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When I was in high school, my Physics teacher—whose name was Mr Bader—called me down one day after physics class and said, ‘You look bored; I want to tell you something interesting’. Then he told me something which I found absolutely fascinating, and have since then, always found fascinating. Every time the subject comes up, I work on it… The subject is this—the principle of least action. —Richard P. Feynman THE VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLE AND EULER–LAGRANGE'S EQUATION OF MOTION In the previous chapters, we have worked with the Newtonian formulation of classical mechanics. Its central theme relies on the use of ‘force’ as the very cause of change in momentum. The cornerstone of Newtonian mechanics is this principle of causality. It is expressed in Newton's second law as a linear relation between the acceleration and the force. It is the result of the equality between the force and the rate of change of momentum. The relation between force and momentum is at the very heart of Newtonian formulation of classical mechanics. It turns out that classical mechanics has an alternative but equivalent formulation, based on what is known as the ‘ variational principle ’, or ‘ Hamilton's principle of variation ’. In many universities, the principle of variation [1, 2] is introduced after a few years of college education in physics, and after a few courses on mechanics, including electrodynamics. However, there have been a few proposals [3, 4, 5] which recommend an early exposure in college curriculum to this fascinating approach. In fact, Richard Feynman was introduced to the principle of variation by his high school teacher, Mr Bader. Feynman went on to develop the path integral approach to the quantum theory based on the principle of variation. The path integral approach to quantum mechanics provides an alternative formulation of the quantum theory; it is equivalent to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, and the Schrodinger equation. It has the capacity to describe a mechanical system and to account for how it evolves with time. The variational principle can be adapted to provide a backward integration of classical mechanics as an approximation toward the development of quantum theory. Newtonian formulation is not suitable for this purpose.

Lost time is never found again. —Benjamin Franklin DISSIPATIVE SYSTEMS Energy dissipative systems prompt us to think of physical phenomena in which energy is not conserved, it is lost. We attribute these losses to ‘friction’, which is the common term used to describe energy dissipation. Now, in our everyday experience, we are primarily involved with the gravitational and electromagnetic interactions, and both of these are essentially conservative. What is it, then, that makes friction non-conservative ? What does non-conservation of energy, or ‘energy-loss’, really mean? Fundamental interactions in nature allow energy to be changed from one form to another, but not created or destroyed. It therefore seems that the term ‘energy loss’ is used somewhat loosely. We must be really careful when we talk about dissipative phenomena. Losing money is often a matter of concern, as also other things we sometimes ‘lose’ from time to time, including time itself. Time wasted does not ever come back, of course; but nor does the time well-spent. The difference between the two is that the latter is accounted for by the gains made, and for the former there is simply no account. Isn't it merely a matter of book-keeping? It is not at all uncommon that we plan to do something during the day, and end up not doing it. We then sit and wonder where lost track of time. Did the day just skip over the afternoon and ring in the evening? If that did not happen, where was the time ‘lost’? You possibly remember everything that you did since morning, and you may be able to account for every hour you spent, except perhaps for what happened between 2:30 pm and 3 pm. That was the time you ransacked your house to find your mathematics text book, and did not realize that it took you half an hour to find it. The book had not really vanished, even if you suspected that it was lost. You had to look for it all over, from your Dad's room to your Sister's. As such, neither the book was lost, nor was half an hour scooped out of the day.

