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Objective: To characterize human liver tissues by demonstrating the ability of machine vision, and to propose a new auto-generated report based on texture analysis that may work with co-occurrence matrix statistics. Method: The retrospective study was conducted at Bahawal Victoria Hospital (BVH), Bahawalpur, Pakistan, and comprised clinically verified computed tomography imaging data between October 2018 and September 2020. The image samples and related data were used to segregate classes 1-4. Appropriate image classes belonging to the same disease were trained to confirm the abnormalities in liver tissues using supervised learning methods, principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis, and non-linear discriminant analysis. Robust and reliable texture features were investigated by generating testing classes. Overall performance of the presented machine vision approach was analyzed using four parameters; precision, recall/sensitivity, F1-score, and accuracy. Statistical analysis was done using B11 software. Results: There were 312 image samples from 71 patients; 51(71.8%) males and 20(28.2%) females. Among the patients, 19(26.7%) had abscess, 15(21.1%) had metastatic disease, 23(32.4%) had tumour necrosis, 6(8.5%) had vascular disorder, and 8(11.3%) were normal. Principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis, and non-linear discriminant analysis showed high >97.86% values, but the discrimination rate was 100% for class 4. Conclusion: Abnormalities in the human liver could be discriminated and diagnosed by texture analysis techniques using second-order statistics that may assist the radiologist and medical physicists in predicting the severity and proliferation of abnormalities in liver diseases. Key Words: Liver abscess, Computed tomography imaging, Liver diseases, Image processing.

The current study aims to investigate the possibilities of developing reflective thinking among learners through distance education programs. The case of Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) Islamabad, Pakistan is examined to achieve this task. The study is based on Mezirow's theory of reflective thinking, which divides thinking in four categories. The "Questionnaire of Reflective Thinking" ("QRT") developed by Kember et al. (2000) based on Mezirow (1991) was administered to 450 AIOU students. The thinking and learning practices of students governed by their habitual actions, understanding, reflection, and critical reflection are statistically examined to meet the research objectives. Findings reveal that AIOU teacher education programs have a stronger tendency to promote understanding and reflective thinking among learners. The need to integrate content for developing critical reflection among learners is highlighted. The study also discovers the significant impacts of students' job status and previous qualifications on their thinking patterns.

The Book ''Sharah -Maani al Asar'' of Imam Abu Jafer Ahmad bin Muhammad At- Tahavi has a high rank among the book of '' Hadith''. It’s one of the most authorized books of ''Hanafi School of Thought''. Its method is scientific and its way of arguments is rational. It presents the corpus of Hanafi School of thought in its proved and preferred form and forges an organic link with the other school of thought. The basic reason for its popularity is the ratability of its statement '' Nazre- Tahvi. This article aims to throw light on the introduction of the book in a concise and precise manner as well as the scholarly contribution of the author has been discussed in detail. After understanding this book you are able to have a grip on the way of the argument of jurists and their method of '' Nazer''

Women are major affected segment of society in any disaster in under developed countries. Floods of 2010, in Pakistan, affected more than 17 million people. Ultimately, it created several social, psychological and financial problems for affected females. The current paper aimed to study the socio-economic affects of floods on female teachers of private schools in tehsil headquarters Jampur. There were sixty two registered and non-registered private schools in the city in which five hundreds and seventy nine female teachers were working. Eight schools were selected as cluster to collect the data. Totally sample was comprised fifty eight female teachers. Semi structure interview and focus group discussion techniques were used to gather the data. Collected data were analyzed use thematic analysis approach. Findings indicated that female school teachers working in private school of city Jampur were badly affected in floods 2010. They had to face several social and financial problems. There was much space to improve relief and aid activities in the affected areas. Separate health facilities for women were also needed. The paper recommends better planning and its transparent and fair implementations in next rainy season.

