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The prevalence of smoking cessation in Indonesia was decreased from 5.4% (2010) to 4% (2013). This study aims to determine the relationship of external factors with successful smoking cessation among Indonesian adult. This is a cross sectional study using secondary data from "Global Adult Tobacco Survey" Indonesia 2011. A total of 3175 males and 235 females, aged 15+ years old were included in this study. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine external factors associated with successful smoking cessation. The proportion of smoking quitter is about 15.7 percent. The external factors associated with successful smoking cessation were informed about household smoking restriction (OR: 2.5, 95% CI: 0.9 - 7.6), exposure to smoking dangers in newspaper (OR: 1.5, 95%CI:0.7 - 3.1), and unexposed to cigarette advertisement in television (OR: 2.4 95%CI: 1.4 - 4.2). Being informed of household smoking restriction, cigarette harmful effect, and unexposed to cigarette advertisement were important factors in successful smoking cessation. Cigarette dangers effect campaign and restriction of cigarette advertisement may be beneficial in supporting successful smoking cessation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In this study, we experimentally tested 2 hypotheses regarding visual vaping cues in e-cigarette video advertisements on harm perceptions immediately following exposure (T1), and again, 2 weeks later (T2). The cognitive gateway hypothesis predicts that vaping cues will reduce vaping harm perceptions among e-cigarette users at T1, leading to lowered smoking harm perceptions at T2. In contrast, the cognitive roadblock hypothesis predicts that vaping cues will heighten smoking harm perceptions among smokers at T1, leading to increased vaping harm perceptions at T2. Methods: We conducted a 2-wave online experiment with 251 smokers or e-cigarette users recruited from students enrolled at a large midwestern university in 2016. Participants were randomized to view: (1) 5 e-cigarette ads containing vaping cues; (2) 5 e-cigarette ads without vaping cues; or (3) 5 bottled drink ads. Results: Findings support the cognitive roadblock hypothesis but not the gateway hypothesis. For current smokers, mediating effects of smoking harm perceptions at T1 were supported. Conclusions: E-cigarette advertisements with vaping portrayals can increase smokers' vaping harm perceptions indirectly by activating smoking harm perceptions, potentially deterring smokers from switching to a less harmful product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: E-cigarette advertisers know that 76% of youth use social media, yet little is known about the nature of e-cigarette advertising on social media most favored by youth. We utilized text-mining to characterize e-cigarette advertising and marketing messages from image-focused social media brand sites, and to construct and test an algorithm for predicting brand from brand-generated social media posts. Methods: Data comprised 5022 unique posts accompanied by an image from Facebook, Instagram or Pinterest e-cigarette brand pages for Blu, Logic, Metro, and NJOY from February 2012 to April 2015. Text-tokenization was used to quantify text for use as predictors in analyses. Results: Blu had the largest social media presence (65%), followed by Logic (16%), NJOY (12%) and Metro (7%). Blu's average post length was significantly shorter than all other brands. Words most commonly used in posts differed by brand. Regression analyses successfully differentiated Blu and NJOY brands from other brands. Conclusions: Analyses revealed e-cigarette brands used different types of messages to appeal to social media users. Whereas words used by Blu and NJOY sold a "lifestyle," words used by Logic and Metro relied on device and product identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although adolescents are a group heavily targeted by the e-cigarette industry, research in cue-reactivity has not previously examined adolescents' behavioral and neural responses to e-cigarette advertising. This study addressed this gap through two experiments. In Experiment One, adult traditional cigarette smokers (n = 41) and non-smokers (n = 41) answered questions about e-cigarette and neutral advertising images. The 40 e-cigarette advertising images that most increased desire to use the product were matched to 40 neutral advertising images with similar content. In Experiment Two, the 80 advertising images selected in Experiment One were presented to adolescents (n = 30) during an functional magnetic resonance imaging brain scan. There was a range of traditional cigarette smoking across the sample with some adolescents engaging in daily smoking and others who had never smoked. Adolescents self-reported that viewing the e-cigarette advertising images increased their desire to smoke. Additionally, all participants regardless of smoking statuses showed significantly greater brain activation to e-cigarette advertisements in areas associated with cognitive control (left middle frontal gyrus), reward (right medial frontal gyrus), visual processing/attention (left lingual gyrus/fusiform gyrus, right inferior parietal lobule, left posterior cingulate, left angular gyrus) and memory (right parahippocampus, left insula). Further, an exploratory analysis showed that compared with age-matched non-smokers (n = 7), adolescent smokers (n = 7) displayed significantly greater neural activation to e-cigarette advertising images in the left inferior temporal gyrus/fusiform gyrus, compared with their responses to neutral advertising images. Overall, participants' brain responses to e-cigarette advertisements suggest a need to further investigate the long-run impact of e-cigarette advertising on adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly all adult smokers first try cigarettes before age 18 years (1), and adolescents can show symptoms of nicotine dependence within days to weeks of the onset of occasional cigarette smoking (2). Having a usual cigarette brand among adolescent smokers could reflect exposure and receptivity to pro-tobacco advertising and tobacco product appeal (1). To identify usual cigarette brands smoked among U.S. middle and high school students who were current (past 30-day) cigarette smokers, CDC analyzed data from the 2012-2016 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS). Marlboro, Newport, and Camel were the most commonly reported brands smoked during 2012-2016; in 2016, these three were the brands usually smoked for 73.1% and 78.7% of current cigarette smokers in middle and high school, respectively. These three brands also were the three most commonly identified as having a "favorite cigarette ad" in 2012. Efforts to reduce youth exposure to pro-tobacco advertising could help reduce youth smoking (1,3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide an overview of the development of product placements within traditional and newer electronic media, followed by a critique of current regulations where they exist and highlight the challenges this form of brand promotion presents to regulators. We note the weaknesses in current theoretical perspectives on the way product placements impact more than awareness and argue that a failure to recognise the increasingly diverse nature of product placement within entertainment media content means that awareness campaigns and warnings regarding the presence of product placements are unlikely to be effective in countering any negative effects of the practice on vulnerable groups such as children and young adults. While we focus on the impact of product placement activity on children and young adults, using primarily the examples of alcohol and tobacco products, we also raise concerns regarding a failure to act on the presence of a number of harmful products that fall beyond the current list of restricted products even in countries where some form of specific regulation exists. In order to aid those considering the necessity for, or scope of, any future restrictions on this form of marketing communication, it is important to determine not only what is known, but what also needs to be determined about the impact of product placements across the range of existing and evolving communication channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The promotion of cigarette sales has created new opportunities for the development of commercial cigarettes. In the course of the development of cigarettes, logistics distribution is becoming more important. Many scholars at home and abroad are studying how to optimize the logistics distribution, aiming at further improving the delivery efficiency and minimizing the cost of logistics distribution. At this level, the most important thing is the research of vehicle routing problem. Based on the above background, this paper studies the theory of vehicle distribution and combines with practice, taking the logistics distribution route of a tobacco company logistics center as the research object. Aiming at the existing problems in the process of logistics distribution center vehicle, and considering the influence of vehicle delivery time constraints and the demand for goods produced in the time window of factors such as path selection, the author puts the above into consideration in order to solve the problems of mathematical model for vehicle routing problem with the aim of the logistics center construction. Finally, a genetic algorithm is designed to solve the problem, and the path optimization is realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We tested how various measures of e-cigarette advertising exposure and receptivity are related to each other and compare to each other in their associations with e-cigarette use susceptibility and behavior. Methods: Cross-sectional data were collected from young adult college students (N = 470; Mage = 20.9, SD = 2.1; 65% women). Measures of e-cigarette advertising exposure/receptivity compared included a cued recall measure, measures of marketing receptivity, perceived ad exposure, liking of e-cigarette ads, and frequency of convenience store visit, which is considered a measure of point-of-sale ad exposure. Results: The cued-recall measure was associated with e-cigarette use experimentation but not current e-cigarette use. Marketing receptivity was associated with current e-cigarette use but not e-cigarette use experimentation. Liking of e-cigarette ads was the only measure associated with e-cigarette use susceptibility. Frequency of convenience store visit was associated with current e-cigarette use but not e-cigarette use experimentation or susceptibility. Conclusion: Inclusion of multiple measures of marketing exposure and receptivity is recommended for regulatory research concerning e-cigarette marketing. Marketing receptivity and cued recall measures are strong correlates of current and ever e-cigarette use, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This research examines cigarette smokers' and e-cigarette users' product-related health-risk beliefs across tobacco products and considers the effects of addiction warnings on consumers' responses to persuasion attempts.Aims and Methods: Study 1 used a cross-sectional survey with a sample of 195 adult cigarette smokers, e-cigarette users, and dual users to examine health-risk beliefs associated with combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes (cancer, lung disease, stroke, heart disease, harm to an unborn baby, and addiction). Using a sample of 265 adult cigarette smokers, e-cigarette