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The use of geared transmissions has a long history and a rich experience, which has allowed the development of an intense research activity that has led to modern design methods, mostly standardized and execution technologies that have become traditional. As the fundamental sciences have provided more and more in-depth and refined knowledge, namely performance algorithms of optimal synthesis, the design in the field of gear transmissions has evolved by integrating in the calculation methods a growing number of elements. of influence (materials, geometry, dimensional and shape deviations, heat treatments, kinematic, energetic, dynamic factors, etc.). Automated modeling and simulation currently allow the prediction of behavior - from all points of view of a transmission - during operation.

Diese Artikelserie stellt den Einsatz von Computerprogrammen in der Hochschullehre der Bauphysik und Gebäudetechnik für Architekten und Bauingenieure vor. Das Fachgebiet Bauphysik (Fachbereich Architektur Stadtplanung Landschaftsplanung) der Universität Kassel bietet im Bereich der Lehre Vorlesungen und Seminare primär für Architekturstudent:innen im Bachelor und Master an. Die Veranstaltungen sind meist auch für Student:innen der Ingenieurwissenschaften an der Universität Kassel belegbar. Je nach Studiengang und Abschluss werden Softwareprogramme abgestuft angewendet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methods for calculating the coefficient of amplification of the electric field at the edge of the capacitor section covering with various dielectric systems is developed. The dependence of the amplification coefficient on the coefficient of inhomogeneity of the working dielectric and the distance from the edge of the capacitor covering is obtained. The "strong inhomogeneity" boundaries were defined in the working dielectric of the high-voltage pulse capacitor section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately obtaining the particle diameter is a chief prerequisite to calculating the growth dynamics of metallic iron during the deep reduction of Fe-bearing minerals. In this work, spherical copper powder with a volume moment mean of 70.43 μm was used as a benchmark for measuring the authenticity of the data of the main calculation methods, including the Feret, diameter, equivalent diameter, and equivalent diameter plus correction factor methods. The results show that the measured particle count was less than the theoretical particle count. The particle diameters obtained through the Feret, diameter and equivalent diameter methods were all less than the benchmark, with deviations of 11.15 μm, 14.09 μm, and 12.71 μm, respectively. By contrast, the particle diameter obtained through the equivalent diameter plus correction factor method was slightly higher than the benchmark, with a deviation of 3.09 μm. Therefore, the equivalent diameter plus correction factor method is the most suitable for accurately obtaining the particle diameter, because most profiles do not pass through the particles' centroid during sample preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to highlight how to calculate production cost using the Activity-Based Costing method (ABC), but also the traditional calculation method, to determine their advantages and disadvantages. These two calculation methods aim to determine the final production cost, but the approaches differ from one methods to another. The study is based on scientific research procedures, such as observation methods, economic analysis, case study and descriptive methods. The cost prices for the wine will be calculated, following all the steps from the two cost calculation methods. The differences and similarities between these two cost calculation methods will be presented through a case study at Research-Development Station for viticulture and winemaking Iasi. The use of the Activity-Based Costing method ensures a more correct allocation of indirect costs, allowing a better analysis of the elements that generated the costs, on the other hand, the traditional method of calculation costs requires amore simplistic approach, as it is not possible to analyze all cost-generating elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimation and the analysis of the arising contact pressures and tribotechnical parameters, that is, wear and durability, of metal-polymer spur gears using the author's computational method are presented in this study. Gears with a steel gear and pinion made of polyamide PA6 modified with dispersed carbon fibers (CF) or glass fibers (GF) whose content was 30%, PA6 + 30CF and PA6 + 30GF correspondingly, are studied. This took into account the parity of engagement, the effect of composite pinion teeth wear and gear correction. Quantitative and qualitative regularities of change of the specified parameters depending on composite type and gear correction type are established. It is found that the teeth wear of composite toothed wheels has a significant effect on reducing the values of the initial maximum contact pressures in the engagement. The distribution