Search

Research suggests organizations across all sectors waste a significant amount of time looking for information and often fail to leverage the information they have. In response, many organizations have deployed some form of enterprise search to improve the "findability" of information. Debates persist as to whether thesauri and manual indexing or automated machine learning techniques should be used to enhance discovery of information. In addition, the extent to which a knowledge organization system (KOS) enhances discoveries or indeed blinds us to new ones remains a moot point. The oil and gas industry was used as a case study using a representative organization. Drawing on prior research, a theoretical model is presented which aims to overcome the shortcomings of each approach. This synergistic model could help to re-conceptualize the "manual" versus "automatic" debate in many enterprises, accommodating a broader range of information needs. This may enable enterprises to develop more effective information and knowledge management strategies and ease the tension between what are often perceived as mutually exclusive competing approaches. Certain aspects of the theoretical model may be transferable to other industries, which is an area for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extension of the problem of reconstruction of words from a given multiset of its subwords supposedly generated by unit shifts of a window of fixed length along such words. In the extension, feasible solutions must satisfy additional constraints. The case is considered when these constraints are specified by forbidden words. A solution to the problem is obtained as a result of searching for Euler paths or Euler cycles in a de Bruijn multidigraph with the additional operation of reduction of its edges and subsequent application of special algebraic operations of multiplication of adjacency matrices as in the first part of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study type checking, typability, and type inference problems for second-order existential systems in type-free style. The type-free style is an intermediate representation of terms between the Curry style and the Church style. Terms in the type-free style contain information on where the existential quantifier elimination and introduction take place, but omit the information on which types are involved. We show that all the problems are undecidable employing reduction of second-order unification for considerably restricted special instances in flat form. These results hold even in a fragment of the existential system where → , ∃ are only used and in case of predicative fragments of the existential systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the recent advances in the field of three-dimensional printing systems, object prototyping and manufacturing has become available on a large scale. In order to print a three-dimensional object a digital model is needed, which can be obtained by designing that model in a specialized graphic programming environment, or by scanning and digitizing an existing object. The letter option often involves sophisticated and costly equipment, therefore posing a challenge to the implementation of a full object reproduction system. The paper introduces the design and implementation of a low-cost three-dimensional object scanning and graphic processing system, presenting the hardware components as well as the software which has been developed. Some preliminary experiments have been conducted and the results have been presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abstract should summarize the context, content and conclusions of the paper in less than 200 words. It should not contain any references or displayed equations. Typeset the abstract in 8 pt roman with baselineskip of 10 pt, making an indentation of 1.5 pica on the left and right margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abstract should summarize the context, content and conclusions of the paper in less than 200 words. It should not contain any reference citations or displayed equations. Typeset the abstract in 8 pt roman with baselineskip of 10 pt, making an indentation of 1.5 pica on the left and right margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents instructions for formatting the typeset of photograph-reproducible manuscripts using the TeX or LaTeX document preparation systems.

Previous event-related potential studies have indicated that both a widespread N400 and an anterior N700 index differential processing of concrete and abstract words, but the nature of these components in relation to concreteness and imagery has been unclear. Here, we separated the effects of word concreteness and task demands on the N400 and N700 in a single word processing paradigm with a within-subjects, between-tasks design and carefully controlled word stimuli. The N400 was larger to concrete words than to abstract words, and larger in the visualization task condition than in the surface task condition, with no interaction. A marked anterior N700 was elicited only by concrete words in the visualization task condition, suggesting that this component indexes imagery. These findings are consistent with a revised or extended dual coding theory according to which concrete words benefit from greater activation in both verbal and imagistic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to the high number of computer users the proportion of those students who are willing to write programs has dropped seriously. Even those whose curriculum includes programming usually start late and the chance to change their attitude towards programming lessens as they are getting older. A possible solution would be to sneak programming into the primary and secondary education by hiding it behind the scenes of software they use. Students are usually proud of their knowledge of word processing and handling spreadsheets and they think these programs are easy to use. We can thus use these programs to teach algorithms instead of using traditional environments. In this article, through the analysis of a problem, we give examples how we can switch from programming languages to applications and still teach some basic algorithmic skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article summarizes the automated practices applied to a specific object, namely the photographic record of objects in ethnographic organisations and muséums**. The research described here links the issue of automated mediation with that of photographic documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Text editing is more than the knowledge of word processing techniques. Originally typographers, printers, text editors were the ones qualified to edit texts, which were well structured, legible, easily understandable, clear, and were able to emphasize the core of the text. Time has changed, and nowadays everyone has access to computers as well as to text editing software and most users believe that having these tools is enough to edit texts. However, text editing requires more skills. Texts appearing either in printed or in electronic form reveal that most of the users do not realize that they are not qualified to edit and publish their works. Analyzing the 'text-products' of the last decade a tendency can clearly be drawn. More and more documents appear, which instead of emphasizing the subject matter, are lost in the maze of unstructured text slices. Without further thoughts different font types, colors, sizes, strange arrangements of objects, etc. are applied. We present examples with the most common typographic and text editing errors. Our aim is to call the attention to these mistakes and persuade users to spend time to educate themselves in text editing. They have to realize that a well-structured text is able to strengthen the effect on the reader, thus the original message will reach the target group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's views on transcription. The author states that typing out the work of others is a kind of old fashioned compositional practice borrowed from painting where it used to be a standard part of the initial curriculum. It is stated that much of the craft of copying in his works involve interruptive thinking. It is stated that the overall activity of my typing is a mix of keystrokes, and the advent of the cut and paste functions in word processing and correctability of computer files have reduced the horde of keystrokes.