I am convinced that chaos research will bring about a revolution in natural sciences similar to that produced by quantum mechanics. — Gerd Binnig LEARNING FROM NUMBERS The equations of motion of classical mechanics, whether Newton's, Lagrange's, or Hamilton's, have us believe that given the state of the system at a particular time, one can always predict what its state would be any time later, or, for that matter, what it was any time earlier. This is because of the fact that the equations of motion are symmetric with respect to time-reversal: ( t )→(– t ). Classical mechanics relies on the assumption that position q and momentum p of a mechanical system are simultaneously knowable. Together, the pair ( q , p ) provides a signature of the state of the system . Their time-dependence, i.e., provided by the equations of motion, accurately describes their temporal evolution. For macroscopic objects, this is an excellent approximation, and the classical laws of mechanics are stringently deterministic. This is stringently correct, but there is an important caveat, expressed succinctly by Stephen Hawking: “ Our ability to predict the future is severely limited by the complexity of the equations, and the fact that they often have a property called chaos… a tiny disturbance in one place, can cause a major change in another. ” The difficulty Hawking alludes to has nothing to do with the quantum principle of uncertainty, but to a challenge within the framework of the fully deterministic classical theory. The solution to the temporal evolution may become chaotic , even as they remain deterministic, due to extreme sensitivity to the initial conditions that are necessary to obtain the solution to the equation of motion. Careful admission of the previous remark would prepare you to embark your journey on the exciting field of chaos. Along the way, you will also meet objects having weird fractional dimensions. The field covered by chaos theory is vast, though relatively young. It is a very rich field and can be introduced from a variety of perspectives. The general field of chaos theory is often regarded as a study of a ‘dynamical system’ which is just about any quantity which changes, and one has reasons to track these changes and the sequence of values it may take, for example, over a time interval.

There is no greater burden than an unfulfilled potential. —Charles M. Schulz THE SCALAR FIELD, DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE, AND GRADIENT In the discussion on Fig. 2.4 (Chapter 2), we learned that it was neither innocuous to define a vector merely as a quantity that has both direction and magnitude, nor to define a scalar simply as a quantity that has magnitude alone. It is not that the properties referred here of a scalar and a vector are invalid. Rather, it is to be understood that these properties do not provide an unambiguous definition . Only a signature criterion of a physical quantity can be used to define it. We therefore introduced, in Chapter 2, comprehensive definitions of the scalar as a tensor of rank 0, and of the vector as a tensor of rank 1. In this chapter we shall acquaint ourselves with the mathematical framework in which the laws of fluid mechanics and electrodynamics are formulated using vector algebra and vector calculus. In fact, the techniques are used not merely in these two important branches of classical mechanics, but also in very various other subdivisions of physics. The background material seems at times to be intensely mathematical, but that is only because the laws of nature engage a mathematical formulation very intimately, as we encounter repeatedly in the analysis of physical phenomena. There are many excellent books in college libraries from which one can master the mathematical methods. These topics are extremely enjoyable to learn; they help us develop rigorous insights in the laws of nature. The literature on these topics is vast. A couple of illustrative books [1, 2] are suggested for further reading. We consider the example of a particular scalar function, namely the temperature distribution in a room. The temperature is a physical property at a particular point in space, such as the point P in Fig. 10.1. Depending on the distribution of the sources of heat in the region that surrounds the point P , temperature may be different from point to point in space, and also possibly from time to time. The reason the temperature at a point is a scalar, is that its value at that point is independent of where the observer's frame of reference is located, and also independent of how it is oriented.

Introduction Implant wastage is an under-reported issue in orthopaedics, yet it has been shown to have a significant cost burden on healthcare budgets. In a background of a perilous financial climate in the UK health service, our aim was to define the frequency and costs of implant wastage in orthopaedic trauma. Materials and methods The trauma theatre’s implant logbook was retrospectively analysed between April 2017 and April 2018. Wasted implants were identified by the study authors independently. Patient demographics, implant details and costs were among the data collected. Product codes of wasted implants were used to identify implant costs through the manufacturer. Results Implant wastage occurred in 25.1% of trauma procedures during the study period. Most wasted implants (91%) were screws. The total cost of implant wastage was £8,377.25 during the 12-month period, accounting for 2% of the total implant budget. Wasted intramedullary nails accounted for almost 50% of the total cost. More than 51% of affected procedures involved a trainee as the primary operator. Discussion We report the first study of implant wastage in orthopaedics from the UK. Total implant wastage was higher than reported in most of the published literature, although it represented a small portion of the budget. Implant wastage is attributable to surgeons or operating theatre staff in most cases and is compounded by surgeons’ limited understanding of implant costs. Initiatives to reduce implant wastage should include raising awareness of costs and departmental wastage to surgeons and operating theatre staff as well as employing preoperative planning techniques.