of linear wear along the teeth working profile and the localization of its maximum values, depending on the correction of engagement, are determined. The minimum durability of metal–polymer gears is calculated by simplified and improved methods. The optimal values of the correction coefficients at which the minimum durability is highest for both combination types of metal–polymer gears with height and angular teeth correction are established. The durability of metal–polymer gears with a driving pinion made of PA6 + 30CF composite calculated with the improved method is about seven times higher than the pinion made of PA6 + 30GF composite. In contrast to the methods of calculation of metal gears known from publications, the method presented in this study takes into account such practically significant factors as change of radii of tooth profile curvature owing to wear, their correction and number of teeth pairs at the engagement. In metal–polymer gears, there are no analytical calculation methods for modelling wear and tribological durability compared with that of the author's method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor climate study in the "heavy" Golden Hall in Nuremberg and in the "light" glass enclosure of the Busmann Chapel in Dresden On the basis of the simplified energy and moisture balance of a building the model and program CLIMT (Climate‐Indoor‐Moisture‐Temperature) for the practicable calculation of the indoor air temperature and relative humidity has been developed. Moreover the climatic generator CLIG is an userfriendly program in order to generate binary climatic dates (hourly values of temperature, relative humidity, shortwave direct radiation on chosen freely surfaces etc.) The results have been validated with hourly values of measurements in actual buildings in Germany: The "Golden hall" below the "Zeppelin terrace" in renovation since 2015 by the city building department Nuremberg and the glass housing around the Busmann chapel replica in Dresden. The correlation between calculation and measurement of temperature and humidity is nearly perfect. That is important for the planning of rehabilitation measures and the using of both buildings as museal spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the applicability of different calculation methods for quantifying apple bruising under different experimental conditions, this study used the finite element method to evaluate the volume quantification method of bruising. Based on reverse engineering technology, an accurate 3D model of an apple was established and physical characteristic parameters were measured. The accuracy of the finite element models of the apple peel and flesh was verified from multiple angles, including drop state, velocity, and bruise surface area after collision, with a maximum error of 3.38%. The influence of drop height (600 mm, 900 mm, 1200 mm, 1500 mm, 1800 mm, and 2100 mm) and contact material (steel, resin, wood, and rubber) on bruise volume was analysed. Based on the results simulated by the finite element method, the accuracy of the bruise thickness method (BTM), the full depth method (FDM), the enclosed volume method (EVM), the unbruised volume removed method (UVRM) and the ellipsoid method (EM) were compared. The results show that the adaptability of each calculation method to the experimental conditions is different: the accuracy of estimating the volume of bruises is in the order of BTM > EM> UVRM > EVM > FDM (600 mm), FDM > EVM > UVRM > BTM > EM (900–1200 mm), BTM > EM > UVRM > EVM > FDM (1500–2100 mm), EM > BTM > UVRM > EVM > FDM (resin), BTM > EM > UVRM > EVM > FDM (steel, wood, and rubber). This study provides ideas for accurately determining the volume of fruit bruises and related simulation studies, and provides references for the adaptive selection of bruise calculation methods. [Display omitted] • An apple dual-layer model based on velocity and bruise area is verified. • The impact of height and contact materials on apple bruising is analyzed. • The bruise volume of apple is visually extracted. • The quantitative calculation methods for bruise volume is evaluated based on FEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of fractional calculus in circuit systems has received increased attention in recent years. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of time-domain calculation methods in the analysis of fractional-order piecewise smooth circuit systems, an experimental prototype is developed, and the effects of three typical calculation methods in different test scenarios are compared and studied in this paper. It is proved that Oustaloup’s rational approximation method usually overestimates the peak-to-peak current and brings in the pulse–voltage phenomenon in piecewise smooth test scenarios, while the results of the two iterative recurrence-form numerical methods are in good agreement with the experimental results. The study results are dedicated to provide a reference for efficiently deploying calculation methods in fractional-order piecewise smooth circuit systems. Some quantitative analysis results are concluded in this paper.

