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We used Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph in the integral field unit mode to map the stellar population, emission-line flux distributions and gas kinematics in the inner kpc of NGC 5044. From the stellar populations synthesis, we found that the continuum emission is dominated by old high metallicity stars (∼13 Gyr, 2.5 Z ). Also, its nuclear emission is diluted by a nonthermal emission, which we attribute to the presence of a weak active galactic nucleus (AGN). In addition, we report for the first time a broad component (FWHM ∼ 3000 km s−1) in the Hα emission line in the nuclear region of NGC 5044. By using emission-line ratio diagnostic diagrams, we found that two dominant ionization processes coexist, while the nuclear region (inner 200 pc) is ionized by a low-luminosity AGN, the filamentary structures are consistent with being excited by shocks. The Hα velocity field shows evidence of a rotating disc, which has a velocity amplitude of ∼240 km s−1 at ∼136 pc from the nucleus. Assuming a Keplerian approach, we estimated that the mass inside this radius is 1.9×109 M , which is in agreement with the value obtained through the M–σ relation, MSMBH = 1.8 ± 1.6 × 109M . Modelling the ionized gas velocity field by a rotating disc component plus inflows towards the nucleus along filamentary structures, we obtain a mass inflow rate of ∼0.4 M . This inflow rate is enough to power the central AGNs in NGC 5044.

Doutoramento em Física Submitted by Manuel Jesus (albertojesus@ua.pt) on 2018-06-25T11:30:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rúnarsson, Helgi Freyr.pdf: 4187601 bytes, checksum: 10fd8567a81b9c11276b408512e8735c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-25T11:30:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rúnarsson, Helgi Freyr.pdf: 4187601 bytes, checksum: 10fd8567a81b9c11276b408512e8735c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T11:57:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-03-01 National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) We provide a comprehensive survey of possible applications of the matrix method for black hole quasinormal modes. The proposed algorithm can generally be applied to various background metrics, and in particular, it accommodates both analytic and numerical forms of the tortoise coordinates, as well as black hole spacetimes. We give a detailed account of different types of black hole metrics, master equations, and corresponding boundary conditions. Besides, we argue that the method can readily be applied to cases where the master equation is a system of coupled equations. By adjusting the number of interpolation points, the present method provides a desirable degree of precision, in reasonable balance with its efficiency. The method is flexible and can easily be adopted to various distinct physical scenarios. China Univ Geosci, Inst Geophys & Geomat, Hubei Subsurface Multiscale Imaging Key Lab, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R China Univ Sao Paulo, Escola Engn Lorena, BR-12602810 Lorena, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Engn Guaratingueta, BR-12516410 Guaratingueta, SP, Brazil Yangzhou Univ, Sch Phys Sci & Technol, Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu, Peoples R China Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Engn Guaratingueta, BR-12516410 Guaratingueta, SP, Brazil National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC): 11805166

No presente artigo é introduzido, de forma didática e simplificada, evitando-se grandes perdas de conteúdo, um dos formalismos mais utilizados de representação geométrica de horizontes de eventos e singularidades, conhecido como ‘diagrama de Carter-Penrose’. São diagramas que simplificam e agilizam a percepção do espaço-tempo ao redor e no interior de horizontes de evento. Para chegar à descrição físico-geométrica desses diagramas, inicialmente se explicará o formalismo de remoção de singularidades de coordenada em horizontes de eventos para uma determinada métrica e, em seguida, as coordenadas de Finkelstein e de Kruskal-Szekeres. Exemplos de diagramas de Penrose para alguns tipos de buracos negros serão apresentados (Schwarzschild, Reissner-Nordström e Kerr-Newman), além das possibilidades referentes a buracos brancos e buracos de minhoca.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-17T17:33:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Ildemar Barreto Veloso -(OK).pdf: 627444 bytes, checksum: ba9ac192a954812365d05a8c75c86647 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-17T17:33:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Ildemar Barreto Veloso -(OK).pdf: 627444 bytes, checksum: ba9ac192a954812365d05a8c75c86647 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09 Capes A Relatividade Geral, que foi construída baseada nos princípios da equivalência e da covariância,é a teoria da gravitação que admite um espaço-tempo não euclidiano. Ela permite que o espaço-tempo se torne curvo próximo à distribuições de matéria. Os buracos negros são objetos com imensas concentrações de matéria, que provocam grandes perturbações no espaço a sua volta. A métrica correspondente ao buraco negro que analisamos foi a de Schwarzschild. Tais objetos também podem ser analisados utilizando-se a termodinâmica, com a obtenção de variáveis como temperatura e entropia. Este último conceito, é de fundamental importância para entendermos a questão do emaranhamento entre dois sistemas físicos correlacionados e a teoria de informação. Assim, nosso objetivo foi analisar alguns fatores sobre o paradoxo da conservação da informação em buracos negros. Além do mais, também analisamos como o emaranhamento entre duas regiões desconectadas pode gerar espaços-tempos conectados, e qual sua relação com as pontes deEinstein-Rosen. The General Relativity, that was built on the equivalence and covariance principles, is the gravitation the or which admits an on-euclide an space time. It permits that the space time be comes curve near matter distributions. The black holes are objects with huge concentrations of matter, which cause major disruption in the space around it.The corresponding metric to the black hole that were view edit is the Schwarzschildmetric. Such objects canal sobe analyzed using the thermo dynamic concepts, to obtain variables such as temperature and entropy. This one, will be of fundamental importance to understanding the question of the entanglement between two related physical systems and the concept of information. So, ourgo alitis to examine some factors aboutt he information conservation paradox in black holes. Moreover, also we analyzedas a entan- glement between two disconnected regions can generate space time connected,and what is its relationship with Einstein-Rosenbridges.

