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To find out the effect of the rare earth doping element Holmium (Ho) on CuInS2 thin films, various studies have been carried out and the results have been reported in this paper. The PL study shows that intensity of doped film is more than undoped film. The PL emission peak appears at 570–580 nm. SEM images of CIS:Ho (4 ml) film shows agglomeration on the surface. Both synthesized film of CuInS2 appears to be amorphous in nature with chalcopyrite structure as clear from XRD. Hall measurement and optical studies were also performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geological structural patterns and hydrothermal alteration zones of Atauro Island, Timor-Leste, which are influenced by the collision mechanism between the Banda Arc and the Australian Continent, are the subject of this study. The study identifies fault types and alteration zones through stereographic analysis. It indicates the possibility of mineralisation in the area. Four alteration zones were identified in this study: argillic, Propylitic, calcosite, and geotite. The analysis results show that left-striking and normal faulting were essential in forming these zones. The mineralisation zones, mainly chalcopyrite and chalcocite, are related to the north-northeast trending left horizontal Fault. In addition, this study suggests additional research that includes mineralogy, geochemical, and geophysical analyses to understand more about the characteristics of hydrothermal alteration zones and possible mineralisation on Atauro Island. The results of this study are expected to improve our understanding of mineral resources in the region, and it is suggested that this information be considered by authorities responsible for the management of potential natural resources on Atauro Island, Timor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The difference in chalcopyrite's primary ore-hosting rocks (dolomite and carbonaceous slate) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo results in an extremely uneven grain size distribution. Additionally, the presence of 2.21% organic carbon in the gangue impacts flotation efficiency. To address these challenges, ore properties were analyzed using the Mineral Liberation Analyzer (MLA), X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), and microscopy. Flotation process was modified to incorporate a "middlings regrinding" processing, utilizing PDEC (an alkyne-based thioester collector, prop-2-yn-1-yl diethylcarbamodithioate) as the collector for experimental studies. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations elucidated the interaction mechanism of PDEC on chalcopyrite's surface. The MLA analysis indicates that chalcopyrite is mainly found in medium to fine grains, with the presence of fine-grained copper minerals smaller than 0.04mm accounting for 16.29% of the sample. This implies that these minerals require fine grinding for effective separation. Despite interference from organic carbon, PDEC demonstrates remarkable selectivity and efficiency in chalcopyrite flotation. By employing the "middlings regrinding" flotation method, a concentrate with a Cu content of 26.79% and a recovery of 87.88% was achieved, representing an increase of 0.17% in Cu grade and 4.09% in recovery rate compared to the conventional flotation process. DFT analysis demonstrates that the S 3p orbitals in carbon-sulfur double bond of PDEC and the C 2p orbitals in its acetylene group significantly affect its collection efficiency, engaging in hybridization with the Fe 3d orbitals on the surface of chalcopyrite, thereby facilitating a robust bonding interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources / Kuangchan Zonghe Liyong is the property of Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Professor Joseph "Joe" Greene taught me a great deal about research, leadership, and how to succeed. He was a mentor and a tireless advocate for me over the course of my career. This article summarizes some of the work that my research group carried out, inspired by Prof. Greene but not in direct collaboration with him. Three examples of these efforts are provided, epitaxial growth of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) on GaAs by sputter deposition, synthesis of Cu-Mo metastable alloys by sputter deposition, and recrystallization of CIGS deposited at high rates by treatment with metal halides. These works were carried out with many collaborators who are acknowledged in the description of the research carried out by them and in the references where full details can be found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chalcopyrite compound CuGa(In)Te2 has garnered significant attention due to its safe elemental composition and high thermoelectric potential. Optimizing the carrier concentration and reducing the lattice thermal conductivity of CuGa(In)Te2 can significantly enhance its thermoelectric performance. In this mini-review, we analyze the electronic and phonon structures of CuGa(In)Te2, summarize and categorize the representative methods employed in recent years to improve its thermoelectric performance. Our analysis reveals that reducing thermal conductivity has a more significant impact on enhancing the ZT value of CuGa(In)Te2 compared to increasing the power factor. In conclusion, we outline potential challenges and provide a brief outlook, offering valuable insights into the design of CuGa(In)Te2 chalcopyrite compounds as high-performance thermoelectric materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative leaching, as a basic step of the hydrometallurgical process of pure copper production from chalcopyrite, is a slow process in which mineral acids with strong oxidants addition are usually used as a leaching medium. It was found experimentally that the copper leaching from chalcopyrite in the H2SO4–H2O2–H2O system, in the presence of isopropanol (IPA) and under other conditions (H2O2 concentration, rate of mixing and temperature), takes place with satisfactory rate and efficiency. To quantify how much the change of these crucial variables affects the rate of the process, experimentally obtained kinetic curves (conversion over time) were analyzed using a Shrinking Core Model (SCM). The determined values of the copper leaching rate constants (kobs) confirmed the positive influence of increasing IPA and H2O2 concentrations as well as the temperature on the kinetics and efficiency of the leaching. The kinetic studies were also supported by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and adsorption measurements. The positive influence of IPA was explained by its stabilizing role for iron compounds (hematite, magnetite, and pyrite), which are catalysts during the Cu dissolution, as well as H2O2 protection