Functional blood imaging can reflect tissue metabolism and organ viability, which is important for life science and biomedical studies. However, conventional imaging modalities either cannot provide sufficient contrast or cannot support simultaneous multi-functional imaging for hemodynamics. Photoacoustic imaging, as a hybrid imaging modality, can provide sufficient optical contrast and high spatial resolution, making it a powerful tool for in vivo vascular imaging. By using the optical-acoustic confocal alignment, photoacoustic imaging can even provide subcellular insight, referred as optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM). Based on a multi-wavelength laser source and developed the calculation methods, OR-PAM can provide multi-functional hemodynamic microscopic imaging of the total hemoglobin concentration (CHb), oxygen saturation (sO2), blood flow (BF), partial oxygen pressure (pO2), oxygen extraction fraction, and metabolic rate of oxygen (MRO2). This concise review aims to systematically introduce the principles and methods to acquire various functional parameters for hemodynamics by photoacoustic microscopy in recent studies, with characteristics and advantages comparison, typical biomedical applications introduction, and future outlook discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prediction of sound insulation of external walls with external thermal insulation compound system – Development of a prediction model for light and heavy massive basic walls as contribution to the revision of ÖNORM B 8115‐4 External thermal insulation compound systems (ETICS) are not only a cheap opportunity to reduce thermal losses through external walls, but have, depending on the material, a significant impact on the weighted sound reduction index of these building components as well. The prediction model at hand for the weighted sound reduction index of external walls has already been adopted into the revision of the Austrian standard for acoustic prediction methods, ÖNORM B 8115‐4, representing the present status. The mentioned model not only implies a significant leap in accuracy, but also addresses all massive walls commonly used in Austria for the first time. It can be applied for the prediction of the weighted sound reduction index of external walls made from concrete, bricks or mass timber in a simple and transparent way. Moreover, it can be used for prediction of the spectrum adaptation term Ctr, which is of importance for the characterisation of the traffic noise frequency spectrum. The presented comprehensive prediction model results from the combination of previous material specific research activities of the authors to this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compression behavior of sand‐silt mixtures The choice of an appropriate material model for mixed‐grained soils is crucial for the design of a challenging geotechnical structe. For the development of an accurate material model, the experimental investigation of the soil is indispensable. Hereby, the compression behavior of sand‐clay mixtures is investigated on the basis of oedometer tests of mixtures with different fines contents. It can be observed that with increasing fines content, the compressibility of the material increases significantly. Nevertheless, an exponential relationship between equivalent void ratio e* and vertical strain has been established independently of the fines content. On this course, the deformation model of Ohde (1939) was generalized to mixtures by considering e*. The simulations with hypoplasticity for granular soils and with the AVISA‐model for fine‐grained soils show a need for the coupling of the preconsolidation pressure as well as the normal consolidation line at a 1:1 ratio of sand to silt depending on the fines content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of software tools at the Chair of Building and Indoor Climate Technology at RWTH Aachen University – Series: Building simulation and calculation tools in teaching This series of articles presents the use of computer programs in university teaching of building physics and building technology for architects and civil engineers. The goal of sustainably providing a healthy indoor climate determines research and teaching at the Chair of Building and Indoor Climate Engineering at RWTH Aachen University. Computer‐aided analysis and simulation techniques are important tools for implementing energy‐efficient and environmentally friendly construction, retrofitting and operation of buildings and neighborhoods with all their complex interactions in the overall system. Students are introduced to the fundamentals of modeling and simulation. The course covers the consideration of all life cycle phases of the building. The knowledge can be further deepened in final theses. The developed tool chains and open source libraries of the institute guarantee a good manageability of the software tools without too long training periods for the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The limitations of the overheating risk assessment procedures according to DIN 4108‐2:2013 The methodology of DIN 4108‐2 for assessing the overheating probability of a critical room no longer reflects scientific and technical standards. There is increasing criticism in the literature. The article explains the methodology and background of DIN 4108‐2 and summarizes known application limits and shortcomings from the literature. These concern both assumed boundary conditions and the representation of the relevant physical effects and assessment criteria. Furthermore, the paper claims that the building use and geometry must be integrated in a more differentiated manner as a relevant category in the consideration of the overheating risk. On analyzing five practical examples, contradictions between the results