practices carried out in primary care are essential to increase positive health status of the population, especially when it is performed from the community health social determination and professionals and engineers are vital to the process implementation of these actions in Primary Health Care.

Rates of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) transfer from a gas phase to loaded monoethanolamine (MEA) solutions were experimentally investigated for a wide range of operating conditions (CO 2 partial pressure, MEA concentration, CO 2 loading, temperature) using a membrane contactor in order to assess the best operating settings. Simultaneously a simple diffusion/reaction mathematical model was set up which, by making use of published physical and chemical parameters, described in a more than satisfactory manner the observed process rates.

A self-consistent theory of the linear response previously developed by one of us is applied to the dipole–dipole dispersion interaction of two ground state H atoms in the united atom (He) limit, using a Sellmeier representation of the polarizability in terms of pseudostates. Numerical calculations show that a truncated 12-term expansion out of the N = 22 H(1s) dipole pseudospectrum built from STOs with orbital exponent c = 0.985 gives a result exceeding by no more than 5% the variational result for the He dispersion energy.

Large scale CI calculations of frequency-dependent dipole polarizabilities (FDPs) of ground state BH at the experimental distance of R = 2.329a0 have been performed using two sets of contracted GTO functions involving up to 316 × 106 symmetry-adapted Slater determinants, comparing recently developed interpolation and variational techniques. Final calculation of BH–BH dispersion coefficients was done using the larger basis set of 268 AOs in the frozen-core FCI approximation and the lower bounds resulting from the variational approach.

In this study, electrically conductive microporous layers (MPLs) were prepared through the phase inversion technique by coagulation in a water bath of a mixture of either poly(vinylidene fluoride) or sulfonated poly(vinylidene fluoride) and graphite and carbon black as electrically-conductive fillers (ECFs). The novel gas diffusion layers (GDL) were obtained by casting the MPLs on a wet proof carbon cloth. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), due to its excellent chemical stability, thermal resistance and hydrophobic character was proposed in place of the more expensive and less processable PTFE. Moreover, sulfonated poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDFS, 1.9% sulfonation degree) it was investigated as binding agent in order to obtain MPLs with improved characteristics especially in view of the possibility of preparation of gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) by the deposition of electro-active catalysts. MPLs morphology, water contact angle, electrical resistance, and through-plane air permeability were carefully examined. The PVDF and PVDFS MPLs were assembled with a catalysts coated Nafion membrane and the performance of the resulting membrane electrode assemblies were compared in a fuel cell fed with air and hydrogen. While electrical resistance of MPLs was slightly influenced by the different preparation conditions, the air permeability considerably increased by switching the solvent from N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and by increasing the air exposure time of the composite film after casting as confirmed by the morphological analysis through scanning electron microscopy. As an indication of the MPLs performance, at the operating current density of 0.60 A cm−2, the single cell voltage of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) was enhanced from about 0.43 to 0.5 V for PVDF based MPLs to about 0.60 V of PVDFS based MPL. The use of the phase inversion technique open several possibilities to tailor the MPL structure to specific fuel cell applications and moreover offers a more straightforward and scalable preparation method.

A polypropylene hollow fiber membrane contactor was utilized to absorb CO2 from a gas stream into an aqueous solution. Three reagents were studied: monoethanolamine, piperazine, and potassium carbonate. Attention was focused on the possible intrusion of absorbent in the membrane pores, which reduces the solute mass-transfer rate. Membrane/liquid interface was thoroughly characterized. The removal efficiency of the reagents contacted with a CO2/N2 stream was assessed. It is shown that potassium carbonate and piperazine could be considered interesting candidates for applications in membrane contactors, as they appear more successful than monoethanolamine in ensuring proper and stable conditions at the membrane/liquid/gas interface.

T-dependent long-range Keesom coefficients are evaluated up to the R-10 term for small values of the dimensionless parameter vertical bar a(ll ')vertical bar For large values of vertical bar all 'vertical bar, I corrections must be introduced mostly for the dipole-dipole term, the correct values of Q being best obtained from a recently derived asymptotic formula. The corresponding attractive energies are the isotropic electrostatic contributions to the interaction energy and are temperature-dependent. Comparison with long-range induction and dispersion energy results for some simple polar axially symmetric molecules in the gas phase shows that at R = 10a(0) and T = 293 K the electrostatic dipole-dipole component is dominant for vertical bar a(11)vertical bar > 0.5. For centrosymmetric molecules the corresponding electrostatic contribution is usually negligible with respect to dispersion.

Explicit analytical formulae are presented for the exact R n -expansion of the short-range electronic interaction energy for ground state H 2 + up to n = 10. The corresponding calculated values for small values of the internuclear distance are in excellent agreement with Peek’s accurate results up to R = 0.30 a 0 .

Frozen-core full-CI calculations of frequency-dependent dipole polarizabilities (FDPs) of ground state BeH 2 at the experimental distance of R = 2.506 a 0 have been performed using an extended set of 208 contracted GTO functions [9s9p5d3f] on Be and [9s8p6d] on H involving about 58 × 10 6 symmetry-adapted Slater determinants. The Casimir–Polder integral was then evaluated analytically using eight optimized imaginary frequencies chosen according to a recently developed interpolation technique which allows for the evaluation of the three dipole dispersion constants for the BeH 2 –BeH 2 homodimer, from which isotropic C 6 and anisotropy γ 6 coefficients are derived for the first time.

Revisitation of the Heitler–London theory for H2 shows that the exchange-overlap component of the bond energy has a strength which is maximum at the bond length. Making the usual assumptions typical of elementary Huckel theory including overlap it is similarly found that in the valence bond description of the chemical bond covalent bonding is strongest for atomic orbitals maximizing the strength of the complete exchange-overlap component of the bond energy.

n-Butyric, iso-butyric, n-valeric and iso-valeric esters of hydroxypropylcellulose were synthesized. Their behaviors, in terms of cholesteric structure, glass (Tg) and anisotropic-isotropic (Ti) transition temperatures are compared to results in the literature. A 6–8 month time period from sample preparation has no influence on the cholesteric phase characteristics. Six binary blends may be formed from the four esters. They show only a Tg value at each composition, which suggests a good miscibility among the components. However, positive deviation of linearity of Tg vs. composition varies from one pair to another. Analysis of the absorption curves in UV-vis spectra show that three pairs form a single cholesteric helix containing both components while other three give a only nematic phase. Colors changing from red to violet are shown for blends of n-butyric and iso-butyric esters at different weight ratio. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.