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This paper offers a defense of naturalism, which might improve its chance of being adopted as a direction, both for theory and for empirical research. This defense responds in particular to three themes:: the emergence of mind (as opposed to nonemergence or reductionism), the pervasiveness of nonlinearity in biology and psychology, and the need for levels and degrees of self (as opposed to a human self that is self-evidently unitary, or a self that turns out to be illusory, or a concealment of what is truly there). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When people find themselves in dire situations, they use their imagination to transcend space and time. Forward-projected hope and backward-looking nostalgia are usually juxtaposed for their different temporal orientations and their different roles in social action. This article examines how this plays out in a former mining town in post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan, whose inhabitants treasure the memories of Soviet modernity while dreaming of a future of economic abundance. Here, the sentiments of nostalgia and hope converge in their resonance with the ruins of empire, while their effects depend upon concealing the fragility of utopian visions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illicit drug traders are more likely to be victimized because they cannot report crimes committed against them to the police. Their inability to access law is seen as a major precipitating factor in retaliatory violence. But, as we demonstrate, sometimes victimized drug traders do ask for formal mediation. Based on evidence from prior research combined with experiences recounted to us in the course of interviewing twenty-five unincarcerated drug dealers, we propose a typology of how this happens. We suggest that victimized drug traders mobilize the police in four conceptually distinct ways: “BSing”; getting over; criminal concealment; and criminal disclosure. Our typology provides the empirical grounding for future work aimed at theorizing this behavior and for reducing retaliatory violence by enhancing victimized criminals’ access to law. We conclude by discussing the relevance of our “inconvenient” results for the broader ethnographic audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the International Criminal Court (the Court or ICC) continues to develop the parameters of the various modes of liability set out in Article 25(3) of the Rome Statute, recent developments raise questions as to whether the Court can consider participation in cover-ups or concealment of crimes as giving rise to individual criminal responsibility. It is only recently that international tribunals, and notably the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), have turned to consider how international criminal law approaches responsibility for cover-ups or concealment of crimes. In reviewing how and why the ICTY has addressed individual criminal liability for engaging in cover-ups, and in light of the ICC's Mbarushimana decision, the aim of this paper is to suggest how the ICC might consider such issues in future cases. Having demonstrated the necessity of international criminal law accounting for cover-ups, the paper will discuss how the jurisprudence, in toto, excludes the possibility of holding to account individuals who contribute to the cover up of international crimes, by whatever means, or however grave, unless they were acting on the premise of a prior agreement with the principals. By way of conclusion the paper will suggest that an expansive interpretation of Article 25(3)(d) of the Rome Statute may provide a means of addressing this gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the association among victimization, modes of sex working, and the locations used by sex workers through an analysis of “Ugly Mug” reports detailing 528 crime acts in 333 reported incidents in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. These forms, voluntarily lodged between 2000 and 2008 by members of NSW's estimated 10,000 sex worker population, suggest that street-based work has a higher victimization rate than other modes of working, including escort work, work in commercial premises, and private work. Although this ostensibly supports the commonly held view that “outdoor” working is more dangerous than “indoor” work, this analysis suggests that most instances of victimization actually occur in private spaces. Hence, it is argued that risks of victimization in sex work are influenced by a variety of environmental characteristics relating to concealment, control, and isolation, suggesting that not all off-street locations are equally safe. We conclude with recommendations for policy regarding sex work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the implications of a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in Cuerrier case, wherein concealment of HIV-positive status by those with HIV to consenting partners was held fraud under section 265(3)(c) of the Canadian Criminal Code. It reveals the definition of "significant risk of seriously bodily harm" with reference to this case, which requires disclosure of HIV status only if there is a realistic possibility of transmission of HIV. It discusses the court case Mabior.