One of the best optimization systems for solving real-life problems is Linear Programming (LP). This paper discusses the FFLP Problems having all the parameters and variables as symmetric HFNs. We have used the idea of innovative ranking technique and introduced an approach to convert the FFLP problems into FVLP problems. For that, we have used a symmetric hexagonal ranking system and obtained an optimal solution through an innovative system as compared to the previous system/approach. The merit of this proposed method is to obtain the solution within minimum possible time as compared to existing ranking techniques.

Single atoms or solid-state emitters are very promising candidates for building quantum network nodes as they provide for a spin-photon interface that also has quantum information processing capabilities. Among solid-state materials, rare earth ion-doped crystals constitute a promising platform for quantum information processing and networking. They feature exceptional spin coherence time to store information, narrow optical transitions to act as an interface to optical photons (including at telecom wavelength for erbium ions), and possibilities to realize quantum gates between single ion qubits. Coupling quantum emitters to optical cavities enables channelling the emission from the emitters into the cavity mode while decreasing their emission lifetime. This allows the realization of an efficient and high-rate spin-photon interface, while also increasing the indistinguishability of the emitted photons in the presence of dephasing. However, a reduction in the excited state lifetime also reduces the time available to realize quantum gates that rely on a dipole-blockade mechanism achieved by driving the emitter to the excited state. Dynamic control of the Purcell factor would hence enable decoupling the emitter from the cavity when performing gates, and coupling it back at a desired time to emit a single-photon with a tunable waveshape. In this work [1], by utilizing erbium-doped nanoparticles coupled to a fully tunable high-finesse fiber-based optical cryogenic microcavity, we demonstrate a Purcell factor of 31 that can be controlled on a timescale of 100 microseconds, which is more than 100 times faster than the spontaneous emission lifetime of the erbium ions. This is achieved by tuning the length of the cavity, and hence its resonance frequency, via a piezoelectric device with sub-nanometre precision. Additionally, we demonstrate that this technique can be operated with a bandwidth high enough to shape deterministically the spontaneous emission of the erbium ions. With some improvements, this technique has the potential to reach switching times of a few microseconds. Combined with single-ion addressing, this ability will enable the generation of fully tunable narrowband single photons at telecom wavelengths, and quantum processing using single rare-earth-ions. Our approach therefore opens the door to a solid-state quantum node with the potential of exhibiting quantum computing and communication capabilities all in a single device. [1] Bernardo Casabone, Chetan Deshmukh, Shuping Liu, Diana Serrano, Alban Ferrier, Thomas Hümmer, Philippe Goldner, David Hunger, and Hugues de Riedmatten, “Dynamic control of Purcell enhanced emission of erbium ions in nanoparticles”, arXiv:2001.08532 (2020)

Wigner time delay in photodetachment from the $3{p}_{3/2}$ and $3{p}_{1/2}$ subshells of ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ has been studied in the vicinity of the $2{p}_{3/2}$ and $2{p}_{1/2}$ thresholds, using the relativistic random phase approximation (RRPA). The results show time delay spectra dominated by many-body correlations along with very complicated dependence on the energy over a broad spectral range. In addition, the time delay spectra of the two spin-orbit split $3p$ subshells differ significantly from one another, thereby revealing the importance of relativistic effects even in the case of a low-$Z$ system.

This work was supported by the infrastructure and hospitality provided by the Director, IIT Tirupati. S.S. is thankful to IIT Patna for the hospitality and support he received during his visit to IIT Patna to do one part of the work. J.J. acknowledges the support provided by SERB through Project No. ECR/2016/001564. S.T.M. acknowledges the support provided by the Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy, Grant No. DE-FG02- 03ER15428.

High harmonic generation (HHG) is strongly modified near plasmonic nanostructures due to confinement and inhomogeneity of the electromagnetic field. Previous studies have revealed low-intensity generation of HHG and extension of the plateau; however, the roles of potential shape and a combination of inhomogeneous infrared (IR) and blue fields on HHG have not been studied. In this work, we study HHG driven by inhomogeneous two-color (800–400 nm) IR and blue femtosecond pulses by numerically solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. HHG spectra are computed for two different models: for a short-range potential, which supports a single-bound state, and for a long-range potential, which supports a Rydberg series, to show potential dependence on inhomogeneous two-color HHG. A substantial enhancement in the value of the cut-off resulting from inhomogeneity up to the ∼600th order, extending beyond the water window, is found for both the models. The HHG spectra are highly sensitive to the relative phase of the two-color fields and this sensitivity increases with increasing inhomogeneity. Possibilities of efficiently generating and controlling attosecond pulse train and isolated attosecond pulse are discussed.