from decomposition during free radical reactions. Finally, the optimal conditions for efficient leaching, the rate-limiting step as well as the mechanism suggestion of the copper dissolution, were given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ternary chalcopyrite compound cupper indium disulfide (CuInS2)‐based photovoltaic cells are designed and numerically computed. In this design, n‐CdS and p++‐MoS2 have been used as window and back surface field (BSF) layers, respectively. The modeled n‐CdS/p‐CuInS2/p++‐MoS2 device provides power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.6% with JSC of 26.98 mA cm−2, VOC of 1.05 V, and fill factor (FF) of 86.93%. This efficiency is ≈60% higher the than n‐CdS/p‐CuInS2 single heterostructure. Furthermore, the use of a second CuInSe2 (CIS) absorber layer between CuInS2 absorber and MoS2 BSF layer significantly enhances the short‐circuit current. As a result, the current expressively improves to 38.48 mA cm−2, yielding an efficiency of 32.4%. The greater built‐in potential in absorber/BSF interface is attributed to the high JSC and VOC, causing the increment of efficiency. Besides, the photon management by Bragg reflector with 90% back and front reflectance recycling effect further increases the PCE to 36.1%. This work indicates the prospects of CuInS2 solar cells with a CuInSe2 current augmenter and MoS2 BSF layers for the fabrication of efficient CuInS2 solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction is a promising solution to meet future energy demand due to the sustainable production of hydrogen via water electrolysis. The development of copper nickel sulfide (CuNiS) electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) relies on robust active sites without degradation. However, the performance of CuNiS depends on the nature of sulfur precursors and complexing agents since the copper and sulfur oxidation states determine the adsorption and release of H 2. The CuNiS synthesized with thioacetamide and 3-mercaptopropionic acid as sulfur source and complexing agent, respectively, at 100°C for 10h delivered a lower overpotential of −96 mV to achieve a current density of −10 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH electrolyte. The positive and negative shifts in binding energy peaks of Ni and S, respectively, caused charge redistribution and charge transfer between metals and S. The transfer of electrons from Ni to Cu atoms decreases the hydrogen binding energy and accelerates the H ad desorption process, which leads to the subsequent formation of H 2. Moreover, the negative shift in S improves the electron occupation, which helps with proton adsorption and the release of H 2. [Display omitted] • Pyrite CuNiS grown on nickel foam (NF) by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. • CuNiS with thioacetamide and 3-mercaptopropionic acid has high catalytic activity. • For HER, CuNiS/NF electrode requires only 96 mV overpotential to reach 10 mA cm−2. • Tafel slope was evaluated from the steady state chronoamperometry (CA) technique. • CuNiS/NF-100oC-10h catalyst shows excellent HER stability at 100 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript presents a model and simulation of the copper chalcopyrite semiconductor CuGaSe2 in order to predict its magnetic properties. In the semiconductor material CuGaSe2 (CGS), the atom Cu is the only magnetic element with a magnetic moment value S = 1/2. We propose a Hamiltonian to calculate the energies corresponding to different configurations of the system. In a first step, we presented the magnetization behavior by using the Monte Carlo simulations (MCS). The magnetizations as a function of the temperature, the exchange coupling have been studied and discussed. We have also deduced and studied the magnetic susceptibilities. To complete this study, we have established and discussed the magnetic hysteresis loops of the studied compound. Finally, we have calculated the corresponding critical exponents and compared them with the standard 3D Ising model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the leaching conditions of chalcopyrite/pyrite concentrate were optimized by sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal leaching conditions were found to be a sulfuric acid concentration of 150 g/L, a hydrogen peroxide volume of 350 mL, a temperature of 80 °C, a leaching time of 8h and a solid–liquid ratio of 0.52 g/mL. After analysis of variance (ANOVA), the sulfuric acid concentration and temperature were the most significant process variables for the leaching concentrations of both copper and iron. Under the optimum conditions, the recovery of copper and iron was 81.83% and 67.57%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In mineral processing, arsenic-bearing minerals are particularly difficult to separate from their non-arsenic counterparts because they possess similar surface properties. Peptides are well known for their target specificity and can offer a 'green' alternative to traditional flotation reagents. However, the use of peptide technologies in mineral processing for developing novel flotation reagents has not been explored. Hence, this work aims to develop a screening method to identify mineral-binding peptides as potential reagent candidates. It is hypothesised that peptides can selectively adsorb onto mineral surfaces, and this method can efficiently identify mineral-binding peptides with high specificity toward the target minerals. The methodology presented involves a selection of peptide candidates from existing literature that show affinity toward arsenic species. These peptides were tested for their adsorption performance onto selected mineral surfaces to evaluate their mineral selectivity under flotation conditions. The study demonstrates that the screening method developed is effective in identifying peptides that have an affinity for target minerals, in this case, arsenic minerals. The screening method can be applied to other minerals, thus, unlocking the potential for developing new reagent chemistries for use in mineral processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galvanic interactions present alternative strategies to achieve a more efficient Cu dissolution from CuFeS2. The present work studied the interaction between chalcopyrite–magnetite (CuFeS2-Fe3O4) in acidified ferric sulphate Fe2(SO4)3-H2SO4 at a solution pH of 1.8 and a temperature of 25 or 50 °C. The addition of Fe3O4 to CuFeS2 forms a galvanic couple, which positively impacts the dissolution of Cu. The results showed that the presence of Fe3O4 led to high and fast Cu dissolution rates and decreased significantly the activation energy, from 83 to 57 kJ/mol. In addition to that, the solid residues revealed that CuFeS2 dissolution produced intermediate Cu-S-rich