Abstract: Spatial neglect may involve neglect dyslexia resulting in a failure to identify words or parts of words in the contralesional hemispace. The present study explored a well-documented dissociation in neglect dyslexics'' word processing, i.e. impaired reading aloud in the presence of good lexical decision performance for the same stimuli. To investigate whether this dissociation is also reflected in the visuo-spatial characteristics of word processing, a well-established paradigm of word processing in normal readers (technique of variable viewing positions, [Nazir, T., Heller, D., Sussmann, C., 1992. Letter visibility and word recognition: The optimal viewing position in printed words. Perception and Psychophysics, 52, 315–328]) was combined with a word naming and a lexical decision task. Compared to previous studies of neglect dyslexia, the present study additionally entailed tachistoscopical displays of word stimuli in different viewing positions. The word stimuli varied orthogonally along the two linguistic dimensions of word frequency (lexical manipulation) and syllable number (sublexical manipulation). Participants were sixteen patients with left-sided visual neglect and an age-matched control group. We expected the dissociation in neglect dyslexia to be reflected in task-specific effects in naming and lexical decision. This was partly confirmed by an interaction of task demands with viewing-position-specific results. Interestingly these results pointed to a task-dependency in word processing not only in neglect patients but also in normal readers, when equal error rates were experimentally obtained between control and neglect participants. Together with the finding of a task-specific effect of syllable number in the neglect group, the present results suggest that task demands modulate the degree of neglect dyslexia from early stages of visual word processing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Recent data from compound word processing suggests that compounds are recognized via their constituent lexemes (Juhasz, Starr, Inhoff, & Placke, 2003). The present lexical decision experiment manipulated orthogonally the frequency of the constituents of compound words in two languages: Basque and Spanish. Basque and Spanish diverge widely in their morphological properties and in the number of existing compound words. Furthermore, the head lexeme (i.e., the most meaningful lexeme related to the whole-word meaning) in Spanish tends to be the second lexeme, whereas in Basque the percentage is more distributed. Results showed a facilitative effect of the frequency of the second lexeme, in both Basque and Spanish compounds. Thus, both Basque and Spanish readers decompose compounds into their constituents for lexical access, and this decomposition is carried out in a language-independent and blind-to-semantics manner. We examine the implications of these results for models of lexical access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the evolution of word processing programs and the origins of office automation which demonstrate the history of computer applications. It describes the pre-personal computer years of word processing development, as well as how text was prepared before the introduction of personal computer-based software. It also notes the extent to which word processing existed in other forms before the personal computer appeared. Furthermore, it emphasizes the great changes in data processing brought about by the development of word processing programs.

The article presents an anecdote about the technological innovations in newspaper publishing. It offers information on the project management and technical management of a photocomposition project for Mergenthaler Linotype Co. created by two of its consultants. Furthermore, it describes how the programs produced by these consultants for the "New York Daily News" have ended the use of Linotype machines and introduced the usability of high-quality electronic text publishing.

The author presents a variety of methodologies for studying Turkish texts, focusing particularly on creating grammatical indexes. He created a transcription program which uses his own Munevver Font to make annotated letters used in writing Turkish, Latin characters with diacritical marks, easily available for use in the word processing software Microsoft Word (MS Word). Using MS Word, the author created an indexing process to handle both poetry and prose Turkish writings. Step-by-step directions are provided for creating a grammatical index.

Abstract: This paper explores the mutually oriented work involved in collaborative, computer-aided text production taking place in a bilingual 4th grade classroom at an English school in Sweden. It reports on an in-depth analysis of a 55-min videotaped session in which two students engage in the production of a written report of the past weeks’ project work. The analysis focuses on the students’ language alternation, showing how a specific bilingual conversational order is produced by their extensive use of the co-available languages. Specifically, the analysis highlights a distinct division of labor between the two languages in which English is used exclusively for the purpose of producing the text proper, while Swedish is used for other forms of interaction. The results are discussed in terms of the relation between social structure and local bilingual practices of meaning construction. More generally, the paper argues for an approach to social interaction that treats the issue of social order as, above all, a matter of participants’ situated concerns. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

For the benefit of the readers and the authors of this special issue on electronic scholarly editing, this short article introduces the Text Encoding Initiative (TED and the TEI Consortium (TEI-C), which are mentioned and referred to throughout this issue and it provides many suggestions for further reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article refers to instructions that were given to authors by the editor in chief of the periodical. Publishers of the journal prefer the submission of manuscripts and figures in electronic form in addition to a hard-copy printout. Authors are instructed to label diskette properly, giving exact details on the names of the files, the operating system and software used. It informs that publishers prefer articles submitted in word processing packages such as MS Word, WordPerfect, etc. running under operating systems MS DOS, Windows and Apple Macintosh, or in the file format LaTeX.