This article deals with the thermoelastic analysis of the functionally graded solid sphere due to nonuniform heat source inside the body under the constant surface temperature. The sphere material is considered to be graded along the radial direction where an exponentially varying distribution is assumed. Also, the material assumed with constant Poisson’s ratio. The implicit finite difference scheme is used to determine the transient temperature, radial displacement, and stress field within the sphere. The results are illustrated numerically and graphically for functionally graded solid sphere consists of metal and ceramic.

The present paper is aimed at studying thermoelastic diffusion interactions in a thick circular plate of infinite extent and finite thickness subjected to an axisymmetric heat supply and a heat source in the context of Lord–Shulman theory of generalized thermoelastic diffusion. The upper and the lower surfaces of the thick plate are traction free and the chemical potential is assumed to be a known function of time. Integral transform techniques are used to find the analytic solution in the transform domain. Mathematical model is prepared for Copper material plate and the numerical results are discussed and illustrated graphically.

The angular distribution and photoionization Wigner time delay of Xe 5s photoelectrons are studied in the region of the second Cooper minimum (SCM) using (i) the relativistic multiconfiguration Tamm–Dancoff approximation, (ii) the relativistic-random-phase approximation (RRPA) and (iii) the RRPA-with-relaxation to demonstrate how differing treatments of correlation, and the relativistic interactions, affect the results. The results of the three methods are compared with each other and with available experimental data. The comparison reveals the importance of electron correlations for which a multiconfiguration description of the initial state is essential. The spin-resolved and spin-averaged photoionization time delay results show important signatures in the region of the SCM in the Xe 5s photoionization cross-section.

Using methods related to the Lambert W function, we present solutions of two apparently different problems: (1) The one-dimensional double square well potential in quantum mechanics and (2) The transverse electric and magnetic modes for a step-index electromagnetic waveguide. The solution techniques provide insight into the bound energy states for the single and double square well problems and the allowed modes of propagation in a waveguide with varying refractive indices. The solutions can be viewed in either of two related complex plane representations. Comparison of the solution geometries suggests that interesting applications may be possible in nanostructures and devices which are designed to be sensitive to small changes in their environment.

We uncover dramatic variations of the Wigner photoemission time delay with energy and angle in the vicinity of a Fano resonance with the time delay taking opposite signs at different angles at the same energy as well as at the opposite sides of the resonance at the same angle. These variations are illustrated by choosing the Ne $2s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3p$ autoionizing state as a case study. Moreover, we demonstrate the existence of strikingly significant changes in time delay due to relativistic effects despite Ne being a low-$Z$ atom. This finding shows the possibility for utilizing time delay chronoscopy as a route towards experimental probing of relativistic interactions and the phases of individual transition matrix elements upon atomic photoionization of low-$Z$ atoms. Finally, we develop a practical parametrization to model and explain the angle and energy variation of the autoionizing resonance time delay in the nonrelativistic limit.

In this proceeding, we present a study of the spin–orbit interaction dominated features in time domain photoelectron dynamics. In particular, a case study of Wigner–Eisenbud–Smith (WES) time delay in the photoionization of Xe 4d subshell in the near-threshold region is presented and discussed. We show that the Spin–Orbit Interaction Activated Interchannel Coupling (SOIAIC) produces a prominent resonance-like structure in the WES time delay spectrum.

We predict an observable Wigner time delay in outer atomic shell photoionization near inner shell thresholds. The near-threshold increase of time delay is caused by intershell correlation and serves as a sensitive probe of this effect. The time delay increase is present even when the inner and outer shell thresholds are hundreds of electron volts apart. We illustrate this observation by several prototypical examples in noble gas atoms from Ne to Kr. In our study, we employ the random phase approximation with exchange and its relativistic generalization. We also support our findings by a simplified, yet quite insightful, treatment within the lowest-order perturbation theory.