Submitted by Gabriel Cozzella (cozzella@ift.unesp.br) on 2016-08-21T00:22:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MSc Dissertation.pdf: 773902 bytes, checksum: a2d2f3173a5f3ec0ab24f201d71929da (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-24T16:43:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cozzella_g_me_ift.pdf: 773902 bytes, checksum: a2d2f3173a5f3ec0ab24f201d71929da (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-24T16:43:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cozzella_g_me_ift.pdf: 773902 bytes, checksum: a2d2f3173a5f3ec0ab24f201d71929da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-26 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) A teoria quântica de campos em espaços-tempos curvos é o arcabouço teórico mais sólido que temos para estudar a interação entre gravitação e mecânica quântica na ausência de uma teoria completa de gravitação quântica. Neste contexto, um problema que atraiu muita atenção dos físicos teóricos nas últimas décadas é o chamado “paradoxo da perda de informação em buracos negros”, onde a evolução de um estado quântico puro inicial para um estado quântico misto final caracterizaria uma violação das leis da mecânica quântica. Nesta dissertação nós argumentamos que a perda de informação em si não viola as leis da mecânica quântica e é consequência direta da teoria semi-clássica utilizada. Finalmente, argumentamos que a questão da recuperação da informação deve ser tratada utilizando-se uma teoria de gravitação quântica ainda desconhecida. The quantum theory of fields in curved space-times is the most solid framework for studying the interplay between gravity and quantum mechanics in the absence of a complete theory of quantum gravity. In this scenario, one problem that has drawn much attention from the theoretical physics community in the last decades is the so-called “black hole information loss paradox”, where the evolution from an initial pure quantum state to a final mixed quantum state would constitute a violation of the laws of quantum mechanics. In this dissertation we argue that information loss does not violate quantum mechanics, being simply a consequence of the semi-classical framework adopted and that the question of information recovery needs to be addressed by a yet unknown theory of quantum gravity. FAPESP: 2014/08684-9

O conceito moderno de buraco negro como uma região do espaço-tempo da qual a luz não pode escapar tem suas origens no século 18 com John Michell e Pierre Simon Laplace. Neste trabalho apresentamos as abordagens destes dois cientistas buscando dar ao professor do ensino médio subsídios para a compreensão das idéias precursoras do buraco negro moderno da teoria de Einstein da gravitação.

O conceito moderno de buraco negro como uma região do espaço-tempo da qual a luz não pode escapar tem suas origens no século 18 com John Michell e Pierre Simon Laplace. Neste trabalho apresentamos as abordagens destes dois cientistas buscando dar ao professor do ensino médio subsídios para a compreensão das idéias precursoras do buraco negro moderno da teoria de Einstein da gravitação. The modern concept of a black hole as a region of spacetime from which light cannot escape owns its origins to John Michell (1724-1793) and Pierre Simon Laplace (1749-1827). In the present work we review the approaches of these distinguished scientists in an attempt to provide the high school teacher with tools to understand those early ideas before the advent of the modern black hole of Einstein's gravitational theory.

No início deste ano de 2016, o consórcio formado pelas colaborações LIGO e Virgo anunciou a primeira detecção direta de ondas gravitacionais. Exatamente 100 anos antes, Karl Schwarzschild, um físico e astrônomo alemão de refinada formação matemática, surpreendia Einstein e toda a comunidade científica com uma solução exata das complicadas equações da Teoria da Relatividade Geral. As condições nas quais desenvolveu este seu trabalho foram dramáticas e ficaram famosas: lutando com o exército alemão na frente russa da Primeira Guerra Mundial. É notável também que seu trabalho tenha sido praticamente simultâneo aos de Einstein que levaram à consolidação da Relatividade Geral, a tempo ainda de ter sua solução reconhecida e citada na formulação definitiva da Teoria, publicada por Einstein no mesmo ano de 1916. A desde então chamada solução de Schwarzschild foi o ponto de partida para uma das mais interessantes sagas da Física do Século XX: a descoberta dos buracos negros e suas fascinantes propriedades físicas, que estão por trás, também, dos fenômenos de ondas gravitacionais detectados diretamente este ano. Apresentaremos aqui um pouco dos contextos histórico e epistemológico destas notáveis descobertas e alguns de seus principais protagonistas. Early this year, 2016, the consortium formed by LIGO and Virgo collaborations announced the first direct detection of gravitational waves. Exactly 100 years earlier, Karl Schwarzschild, a German physicist and astronomer with a refined mathematical background, surprised Einstein and the entire scientific community with an exact solution for the complicated equations of General Relativity. The conditions under which he worked on the problem were quite dramatic and became famous: fighting with the German army on the Russian front of the First World War. It is remarkable also that his work was almost simultaneous to Einstein's that led to the consolidation of General Relativity, just in time to have his solution recognized and cited in the final formulation of the Theory, published by Einstein in the same year of 1916. Since then called the Schwarzschild solution, it was the starting point for one of the most interesting sagas of the twentieth century Physics: the discovery of black holes and their fascinating physical properties, which are also behind the gravitational waves phenomena directly detected this year. We present here a bit of the historical and epistemological contexts of these remarkable discoveries and some of their main protagonists.