For three decades a number of computer-aided systems have been developed in order to assist in the design of digital type. Even though some of them are used by typographers in commercial type design, they are not yet widely accepted. One reason is the lack of appropriate design metaphors in systems which provide low-level operations (e.g. the manipulation of outlines). Another reason is the lack of essential functionality in high-level approaches (not all characters can be modeled). While these two reasons correspond with the underlying paradigms of those systems, namely the outline and the stroke approach, the presented model provides a synthesis of both. By exploring the high-level semantics of the stroke-based paradigm, letterforms can be composed by individual strokes. Properties like round corners at stroke intersections, as they typically appear in the design of Western type, can be modeled via outline segments attached to the associated stroke elements. As a consequence, Latin characters as well as characters incorporating hand-written characters, like Kanji, can be expressed using a single model. These two classes of types are considered by the typographic community to be fundamentaly different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluates several Tex and Latex document-oriented typesetting systems from Texperts company. Tex Version 2.1; C Tex Version 2.9; C Tex Version 2.93. INSET: IN BRIEF.

The ability to produce computer files containing keys, together with the commands necessary to typeset them directly from the program that constructs them, greatly simplifies the production of high quality identification keys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the use of personal computers for typesetting in journalism and mass communication studies. Within the past few years, new technology has made it possible for journalism programs to give students experience doing typesetting on campus or lab newspapers without heavy investments in expensive, complicated typesetting equipment. Rather than journalism programs purchasing an entire typesetting system, another approach is to purchase a more widely available and less expensive microcomputer to enter text and rely on a typesetting company for photocomposition output.

During the latter part of 1989 and the beginning of 1990 the Tax Practice was computerized and it was recognized that staff who were to get personal computers (PCs) would need to know how to type in order to make efficient use of the equipment. Although the PCs were loaded with a self teach typing tutorial, it was found that staff with no typing skills were not motivated to use the tutorial enough to gain a level of proficiency. Thus at the beginning of November 1989 the training unit was asked to submit a proposal for training approximately 400 tax staff to type. There were a number of constraints in the brief. The training had to be tutor led, out of office hours, available in London and regionally and completed, in line with other software training, by the end of April 1990. Briefly, it recommended purchasing battery operated portable keyboards and training regional staff to train using these keyboards in the regions and trainers to train in London. Once it was known that the scheme would be extended to all tax fee-earning staff, a memo was sent to all computerization implementation managers, outlining the training programme and recommending their support.

The article focuses on validation studies, which represent an endangered species. Personnel Psychology stopped publishing the Validity Information Exchange in the mid 60's. Major research journals stopped accepting manuscripts describing orthodox validation studies because these studies did not seem to advance the field sufficiently to warrant the space they would take in the journal. Another cause for concern is the nature of work. It has changed substantially and will change still further in the next decade. Machine operator jobs have become machine-tending jobs. Secretarial positions have become word processing and data processing positions. The service industry has exploded; creating job titles that did not exist thirty years ago. Still another change is the nature of applicant populations. They are growing more diverse and this trend will continue through at least the next two decades since the aging work population is being replaced with a younger cadre reflecting greater proportions of women, blacks, Hispanics, and other traditionally underrepresented groups.

There exists a large and growing population of non computer professionals utilizing word processing software on personal computers. Noncomputer professional users of word processing technology are sometimes referred to as intermittent users. The purpose of this research was to understand the word processing characteristics and needs of this important group of users. We developed a mode that describes their word processing performance and carried out two contorted experiments. We found that intermittent users behave bike experts when executing a very somali set of routine tasks but tend to be quite novice-bike in most other tasks. Their editing behavior can be described as non optimal and relatively stable. Help systems and interface design are important factors of word processing technology that improve the performance of intermittent users. Our study indicates that intermittent users prefer and perform better with a menu-driven interface, in addition, we found that even a rudimentary help system can be a great aid to the intermittent user. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new generalized model for information transfer that has at its heart a machine- readable record. The model points out how the core machine-readable record makes possible interfacing computer typesetting with advanced information technology, the interfacing of primary with secondary publications, and the interfacing of data with document information systems. The model also illustrates how modular information transfer systems can be incrementally enlarged. IMPRINT (IMbricated PRogram for INformation Transfer) is one system based on this modular imbricated (overlapping) model. Some of the modules in IMPRINT, which have been developed by Cognitive Systems Incorporated, are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]