Essentials Cancer patients receiving anticoagulants for venous thromboembolism have an elevated bleeding risk. This secondary analysis of CATCH assessed characteristics of clinically relevant bleeding (CRB). CRB occurs in 15% of cancer patients with thrombosis using therapeutic doses of anticoagulation. After multivariate analysis, risk factors for CRB were age >75 years and intracranial malignancy. Summary Background Cancer patients with acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) receiving anticoagulant treatment have an increased bleeding risk. Objectives We performed a prespecified secondary analysis of the randomized, open-label, Phase III CATCH trial (NCT01130025) to assess the rate and sites of and the risk factors for clinically relevant bleeding (CRB). Patients/Methods Patients with active cancer and acute, symptomatic VTE received either tinzaparin 175 IU kg-1 once daily or warfarin (target International Normalized Ratio [INR] of 2.0-3.0) for 6 months. Fisher's exact test was used to screen prespecified clinical risk factors; those identified as being significantly associated with an increased risk of CRB then underwent competing risk regression analysis of time to first CRB. Results Among 900 randomized patients, 138 (15.3%) had 180 CRB events. CRB occurred in 60 patients (81 events) in the tinzaparin group and in 78 patients (99 events) in the warfarin group (hazard ratio [HR] 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.45-0.89). Common bleeding sites were gastrointestinal (36.7%; n = 66), genitourinary (22.8%; n = 41), and nasal (10.0%; n = 18). In multivariate analysis, the risk of CRB increased with age > 75 years (HR 1.83, 95% CI 1.14-2.94) and intracranial malignancy (HR 1.97, 95% CI 1.07-3.62). In the warfarin group, 40.4% of CRB events occurred in patients with with an INR of 75 years and intracranial malignancy.

The majority of orthopaedic screws are designed, tested and manufactured by existing orthopaedics companies and are predominantly developed with healthy bone in mind. The timescales and costs involved in the development of a new screw design, for example, for osteoporotic bone, are high. In this study, standard wood screws were used to analyse the concept of using three-dimensional printing, or rapid prototyping, as a viable stage of development in the design of a new bone screw. Six wood screws were reverse engineered and printed in polymeric material using stereolithography. Three of the designs were also printed in Ti6Al4V using direct metal laser sintering; however, these were not of sufficient quality to test further. Both the original metal screws (metal) and polymeric rapid prototyping screws were then tested using standard pull-out tests from low-density polyurethane blocks (Sawbones). Results showed the highest pull-out strengths for screws with the longest thread length and the smallest inner diameter. Of the six screw designs tested, five showed no more than a 17% variance between the metal and rapid prototyping results. A similar pattern of results was shown between the screw designs for both the metal and rapid prototyping screws in five of the six cases. While not producing fully comparable pull-out results to orthopaedic screws, the results from this study do provide evidence of the potential usefulness and cost-effectiveness of rapid prototyping in the early stages of design and testing of orthopaedic screws.

Hydro-reservoirs are recognized as potentially significant emitters of methane at the global scale. However, there are still large uncertainties in estimating such emissions at this scale due to the lack of comprehensive measurements of methane emissions in a wide range of climatic zones, for hydro-reservoirs with variable characteristics, and including all emissions pathways. This study presents an assessment of methane emissions for the 2013 year, that is four years after commissioning, for the Nam Theun 2 hydro-system, a 489 km² subtropical reservoir with a large drawdown area. All of the major pathways have been computed here, i.e., ebullition, diffusion, degassing, emissions from the drawdown area, and diffusion from downstream, and included in an emission budget. Emissions from the upstream area strongly dominate when compared to the downstream ones, a feature quite specific to the Nam Theun 2 reservoir. The drawdown area and the emissions by diffusion downstream represented a small contribution to the total emissions. About half of the methane is emitted during the four months of the warm dry season (from mid-February to Mid-June). Total methane emissions in NT2 have decreased from 35.6±2.6 Gg(CH4 ) year-1 in 2010 to 24.5±1.5 Gg(CH4 ) year-1 in 2013 though this difference was not found to be quite statistically significant.