of the simplified method, the simulations with boundary conditions according to DIN 4108‐2 and the simulations with building‐specific boundary conditions are shown. By means of a comparison of measurement and simulation results for one of these example rooms, the limitations of the simulation analyses are also addressed. The aim of this illustration is to mediate between the scientific discussion, which is based on highly idealized cases, and the practice‐related planning challenges, where the applicability of these assessment approaches is often unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current status and research and development on CO2 in chemical looping combustion and gasification of fuels is analyzed. The major results presented in foreign publications are analyzed. At present, this technology is being studied in laboratory and pilot units with a maximum output of 1 MW. It has been demonstrated that the high-temperature chemical looping combustion and gasification technology with metal oxides, which are used as oxygen carriers, can be effective with respect to CAPEX and OPEX. In this type of combustion system, a metal oxide, rather than air, is used to bring oxygen to the fuel. The metal oxide, upon interaction with fuel in a fuel reactor, is reduced to a metal (or a lower oxide) with the formation of CO2 and water vapor. After that, the metal is oxidized in a special reactor, and the produced oxide is returned to the cycle. The gases coming from the fuel reactor after condensation of water vapor consist of more or less pure CO2, which can be used or recycled. Data on the application of various metal oxides are reviewed and analyzed with special attention given to the investigations into the use of natural ores as oxygen carriers. It has been demonstrated that ilmenite is most suitable for this application in terms of its properties (oxygen capacity, abrasion resistance) and cost. The design and operation features of various experimental setups are examined. The main approaches to the design calculation of chemical looping combustion plants are presented. It is shown that, in addition to the properties of oxides themselves, the efficient conversion of fuels requires a sufficient residence time of particles in the reactors and their specific gravity, which are largely determined by the hydrodynamics of interconnected reactors with a fluidized bed and a circulating fluidized bed. In the process, a high circulation rate of particles between the reactors, effective capture of particles, and their stable movement in downcomers and pneumatic loop seals should be maintained. Results are presented of the investigation into the hydrodynamics of interconnected reactors and binary mixtures of particles of different density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rock stress determination by means of the overcoring method. Part 1: Triaxial strain cells – Recommendation No. 14 (revised) of the Commission on Rock Testing of the DGGT The Commission on Rock Testing of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e. V. (German Geotechnical Society) is compiling instructions for rock mechanical laboratory and field tests as well as for monitoring in rocks and geotechnical structures on‐site. The presented revision of recommendation No. 14 covers the determination of rock stresses by means of overcoring tests and considers the development of this method since the publication of recommendation No. 14 in 1990 [1]. Further, requirements for the measuring instruments and the procedures regarding the execution and evaluation of these tests are specified. Reference is made to the ISRM Suggested Method, in which overcoring tests are dealt with [2, 3]. Recommendation No. 14 is divided into two parts. This first part deals with overcoring tests using triaxial strain cells. The second part covers overcoring tests using borehole deformation gauges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of a Python script for strength reduction with numerical methods The application of numerical methods in geotechnics until now is mostly limited to the prediction of the deformation behaviour of structures regarding the serviceability limit state. The ultimate limit state has so far been handled rudimentarily (e.g. for homogeneous slopes and piled raft foundations), using numerical methods, such as the finite element method. In the present paper, therefore, the basis for the application of a unified method for parallel strength reduction on structural elements and a reduction of the shear parameters of the soil is discussed. In a first parametric study, a script based on the Python programming language for reducing the shear parameters of the soil is verified by comparison with approved methods for calculating the overall stability of slopes. Subsequently, the application boundaries of the Python script are extended to reduce the strength parameters of structural elements within a slope at risk of stability in the framework of a second parametric study. Based on this, an assessment of probable first failure mechanism (soil or structural failure) is made. Finally, the results of the two parametric studies are put into a causal context, considering a numerical verification with discussion of future research approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consideration of rigid inclusions at the proof of overall‐stability Rigid inclusions are hydraulically bound, unreinforced pile‐like elements, which are used to reduce settlements and to improve the overall‐stability. Due to the non‐existing reinforcement and the small diameters, rigid inclusions are not adapted for bearing lateral stresses. The present article explains the lateral load‐bearing behaviour of rigid inclusions. In a short overview existing approaches for consideration of rigid inclusions at the proof