phases: CuS, Cu2S and Cu5FeS4, which appeared to envelop CuFeS2, had no observable intermediate phase while in the presence of Fe3O4. The results showed that 94% of Cu could be recovered after 5 h of leaching at 50 °C at a Fe3O4/CuFeS2 ratio of 4:1 and a 460 mV Ag/AgCl solution potential. The findings of this study present an option for efficient Cu dissolution from CuFeS2 in ferric sulphate at atmospheric pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the results of a two-stage autoclave processing of a copper–arsenic concentrate. Copper concentrate is an important raw material to produce copper and other metals. However, in some cases, the concentrate may contain increased amounts of arsenic, which makes further processing difficult. Therefore, the development of modern hydrometallurgical methods for processing copper concentrate with a high arsenic content is an urgent task, which could lead to the optimization of the raw material processing process and the improvement of the quality of the concentrate. It has been established that the optimal conditions for the sequential two-stage autoclave processing of copper–arsenic concentrate are: t = 220–225 °C, τoxidation = 20 min, τtot = 90 min, Po2 = 0.4 MPa, and L:S = 10:1, [H2SO4]initial = 40 g/dm3; in this case, 85% of zinc, 44% of iron, and 78% of arsenic, respectively, are extracted into the solution during both stages and the loss of copper was about 0.01%. This is explained by the fact that at the first stage (oxidation) of the autoclave processing of the copper–arsenic concentrate, copper, together with iron, leaches into the solution, and at the second stage (reduction), copper precipitates out of the solution in the form of chalcocite. Copper in the residue after autoclave leaching is in the form of Cu2S, iron is in the form of pyrite (FeS2), and lead is in the form of anglesite (PbSO4), respectively. The obtained micrographs and EDX mappings clearly show no iron arsenates. This confirms that at the oxidative stage of the developed process, arsenic, removed by 78%, remains in the solution. The remaining arsenic is associated with tennantite, indicating the effectiveness of the treatment process in removing arsenic from the copper–arsenic concentrate. A second important observation is the presence of pronounced areas of copper sulfides in the microphotos without iron and arsenic impurities. This confirms that copper is deposited as chalcocite during the reduction phase of the process, which is the desired result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient separation of chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and galena (PbS) is essential for optimal resource utilization. However, finding a selective depressant that is environmentally friendly and cost effective remains a challenge. Through various techniques, such as microflotation tests, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy measurements, this study explored the use of ferric ions (Fe3+) as a selective depressant for galena. The results of flotation tests revealed the impressive selective inhibition capabilities of Fe3+ when used alone. Surface analysis showed that Fe3+ significantly reduced the adsorption of isopropyl ethyl thionocarbamate (IPETC) on the galena surface while having a minimal impact on chalcopyrite. Further analysis using SEM, XPS, and Raman spectra revealed that Fe3+ can oxidize lead sulfide to form compact lead sulfate nanoparticles on the galena surface, effectively depressing IPETC adsorption and increasing surface hydrophilicity. These findings provide a promising solution for the efficient and environmentally responsible separation of chalcopyrite and galena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Talc is a naturally hydrophobic mineral. Its separation from sulfide minerals is a tough issue in froth flotation. In this study, calcium lignosulphonate (CLS) was introduced as a talc depressant during sodium isobutyl xanthate (SIBX) flotation of chalcopyrite. The micro-flotation findings showed that under pH 5.0–10.5, the combination application of CLS and SIBX achieved a selective flotation separation of chalcopyrite from talc. The results of zeta potential, contact angle, adsorption capacity and in-situ AFM deduced that both talc and chalcopyrite exhibited a favorable affinity toward CLS, and SIBX hardly changed the adsorption of CLS on talc surface, while significantly reduced that on chalcopyrite. The Ca2+ ions of CLS played a bridging role in connecting lignosulphonate (LS) anions and the negatively charged Si-O layers through electrostatic attraction, which transformed talc surface from hydrophobicity into hydrophilicity. The Cl− ions weakened the adsorption of LS anions on the Ca2+-modified talc surface, and the adsorption affinity of Na+ ion toward the Si-O layers was much weaker than that of Ca2+ ion. Thus, CLS exhibited the strongest depression against talc’s floatability, followed by CaCl2 + SLS (sodium lignosulphonate), and then SLS. SIBX chemisorbed on to chalcopyrite via forming the surface Cu-IBX complexes, which removed the adsorbed LS anions and recovered the floatability of chalcopyrite. The CLS-hydrophilized talc and SIBX-hydrophobized chalcopyrite exhibited the different surface wettability, and they both loaded negative charges, which prevented the aggregation of their particles, resulting in a highly efficient flotation separation chalcopyrite from talc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient and eco-friendly technologies are required to reduce the environmental effects of the beneficiation plants. Recently, there has been an interest in environmentally friendly alternative depressants. This study explored the effects of various depressants (AERO633, AERO7260, DP3124, DP3125, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), Cyquest4000, and sodium silicate) on chalcopyrite flotation. The experimental results indicated that AERO7260 has the best effect on chalcopyrite flotation, and the dosage is 50 g/t, it can improve the chalcopyrite recovery up to 93.35% as well as chalcopyrite grade up to 36.97%. Meanwhile, AERO7260 had an obvious depression effect on pyrite, reducing pyrite grade to 61.10% and pyrite recovery to 3.35%. Given its low reagent dosage and high selectivity, AERO7260 is a promising depressant that can be used for chalcopyrite flotation. The use of organic depressants will significantly aid the transition to ecologically friendly and sustainable processes. This study shows that organic depressants in chalcopyrite flotation can replace the existing inorganic depressants used in the depression of gangue minerals and that metals can be recovered at high performance by processing appropriately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • CuFeS 2 -DMST nanocomposite was synthesized via hydrothermal method. • CuFeS 2 -based nanocomposites showed high photocatalytic activities. • Persulfate-based systems were most effective than photocatalytic systems. • O 2 ●- and h+ were the main ROSs for SMX degradation. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a prevalent sulfonamide antibiotic found in the environment, and it has a variety of detrimental effects on environmental sustainability and water safety. Recently, the combination of photocatalysis and sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) has attracted a lot of interest as a viable technique for degradation of refractory pollutants. In this study, a visible light active CuFeS 2 supported on dendritic mesoporous silica-titania (CuFeS 2 -DMST) photocatalyst was synthesized to improve the ability of TiO 2 to activate persulfate (PS) by introducing CuFeS 2 (Fe2+/Fe3+, Cu+/Cu2+ redox cycles). The CuFeS 2 -DMST/PS/Vis system demonstrated superior SMX degradation efficiency (88.9%, 0.0146 min−1) than TiO 2 because of reduced e-/h+ recombination, excellent charge separation and mobility, and a greater surface area than TiO 2. Furthermore, after four consecutive photocatalytic cycles, the system demonstrated moderate stability. From chemical quenching tests, O 2 ●-, h+, 1O 2 , SO 4 ●- and ●OH were found to be the main reactive oxidizing species. The formed intermediates during the degradation process were identified, and degradation mechanisms were proposed. This study proposes a viable technique for activating PS using a low-cost, stable, and high-surface-area TiO 2 -based photocatalyst, and this concept can be applied to design photocatalysts for water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have performed a study on the optical properties of single crystals ZnGa2S4 by method of density functional theory (DFT) and ellipsometry measurements. The calculated results for the real ε r and imaginary ε i parts of the dielectric function are compared with the measured experimental spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) spectra in the 0.7–6.5 eV spectral region. Absorption coefficient-photon energy dependency revealed the existence of direct bandgap transitions with energy 3.5 eV. This result is very close to bandgap obtained from our theoretical calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have performed a study on the optical properties of single crystals ZnGa2S4 by method of density functional theory (DFT) and ellipsometry measurements. The calculated results for the real ε r and imaginary ε i parts of the dielectric function are compared with the measured experimental spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) spectra in the 0.7–6.5 eV spectral region. Absorption coefficient-photon energy dependency revealed the existence of direct bandgap transitions with energy 3.5 eV. This result is very close to bandgap obtained from our theoretical calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To assess the effectiveness of Bacillus subtilis strain LN8B as a biocollector for recovering pyrite (Py) and chalcopyrite (CPy) in both seawater (Sw) and deionized water (Dw), and to explore the underlying adhesion mechanism in these bioflotation experiments. Materials and Methods The bioflotation test utilized B. subtilis strain LN8B as the biocollector through microflotation experiments. Additionally, frother methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) and conventional collector potassium amyl xanthate (PAX) were introduced in some experiments. The zeta potential (ZP) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to explore the adhesion mechanism of Py and CPy interacting with the biocollector in Sw and Dw. The adaptability of the B. subtilis strain to different water types and salinities was assessed through growth curves measuring optical density. Finally, antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted to evaluate potential risks of the biocollector. Results Superior outcomes were observed in Sw where Py and CPy recovery was ∼39.3% ± 7.7% and 41.1% ± 5.8%, respectively, without microorganisms' presence. However, B. subtilis LN8B potentiate Py and CPy recovery, reaching 72.8% ± 4.9% and 84.6% ± 1.5%, respectively. When MIBC was added, only the Py recovery was improved (89.4% ± 3.6%), depicting an adverse effect for CPy (81.8% ± 1.1%). ZP measurements indicated increased mineral surface hydrophobicity when Py and CPy interacted with the biocollector in both Sw and Dw. FTIR revealed the presence of protein-related amide peaks, highlighting the hydrophobic nature of the bacterium. The adaptability of this strain to diverse water types and salinities was assessed, demonstrating remarkable growth versatility. Antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated that B. subtilis LN8B was susceptible to 23 of the 25 antibiotics examined, suggesting it poses minimal environmental risks. Conclusions The study substantiates the biotechnological promise of B. subtilis strain LN8B as an efficient sulfide collector for promoting cleaner mineral production. This effectiveness is attributed to its ability to induce mineral surface hydrophobicity, a result of the distinct characteristics of proteins within its cell wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the internal relationship between the roughing index ol chalcopyrite and the ultrasonic modilication ol sodium silicate, the Ilotation test of actual chalcopyrite minerals was carried out with ultrasonic pretreated sodium silicate as the regulator. The pH value,viscosity and infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the ultrasonic pretreatment ol sodium silicate solution properties and pulp turbidity. The results showed that the roughing recovery ol the chalcopyrite was sensitive to the perlormance ol ultrasonic modilied sodium silicate. The recovery ol chalcopyrite by a sodium silicate treatment time ol 15 min was 85. 33%, which was 9. 31 % higher than that ol the unmodified sodium silicate. Ultrasonic pretreatment can reduce the pH value of the sodium silicate solution, and reduce the viscosity by 0. 36% ,which was benelicial to the dispersion ol sodium silicate in the slurry. In addition, ultrasonic pretreatment can also change the proportion ol water molecules and the composition ol sodium silicate functional groups in the sodium silicate solution, and increase the relative ratio ol Iree water hydroxyl groups in the pretreated sodium silicate solution to Si OH in H2SiO3 by 7. 