A two-dimensional problem for an infinite thermoelastic half-space with a permeating substance in contact with the bounding plane is developed. The formulation is applied to the generalized thermoelastic diffusion based on Lord–Shulman theory. The bounding surface is traction free and subjected to a known axisymmetric temperature distribution, and the chemical potential is assumed to be a known function of time. Integral transform technique is used to find the analytic solution in the transform domain by using a direct approach. Inversion of transforms is done employing a numerical scheme. The mathematical model is prepared for copper material, and numerical results for temperature, stress, displacement, chemical potential and concentration are obtained and illustrated graphically.

The physical (temperature, conductivity and turbidity) and chemical water quality (O 2 , pH, conductivity, nutrients, major anions and cations) characteristics have been monitored in the Nam Theun 2 system (hydroelectric reservoir and rivers downstream) for the first 5 years after impoundment. The results emphasize that the impoundment of the reservoir induced a substantial modification of the water quality in the whole aquatic system which is partially controlled by the hydrodynamics in the reservoir. During the warm seasons, the reservoir water column is thermally stratified with a warm oxic epilimnion and a colder anoxic hypolimnion. During the cold dry season or during floods, the reservoir water column over-turns which enhances oxygen penetration down to the bottom waters and contributes to a global improvement of the water quality. Downstream of the reservoir, the oxygen level was always above the minimum requirement for aquatic life due to the specific design of the water intakes at the Nakai Dam and upstream of the Power House which both favour the withdrawal of a large proportion of oxygenated epilimnic waters. Over the five years, the water quality in the reservoir itself globally improved. However, the diversion of the Nam Theun River into the Xe Bang Fai watershed via the reservoir has impacted the Xe Bang Fai River in terms of temperature, conductivity and total suspended solids.

Release of hypolimnetic water from man-made reservoirs can be a problem for downstream rivers. These effects can be significant mainly during the first years after the reservoir impoundment, especially in thermally stratified reservoirs favouring the release of anoxic methane-rich water. In tropical areas, higher temperatures decrease the oxygen solubility and enhance chemical processes responsible for the rise of reduced compounds. The Nam Theun 2 Reservoir was first filled in 2008. It experienced hypolimnetic deoxygenation and significant methane concentrations during the first 2 years. Dedicated structures to oxygenate water and degas methane were designed during the study phase. The overall aerating and degassing effects of these hydraulics structures varied from very good to moderate. Results depend on the continuous water quality improvement with time as well as on the limited range of upstream oxygen and methane concentrations tested. The hollow jet valve and the concrete tooth shaped structure were very efficient together with downstream natural turbulence in aerating/degassing compared to the staggered baffle blocks. Contrary to other structures, the efficiency of the baffle blocks structure is reduced with high discharges. The aeration weir showed a moderate efficiency in supplying oxygen to the water due to the high upstream oxygen saturations (close to 100%). However, it was very efficient for methane degassing even at low concentrations. Hydraulics structures of the Nam Theun 2 project are an efficient, reliable and low maintenance way to improve oxygen content and to degas methane.

The Schr�dinger equation does not account for the 2n2 degeneracy of the hydrogen atom, which it dismisses as an "accidental" degeneracy. The factor of "2" in the 2n2 degeneracy is well-accounted-for in the relativistic formulation by the two spin states of the electron. The n2 degeneracy is nevertheless not quite an "accident", it is due to the SO(4), rather than SO(3), symmetry of the hydrogen atom. This result is well known, but is inadequately commented upon in most courses in quantum mechanics and atomic physics, leaving the student wondering about the origins of the n2 degeneracy of the hydrogen atom. A pedagogical analysis of this interesting aspect, which highlights the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, is presented in this article. While doing so, not only is the n2 degeneracy of the hydrogen atom explained, but its energy spectrum and eigenfunctions are obtained without even using the Schr�dinger equation, employing only the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics rather than the Schr�dinger equation. � 2015 Published by NRC Research Press.