of overall‐stability are shown and worked out, that the contribution of rigid inclusions is often overestimated. A numeric model for investigation of the lateral load‐bearing behaviour of unreinforced, pile‐like elements is presented. As a result of systematic studies on the numeric model, the activation of the ulitmate transverse force is being explained in a simple mechanical model and outlined, which failure mechanisms will be relevant for consideration. Based on the findings from the mechanical model, fundamental guidelines for design of structures on rigid inclusions are being given. Two approaches for consideration of rigid inclusions at the proof of overall‐stability in Bishop's slip‐circle method are introduced. The applicability of the approaches is been demonstrated on a published damage case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban Mining Index – planning and assessment tool for circular construction With the Urban Mining Index, a planning tool for circular construction has been developed at the University of Wuppertal. It is the first system that makes the circularity of building constructions quantitatively measurable and includes both the quality of circular material use as well as the deconstruction effort and the economic efficiency of selective deconstruction in the evaluation. A matrix in the form of a user‐friendly Excel tool was developed for the systematic recording of building constructions, with which the circularity potential and the CO2 footprint can be calculated and evaluated at component and building level. Over the entire life cycle of a building, all incoming materials and all resulting valuable and waste materials are calculated and evaluated according to the quality levels of their subsequent use. The proportion of circular building materials in the total mass of all materials used in the life cycle of the building quantifies the result: the Urban Mining Indicator. In first model projects, such as the new building for the town hall in Korbach, the optimisation for resource‐saving sustainable construction could be demonstrated with the "UMI". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algorithm for assessment of greenhouse gas emissions of housing companies with extrapolated dates While goals for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions are increasing, housing companies also see themselves under a social obligation to implement further measures for the energy optimization of their buildings. The starting point for the reduction goals set out in the German Federal Climate Change Act is the reference year 1990. For the companies, this poses the challenge that systematic recording of their consumption data only began during the 2000s. A well‐founded assessment in the context of the climate protection goals is therefore difficult to make. The developed algorithm enables a backward assessment of greenhouse gas emissions based on statistical metadata. For this purpose, the already recorded consumptions for the generation of heating and hot water are adjusted (interannual weathers and vacancy rate) and evaluated with regard to their greenhouse potential. Based on a representative data basis, the area‐specific greenhouse gas emissions can extrapolate to the reference year by the help of the developed method. The obtained range of values can for example serve as basis for future modernization decisions. A comparison of the determined graph with the investment expenditures of the company under consideration was able to confirm the applicability of the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classification of soundproofing with the measure DnT,w with use of the weighted apparent sound reduction index R'w Buildings must ensure sound insulation appropriate to their use. This sound insulation is regulated by building regulations. In Germany, this is regulated by DIN 4109 Part 1 with a specification of a "minimum sound insulation". Additional requirements are referred to as "increased sound insulation". However, increased sound insulation does not necessarily lead to increased soundproofing. Soundproofing and sound insulation are not equivalent terms in this respect. This article shows that a direct assignment of the quantities R'w and DnT,w is only possible for certain geometric ratios of room volume and separating area (V/S). If a permissible deviation between R'w and DnT,w is accepted, a classification of the sound insulation values (R'w) with fixed class limits can be made. This makes it possible to classify the sound insulation with reference to the descriptive parameter DnT,w using the weighted apparent sound reduction index R'w. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Calculation methods for predicting the service life of metal-polymer gears with height correction are proposed. Two methods for gear service life estimation are presented: a simplified method that assumes constant tooth interaction conditions and an improved method that takes into account wear-induced changes in tooth interaction conditions. Spur cylindrical gears with a steel gear and a pinion made of polyamide composite reinforced with carbon and glass fibres are studied. The effect of height correction on the service life of the gears is examined, considering the type of tooth engagement. It is established that with the improved method the service life of the gear is by up to 1.3 times longer than that calculated by the simplified method at optimal height correction coefficients. Optimal service life of the gear is achieved when the correction coefficients are = 0.1. The effect of the coefficient of friction on gear service life is investigated. It is found that the service life of the gear with a carbon fibre-reinforced pinion is by 8.1...9.3 times longer than that of the gear with a glass fibre-reinforced pinion.