When determining the goal i.e. the purpose of the legal provisions in the process of interpretation, legal principles are used in all the fields of law. Their role in this procedure is extremely important because they constitute the least common denominator of all the provisions pertaining to the certain law i.e. to the certain field of law, and therefore they may be used for the interpretation of their goal. Since criminal law consists of several legal principles, the science made a hierarchy or list of priority among them, in which the principle of legality is on the first place, while all the others are second ranked or are neglected. In this paper the author disrupted this hierarchy of criminal law principles by criticizing the reasons that led to it and by pointing to their obsoleteness and being out of dated. As much as legality was needed at the time when it was created as a natural companion and guardian of hardly achieved but still unsecure freedom of people, today when the freedom is undisputable, it lost its importance. The possibilities to abuse the criminal law do not lay today in non-written criminal law provisions created to be similar to certain cases that have backward application in time, which create a danger to the citizens' freedom and which are prevented by the principle of legality. They lay in their value variable dimension which is emphasized when it is interpreted teleological, i.e. by interpreting its goal. And that means that it is interpreted in accordance with its main function -- protection of certain values i.e. when the provisions of the Criminal Code related to the purpose of the criminal law and purpose of punishing are (ab) used, and those are the provisions that were shaped by the science in the principle of legitimacy. For this reason it is necessary to change the hierarchy of the criminal law principles when performing the teleological interpretation in the criminal law. The principle of legitimacy shall come to the first place, while the principle of legality shall come to the second place. This will make it difficult to the interpreters of the criminal law to unjustifiably point out that they have satisfied all the condition precedents placed in front of them by the principle of legality, by not mentioning how they are unnecessary since the freedom is today undisputable value, while at the same time they are concealing the wide possibilities of efficient abuse of the principle of legality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses conceal and carry laws on higher education campuses as ethical and social dilemmas. The Second Amendment reads, 'A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a Free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed' (U. S. Const. amend. II ). Proponents for conceal and carry laws on college and university campuses often interpret the Second Amendment as an overarching right to have weapons, regardless of location. Opponents of such legislation argue that allowing guns on campuses would be a mistake and student safety can be addressed in other ways. Throughout the 2010-2011 legislative sessions Arizona and Texas have been on the cusp of passing pro conceal and carry laws which would allow higher education students to carry weapons on campus. Over two decades states have increased access to weapons, while most in the U.S. have sentiments against their neighbors carrying arms (Kranz ). While the Second Amendment provides the right for individual to carry arms, higher education campuses are regarded as a subset of the population, a space for maturing adults and not a place for concealed weapons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the present comparative study concerning conspiracy as moral assistance provided to the offender, in a mirror reflection with the accessory after the fact to an offence and concealment, the author tries to shape out the three institutions as clearly as possible, by emphasising the similarities and distinctions between them. The heterogeneous case-law, as well as certain dissenting opinions in the penal doctrine related to said issues have demonstrated the frail distinction between moral conspiracy, concealment and accessory after the fact to an offence, entailing theoretical and especially practical ambiguities, which generate very serious legal consequences. Such consequences can be hardly overridden, due to misapplications of penal law. The comparative analysis of conspiracy as promise to conceal the instruments and means used to commit the offence and the other two offences, i.e. concealment and accessory after the fact to an offence, aims at addressing and, hopefully clarifying, the current ambiguities which have created confusions, errors and uncertainties in the social, moral, and especially penal legal field. The present article makes no attempt to be a comprehensive analysis of the topic under discussion, due to the complexity and diversity of specific features governing the two terms of the comparison, as well as the vast possibilities of human mind to interpret the law in accordance with the multiple situations that modern society opens up. The comparison of these institutions of penal law is based on the main distinctions, but also similarities between conspiracy, concealment and accessory after the fact to an offence, addressing particularly the contradictions in this domain, the arguments of different opinions, as well as the solutions that theory and practice have suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We tested the accuracy of Scientific Content Analysis (SCAN), a verbal lie detection tool that is used world-wide by federal law enforcement and military agencies. Sixty-one participants were requested to write down the truth, an outright lie or a concealment lie about activities they had just completed. The statements were coded with SCAN and with another verbal lie detection tool, Reality Monitoring (RM). RM discriminated significantly between truth tellers and outright liars and between truth tellers and concealment liars, whereas SCAN did not discriminate between truth tellers and either kind of liar. Implications of the findings for the suitability of SCAN as a lie detection tool are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article examines the paucity of Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) cases that go to trial and courts' preference for resolving these disputes at the summary judgment stage. Using traditional legal analysis and empirical evidence, this Article explores whether we should expect FOIA cases to go to trial and how the scarcity of FOIA trials compares to the trial rate in civil litigation generally. It concludes that the unusual use of summary judgment in FOIA cases has unjustifiably all but eliminated FOIA trials, which occur in less than 1% of FOIA cases. It further examines how conducting FOIA trials in appropriate cases might increase the frequency of pro- transparency case outcomes as intended under the Act, using both empirical analysis and qualitative conclusions from interviews with attorneys who have litigated FOIA trials. The very word "secrecy" is repugnant in a free and open society; and we are as a people inherently and historically opposed to secret societies, to secret oaths and to secret proceedings. We decided long ago that the dangers of excessive and unwarranted concealment of pertinent facts far outweighed the dangers which are cited to justify it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the court case R. v McIntosh wherein the appellants were convicted following a four-month trial of conspiracy to cheat the public revenue. The judge discovered in separation confiscation proceedings that each of appellants had obtained property worth 3,668,990 British pounds. The appellants were unable to satisfy the court that the amount which might be realized was less than the amount of the benefit. It was ruled by the judge that they had concealed their assets.