The gravitational collapse of a spherical core, in which the fluid component interact with a growing vacuum energy density, filling an homogeneous and isotropic geometry with an arbitrary curvature parameter, is investigated. The complete set of exact solutions for all values of the free parameters are obtained, and the influence of the curvature term on the collapsing time, black hole mass and other physical quantities are also discussed in detail. We show that for the same initial conditions the total black hole mass depends only on the effective matter density parameter (including the vacuum component). It is also shown that the analytical condition to form a black hole, i.e. the formation of an apparent horizon, is not altered by the contribution of the curvature terms, however, the remaining physical quantities are quantitatively modified.

We present a spectroscopic library of late spectral type stellar templates in the near-IR range 2.15-2.42microns, at R=5300-5900 resolution, oriented to support stellar kinematics studies in external galaxies, such as the direct determination of the masses of supermassive black-holes in nearby active (or non-active) galaxies. The combination of high spectral resolution and state-of-the-art instrumentation available in 8-m class telescopes has made the analysis of circumnuclear stellar kinematics using the near-IR CO band heads one of the most used techniques for such studies, and this library aims to provide the supporting datasets required by the higher spectral resolution and larger spectral coverage currently achieved with modern near-IR spectrographs. Examples of the application for kinematical analysis are given for data obtained with two Gemini instruments, but the templates can be easily adjusted for use with other near-IR spectrographs at similar or lower resolution. The example datasets are also used to revisit the "template mismatch" effect and the dependence of the velocity dispersion values obtained from the fitting process with the characteristics of the stellar templates. The library is available in electronic form from the Gemini web pages (link above)., Comment: To appear in the ApJ Supplement Series, December 2009. AASTex, 25 pages, 17 figures. The library spectra are available in standard FITS format from the Gemini Observatory webpage at http://www.gemini.edu/sciops/instruments/nearir-resources/?q=node/10167

The power of jets from black holes are expected to depend on both the spin of the black hole and the structure of the accretion disk in the region of the last stable orbit. We investigate these dependencies using two different physical models for the jet power: the classical Blandford-Znajek (BZ) model and a hybrid model developed by Meier. In the BZ case, the jets are powered by magnetic fields directly threading the spinning black hole while in the hybrid model, the jet energy is extracted from both the accretion disk as well as the black hole via magnetic fields anchored to the accretion flow inside and outside the hole's ergosphere. The hybrid model takes advantage of the strengths of both the Blandford-Payne and BZ mechanisms, while avoiding the more controversial features of the latter. We develop these models more fully to account for general relativistic effects and to focus on advection-dominated accretion flows (ADAF) for which the jet power is expected to be a significant fraction of the accreted rest mass energy. We apply the models to elliptical galaxies, in order to see if these models can explain the observed correlation between the Bondi accretion rates and the total jet powers. For typical values of the disk viscosity parameter alpha~0.04-0.3 and mass accretion rates consistent with ADAF model expectations, we find that the observed correlation requires j>0.9; i.e., it implies that the black holes are rapidly spinning. Our results suggest that the central black holes in the cores of clusters of galaxies must be rapidly rotating in order to drive jets powerful enough to heat the intracluster medium and quench cooling flows., 12 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-22T16:38:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MESSIAS DE BRITO CRUZ – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2015.pdf: 965746 bytes, checksum: 7e5735d9bf0c59ec136de374f7ba42b6 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-22T16:38:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MESSIAS DE BRITO CRUZ – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2015.pdf: 965746 bytes, checksum: 7e5735d9bf0c59ec136de374f7ba42b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-31 Capes Nesta dissertação estudou-se as perturbações gravitacionais axiais para o espaço tempo do buraco negro auto-dual. Essa classe de buracos negros esfericamente simétricos são advindos da teoria de gravidade quântica em laços, possuindo uma interessante propriedade de auto-dualidade, que permite que tais buracos negros possam ter uma massa menor que a de Planck. A partir de uma pertubação da métrica em primeira ordem, encontrou-se uma equação tipo-Schrodinger (Regge-Wheeler) e, então, utilizando-se o método WKB, calculou-se os modos quasinormais associados a equação de onda encontrada. Os buracos negros auto-duais mostraram-se estáveis quando submetidos a essas perturbações gravitacionais. Com isso, torna-se possível a existência de tais buracos negros em nosso universo. In this thesis we studied the axial gravitational perturbations to the self-dual black hole spacetime. This class of black holes is spherically symmetric, it arises from loop quantum gravity, and it has an interesting property of self-duality, which allows such black hole may have a smaller mass than the Planck mass. From a perturbation of the metric in the fi rst order, found a Schrodinger-type equation (Regge-Wheeler) and then by using the WKB method, we were able to calculate the quasinormais modes associated with the wave equation. The self dual black holes were stable when subjected to these gravitational perturbations. Thus, it is possible the existence of such black holes in our universe.