The paper aimed to investigate the parents' attitudes toward their daughters' education in tribal areas of district Dera Ghazi Khan (Pakistan). To achieve the objectives four research questions were established. Focus of the questions was to examine the significance of girls' education for tribal parents. Existing and expected role of tribal parents as well as contribution from government and community for girls' education was also aimed to explore in research questions. Sample comprised thirty parents and five teachers/educational workers. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews and was analyzed using content analysis approach. The findings disclosed the parents' positive perceptions toward their daughters' education but at the same time severe scarcity of human and physical infrastructure for girls' education was also presented in the area. The paper recommended several empirical steps to overcome these problems including provision of new school locations and ensuring the availability of school buildings, supporting infrastructure and teachers for already functioning schools in the area. Financial aid for poor students was also proposed in the study.

Neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NAST) provides the unique opportunity to assess response to treatment after months rather than years of follow-up. However, significant variability exists in methods of pathologic assessment of response to NAST, and thus its interpretation for subsequent clinical decisions. Our international multidisciplinary working group was convened by the Breast International Group-North American Breast Cancer Group (BIG-NABCG) collaboration and tasked to recommend practical methods for standardized evaluation of the post-NAST surgical breast cancer specimen for clinical trials that promote accurate and reliable designation of pathologic complete response (pCR) and meaningful characterization of residual disease. Recommendations include multidisciplinary communication; clinical marking of the tumor site (clips); and radiologic, photographic, or pictorial imaging of the sliced specimen, to map the tissue sections and reconcile macroscopic and microscopic findings. The information required to define pCR (ypT0/is ypN0 or ypT0 yp N0), residual ypT and ypN stage using the current AJCC/UICC system, and the Residual Cancer Burden system were recommended for quantification of residual disease in clinical trials.

The Noble Qur’[n is a glorious and last divine book of All[h Almighty which has been revealed for far-finest guidance of human beings. It is consisted of invaluable injunctions to make human life precious and by acting upon this book; real and splendid success can be achieved in this world and hereafter. The Holy Qur’[n has addressed the human race by using different styles, just to realize them to spend their lives in obeisance to All[h and to be attentive to All[h. The style of description of the Holy Qur’[n is so marvelous and extremely appealing to the heart that whosoever studies its topics, feels positive changes in life and by adopting analytical method significant characteristics have been highlighted.

Abstract Background Many interventions to motivate community health workers to perform better rely on financial incentives, even though it is not clear that monetary gain is the main motivational driver. In Pakistan, Lady Health Workers (LHW) are responsible for delivering community level primary healthcare, focusing on rural and urban slum populations. There is interest in introducing large-scale interventions to motivate LHW to be more actively involved in improving tuberculosis case-finding, which is low in Pakistan. Methods Our study investigated how to most effectively motivate LHW to engage more actively in tuberculosis case-finding. The study was embedded within a pilot intervention that provided financial and other incentives to LHW who refer the highest number of tuberculosis cases in three districts in Sindh province. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 LHW and 12 health programme managers and analysed these using a framework categorising internal and external sources of motivation. Results Internal drivers of motivation, such as religious rewards and social recognition, were salient in our study setting. While monetary gain was identified as a motivator by all interviewees, programme managers expressed concerns about financial sustainability, and LHW indicated that financial incentives were less important than other sources of motivation. LHW emphasised that they typically used financial incentives provided to cover patient transport costs to health facilities, and therefore financial incentives were usually not perceived as rewards for their performance. Conclusions This study indicated that interventions in addition to, or instead of, financial incentives could be used to increase LHW engagement in tuberculosis case-finding. Our finding about the strong role of internal motivation (intrinsic, religious) in Pakistan suggests that developing context-specific strategies that tap into internal motivation could allow infectious disease control programmes to improve engagement of community health workers without being dependent on funding for financial incentives.