The article focuses on the U.S. laws surrounding false statements and false claims. Topics include the U.S. False Statements Act, the criminality of concealments, and the role that intent plays in willful false statements made to U.S. departments or agencies. Information is provided on the U.S. protections against double jeopardy.

The article focuses on obstruction of justice in U.S. justice administration. Topics include the U.S. Omnibus Provision, corrupt persuasion, and witness tampering. Information is provided on the concealment, alteration, or destruction of documents and the intention to impede or influence investigations.

The article focuses on fraudulent concealment in antitrust law. Information is provided on how the self concealment standard has been challenged by the statute of limitations set forth under antitrust laws in the U.S. It is noted that The U.S. Clayton Act of 1914 created the statute of limitations and provided an avenue for litigation in cases of anticompetitive business practices.

The article discusses the use of immunity by a state officer to protect himself from civil litigation from violation consistent under the Brady versus (v.) Maryland. It discusses the extent of use of immunity and states that despite violating the Due Process Clause for hiding evidences, it offers chances to resolve conflict of circuits' decision and that state actor should be protected when they fail to do their duties in prosecutorial function. It says that immunity limits civil litigation of police error under Brady, but alternative liability is held for intentional concealment of evidences. It also mentions the Daniels v. Williams case, wherein Brady violation was allowed and rules of immunity by state officers was rejected due to carelessness and negligence.

The article discusses the ways and means of discovering hidden income and assets of the spouses in a divorce case. Recently, there are websites and other resources which provide methods of concealing assets for divorce purposes. A method to discover hidden assets include several steps including using the client as an invaluable source of information, assembling a team of necessary experts and conducting discovery which focused on determining hidden assets/income.

We recently introduced an accurate and countermeasure (CM)-resistant P300-based deception detection test ( J.P. Rosenfeld et al., 2008 ). When subjects use CMs to all irrelevant items in the test, the probe P300 is increased rather than reduced, as in previous P300-based deception protocols, allowing detection of CM users. Evidence herein suggests this is partly due to an omit effect; the probe was the only uncountered item. Three groups were tested: a guilty omit probe group performed an explicit response to each irrelevant item but not to the probe, an innocent omit irrelevant group saw only irrelevant items and omitted a response to one item, and a guilty no omit group had a concealed information item as probe and performed an explicit response to each. We found a greater P300 amplitude to probes in the guilty omit probe condition as compared with the other two conditions, indicating a P300 enhancing effect of omitting a response to a single stimulus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been recommended previewing test items with the examinee prior to conducting a Concealed Information polygraph Test. This procedure serves to familiarize the suspect with the test items and allows adjustment, if necessary exclusion, of bad test items. According to the National Research Council (2003), however, this procedure could decrease detection efficiency due to habituation. In two experiments using a mock crime paradigm, this possibility was tested. Guilty and innocent mock crime participants were or were not presented with the test items prior to the administration of a Concealed Information Test. No evidence was found that previewing diminishes detection efficiency of the Concealed Information Test. These findings, together with methodological and legal concerns, support the previewing of test items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note examines the wholly novel constitutional calculus used by the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals in 2007 to strike down the District of Columbia's prohibition of civilian handgun possession. The central feature of the court's analysis of handguns was finding that modern handguns should be regarded as "lineal descendents" of militia era flintlocks, a finding that ignores the provable fact that the pistols of 1794 were not concealed or concealable weapons. Because concealability is the central danger of the modern handgun, this critical element in the opinion is an error both of historical analysis and constitutional reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the issue of family concealment of crimes for other family members within Confucian thought. The author is responding to the article "The Origin of Confucian Doctrine and Its methodology" by Mu Nanke in the journal "Philosophical Studies," issue #12 in 2002. The authors contend that human nature is universal as is the desire and legal protections for family concealment in non-Chinese cultures.