users, and dual users, Study 2 used a between-subjects experiment to examine the effects of an addiction warning presented in an advertisement on health-risk beliefs and willingness to try the promoted product.Results: Study 1 results reveal that health-risk beliefs for cigarettes are extremely high, whereas health-risk beliefs for e-cigarettes are lower and vary across specific health-risk beliefs; specifically, beliefs related to addiction and harm to an unborn baby are greater than other risk beliefs. Extending these findings, Study 2 results demonstrate that health-risk beliefs associated with cigarette smoking are not affected by an addiction warning in a cigarette advertisement. However, an addiction warning in an e-cigarette advertisement does modify e-cigarette-related risk beliefs, which, in turn, reduces consumers' willingness to try the promoted e-cigarette.Conclusions: Findings indicate that the addition of an addiction warning may be effective in changing consumers' risk beliefs associated with e-cigarettes and consumers' responses to e-cigarette persuasion attempts.Implications: By examining cigarette smokers' and e-cigarette users' product-related health-risk beliefs and considering the effects of an addiction warning on consumers' responses to persuasion attempts, this research contributes to the understanding of how warnings in tobacco promotion affect cigarette smokers', e-cigarette users', and dual users' health-risk beliefs and willingness to try promoted products. Specifically, findings show that health-risk beliefs associated with e-cigarettes can be modified using an addiction warning in an e-cigarette advertisement, whereas health-risk beliefs associated with combustible cigarettes are not influenced by an addiction warning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the background, creation and reception of a prominent cigarette advertising campaign from the early 1960s. The advertisements featured young couples falling in love as they shared Player's Medium cigarettes together. As such, the advertisements reflected the central place of the teenager within post-war British consumer culture. The campaign was built upon the insights of market research, particularly that carried out by Mark Abrams and his research organization Research Services Limited. Historians have played down the significance of Abrams's work, but it is argued here that the studies and reports Abrams produced rendered the teenage consumer knowable in a powerful way. Advertisers and manufacturers now had detailed knowledge about young people's consumption habits and their motivations. Such research helped the British tobacco industry formulate a controversial marketing strategy--the need to 'recruit' young people to the smoking habit--and the People Love Player's campaign was created with this in mind. The representations of love and gender included in the advertisements gave the campaign an emotional pull which was designed to resonate with young people. The advertisements were widely criticized and this drove the British tobacco industry to remove from its advertising appeals which might influence the young, such as love. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given plans to extend its regulatory authority to e-cigarettes, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) urgently needs to understand how e-cigarettes are perceived by the public.Objectives: To examine how smoking status impacts adult perceptions and expectations of e-cigarettes.Methods: We used Mechanical Turk (MTurk), a "crowdsourcing" platform, to rapidly survey a large (n = 796; female = 381; male = 415), diverse sample of adult ever (44%) and never smokers (56%), including ever (28%) and never (72%) users of e-cigarettes.Results: Smokers and non-smokers learned about e-cigarettes primarily through the internet and conversations with others. Ever smokers were more likely than never smokers, and female current smokers were more likely than female former smokers, to have learned about e-cigarettes from point of sale advertising (p's < 0.05) and to believe that e-cigarettes help smokers quit (ps < 0.05). Among never users of e-cigarettes, current smokers were more likely than never smokers and former smokers to report that they would try e-cigarettes in the future (ps < 0.01). Current smokers' top reason for wanting to try e-cigarettes was to quit or reduce smoking (56%), while never and former smokers listed curiosity. In contrast, female current smokers' top reason for not trying e-cigarettes was health and safety concerns (44%) while males were deterred by expense (44%).Conclusions: Adult smokers and non-smokers have different perceptions and expectations of e-cigarettes. Public health messages regarding e-cigarettes may need to be tailored separately for persons with and without a history of using conventional cigarettes. Tailoring messages by gender within smoker groups may also improve their impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have gained popularity in the United States, and marketers are using advertising to recruit new users to their products. Despite outright bans on traditional cigarette advertisements, e-cigarettes have no specific regulations. This study uses framing theory to explore the themes in e-cigarette advertisements. Also, practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses a qualitative content analysis research study regarding the unique selling propositions (USPs) that are used in tobacco print advertising in order to convince customers to use a particular brand or product, and it mentions various advertisements for cigarettes, moist snuff tobacco items, and cigars. Advertising themes involving enjoyment and pleasure are examined, along with high end products and masculinity in advertising.

