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Additional file 5: Figure S5. Analysis of uniquely mapped Pseudomonas contigs from a Solanum tuberosum sample. Uniquely mapped contig coverage of Pseudomonas syringae (A.) and Pseudomonas rhizosphaerae (B.). The circles represent each circular bacterial reference genome, and the black lines depict genomic regions covered by alignments of uniquely mapped contigs. Histograms of contig k-mer coverage from de novo assembled contigs uniquely mapping to P. syringae (C.) and P. rhizosphaerae (D.).

Introducción: La aplicación de un nuevo procedimiento endoscópico biportal en la cirugía de columna plantea al ortopedista nuevos retos y múltiples beneficios en la práctica clínica para el manejo de la patología discal y estenosis espinal Metodología: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo tipo serie de casos, se tomaron todos los pacientes mayores de edad con diagnóstico de canal lumbar estrecho y discopatía lumbar que fueron sometidos a descompresión endoscópica biportal por un cirujano de columna con entrenamiento en BESS, en 2 hospitales de la ciudad de Bogotá entre julio de 2017 y julio de 2018, se tomaron datos de las historias clínicas, donde se recolectaron datos como: EVA, escalas funcionales, tiempo quirúrgico, presencia de complicaciones y tiempo de rehabilitación, con un seguimiento mínimo de 6 meses Resultados: 25 pacientes incluidos en el estudio, 9 hombres, 16 mujeres, promedio de edad 55 años, con discopatías y estenosis lumbar, nivel de intervención más frecuente L4L5 (60%), tiempo quirúrgico promedio 135 minutos, tiempo de estancia hospitalaria 1,5 días, inicio de marcha posquirúrgico promedio 23,3 horas, EVA prequirúrgica promedio 9, posquirúrgico inmediato 3 y en el seguimiento hasta los 12 meses un valor de 2 (p:0.01), índice de Owestry prequirúrgico 45%, posquirúrgico 19% (p:0,001), escala de Mcnab con resultados posquirúrgicos a los 2 meses buenos o excelentes en el 92%; a los 6 meses el 88%; y a los 12 meses 78%. Discusión: es un estudio descriptivo nivel IV de evidencia, no está asociado a un grupo de control y aunque el número de pacientes fue limitado, nuestros datos apoyan los hallazgos de otras series de casos, cabe resaltar la mejoría en la escala visual análoga y el índice Owestry con resultaos estadísticamente significativos comparando el estado prequirurgico y el posquirurgico, además la presencia de una sola complicación quirúrgica (4%) debido a un hematoma que requirió reinterveción por sintomatología neurológica del paciente Abstract: Introduction: The application of a new biportal endoscopic procedure in spinal surgery presents the orthopedist with new challenges and multiple benefits in clinical practice for the management of disc pathology and spinal stenosis. Methodology: a retrospective descriptive study of the series of cases, all patients of age were taken, diagnosed with narrow lumbar canal and lumbar disc disease who underwent biportal endoscopic decompression by a spine surgeon with BESS training in 2 hospitals in the city. of Bogotá between July 2017 and July 2018, data were taken from the medical records, where data were collected such as: EVA, functional scales, surgical time, presence of complications and rehabilitation time, with a minimum follow-up of 6 months Results: 25 patients included in the study, 9 men, 16 women, average age 55 years, with discopathies and lumbar stenosis, most frequent intervention level L4L5 (60%), average surgical time 135 minutes, length of hospital stay 1, 5 days, start of postoperative march average 23.3 hours, mean preoperative EVA 9, postoperative immediate 3 and follow-up up to 12 months a value of 2 (p: 0.01), preoperative Owestry index 45%, postoperative 19% ( p: 0.001), Mcnab scale with postoperative results at 2 good or excellent months at 92%; at 6 months, 88%; and at 12 months 78%. Discussion: it is a level IV descriptive study of evidence, it is not associated to a control group and although the number of patients was limited, our data support the findings of other series of cases, it is worth highlighting the improvement in the visual analog scale and the Owestry index with statistically significant results comparing the pre-surgical and post-surgical status, in addition to the presence of a single surgical complication (4%) due to a hematoma that required reintervention due to neurological symptoms of the patient Otra