Abstract  This paper proposes a low-complexity spatial-domain error concealment (EC) algorithm for recovering consecutive blocks error in still images or intra-coded (I) frames of video sequences. The proposed algorithm works with the following steps. Firstly the Sobel operator is performed on the top and bottom adjacent pixels to detect the most probable edge direction of current block area. After that one-dimensional (1-D) matching is used on the available block boundaries. Displacement between edge direction candidate and most probable edge direction is taken into consideration as an important factor to improve stability of 1-D boundary matching. Then the corrupted pixels are recovered by linear weighting interpolation along the estimated edge direction. Finally the interpolated values are merged to get last recovered picture. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms obtain good subjective quality and higher PSNR than the methods in literatures for most images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on reasons and related arguments behind the concealment of religious values in judicial decision-making. To most observers of the American legal system, the absence of overt religious language or reasoning in judicial decision-making is unremarkable. The author argues that a judge's religious beliefs, premises, or worldview, far from being easily or actually divorced from the judge's decisional processes, likely do influence these processes, even if religion is not explicitly invoked and despite judicial efforts to the contrary. This understanding, in turn, gives rise to the possibility that both the presence and the operation of religious influences in the judicial process are, to varying degrees, effectively concealed. Some of the major causes of concealment, described here, are: authority, relevance, competence, and non-establishment. All these causes have been analyzed considering constitutional, institutional, jurisprudential, psychological, and cultural factors.

Using data from Louisiana State Police records on concealed weapon permits, this article analyzes factors related to regional differences in rates of handgun permit holding. Although protection from victimization may be considered a common motive for carrying a concealed weapon, the authors found no relationship between crime rates and rates of handgun permit holding. Instead, factors such as median household income and race-related factors were found to be more salient predictors of an area's rate of permit holding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the strenghts and weaknesses of technologies to detect concealed weapons in the U.S. Risk factors for firearm-related crime; Estimated social costs of gun violence in the U.S.; Discussion of the public health risks associated with illegal weapon carrying.

'Business bluffing' as a subject has been mentioned in various journals for at least the past 16 years. Its treatment has become one of apparent serious intent to identify it as a subject matter unto itself. Definitionally and theoretically, its essence has been specified but seemingly without due regard to its true nature. Business bluffing is an act of puffing at best and misrepresentation or fraud at worst. In either case, its legality and morality are already well defined and discussions of the subject should be directed along these established pathes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper expands a typology of underlying elements that influence the role of the stigmatized individual in interpersonal relations. The six dimensions of Jones et al. (1984)—concealability, course, disruptiveness, aesthetic qualities, origin, and peril—are expanded and altered to include the stigmatized individual as a more active actor in the labeling process. Two additional dimensions are added: exploitability and historical precedent, and origin is expanded into two sub-dimensions, primary and secondary responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a number of court cases related to the various issues in the field of marketing. The author cites the cases of M. Robert Goodfriend v. The Kansas City Star Co., The Crummer Co. v. Jessie Ball DuPont, and Colonial Drive-In Theatres Inc. v. Warner Bros. Pictures Inc. These cases all deal with various aspects of antitrust law, including the statute of limitations on antitrust suits and fraudulent concealment. Also noted is the case of United States v. The Procter & Gamble Company, in which the investigation of antitrust violations is discussed.

The article discusses recent judgments in cases of criminal law by Minnesota courts. Topics mentioned include noncompliance with an order to pay restitution for burglary, the definition of a dangerous weapon under the law, and justification of double upward departure in the case of the concealment of a body.

Background: Body packing is used for international drug transport, immediate drug concealment during a police searching or introducing drugs inside prisons. Despite the high level of specialization of dealers who have started to manufacture more complex packs, up to 5% of patients could develop intoxication due to pack rupture. Bowel obstruction is another acute complication. Case presentation: A 27-year-old black male patient was sent to the hospital by court order for clinical evaluation and toxicological examination. The patient was conscious, oriented, had good color, normal arterial pressure and heart rate, and no signs of acute intoxication. Abdominal examination revealed discrete pain upon deep palpation and a small mass in the left iliac fossa. A plain abdominal radiograph revealed several oval structures located in the rectum and sigmoid. Fasting and a 50 g dose of activated charcoal every six hours were prescribed. After three days, the patient spontaneously evacuated 28 cocaine packs. Conclusion: Adequate clinical management and prompt identification of potential complications are of fundamental importance in dealing with body packing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on different articles related to medical toxicology, published in previous issue of the journal. It talks about developing a conservative treatment for internal drug concealment known as body packing for smuggling. It presents a crossover study in a human model of acute supratherapeutic iron ingestion.

The article discusses a court case where the appellant was convicted of five counts of insider dealing, contrary to the Criminal Justice Act 1993 and four counts of transferring criminal property, a violation to the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002. The appellant submitted that the 27 months' imprisonment was manifestly excessive, arguing that he took advantage of price-sensitive information to avoid a loss and not to derive financial profit. A British Court of Appeal reduced the sentence.

The article argues that bribery is wrong because it violates fundamental notion of equality and it undermines the vitality of the institutions affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]