Modifed theories of gravity has the objective to elucidate some open issues in the context of general relativity. From this perspective many theories have been proposed over the years. In this paper we deal with some of these theories and, for each of them, we gave our contribution proposing new scenarios that showed promise. So in the context of braneworld theory we held the first studies in three dimensional DGP theory, with terms of induced gravity of the new massive gravity type. The study of the propagators of disturbed theory showed unit propagation modes without the presence of tachyons. As regards to the Horava-Lifshitz theory, we studied the structure of membranes with scalar fields in 4+1 dimensions and the formation of black holes in 1+1 dimensions has been obtained for the first time. In the two previous cases we deal with nonprojectable version of this theory. Have also studied braneworld models in a bimetric theory where gravity is coupled to the scalar field that connects the two metrics. Although the scalar field having a linear term kinetic the theory remained stable and gravity localization was obtained. Finally, we apply the theory of gravitation with nondynamical fields to a cosmological model and found that for a certain specific stage of the Universe Expansion is possible to have a mechanism that generates a self tuning of the cosmological constant problem. Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq Teorias de gravidade modificada tem como objetivo elucidar alguns problemas em aberto no âmbito da Relatividade Geral. Dentro desta perspectiva muitas teorias foram propostas ao longo dos anos. Neste trabalho abordamos algumas destas teorias e, para cada uma delas, demos a nossa contribuição propondo novos cenários que se mostraram promissores. Assim, no contexto das teorias de mundo-brana estudamos pela primeira vez teorias do tipo DGP em 2+1 dimensões, com termos de gravidade induzida do tipo nova gravidade massiva. O estudo dos propagadores da teoria perturbada mostrou a propagação de modos unitários e sem a presença de táquions. No que diz respeito à teoria de Horava-Lifshitz, estudamos a estrutura de branas com campos escalares em 4+1 dimensões e a formação de buracos em 1+1 foi obtida pela primeira vez. Nos dois casos anteriores tratamos da versão não projetável desta teoria. Estudamos ainda modelos de mundo-brana em uma teoria com bimétrica onde a gravidade se acopla ao campo escalar que conecta as duas métricas. Apesar de o campo escalar possuir um termo cinético linear a teoria se mostrou estável e localização da gravidade foi obtida. Por fim, aplicamos a teoria da gravitação com campos não dinâmicos a um modelo cosmológico e constatamos que para certa fase específica da expansão do Universo é possível termos um mecanismo que gera um auto ajuste da constante cosmológica.

Recent studies have indicated that cosmic ray acceleration by a first-order Fermi process in magnetic reconnection current sheets can be efficient enough in the surrounds of compact sources. In this work, we discuss this acceleration mechanism operating in the core region of galactic black hole binaries (or microquasars) and show the conditions under which this can be more efficient than shock acceleration. In addition, we compare the corresponding acceleration rate with the relevant radiative loss rates obtaining the possible energy cut-off of the accelerated particles and also compute the expected spectral energy distribution (SED) for two sources of this class, namely Cygnus X-1 and Cygnus X-3, considering both leptonic and hadronic processes. The derived SEDs are comparable to the observed ones in the low and high energy ranges. Our results suggest that hadronic non-thermal emission due to photo-meson production may produce the very high energy gamma-rays in these microquasars., Comment: 17 pages and 7 figures. Accepted for publication in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS)

We present a multiwavelength study of the OH Megamaser galaxy (OHMG) IRAS16399-0937, based on new HST/ACS F814W and H$\alpha$+[NII] images and archive data from HST, 2MASS, Spitzer, Herschel and the VLA. This system has a double nucleus, whose northern (IRAS16399N) and southern (IRAS16399S) components have a projected separation of $\sim$ 6'' (3.4 kpc) and have previously been identified based on optical spectra as a Low Ionization Nuclear Emission Line Region (LINER) and starburst nucleus, respectively. The nuclei are embedded in a tidally distorted common envelope, in which star formation is mostly heavily obscured. The infrared spectrum is dominated by strong polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), but deep silicate and molecular absorption features are also present, and are strongest in the IRAS16399N nucleus. The 0.435 - 500$\mu$m SED was fitted with a model including stellar, ISM and AGN torus components using our new MCMC code, clumpyDREAM. The results indicate that the IRAS16399N contains an AGN (L$_{bol} \sim 10^{44}$ ergs/s) deeply embedded in a quasi-spherical distribution of optically-thick clumps with a covering fraction $\approx1$. We suggest that these clumps are the source of the OHM emission in IRAS16399-0937. The high torus covering fraction precludes AGN-photoionization as the origin of the LINER spectrum, however, the spectrum is consistent with shocks (v $\sim100-200$ km s$^{-1}$). We infer that the $\sim10^8$ M$_{\odot}$ black-hole in IRAS16399N is accreting at a small fraction ($\sim1$%) of its Eddington rate. The low accretion-rate and modest nuclear SFRs suggest that while the gas-rich major merger forming the IRAS16399-0937 system has triggered widespread star formation, the massive gas inflows expected from merger simulations have not yet fully developed., Comment: Paper was accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal. 72 pages, 18 figures