The method for substantiating the design solutions of bridgeworks in terms of fire resistance is proposed. The use of regular thermal mode is the basis of the method. The proposed method makes it possible to perform calculations without using high-performance computer tools. The necessity to improve methods for justifying fire resistance limits is substantiated. A brief description of existing methods and the example of calculation are given.

Traffic noise measurements on the Skopje – Tetovo Section of the Mother Teresa A2 Motorway in the Republic of Macedonia are presented in the paper. The first measurement was conducted in 2003 immediately after the motorway was opened to traffic, while the second one was conducted in 2014. Noise levels were estimated according to two calculation methods. After it was established that noise levels exceeded the legally allowed limits, appropriate protection measures were proposed and adequate conclusions for solving the noise problem on the section under study were adopted.

In this research work, the analysis of the noise level emitted by vehicles on the streets of the city of the following objects located around the public roads of Tashkent city: Kushbegi, Koshkurgan, Nukus, Altintepa, Temur-Malik, Beshqayragoch streets is presented. Based on the data obtained as a result of natural experiments, the laws of the impact of vehicle movement speed, speed, and composition on traffic noise were determined, according to which a program was developed to find the value of the noise level using the values of the vehicle weight and movement speed in the developed model.

Diese Artikelserie stellt den Einsatz von Computerprogrammen in der Hochschullehre der Bauphysik und Gebäudetechnik für Architekten und Bauingenieure vor. An der TU Kaiserslautern wird der E‐Learning‐Kurs „Building Simulation in Design and Operation" für die Master‐Studierenden im Studiengang „Immobilien und Facilities – Management und Technik" angeboten und ist dort im Pflicht‐Curriculum verankert. Darüber hinaus können Studierende des Bauingenieurwesens und des Umweltingenieurwesens den Kurs als Wahlpflichtfach belegen. Der Fokus wird auf das Durchführen von Parametervariationen auf Basis von fertigen Modellen gelegt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of geared transmissions has a long history and a rich experience, which has allowed the development of an intense research activity that has led to modern design methods, mostly standardized and execution technologies that have become traditional. As the fundamental sciences have provided more and more in-depth and refined knowledge, namely performance algorithms of optimal synthesis, the design in the field of gear transmissions has evolved by integrating in the calculation methods a growing number of elements. of influence (materials, geometry, dimensional and shape deviations, heat treatments, kinematic, energetic, dynamic factors, etc.). Automated modeling and simulation currently allow the prediction of behavior - from all points of view of a transmission - during operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impact sound insulation – Normalized impact sound pressure level L'n and standardized impact sound pressure level L'nT in comparison In DIN 4109, the impact sound insulation, expressed with the characteristic quantity of the weighted standard impact sound level L'n,w, is used to describe the impact sound protection. A, for the purpose of the description of the impact sound protection more useful characteristic variable, represents the weighted standard impact sound level L'nT,w. By analytical comparison of both parameters, it is shown which boundary conditions must be observed for the application of the equations. The differences from the equation of measurement results are shown on the basis of a measurement data set of 69 impact sound measurements carried out on ceilings of different types. The evaluation of the measurement results has shown that there can be considerable differences for the same design and for the same receiving room. It has also been shown that a simplified conversion of both parameters from the single values can cause errors of ±2 dB. If a limitation of the "error" is to take place, the surface of the floor considered must be limited. For a tolerated deviation of ±2 dB, the considered surface area is limited to less than 22.5 m2 depending on the room height from 2.20 m – 4.0 m. If larger rooms are considered, significantly larger deviations can occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire performance of insulating materials made from renewable resources – Part 2: Investigations on the use as compartment filling in timber panel constructions In the previous article on the research project "more than just insulation – additional benefits of insulating materials made from renewable resources", the experimental investigations on the initiation, process and extinguishing behavior of smoldering processes, the effect of flame retardants and the emissions released in the combustion process were presented. In this paper, the investigations on the structural use of renewable insulation materials, instead of the previously required non‐combustible insulation, is presented in the context of wood panel construction. First, the final large‐scale fire test on the natural fire behavior of wood panel building components with renewable insulation materials is presented. Then, the development of analytical and numerical models for the separating function is illustrated. The paper concludes with an outlook on the research project "PyroProBiD", in which advanced transport and reaction