Printed modified hexagonal slot ultra-wideband micro strip-fed antenna with dual band rejection characteristics is presented. The antenna comprises U-shape radiating patch on one side of substrate and ground plane with modified hexagonal slot on other side of substrate with compact size of 28×28 mm2. By inserting symmetrical L-form parasitic ends at the upper edge at the modified hexagonal slot and C-shape parasitic stubs at the both arms of the patch to obtain the desired stop band characteristics for WiMAX and WLAN respectively. The designed antenna is operate in between 3.02~ 15GHz with a dual stop band from 3.15~4.06GHz (for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) and 5.13~6.2GHz (for Wireless Local Area Network). To mitigate the possible interference in between UWB and these narrow bands (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access and Wireless Local Area Networkbands) will help. The designed antenna is made-up on a FR-4 glass epoxy substrate having dielectric constant of 4.4. Parametric studies have been conducted by changing length L2 (symmetrical L-shape stubs) and L3(C-shape stubs) and it is directedwith the help of FEKO-EM simulation software. Performance of this antenna studied in terms of VSWR, efficiency, radiation pattern, time domain analysis. Forthe total ultra-wideband excluding for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access and Wireless Local Area Network frequency, Proposed antenna shows efficiency more than 75%.

More than 50% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases harbor an actionable mutation, and molecular testing at different intervals can help in personalized and targeted treatment. Core tissue biopsy and needle biopsy done at the time of diagnosis/disease progression are interventional, time-consuming and can affect the patients adversely. Noninterventional biomarker testing by liquid biopsy promises to revolutionize advanced stage cancer screening. The present report was formulated based on an expert panel meeting of renowned oncologists who gave their opinions for minimally invasive liquid biopsy to detect targetable molecular biomarkers in advanced NSCLC cases. An exhaustive literature search was done to support their recommendations. Clinical utility of minimally invasive liquid biopsy, for detection of molecular biomarkers in advanced stage NSCLC patients, was broadly discussed by the key opinion leaders.

Distributed Systems are useful for computation and storage of large scale data at dispersed location. Distributed File System (DFS) is a subsystem of Distributed System. DFS is a means of sharing of storage space and data. Servers, Storage devices and Clients are on dispersed location in DFS. Fault tolerance and Scalability are two main features of distributed file system. Performance of DFS is measured by response time. Apart from response time there are also other dimensions such as transparency in which performance of DFS is viewed. DFS provides file services with scalability, fault tolerance, availability, minimum response time. The truth behind the minimum response time is good design of load balance algorithm. To improve the minimum response time and utilization of all nodes in DFS cluster it is found static as well as dynamic load balance strategies. In this survey paper Self acting, load balancing for parallel file system, Adaptive loading data migration in distributed file system, Load balancing in distributed multi agent computing systems, Self organizing storage clusters for data intensive applications, User centric data migration in networked storage systems are discussed to study the different load balancing schemes. Adaptive loading data migration is one of the latest solution found in literature survey. Self acting, load balancing (SALB) for parallel file system is for load balancing uses online load prediction methods and is distributed architecture.

Rijndael or Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is the most secure symmetric encryption technique and is available in many different encryption packages. The AES based on the Rijndael Algorithm is an efficient cryptographic technique that includes generation of ciphers for encryption and inverse ciphers for decryption. High security and speed of encryption and decryption is ensured by various operations. It has been standardized by the National Institute of Standards and Technology of the United States (NIST) and comprises three block ciphers, AES-128, AES-192 and AES-256 and it is adopted from Rijndael algorithm. This paper presents a encryption and decryption process of the rijindael algorithm. The paper also explains the comparative study of various rijindael algorithms with other algorithms based on the various parameters.

The main objective of the present paper is to study the effect of axisymmetric heat supply on the phenomena of diffusion in a thermoelastic thick plate of infinite extent and finite thickness. The problem is discussed within the context of the theory of generalized thermoelastic diffusion with one relaxation time. The upper and the lower surfaces of the thick plate are traction free and subjected to an axisymmetric heat supply. The solution is found by using integral transform technique and a direct approach without the use of potential functions. Inversion of Laplace transforms is done by employing a numerical scheme. The mathematical model is prepared for a Copper material plate, and the numerical results are discussed and represented graphically.