We present optical integral field spectroscopy of the circum-nuclear gas of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1386. The data cover the central 7″ × 9″ (530 × 680 pc) at a spatial resolution of 0″. 9 (68 pc), and the spectral range 5700–7000 Å at a resolution of 66 km s−1. The line emission is dominated by a bright central component, with two lobes extending ≈3″ north and south of the nucleus. We identify three main kinematic components. The first has low velocity dispersion ( ¯ σ ≈ 90 km s−1), extends over the whole field of view, and has a velocity field consistent with gas rotating in the galaxy disk. We interpret the lobes as resulting from photoionization of disk gas in regions where the active galactic nucleus radiation cones intercept the disk. The second has higher velocity dispersion ( ¯ σ ≈ 200 km s−1) and is observed in the inner 150 pc around the continuum peak. This component is double peaked, with redshifted and blueshifted components separated by ≈500 km s−1. Together with previous Hubble Space Telescope imaging, these features suggest the presence of a bipolar outflow for which we estimate a mass outflow rate of M˙ ≳ 0.1 M⊙ yr−1. The third component is revealed by velocity residuals associated with enhanced velocity dispersion and suggests that outflow and/or rotation is occurring approximately in the equatorial plane of the torus. A second system of velocity residuals may indicate the presence of streaming motions along dusty spirals in the disk.

We consider the causal structure of generalized uncharged McVittie spacetimes with increasing central mass $m (t)$ and positive Hubble factor $H (t)$. Under physically reasonable conditions, namely, a big bang singularity in the past, a positive cosmological constant and an upper limit to the central mass, we prove that the patch of the spacetime described by the cosmological time and areal radius coordinates is always geodesically incomplete, which implies the presence of event horizons in the spacetime. We also show that, depending on the asymptotic behavior of the $m$ and $H$ functions, the generalized McVittie spacetime can have a single black hole, a black-hole/white-hole pair or, differently from classic fixed-mass McVittie, a single white hole. A simple criterion is given to distinguish the different causal structures., 12 pages, 5 figures