81 % and 1.02% respectively. The increase ol Iree water component was benelicial to improving the hydrophobicity and Ilotation ellect of the chalcopyrite,increasing Si OH component in the ellective component H2SiO3 ol sodium silicate, and strengthening the dispersion of slime to a certain extent, thus improving the recovery ol copper in roughing operation. This research has certain relerence signilicance lor the application ol ultrasonic technology in the field of non-Ierrous metal Ilotation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, research on promoting the dissolution of chalcopyrite is important. As a natural symbiotic mineral of chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite will have an impact on the dissolution of chalcopyrite. This paper shows the influence of arsenopyrite on the dissolution of chalcopyrite in an acidic culture medium. The leaching results showed that adding arsenopyrite increased the leaching concentration of copper by 332 mg/L. The residues showed a decrease in sulfur through X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and an increase in dissolution degree through scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electrochemical experiments have shown that the rest potential of arsenopyrite is higher than that of chalcopyrite, so there is a galvanic interaction, and the impact on chalcopyrite is greater than that of arsenopyrite. The polarization curve also proves this. Under the interaction of galvanic couples, the reduction of S0 production and the enhancement of Cu2+ release can promote the dissolution of chalcopyrite. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) analysis under the action of galvanic coupling indicates that more SO42− is generated on the surface of chalcopyrite, replacing Sn2−/S0, and SEM shows a stronger corrosion morphology. All results confirm that the electrochemical effect between arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite promotes the dissolution of chalcopyrite in the acidic culture medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new strain of Leptospirillum sp. Ksh-L was isolated from a dump-bioleaching system of the Kashen copper-molybdenum mine (South Caucasus). Ksh-L is an obligate chemolithoautotroph, capable of oxidizing ferrous iron (Fe2+). Cells are Gram-negative and vibrio- or spirillum-shaped of a 0.5–3 µm size. The optimal conditions for the growth are 35 °C and pH 1.6–1.8. Cu2+ and Zn2+ have different effects on the oxidizing ability of the Leptospirillum sp. Ksh-L culture depending on the phase of growth and concentration of Fe2+. Under the conditions of gradually increasing the concentration of copper in the medium, during 4–5 successive subculturing experiments, it was possible to obtain an adapted culture of Leptospirillum sp. Ksh-L, capable of growing in the medium in the presence of up to 400 mM Cu2+. A bioleaching experiment indicates that Ksh-L can efficiently oxidize chalcopyrite. However, the bioleaching of copper from chalcopyrite by Leptospirillum ferrodiazotropum Ksh-L increased about 1.8 times in association with At. thiooxidans ATCC 19377. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences (GenBank ID ON226845) shows that strain Ksh-L forms a single cluster into Group III. The strain possesses 99.59%, 99.52%, and 96.60% sequence similarity with the strains YTW-96-06, YTW-66-06, and Leptospirillum ferrodiazotrophum 5C in Group III, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study area is located in the Çorum province in the North-Central part of Turkey. In the Çorum region various continental blocks are found together. Devecidağ Complex, Artova Ophiolite Complex, Alacahöyük, Bayat, Kızılırmak, Dodurga and Bozkır formations and Dededağ granitoid and quartz veins are exposed in the vicinity of the study area. Extremely altered volcanic rocks, andesitebasalt- trachyte and tuffs, are observed near the mineralization. The silica veins associated with the mineralization crop out in NE-SW direction southeast of Şaphane village. Pyrite, hematite, limonite, chalcopyrite, galena and gold are the major ore minerals within the quartz veins. Fluid inclusion studies show that hydrothermal solutions contain several salts such as NaCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2, the salinity values (wt.% NaCl) changed between 8% and 0.5% in quartz, from 7.4 and 1.4% in calcite, and the temperature of the ore forming solutions varied between 161 and 395°C. Microthermometric results indicate that the mineralization in the region is associated with quartz veins and formed under epithermal-mesothermal conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of investigations into enrichment of precious metals in sphalerite and pyrite from the Maluntou epithermal gold deposit, China, are reported. The obtained data suggest intimate associations of Au- and Ag-bearing nanoparticles with chalcopyrite inclusions in sphalerite and pyrite. The origins of chalcopyrite inclusions involved different hydrothermal processes, including recrystallization-driven phase separation from parent chalcopyrite-sphalerite solid solutions and replacement of pre-existing pyrite in the presence of Cu-bearing fluids. The chalcopyrite blebs/lamellae follow sphalerite {111} planes, which define a shared sulfur layer for both chalcopyrite and sphalerite. This study indicates that mixing and boiling during the evolution of ore-forming fluids for the Maluntou deposit are key processes for the abnormal enrichment of precious metals in sphalerite and pyrite. The chalcopyrite micro/nano inclusions enhanced enrichment of precious metals in sphalerite provides new insights into the controls on the enrichment of precious metals in sulfides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The flotation separation of chalcopyrite from pyrite has attracted increasing attention due to the consumption of vast water resources and depressants. This study proposed the seawater oxidation pretreatment for non-depressant flotation separation of chalcopyrite from pyrite, as an effective and environmentally friendly strategy. Without the addition of depressants, seawater oxidation for 3 d effectively depressed pyrite flotation, with the highest recovery difference greater than 70% and a selectivity index greater than 6 between chalcopyrite and pyrite. The surface investigation showed that pyrite surface was more readily oxidized to form hydrophilic Fe oxidants/oxyhydroxides, as compared to that of chalcopyrite. Further UV-visible spectrophotometer and Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) results indicated that xanthate was less adsorbed onto the treated pyrite surface, resulting in un-floatable particles. Chalcopyrite surface was changed slightly due to seawater oxidation, thereby insignificantly affecting its flotation. The coordination theory was further used to reveal the combination mechanisms between xanthate and pyrite or chalcopyrite. This study therefore provides a promising strategy to effectively separate chalcopyrite from pyrite, especially in the freshwater-deficient area.