The article presents information on legal developments in marketing relative to the regulation of unfair competition. In regard to advertising, the article discusses Federal Trade Commission v. Donald P. Carter et al. and the court's enforcement of U.S. Federal Trade Commission's (FTC) subpoenas for information from cigarette manufacturers and their advertising agencies as they relate to cigarette advertising and promotion. The court did not enforce subpoenas against two research firms. Regarding nonadvertising promotional methods, the article discusses U.S. FTC action against Fedders Corp. for a recall against defective products that "caused economic injury to consumers." This is the first FTC case dealing with economic injury, and the first to provide restitution for this reason.

The article presents information on legal developments in marketing relative to the regulation of unfair competition. In regards to advertising, the author cites the case of J. B. Williams Co. Inc. and Parkson Advertising Agency Inc. v. United States Federal Trade Commission (F.T.C.), in which the issue of proprietary drug advertising is discussed. Also discussed is an F.T.C. report on cigarette advertising. The F.T.C. believes that the warning labels on packages of cigarettes do not succeed in overcoming the favorable attitude toward smoking at the time of publication.

The article offers news briefs related to addiction and addiction research. President Barack Obama signed the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act (CARA) into law in July 2016. A proposal to regulate tobacco advertising in Switzerland was rejected by the Health Committee of the Swiss senate in April 2016. The periodical "National Post" has reported that there were 474 drug-related overdose deaths in British Columbia (BC) in Canada in 2015.

Background: Traditional cigarette advertising has existed in the US for over 200 years. Studies suggest that advertising has an impact on the initiation and maintenance of smoking behaviors. In recent years, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) emerged on the market as an alternative to the traditional tobacco cigarette. The purpose of this study was to describe advertisements in popular US magazines marketed to women for cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Methods: This study involved analyzing 99 issues of 14 popular US magazines marketed to women. Results: Compared to advertisements for traditional cigarettes, advertisements for e-cigarettes were more often found in magazines geared toward the 31-40-year-old audience (76.5% vs. 53.1%, P = 0.011) whereas traditional cigarette advertisements were nearly equally distributed among women 31-40 and ≥40 years. More than three-quarters of the e-cigarette advertisements presented in magazines aimed at the higher median income households compared to a balanced distribution by income for traditional cigarettes (P = 0.033). Conclusions: Future studies should focus on specific marketing tactics used to promote e-cigarette use as this product increases in popularity, especially among young women smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curiosity is a potential risk factor for electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use, which has increased considerably among US youth in recent years. We examined the relationship between curiosity about e-cigarettes and perceived harm, comparative addictiveness, and e-cigarette advertisement exposure. Data came from the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey, a nationally representative survey of U.S. middle and high school students. In 2014, 2.5% of middle school and 9.2% of high school students currently used cigarettes, while 3.9% of middle school and 13.4% of high school students reported current e-cigarette use. Among never e-cigarette users (n=17,286), descriptive statistics assessed curiosity about e-cigarettes by combustible tobacco use, sex, race/ethnicity, and school level. Associations between curiosity and perceived harm (absolute and comparative to cigarettes), comparative addictiveness, and e-cigarette advertising exposure were explored using multivariate models in 2015. Among youth who never used e-cigarettes, 25.8% reported curiosity about e-cigarettes. Higher levels of perceived absolute harm and comparative harm were associated with lower levels of curiosity, while no association was observed between comparative addictiveness and curiosity. Among never combustible tobacco users, the odds of high curiosity were greater among non-Hispanic blacks (odds ratio (OR): 1.39; 95% confidence interval (CI):1.02-1.88), Hispanics (OR=1.79; 95% CI:1.48-2.16), and non-Hispanic 'Other' (OR=1.47; 95% CI:1.15-1.89) race/ethnicities than non-Hispanic whites. One-quarter of middle and high school students who have never used e-cigarettes are curious about the products, with greater curiosity among those with lower perceptions of harm from these products. These findings may help inform future strategies aimed at reducing curiosity about e-cigarettes among youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Many e-cigarette advertisements (ads) are reminiscent of ads for cigarettes. This study explored the effects of e-cigarette ad exposure among former smokers in 2 countries with different e-cigarette regulation contexts. Methods: In an online study, 408 US and 405 Australian former smokers from survey panels were randomized to one of 14 e-cigarette or 2 control ads. Analyses examined effects of ad condition, and interactions by country and relapse susceptibility. Results: Effects were generally consistent across countries. Compared to control ads, those exposed to e-cigarette ads not only were more likely to have some urge or susceptibility to use e-cigarettes, but also were more likely to be reminded