models are being developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Level of development and attribution of the specialized model subsoil – Recommendations No. 2 of the working group 2.14 (DGGT) "Digitalization in geotechnical engineering" The second recommendation of the working group 2.14 "Digitalization in geotechnical engineering" defines the level of development with respect to the life cycle of the specialized model subsoil. Furthermore, the minimum requirements regarding the implementation of geometrical and semantical data (attribution) into the model are discussed. For consequent use of the specialized model subsoil in context with BIM it is necessary to standardize the data with respect to the model level as well as the object level by means of properties which have to be defined. These recommendations describe the essential requirements for standardized geotechnical properties which still have to be developed. Therefore, data‐related requirements for creation as well as the attribution of the specialized model subsoil are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harmonization in geotechnics – a consistent design method The different used design approaches of EN 1997 are based on different traditions and philosophies in the European countries regarding to the type and time of factoring actions and resistances. The resulting variety of formats for the design approaches will also be retained in the future standards generation. Therefore, the goal of a harmonized design approach with a uniform level of safety is not achieved. In this article, the so called MRFA design approach is presented which is based on the basic equations of EN 1990 providing an own partial safety factor for each parameter (actions, effect of actions, ground resistances and geotechnical parameters). To determine these partial safety factors, reliability calculations were carried out for common geotechnical structures with different boundary conditions and for different limit states in such a way that a certain probability of failure is not exceeded. The method is explained in an application example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slope stability with regard of the stress‐strain behaviour during shearing The state of equilibrium of a slope is often evaluated with help of limit equilibrium methods. Here, it is neglected that a deformation in the shear zone has to take place before the maximum shear resistance is reached. The shear stress development depends amongst others on soil density and hydraulic conditions. Consequently, the mobilization of the shear resistance in the shear zone is not homogeneous, which can lead to an overestimation of the slope stability. This report shows a calculation method which couples the development of the slope stability with shear strain in the shear zone. For illustration purposes, two simple examples of a slope with a planar slip surface are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technical‐biological bank protection measures – Design concept for the engineering practice To improve the ecological condition of inland waterways, extensive bank redesigns are planned over the next few years. More natural bank protection measures using plants are to replace the existing rip rap where possible to create more habitats for plants and animals and more structural diversity. So far, relatively little experience has been gained with technical‐biological bank protection measures on waterways with the current shipping impacts. On the basis of various research results and experience from a large‐scale nature experiment on the river Rhine near Worms, a first design concept for the engineering practice of the waterway and shipping administration was developed, taking into account the experience on small rivers without shipping. The concept was also integrated into a software. This means that bank protection with plants can now be dimensioned in addition to riprap revetments. The special features of living building materials, the hydraulic effects, the geotechnical failure mechanisms to be investigated and the individual design steps are presented below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a new concept for the critical void ratio, barodesy yields promising simulations of element tests. Some shortcomings of this theory hitherto when simulating the behaviour of sand can be overcome by generalizing the widespread assumption that the critical void ratio is a function of the mean stress. Barodesy deviates from established lines of thought in soil mechanics. The interested reader can judge from this article whether this paradigm shift is worthwhile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rolling element bearings are found in every piece of machinery and are therefore a source of energy losses that cannot be ignored. In recent years a series of energy-efficient bearings have been developed using specific designs or new materials aiming to reduce the losses of a bearing without sacrificing its load-carrying capacity. The effect that these designs have on the global energy consumption has not been quantified until now. A methodology to estimate the energy losses of the usage of a specific bearing type on a global scale is presented in this article. The method, which is based on current standards, provides a first approximation for the determination of the energy losses of bearings and is tested for its plausibility. The pros and cons of the proposed method are discussed, and a proposal is made regarding how to calculate the potential energy efficiency of newer designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]