Copper leaching presents an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional sulfide ore processing methods. This study investigates an efficient leaching process for copper concentrate, utilizing a solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and potassium iodide (KI) in a chloride medium (NaCl), enhanced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at room temperature. A significant aspect of this research was optimizing the KI concentration to minimize iodide sublimation into iodine gas (I2). Through the experimental design, the optimal dosages of reagents were determined, leading to maximized copper extraction of approximately 27% in 45 min of testing at room temperature. The results showed that it is possible to obtain a suitable pregnant leach solution (PLS) (i.e., in the range of 3 to 8 g/L of Cu) for treatment in available copper solvent extraction (SX) plants with a cost of less than 4.5 USD/t Cu, according to the economic analysis carried out. The results of this study determine the most effective operational conditions for leaching and ensure a suitable PLS for SX plants in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner. This approach could significantly contribute to more sustainable practices in the mining and processing of copper ores.

Low-temperature bioleaching is relevant to the recovery of metals in alpine mines, but its development has been constrained by low bioleaching rates at high pulp concentrations. To this end, the bioleaching effect of the microbial community after the domestication of pulp concentration at 6 °C was studied. Domestication improved the bioleaching rate of copper. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electrochemical measurements revealed that the domestication process aggravated the corrosion of the chalcopyrite surface by accelerating its dissolution reaction. High-throughput sequencing technology indicated that Acidithiobacillus spp., Leptospirillum spp., and Acidiphilium spp. were the major lineages of the domesticated microbial community. The analysis of the microbial community revealed that domestication changed the microbial structure, enhancing the adaptability of the microbial community to pulp concentrations and acidic conditions. This study uncovered the mechanism by which domestication enhanced the bioleaching efficiency of the microbial community at low temperatures.

Framing effective mitigation steps to resolve the energy crisis directs to the research gap of existing solar cell technologies. The study utilizes the inherent physiochemical properties of vanadium-incorporated copper gallium sulfide telluride (CuGa1−xVx(S,Te)2) thin films deposited via a chemical spray pyrolysis route and evokes how the art of intermediate band structuring favours the solar cell efficiency. The research laid a strong basement with SCAPS theoretical modelling followed by thorough experimental validation and precise analysis. I–V curves showed the photoresponsivity (R) and Ohmic nature of the deposited thin films with a maximum photoresponsivity of 0.19 A W−1, observed for the V – 0.1-incorporated CGST film. The theoretical simulation of the fabricated solar cell was conducted using the SCAPS – 1D software, and the obtained efficiency displayed an increasing trend from 4.82% to 11.01%. This increase in efficiency can be attributed to the decrease in bandgap from 2.63 eV to 1.92 eV, as evidenced by UV-Vis spectroscopy. These findings suggest that V – 0.1-incorporated CGST is a promising candidate for use as a thin-film absorber layer in solar photovoltaic technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of modern studies of the earth's crust based on the gravitational data of the GOCE satellite have been used for the first time in a comparative metallogenic analysis of the geodynamic settings of the formation of polymetallic deposits in the folded frame of the Siberian and East European platforms. It is shown that deposits of the sedimentary exhalative deposits (SEDEX) type are more often located in the earth's crust with the dominating development of the lower "basaltic" layer. Pyrite copper and lead–zinc volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits, as well as some manifestations of the SEDEX type, occur in supra-subduction island-arc and accretionary settings in the crust with the dominating development of the middle "granitic" layer. Pb-Zn ores of the Mississippi Valley type (MVT) are localized in deep pericratonic sedimentary oil and gas basins on the shelf and continental slope, with no spatial relationship to the stratification of the earth's crust. The Ag polymetallic mineralization of Taimyr and the Western Verkhoyansk region are confined to deep pericratonic rift troughs on the passive continental margin. They have a similar ore-bearing environment and can be combined into a single silver polymetallic Taimyr–Western Verkhoyansk belt. The results confirm the prospects of Pb-Zn deposits in Central and Eastern Taimyr and also in the Saurey ore region (Polar Urals), indicating the need for their further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, GX2 was applied as a new high-efficiency chalcopyrite depressant to selectively separate molybdenite from Cu-Mo sulfide ores. The flotation performance and its interaction mechanisms with chalcopyrite and molybdenite were investigated using single-mineral and artificial-mixed-ore flotation, contact angle measurements, zeta-potential measurements, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray optoelectronic spectrum analysis. The results indicated that molybdenite could be selectively separated from chalcopyrite under the optimal flotation conditions of pH 9.0, 80 mg/L GX2, 20 mg/L kerosene, 10 mg/L MIBC, and a flotation time of 3 min, while the molybdenite and chalcopyrite recoveries were around 90% and 5%, respectively. It was confirmed that GX2 could save ten times the depressant dosage compared to that of the Na2S baseline to achieve a similar separation efficiency. The contact angle test, zeta potential, infrared spectrum, and XPS results show that GX2 may be adsorbed on the surface of chalcopyrite via chemical adsorption, and the hydrophilic substances formed change its hydrophobicity, whereas the effect on the floatability of molybdenite is small, resulting in the excellent separation efficiency of chalcopyrite and molybdenite via flotation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the issue of mediocre separation efficiency of depressants in the copper-lead separation process, this article synthesized a macromolecular organic depressant, polymaleic anhydride-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (PMA–EDTC), using a polycarboxylic macromolecule as the backbone and also introducing –N–(C=S)–S– as the solidophilic group and employed as a galena