Through the lens of evolution, climate change is an agent of natural selection that forces populations to change and adapt, or face extinction. Current assessments of the risk of biodiversity associated with climate change1, however, do not typically take into account the genetic makeup of populations and how natural selection impacts it2. We made use of the extensive genome information in Arabidopsis thaliana and measured how rainfall-manipulation affected the fitness of 517 natural lines grown in Spain and Germany. This allowed us to directly infer selection along the genome3. Natural selection was particularly strong in the hot-dry Spanish location, killing 63% of lines and significantly changing the frequency of ~5% of all genome-wide variants. A significant portion of this climate-driven natural selection over variants was predictable from signatures of local adaptation (R2=29-52%), as genetic variants found in geographic areas with climates more similar to the experimental sites were positively selected. Field-validated predictions across the species range indicated that Mediterranean and Western Siberian populations — at the edges of the species’ environmental limits — currently experience the strongest climate-driven selection. With more frequent droughts and rising temperatures in Europe4, we forecast an increase in directional natural selection moving northwards from the southern end, and putting many native A. thaliana populations at evolutionary risk.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are produced from double-stranded precursors, from which a short duplex is excised. The strand of the duplex that remains more abundant is usually the active form, the miRNA, while steady-state levels of the other strand, the miRNA*, are generally lower. The executive engines of miRNA-directed gene silencing are RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISCs). During RISC maturation, the miRNA/miRNA* duplex associates with the catalytic subunit, an ARGONAUTE (AGO) protein. Subsequently, the guide strand, which directs gene silencing, is retained, while the passenger strand is degraded. Under certain circumstances, the miRNA*s can be retained as guide strands. miR170 and miR171 are prototypical miRNAs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) with well-defined targets. We found that the corresponding star molecules, the sequence-identical miR170* and miR171a*, have several features of active miRNAs, such as sequence conservation and AGO1 association. We confirmed that active AGO1-miR171a* complexes are common in Arabidopsis and that they trigger silencing of SU(VAR)3-9 HOMOLOG8, a new miR171a* target that was acquired very recently in the Arabidopsis lineage. Our study demonstrates that each miR171a strand can be loaded onto RISC with separate regulatory outcomes.

A complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequence was reconstructed from a 38,000 year-old Neandertal individual with 8341 mtDNA sequences identified among 4.8 Gb of DNA generated from approximately 0.3 g of bone. Analysis of the assembled sequence unequivocally establishes that the Neandertal mtDNA falls outside the variation of extant human mtDNAs, and allows an estimate of the divergence date between the two mtDNA lineages of 660,000 +/- 140,000 years. Of the 13 proteins encoded in the mtDNA, subunit 2 of cytochrome c oxidase of the mitochondrial electron transport chain has experienced the largest number of amino acid substitutions in human ancestors since the separation from Neandertals. There is evidence that purifying selection in the Neandertal mtDNA was reduced compared with other primate lineages, suggesting that the effective population size of Neandertals was small.

Con el objetivo de estimar y comparar la actividad de la fostatasa ácida (AFA) en suelos sembrados con papa y con pastos, se realizó la presente investigación en suelos del corregimiento de Catambuco, municipio de Pasto, Colombia (2.820 msnm, 12.4oC). La mayor actividad de la fosfatasa ácida ocurrió en pradera en época de invierno; además se encontraron altas correlaciones entre AFA y el contenido de materia orgánica. Para los factores épocas de muestreo y uso del suelo hubo diferencias estadísticas altamente significativas y para suelos cubiertos con pradera y con uso reciente en el cultivo de papa. La AFA alcanzó el mayor porcentaje en suelos cubiertos con pradera, frente a los suelos cultivados con papa, para las dos épocas evaluadas. Palabras claves: Actividad fosfatasa ácida, uso del terreno, Solanum tuberosum To estimated the acid phosphatase activity (APA) in soil covered with potato and prairie in Catambuco, place Pasto, Colombia; located to 2820 msnm and with average temperature of 12.4oC. The acid phosphatase activity obtained the biggest values in soil covered with prairie in winter time, in addition to that, there were high correlations between the APA and the organic matter off the soil. In the factors sampling times and use of the soil, there were significance statistical differences, with the most significance in soil covered with prairie and with recent use in potato cultivation. The APA obtained the biggest percentage in soil covered with prairie, in front of the soil cultivated with potato for the two evaluated times. Key words: Acid phosphatase activity, use of land, Solanum tuberosum

Contenido: La necesidad de las empresas de implementar un sistema de cuadro de mando integral y su definición. Estructura del sistema de Cuadro de mando integral. Medición y gestión de estrategia empresarial en función de las perspectivas de desarrollo. La perspectiva financiera. La perspectiva del Cliente. La perspectiva del proceso interno. La perspectiva del aprendizaje y crecimiento. La vinculación con los indicadores del cuadro de mando integral. Estructura de los tableros de control y cuadros de mando integral. Estructura de los tableros de control y cuadros de mando para la adminsitración estratégia.