A energia emitida pelos núcleos ativos de galáxias (AGN’s) ´e provida através do escoamento acretivo de matéria em direção ao buraco negro super massivo central (SMBH). Tal escoamento se da sob a forma de um disco de acreção. As principais evidências observacionais da presença do disco são: (i) sua emissão térmica nos AGN’s mais luminosos, que d´a origem ao chamado big blue bump observado na região espectral do ultravioleta e (ii) a emissão de linhas largas com duplo-pico, entendidas como provenientes da recombinação do Hidrogênio nas regiões mais externas do disco de acreção. Os AGN’s menos luminosos, LLAGN’s, não apresentam o big blue bump, o que sugere que o disco de acreção tem uma natureza diferente; sua distribuição espectral de energia tem sido modelada através de um disco que é espesso na região interna, num regime de acreção de gás “radiativamente ineficiente”(RIAF), que é responsável pela emissão de fótons de mais alta energia (raios-X). Neste trabalho, apresentamos o monitoramento espectral de 2 LLAGN’s que apresentam linhas de emissão largas de Hα (FWHM _10.000 km/s) com duplo-pico: NGC1097 e NGC7213. Acredita-se que estas linhas sejam emitidas pelo g´as que se encontra na parte mais externa do disco de acreção, que ´e ionizado pelos raios-X emitidos pelo RIAF central. No caso de NGC1097, monitoramos o AGN em raios-X e UV – usando o satélite Swift, e também o perfil em duplo-pico – usando o telescópio SOAR entre agosto de 2012 e fevereiro de 2013. Este monitoramento permitiu que estudássemos a amplitude variacional de cada uma das curvas de luz obtidas e também aplicássemos a técnica de correlação cruzada entre as curvas de luz de raio-X e do ótico com o objetivo de elucidar se as variações no perfil em duplo-pico são reverberações das variações do contínuo ionizante de alta energia. Através deste monitoramento conseguimos colocar vínculos do limite superior para a escala de variabilidade mais curta do perfil, _ 5 dias, assim como através da modelagem dos perfis colocar vínculos na estrutura da região emissora. No caso de NGC7213 monitoramos o perfil em duplopico do AGN entre setembro de 2011 e julho de 2013. Observamos variabilidades do perfil em duas escalas de tempo: (1) a mais curta, entre 7 e 28 dias, associada as variações do fluxo total integrado do perfil e outra (2) mais longa & 3 meses, nas variações da intensidade relativa dos fluxos dos lados azul e vermelho do perfil e associada a escala de tempo dinâmica do disco de acreção. Modelamos a emissão em duplo-pico deste objeto como originária de um disco de acreção Kepleriano e relativístico, cujas características de variabilidade observadas podem ser explicadas através da rotação de um braço espiral no disco cuja emissão ´e maior do que a do disco subjacente. Por fim, estendemos a modelagem dos perfis de emissão largos de Hα para as galáxias Seyfet 1 do Palomar Sky Survey of Nearby Galaxies que apresentam emissão em duplo-pico: NGC3516, NGC4151, NGC4235, NGC5273, NGC5548. Concluímos que os perfis de emissão largos nesses objetos mais luminosos requerem uma modelagem com duas componentes: (1) uma muito larga e de duplo-pico que ´e originária da emissão do gás no disco de acreção; (2) e outra componente Gaussian de mais baixa velocidade para reproduzir a parte mais central do perfil, associada ao gás localizado além do disco. Identificamos que a componente disco é dominante em relação a emissão e que o angulo de inclinação do disco é o parâmetro mais importante na modelagem do perfil desses objetos. A geometria tipo disco tem implicações para a determinação da massa do buraco negro em galáxias ativas através do produto virial e identificando a relação entre o fator f e a largura da linha propomos um aprimoramento na obtenção de M• em galáxias ativas. The energy emitted by active galactic nuclei (AGN) is powered via accretion flows onto the central supermassive black hole (SMBH), usually in the form of an “accretion disk”in which the gas slowly spirals towards the SMBH. The most clear spectral signatures of accretion disks are: (i) their thermal emission in the most luminous AGN, which originates the so called big blue bump observed in the ultravaviolet and (ii) the emission of broad double-peaked lines, which are thought to originate via recombination of H and He atoms in the outer parts of the accretion disk. The low luminosity AGN’s (LLAGN), usually do not show the big blue bump, suggesting that their accretion flows are distinct; indeed, their spectral energy distribution have been modeled by an accretion disk in which the innermost part is geometrically thick, accreting in a radiativelly inefficient regime (RIAF) that emits high energy fotons (X-rays). In this work, we present the spectral monitoring of 2 LLAGN – NGC1097 and NGC7213 – that show broad (10,000 kms−1) double-peaked Hα emission lines, thought to be emitted by the gas in the outer parts of the accretion disk, which is ionized by the Xrays emitted by the central RIAF. In the case of NGC1097, we monitored the AGN in X-rays and UV – using the Swift satellite, and also the double-peaked profile – using the SOAR telescope between 2012 August and 2013 February. This monitoring allowed us to study the variability amplitude of each light curve as well as to apply the cross correlation technique to the light curves in X-rays and optical in order to investigate if the variations in the double-peaked profile are a reverberation of the variations in X-rays and UV (ionizing radiation). The monitoring allowed us to put constraints on the minimum variability timescale and on the structure of the line-emiting region. In the case of NGC7213 we monitired the broad double-peaked profile between 2011 September and 2013 July. We detected variabiliy of the profile in two timescales: (1) the shortest, beween 7 and 28 days, associated with vatiations in the integrated flux of the double-peaked line and another (2) larger, & 3 months, associated with variations in the relative intensity of the fluxes of the blue and red sides of the profile and identified with the dynamical timescale of the accretion disk. We modeled the double-peaked emission of this object as due the gas emission in a Keplerian and relativistic accretion disk, whose the variability features can be explained via rotation of a spiral arm in the disk which is brigther than the underlying disk. Finally, we extended the study of the modeling of broad Hα profiles to Seyfet 1 galaxies that display double-peaked profiles in the Palomar Sky Surver of Nearby Galaxies, namely NGC3516, NGC4151, NGC4235, NGC5273, NGC5548. We concluded that the broad Hα emission profiles of these galaxies require a two component modeling: (1) a very broad and double-peaked component originating from the gas in the accretion disk and another (2) low-velocity Gaussian component required to reproduce the center of the profile, associated with gas at lower velocities probably beyond the disk. We concluded that the disk component dominates at highest velocities and the inclination is the most important parameter in the determination of the width of the double-peaked profiles. The disk-like geometry has implications for the determination of the mass of the central SMBH in AGN via the virial product M• = and by identifying a relation between the factor f and the width of the broad line we propose an improvement in the estimate of the SMBH masses in Type 1 AGN.