depressant. The structure of PMA–EDTC was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The effect of PMA–EDTC on the floatability of galena and chalcopyrite was investigated through micro-flotation and Contact angle measurements. The experimental results demonstrated that PMA–EDTC exhibited selectivity inhibition towards galena rather than chalcopyrite across a wide pH range. At a dose of 8 mg/L, there was effective separation between galena and chalcopyrite with a separation coefficient of 24.17, effectively altering the floatability of galena while having little impact on the floatability of chalcopyrite. The selective inhibition behavior and adsorption mechanism of PMA–EDTC on galena and chalcopyrite were investigated using FT-IR, Zeta potential, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). FT-IR and Zeta potential studies indicated that PMA–EDTC formed chemical adsorption on the surface of galena. XPS confirmed the model of chemical adsorption of PMA–EDTC on lead atoms in the galena surface. The results indicate that PMA–EDTC adsorbs on the surface of galena via its –(C=S)–S–group, forming a hydrophilic complex and achieving selective depression of lead and the cleaning flotation of copper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information on the microstructure of copper minerals is important for more detailed understanding and control of the Cu extraction processes such as flotation and direct leaching. For the first time, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) observation with atomic resolution on CuFeS2 surfaces has been achieved using cleaved natural chalcopyrite crystals at low temperatures. The surfaces with (011) and (012) orientations have been identified by STM observation, electron backscattering, and X-ray diffraction. (011) surfaces of two different types were observed. The one is a reconstructed surface, and the other surface has a structure that is close to that of a bulk terminated surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous fits to reported experimental data including the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and Hall mobility on p-type samples of CuInTe2 and CuGaTe2 were performed based on a two-band model which includes hopping conduction in an impurity band. It was revealed for both materials that the Seebeck coefficient and the Hall mobility are dominated by hopping conduction in a wide temperature range around room temperature. The present cases of CuInTe2 and CuGaTe2 are rare cases in which hopping conduction occurs in impurity bands formed from impurity states involving native defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a comprehensive investigation of the electromagnetic properties of CdAB2 compounds, where A represents Cr, Mn, or Fe, and B denotes P or As. To investigate the spin-polarized behavior of these compounds the A atoms were substituted at the Group IV (Ge) position in CdGeB2 in the chalcopyrite crystal structure. Our results reveal that all the CdAB2 compounds exhibit compelling spin-splitting of energy states near the Fermi level (EF). Notably, CdAB2 materials with A = Cr and Mn exhibit intriguing half-metallic ferromagnetic (HMF) characteristics, with the calculated total magnetic moments of 2.00 and 3.00 µB/f.u., respectively. The HMF properties originated in CdAB2 (A = Cr and Mn; B = P, As) these compounds owing to the hybridization of partially filled -3d(t2g) states of A atoms with the p-states of B (P, As) atoms, with minor contributions from Cd's-like states. In contrast, CdFeB2 displays distinct behavior, demonstrating spin-splitting of energy levels around the EF indicative of a stable ferromagnetic (FM) state and the absence of HMF at their equilibrium volume. The calculated total magnetic moments for CdFeP2 and CdFeAs2 are about 1.83 (1.64 µB/f.u.) and 1.94 µB/f.u. (1.84 µB/f.u.) under generalized gradient approximation (GGA) (local spin density approximation (LSDA)) approximations, respectively. Perhaps these CdAB2 compounds (A = Cr and Mn; B = P, As) with HMF characteristic within both LSDA and GGA formalisms makes them highly promising candidates for spin injectors in the spintronic device applications. Furthermore, their semiconducting nature renders CdCrB2 and CdMnB2 materials compatible with silicon and other semiconducting lattices, enhancing their potential practical applications in the spintronic technologies. In conclusion, this study presents a thorough exploration of the robust electronic and magnetic properties of CdAB2 chalcopyrites, offering exciting prospects for their utilization in the future spintronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The density and surface tension of homogeneous molten slags from the joint smelting of nickel saprolite and copper pyrite ores have been experimentally assessed (maximum bubble pressure method) using model samples of iron-containing slage (8.9 wt.% CaO + 11.8 wt.% MgO + 12.5 wt.% Al2O3 + 47.4 wt.% SiO2 + 13.3 wt.% FeO + 5.0 wt.% Fe2O3) and iron-free slag (12.5 wt.% CaO + 16.0 wt.% MgO + 9.4 wt.% Al2O3 + 58.3 wt.% SiO2), which represent the composition and structure of real prototypes in the temperature ranges of 1550–1300°C and 1550–1400°C, respectively. A decrease in temperature leads to an increase in the density and surface tension of these slags in the ranges of 1.85–2.21 and 2.23–2.29 g·cm–3 and 144–250 and 340–345 mN·m–1, respectively. The structural changes after the change over from the former composition to the latter one are due to the decrease in basicity from 0.7 to 0.6 and the replacement of Fe2+ by Ca2+ and Mg2+. The latter factor makes the major contribution to the increase of the characteristics themselves and their temperature coefficients (from –0.0015 to –0.0004 g·cm–3·°C–1 and from –0.4 to –0.1 mN·m–1·°C–1, respectively). The regression analysis of the experimental data was performed to obtain empirical models that accurately predict the density and surface tension of real slags from the smelting of copper and nickel raw materials in the temperature range considered. The results obtained can be used in developing and improving metallurgical technologies and in the glass and ceramic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research project, a framework is established that characterizes the colorings of a pattern fixed by an arbitrarily chosen finite‐index subgroup of the pattern's symmetry group. This framework is applied to the sphalerite structure to enumerate all colorings fixed by two different subgroups of the symmetry group. These colorings are used to perform ordered substitution on the atoms in the sphalerite structure and demonstrate some of the well known derived structures (e.g. chalcopyrite, stannite). Some results involving equivalences of colorings fixed by the chosen subgroup are also developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The material composition and structural and textural features of porphyry–copper–gold ore reflect the conditions of ore formation and are of decisive importance for predicting the technological properties of ore and for improving the integrated approach to using mineral raw materials. A sequence of ore formation is presented, in which three stages were singled out within the studied interval of the ore body including the greisen stage, the sulfide (productive) stage, and the stage of explosive microzones. The features of ore and of ore-forming minerals which determine their flotation behavior and the properties that affect flotation activity were identified. The complex composition of the studied ore was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) particles, exposing anisotropic crystal planes during the grinding process, possess comprehensive surface properties that affect their leaching behaviors. In order to investigate the influence of anisotropic crystal planes on the leaching mechanisms, CuFeS2 particles with anisotropic crystal planes were produced by employing three-head laboratory grinder mill (TM), rod mill (RM), and ball mill (BM) and were then leached in a sulfuric acid solution at pH = 1. Based on the XRD, SEM, XPS, and simulation results, (112), (102), (312), (110), (116), (100), and (001) planes were mainly exposed on the CuFeS2 surface during the crushing and grinding process. In addition, fewer (112), (102), (312), and (110) planes but more (116), (100), and (001) planes were exposed on the CuFeS2 samples in the TM method than in the RM and BM methods. Since the leaching rates were in the order of (001) > (100) > (116) > (110) > (312) > (102) > (112) planes, the Cu extractions followed an order of TM > RM > BM. This study, therefore, provides an excellent theoretical basis for the effect of anisotropic crystal planes on CuFeS2 leaching, further improving the understanding of CuFeS2 leaching mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Carajás Mineral Province, gossan formation and lateritization have produced numerous supergene orebodies at the expense of IOCG deposits and host rocks. The Alvo 118 deposit comprises massive and disseminated hypogene copper sulfides associated with gossan and mineralized saprolites. The hypogene reserves are 170 Mt, with 1% Cu and 0.3 ppm Au, while the supergenes are 55 Mt, comprised of 30% gossan and 70% saprolite, with 0.92% Cu and 0.03 ppm Au. The gossan includes goethite, malachite, cuprite, and libethenite zones. The saprolite comprises kaolinite, vermiculite, smectite, and relics of chlorite. In the hypogene mineralization, Ag, Te, Pb, Se, Bi, Au, In, Y, Sn, and U are mainly hosted by chalcopyrite and petzite, altaite, galena, uraninite, stannite, and cassiterite. In the gossan, Ag, Te, Pb, Se, and Bi are hosted by Cu minerals, while Au, In, Y, Sn, and U are associated with iron oxyhydroxides, in addition to Zn, As, Be, Ga, Ga, Mo, Ni, and Sc. As supporting information, δ65Cu values indicate that the gossan is immature and, at least partly, not affected by leaching. In the saprolite, Ga, Sc, Sn, V, Mn, Co, and Cr are associated with the iron oxyhydroxides, partially derived from the host rock weathering. The δ56Fe values indicate that hypogene low contribution of the hypogene mineralization to the saprolite iron content. The association of Al2O3, Hf, Zr, Th, TiO2, Ce, La, Ba, and Sr represents the geochemical signature of the host rocks, with dominant contributions from chlorites, while In, Y, Te, Pb, Bi, and Se are the main pathfinders of Cu mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selective leaching of arsenic using sodium hypochlorite was evaluated in order to reduce its concentration in a copper concentrate. The best conditions achieved in the synthetic concentrate were applied to the industrial concentrate. First, the individual behaviors of pure samples of enargite and chalcopyrite were evaluated under a hypochlorite medium. The enargite reaction is significantly faster than chalcopyrite, allowing for greater selectivity to ClO− (0.1–0.3 M), pH 12–12.5; 20 to 40 °C, reaction time <60 min. Under these conditions, the reagent consumption for pure compounds approaches the stoichiometric consumption and presents a selectivity factor of 5/1. Furthermore, concentrate leaching in a sodium hypochlorite medium, containing enargite, releases arsenic ions into the solution, while copper and iron remain in the solid phase, as CuO and Fe(OH)3, respectively. A novel copper concentrate cleaning process by selective leaching is proposed, which transforms unacceptable copper concentrate for smelters (>0.5%As) into clean concentrates (<0.2%As) or low penalty concentrates (0.2 < %As < 0.5). The estimated consumption for the cleaning process is in the order of 0.4–0.6 kg Cl2 equivalent per kg of concentrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depressants are critical reagents for the selective separation of minerals in froth flotation. They serve a vital role in preferentially making the gangue minerals hydrophilic and prevent them from reporting to the mineral-rich froth phase. Current practice involves the use of inorganic depressants, which are toxic and non-biodegradable. Environmentally friendly, flexible and affordable flotation depressants are needed due to the depletion of easy-to-process high-grade ores as well as sustainability and environmental concerns. This paper discusses various organic depressants that have been adopted for selective depression of unwanted minerals in chalcopyrite flotation. The origin and chemistry, organic depressant-gangue minerals interaction mechanism, and the use of organic depressants in the most common chalcopyrite-flotation instances, including chalcopyrite separation from galena, molybdenite, sphalerite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, talc, serpentine and carbonaceous materials, are discussed. This review shows that organic depressants can partially or fully replace current inorganic depressants used in suppressing both sulfide and non-sulfide gangue minerals in chalcopyrite flotation. In this review, a well-detailed and well-referenced discussion is provided for the current state of organic depressants in chalcopyrite flotation, as well as a valuable discussion is provided to comparatively evaluate the depression performance of the various reported organic depressants. Finally, suggestions are made regarding future research challenges and directions. The recent advancements, developing features, and research prospects discussed in this article will provide a helpful reference for academics who want to delve deeper into the greening of chalcopyrite flotation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]