The objective of this study is to the assess toxicity of superparamagnetic nanoparticles within normal and diabetic human blood groups using complete blood count (CBC). For this purpose, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were synthesized by co-precipitation method. Samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, VSM and CBC. XRD confirmed the cubic structure of Fe3O4 with Miller indices (2 0 0), (2 2 0), (3 1 1), (4 0 0), (4 4 0) and average size of magnetic nanoparticles was calculated about 11.13 nm diameter. The morphology of Fe3O4 nanoparticles was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM images of magnetite were found partially smooth. Spectra of EDX depicted the Fe, O and Cl elements in IONP. Magnetic properties were examined by vibrating sampling magnetometer (VSM). The blood toxicity was reported by blood contents in normal and diabetic blood samples for specified intervals using CBC technique. One sample test of variance of hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leucocytes and thrombocytes showed the significant difference (p > 0.05) among 0 hrs to 72 hrs for all normal and diabetic blood samples. This study concluded that presence of iron oxides nanoparticles of size 11.13 nm in human blood induces reactive oxygen species which cause the cell death. Hemoglobin was highly affected content of blood than erythrocytes, leucocytes by toxic effects of IONPs. Reduction of platelets among all content of blood groups posed another signature of this hematology study. Toxic spectrum of IONPs must be considered before the application of MRI contrast agents and drug delivery.

Celia's encephalopathy or Progressive encephalopathy with or without lipodystrophy (PELD) is a rare childhood neurodegenerative syndrome, that is autosomal recessive mendelian trait, It is Seipin protein associated encephalopathy and results in regression of developmental mile stones. We report a case with global developmental delay and hypertonia, hyperreflexia, recurrent infections and dyskinesia. The diagnosis was done by exome sequencing revealing mutation in the BSCL2 gene on chromosome 11q13. The cases was very rare and found to mimic other diseases that is why patient was investigated and reported. The study was done to identify report and manage such cases appropriately. The patient was investigated in OPD in 2021. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was done for diagnosis after taking appropriate blood sample. A protein change p.(trp323leufs*15) was identified due to homozygous frameshift elongation likely pathogenic on chromosome 11 in BSCL gene.p. (trp323leufs*15) creates a shift in reading frame starting at codon 323. The new frame ends in stop codon after 15 proteins downstream. This new variant is absent in genomAD and local database. This variant has also not been reported yet in clinVar. This variant is classified as likely pathogenic class 2 based on ACMG recommendations. Any patient was favoring symptoms and features should be investigated with whole genome sequencing to confirm the diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) reduce breast cancer recurrence and prolong survival, but up to 30% of patients exhibit recurrence. Using a genome-wide association study of patients entered on MA.27, a phase III randomized trial of anastrozole versus exemestane, we identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in CUB And Sushi multiple domains 1 (CSMD1) associated with breast cancer–free interval, with the variant allele associated with fewer distant recurrences. Mechanistically, CSMD1 regulates CYP19 expression in an SNP- and drug-dependent fashion, and this regulation is different among 3 AIs: anastrozole, exemestane, and letrozole. Overexpression of CSMD1 sensitized AI-resistant cells to anastrozole but not to the other 2 AIs. The SNP in CSMD1 that was associated with increased CSMD1 and CYP19 expression levels increased anastrozole sensitivity, but not letrozole or exemestane sensitivity. Anastrozole degrades estrogen receptor α (ERα), especially in the presence of estradiol (E2). ER+ breast cancer organoids and AI- or fulvestrant-resistant breast cancer cells were more sensitive to anastrozole plus E2 than to AI alone. Our findings suggest that the CSMD1 SNP might help to predict AI response, and anastrozole plus E2 serves as a potential new therapeutic strategy for patients with AI- or fulvestrant-resistant breast cancers.