NGC 4258 is the galaxy with the most accurate (maser-based) determination for the mass of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) in its nucleus. In this work, we present a two-dimensional mapping of the stellar kinematics in the inner 3.0 arcsec × 3.0 arcsec = 100 pc × 100 pc of NGC 4258 using adaptive-optics observations obtained with the Near-Infrared Integral Field Spectrograph of the Gemini North telescope at an ≈0.11 arcsec (4 pc) angular resolution. The observations resolve the radius of influence of the SMBH, revealing an abrupt increase in the stellar velocity dispersion within ≈10 pc from the nucleus, consistent with the presence of an SMBH there. Assuming that the galaxy nucleus is in a steady state and that the velocity dispersion ellipsoid is aligned with a cylindrical coordinate system, we constructed a Jeans anisotropic dynamical model to fit the observed kinematics distribution. Our dynamical model assumes that the galaxy has axial symmetry and is constructed using the multi-Gaussian expansion method to parametrize the observed surface brightness distribution. The Jeans dynamical model has three free parameters: the mass of the central SMBH (M•), the mass– luminosity ratio ( k = M/L) of the galaxy and the anisotropy of the velocity distribution. We test two types of models: one with constant velocity anisotropy, and another with variable anisotropy. The model that best reproduces the observed kinematics was obtained considering that the galaxy has radially varying anisotropy, being the best-fitting parameters with 3σ significanceM• = 4.8+0.8 −0.9 × 107M and k = 4.1+0.4 −0.5. This value for the mass of the SMBH is just 25 per cent larger than that of the maser determination and 50 per cent larger that a previous stellar dynamical determination obtained via Schwarzschild models for long-slit data that provides an SMBH mass 15 per cent lower than the maser value.

O foco deste trabalho é estudar a influência de buracos negros supermassivos (BNSs) nucleares na dinâmica e na cinemática estelar da região central das galáxias e determinar a massa destes BNSs. Assumindo que a função de distribuição (DF) que descreve a dinâmica da galáxia depende de duas integrais de movimento (f = f(E;Lz), onde E é a energia do sistema e Lz é a componente z do momento angular), construiu-se um modelo dinâmico de Jeans anisotrópico para reproduzir as distribuições de velocidades estelares observadas nas regiões centrais das galáxias ativas NGC4258 e NGC1052. A cinemática estelar das galáxias foi obtida através de observações espectroscópicas na banda-K do infravermelho próximo realizadas com o instrumento NIFS (Near-infrared Integral Field Spectrograph) no telescópio GEMINI Norte, e mostram que a distribuição de velocidades na região nuclear, em particular dentro do raio de influência do BNS, é dominada por uma alta dispersão de velocidades. Esta observação é consistente com a hipótese da presença de BNSs. Foram usadas imagens no infravermelho próximo obtidas com os instrumentos NICMOS (Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer) a bordo do HST (Hubble Space Telescope) e do 2MASS (Two Micron All-Sky Survey) para construir modelos de expansão multi-gaussiana (MGE) para parametrizar a distribuição superficial de brilho das galáxias. A partir destes modelos MGE foi possível obter as distribuições de matéria e os potenciais gravitacionais das galáxias. A estes potenciais adicionou-se o potencial de uma fonte pontual representando o BNS central. Estes pares potencial-densidade descritos como funções gaussianas bidimensionais foram então usados para resolver as equações de Jeans semi-isotrópicas com simetria axial e modelar as distribuições de velocidades das galáxias. Comparando a cinemática modelada com as observações concluímos que o BNS no núcleo da galáxia NGC4258 possui uma massa de 4, 8+0,9 -0,8M e que o BNS no núcleo da galáxia NGC1052 possui uma massa de 3,6 108M. The focus of this work is the study of the in uence of nuclear supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in the dynamics and stellar kinematics of the central region of galaxies and determine the masses of these SMBHs. Assuming that the distribution function (DF) that describes the galaxy dynamics depends of two integrals of motion (f = f(E;Lz), where E is the energy of the system and Lz is the z-component of the angular momentum), we have constructed a Jeans anisotropic dynamical model to t the observed stellar velocity distributions of the central regions of the active galaxies NGC4258 and NGC1052. The stellar kinematics of the galaxies was obtained from near-infrared spectroscopic observations in the K-band performed with the instrument NIFS (Near-infrared Integral Field Spectrograph) of the GEMINI North telescope. The observations show that the velocity distributions in the nuclear regions, particularly inside the black hole sphere of in uence, of the galaxies is dominated by high velocity dispersions. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis of the presence of SMBHs at the nucleus. We have used near-infrared K-band and H-band images obtained with the NICMOS instrument (Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer) aboard the HST (Hubble Space Telescope) and from 2MASS (Two Micron All-Sky Survey) to build multi-gaussian expansion models (MGE) to parametrise the surface brightness distributions of the galaxies. From these MGE models it was possible to obtain the mass distributions and the gravitational potentials of the galaxies. To these potentials we added the potential of a point source representing the SMBH. These densitypotential pairs described as two-dimensional gaussian functions were then used to obtain the solutions of the semi-isotropic axisymmetric Jeans equations and to model the velocity distributions of the galaxies. By comparing the modelled kinematics with the observed one we concluded that the SMBH in the nucleus of the galaxy NGC4258 has a mass of 4, 8+0,9 -0,8M and that the SMBH in the nucleus of the galaxy NGC1052 has a mass of 3,6 108M.