The angular dependence of photoemission time delay for the inner $n{d}_{3/2}$ and $n{d}_{5/2}$ subshells of free and confined Xe is studied in the dipole relativistic random phase approximation. A finite spherical annular well potential is used to model the confinement due to fullerene ${C}_{60}$ cage. Near cancellations in a variety of the dipole amplitudes, Cooper-like minima, are found. The effects of confinement on the angular dependence, primarily confinement resonances, are demonstrated and detailed.

This paper is concerned with fractional order thermoelastic response due to a heat source whose magnitude varies periodically with time within the context of generalized thermoelasticity with one relaxation time. Traction free boundary conditions are considered and the thick circular plate is subjected to a given axisymmetric temperature distribution. Integral transform technique is used to derive the solution in the transformed domain. Laplace transforms are inverted using a numerical scheme. Mathematical model is prepared for Copper material and results for temperature, displacement and stress distributions are computed and represented graphically.

The photovoltaic (PV) system that is based on sub module-integrated converters (subMICs) is capable of maximizing solar energy harvest by eradicating power losses due to intrapanel mismatch. Modeling and simulation of subMIC-based systems are important to study the effect of PV partial shading, prove new control strategies, analyze distributed system dynamics, optimize system configurations, and determine system parameters, etc. However, the simulation of such systems can be very challenging due to the large number of switching-mode power units, nonlinear nature of PV generators, and complication of the coordinating control. This project provides an effective solution to simulate and control single-phase grid-tied PV systems that are based on a practical subMICs configuration by sliding mode control. The approach includes the simplified PV cell model and averaged model for power converters, which consider all dynamic interactions among the maximum power point tracking (MPPT). https://journalnx.com/journal-article/20150264

Synopsis The effect of spin-orbit activated interchannel coupling (SOIAIC) has been studied on the time delay spectrum of 3d photoionization in xenon. The relativistic-random-phase-approximation with relaxation (RRPA-R) has been used to calculate the Wigner-Eisenbud-Smith (WES) time delay in photoionization. SOIAIC has a strong influence on the WES time delay for all ejection angles of the photoelectrons with respect to the incident direction and the polarization vector of the photon absorbed.

Synopsis Calculations of the photoionization cross sections for the superheavy atoms of atomic numbers 102, 112 and 118 have been performed using the relativistic-random-phase approximation (RRPA) which is based on the Dirac equation. The results show that relativistic effects cause anomalies in level ordering for some inner shells, and that interchannel coupling is of great importance.

Synopsis Avoided Crossings are one of the unique spectroscopic features of confined atomic system. Shannon’s information entropy as a predictor of these phenomena by varying the perturbation (confinement strength) on ground state and some of excited states of H atom is studied in this work. In addition to the energy level repulsion at avoided crossing, it is observed that Shannon’s entropy also assures the exchange of information of involved states, and also validates entopic uncertainty.

Synopsis Wigner time delay in photodetachment of Br− has been studied. The absence of Coulomb phase in photodetachment process makes the Wigner time delay more sensitive to the centrifugal barrier shape resonance and threshold effects. Important relativistic effects have been found near the threshold region.

A 3D water quality model has been applied to predict medium term evolution of the water quality in the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir and also to quantify the effect of various scenarios. 15-year simulations show that the oxygen concentration will continue to increase in the water column although the hypolimnion will remain anoxic in some areas of the Reservoir. In parallel, the concentration of reduced compounds will decrease with time. The significance of the hydrodynamics in water quality evolution is pointed out with two scenarios in which natural or human forcings have been modified. The comparison of simulations made for years with contrasted hydrometeorological conditions shows that and duration of major hydrometeorological related events (rainfall, flood and air temperature drop) have a major influence on the seasonal evolution of water quality in the whole Reservoir. Simulations also show that the physico-chemical quality of the water released downstream of the power house would have been different if the commissioning had been carried out immediately after the impoundment. Finally, the model has been used to quantify the impact of an increase of the NO3 - and PO4 3- incoming flux consecutive to potential changes in the watershed land use. The fluxes have been multiplied by a factor two separately (2 scenarios) and together. While the additional load of NO3 - has almost no impact on physico-chemistry and phytoplankton activity, the increase of PO4 3- leads to a larger increase of chlorophyll-a close to the Intake than close to the dam.