of smoking and have some desire to smoke cigarettes; US former smokers were less likely to be confident to abstain from smoking. These effects were especially pronounced among those susceptible to relapse. E-cigarette ad exposure was not associated with estimates of e-cigarette prevalence or perceptions of quitting ease. Conclusions: Exposure to e-cigarette ads can increase former smokers' desire to smoke and weaken their confidence to abstain. Regulators may need to consider the potential population impact of allowing former smokers to be exposed repeatedly to e-cigarette advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In India, a 2003 law ("COPTA") banned tobacco advertising with the exception of "point of sale" and "on-pack" advertising. Given substantial evidence regarding the impact of point of sale advertising (PoS), we analyzed the prevalence of encountering such advertising in Mumbai, India. Methods: A survey was conducted of 199 current and recent former tobacco users recruited at the Tata Memorial Hospital (Mumbai). Enrollees were queried regarding their exposure to tobacco advertising in the last 30 days through multiple media sources. Descriptive epidemiologic techniques were used to characterize the data. Results: Overall, 95% of participants were men and 5% were women (mean age=49 years). All were current tobacco users or quit using all forms of tobacco in the last 60 days. Participants' responses revealed that PoS tobacco advertising had been encountered in the last 30 days for cigarettes (61%), bidis (54%), and smokeless tobacco (59%). Other forms of tobacco advertising were virtually non-existent. Conclusions: PoS tobacco advertising remains prominent and highly visible to consumers in Mumbai, India, indicating corporate exploitation of a loophole in the COPTA legislation. Given the observed compliance with the currently imposed bans, revisions of COPTA to include all forms of tobacco promotion and advertising would be impactful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We examined the effects of comparative framing (C-F; ads highlighting differences between the advertised product and conventional cigarettes and/or smokeless tobacco products) versus similarity framing (S-F; ads highlighting congruence with conventional cigarettes and/or smokeless tobacco products) in e-cigarette and snus ads on young adult smokers' and non-smokers' ad- and product-related perceptions. Methods: Overall, 1051 young adults (18-24 years; 76% women; 50% smokers) from existing consumer panels were recruited in a withinsubjects quasi-experiment. Each participant viewed 4 online advertisements, varied by tobacco product type (e-cigarette or snus) and ad framing (C-F or S-F). Results: Former and current smokers rated C-F ads as more persuasive than S-F ads, as evidenced by favorable ad perceptions and high product use intentions. Former and current smokers also rated e-cigarette ads with more favorable ad perceptions, low absolute and comparative risk perceptions, high product appeal, and high product use intentions as compared to snus ads. Conclusions: Unless FDA regulates e-cigarette and snus advertising, there is a potential of decreasing risk perceptions and increasing use of e-cigarettes among young adults. Further research on implicit/explicit comparative claims in e-cigarettes and snus advertisements that encourage risk misperceptions is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advertisements are a very effective medium to reach the masses. As liquor and cigarette advertisements had direct influence on consumers' purchasing behavior, such ads have been banned in India since 1995. Soon after this, the Cable TV Regulation Act also banned liquor and cigarette advertisements; thus, the banned brands and products gradually adopted surrogate advertisements, i.e. a form of advertising which is used to promote banned products, like cigarettes and alcohol, in the disguise of another product. In India there are many companies doing surrogate advertising, from Bacardi Blast music CDs, Bagpiper Club Soda to Officers Choice playing cards. There are a number of reasons for companies to use surrogate advertising. One of the most common reasons is to circumvent a ban on direct advertisements of particular products. This paper will study the impact of Surrogate advertisements on youth. Is the youth identifying the original product being advertised and will they purchase the original product by viewing such advertisements? Is the young generation also fascinated by the celebrities endorsing such events and products? For example, Ranveer Singh and ArjunKapoor have been endorsing India's premier alcohol brand Royal Stag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calfee and Ringold's 1992 article "The Cigarette Advertising Controversy: Assumptions about Consumers, Regulation, and Scientific Debate" (Advances in Consumer Research) rejected the prevailing view that advertising is a powerful influence that consumers are ill prepared to resist, discussed the pervasive desire to supplant consumer judgments with those of regulators, and criticized the common substitution of ad hominem attacks for reasoned arguments. In this article, I argue that scientific inquiry in the public interest must begin with a genuine respect for human autonomy, an appreciation of the fallibility of scientists and scientific inquiry, an understanding of consumer competence, and cognizance of both market and regulatory failures. We should explicitly consider the net impact of regulatory means and ends, and judge one another's assumptions, arguments, and evidence on the merits. To do anything less is to diminish the integrity and relevance of scientific research necessary to formulate public policy that enhances general welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]