Liver disease is one of the most prominent causes of the increase in the death rate worldwide. These death rates can be reduced by early liver diagnosis. Computed tomography (CT) is a method for the analysis of liver images in clinical practice. To analyze a large number of liver images, radiologists face problems that sometimes lead to the wrong classifications of liver diseases, eventually resulting in severe conditions, such as liver cancer. Thus, a machine-learning-based method is needed to classify such problems based on their texture features. This paper suggests two different kinds of algorithms to address this challenging task of liver disease classification. Our first method, which is based on conventional machine learning, uses texture features for classification. This method uses conventional machine learning through automated texture analysis and supervised machine learning methods. For this purpose, 3000 clinically verified CT image samples were obtained from 71 patients. Appropriate image classes belonging to the same disease were trained to confirm the abnormalities in liver tissues by using supervised learning methods. Our proposed method correctly quantified asymmetric patterns in CT images using machine learning. We evaluated the effectiveness of the feature vector with the K Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Naive Bayes (NB), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest (RF) classifiers. The second algorithm proposes a semantic segmentation model for liver disease identification. Our model is based on semantic image segmentation (SIS) using a convolutional neural network (CNN). The model encodes high-density maps through a specific guided attention method. The trained model classifies CT images into five different categories of various diseases. The compelling results obtained confirm the effectiveness of the proposed model. The study concludes that abnormalities in the human liver could be discriminated and diagnosed by texture analysis techniques, which may also assist radiologists and medical physicists in predicting the severity and proliferation of abnormalities in liver diseases.

Advancements in science and technology have resulted in a noteworthy improvement in the productive performance of poultry birds. This improvement has been achieved using balanced nutritional practices, the use of feed additives that enhance growth and effective disease prevention or control. Emulsifiers are frequently used food additives in animal and poultry feed to improve growth performance and overall health. One of the benefits of emulsifiers is aiding in the mixing and stabilisation of fats and oils in feed, which can enhance the digestibility and absorption of nutrients. Emulsifiers commonly used in avian feed include bile salt, soy-lecithin, lysophatidyl choline, lecithin, Gglycerol polyethylene glycol ricinolate (E 484), and sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (SSL). These emulsifiers are used to enhance fat digestibility and enhance productivity performance. Lecithin has recently gained interest as a possible fat emulsifier because of its several health benefits. Lecithin, derived from plants, is widely used as an emulsifier in the livestock and poultry feed industry. It comprises over 45 naturally occurring lipids, half of which are phospholipids. The addition of lecithin to the diet has demonstrated eenhanced effects on production performance and nutrient digestibility in avian birds, apart from improving their health status and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) activity. Research has demonstrated that lecithin increases lipid metabolism and alleviates the negative effects of fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) in laying birds. Feeding broilers, a diet containing 2% lecithin significantly reduces their blood cholesterol levels and improves their growth performance. This review offers an overview of lecithin's practical usefulness in poultry feed formulation and provides insight into its feasibility and efficacy with respect to fat digestion in poultry birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The information and communication technology (ICT) in the twenty-first century has shifted the focus of English as a second language (ESL) practitioners away from the traditional and learner-centered pedagogy that was prevalent in the past in which focus of education was more learner-oriented. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the influence that information and communication technology (ICT) has on the writing abilities of graduate level students. Design/Methodology/Approach: To collect data for this purpose, the 60 respondents i.e., 30 were from BSCS 1st & 30 from SE 1st were chosen from NUML, Multan by using Krejcie & Morgan (1970) method for sample selection. Both groups of students, i.e., one group was taught through using traditional methods and others were taught by using ICT methodologies for a period of 20 days. A test has been carried out that consisted of an essay-style question, and the students have been asked to compose an essay on the subject that has been provided to them. Findings: The The outcomes of the test were recorded and evaluated by using Corder's (1970) error analysis for posterity. Results of both groups were analyzed and compared. Implications/Originality/Value: It was concluded through the facts that the use of ICT in English language instruction has significantly improved the scores of the students. Hence, it was proved through statistical analysis that information and communication technology has a major impact in improving the writing abilities of ESL students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]