We have used GMOS-IFU and high resolution HST-ACS observations to map, in unprecedented detail, the gas velocity field and structure within the 0.7 kpc circumnuclear ring of the SBb LINER/Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 1097. We find clear evidence of radial streaming motions associated with spiral structures leading to the unresolved (, 4 pages, 3 figures using emulateapj. Accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal Letters. Download high-resolution version from http://www.astro.uu.se/~kambiz/DOC/paper-N1097.pdf

We show that the microquasar LSI+61303 is running away from its birth place in a young complex of massive stars. The supernova explosion that formed the compact object shot out the x-ray binary with a linear momentum of 430 +/- 140 Msun km/s, which is comparable to the linear momenta found in solitary runaway neutron stars and millisecond pulsars. The properties of the binary system and its runaway motion of 27 +/- 6 km/s imply that the natal supernova was asymmetric and that the upper limit for the mass that could have been suddenly ejected in the explosion is ~2 Msun. The initial mass of the progenitor star of the compact object that is inferred depends on whether the formation of massive stars in the parent stellar cluster was coeval or a sequential process., 4 pages, 1 figure. Published in A&A, see http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004A%26A...422L..29M and the NRAO press release at http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2004/shotout/

We discuss the environment of local hard X-ray selected active galaxies, with reference to two independent group catalogues. We find that the fraction of these AGN in S0 host galaxies decreases strongly as a function of galaxy group size (halo mass) - which contrasts with the increasing fraction of galaxies of S0 type in denser environments. However, there is no evidence for an environmental dependence of AGN in spiral galaxies. Because most AGN are found in spiral galaxies, this dilutes the signature of environmental dependence for the population as a whole. We argue that the differing results for AGN in disk-dominated and bulge-dominated galaxies is related to the source of the gas fuelling the AGN, and so may also impact the luminosity function, duty cycle, and obscuration. We find that there is a significant difference in the luminosity function for AGN in spiral and S0 galaxies, and tentative evidence for some difference in the fraction of obscured AGN., accepted for publication in MNRAS. 12 pages with 10 figures

We attempt to explain the observed radio and gamma-ray emission produced in the surrounds of black holes by employing a magnetically-dominated accretion flow (MDAF) model and fast magnetic reconnection triggered by turbulence. In earlier work, standard disk model was used and we refine the model by focussing on the sub-Eddington regime to address the fundamental plane of black hole activity. The results do not change substantially with regard to previous work ensuring that the details of the accretion physics are not relevant in the magnetic reconnection process occurring in the corona. Rather our work puts fast magnetic reconnection events as a powerful mechanism operating in the core region, near the jet base of black hole sources on more solid ground. For microquasars and low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (LLAGNs) the observed correlation between radio emission and mass of the sources can be explained by this process. The corresponding gamma-ray emission also seems to be produced in the same core region. On the other hand, the emission from blazars and gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) cannot be correlated to core emission based on fast reconnection., 5 pages, 3 figures. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letters

Espalhamento de campos ao redor de buracos negros é uma importante problema tanto na área de astrofísica, na detecção de ondas gravitacionais, como em aplicações teóricas, por exemplo, em AdS/CFT e gravidade quântica. Nesta tese, estudamos aspectos teóricos do espalhamento de campos em torno de buracos negros Kerr-NUT-(A)dS em 4 dimensões (buraco negro girante, com carga topológica tipo NUT e imerso em um espaço-tempo de curvatura escalar constante). Após separação da equação de Klein-Gordon, reduzimos o problema a um espalhamento unidimensional na variável radial. Em particular, estudamos o espalhamento de um campo escalar conformemente acoplado ao espaço-tempo (⇠ = 16 ), pois nesse caso o número de pontos singulares reduz de 5 para 4. A equação resultante é Fuchsiana do tipo Heun, equação mais geral do que a hipergeométrica, com 4 pontos singulares regulares, e suas soluções não existem em termos de funções elementares. A maior parte dos estudos nessa área de espalhamento são aproximados ou puramente numéricos. Encontramos, então, uma expressão analítica para os coeficientes de espalhamento em termos da monodromias das soluções. Estes coeficientes dependem de traços de monodromias compostas. Usamos a teoria de deformações isomonodrômicas para encontrar esses coeficientes através das soluções assintóticas da equação de Painlevé VI. Em particular, estudamos o espalhamento no caso Kerr-dS em detalhe. Além disso, discutimos certos resultados interessantes no contexto da descrição dual dos estados de um buraco negro em termos de uma teoria de campos conforme, a chamada dualidade Kerr/CFT. Modos conformemente acoplados em Kerr-AdS extremal sugerem uma descrição em termos de uma teoria de campo conforme para a frequência no limite superradiante, além da região próxima do horizonte.

Theories of extra dimensions have been extensively studied in recent years with the original intention of solving the hierarchy problem. Among the models of extra dimensions we can mention the braneworld models, more precisely, the Randall-Sundrum model, which considers our universe as a brane embedded in an ambient space with an extra dimension of infinite size. The fundamental aspect of the brane models is that matter and fields are confined in a hypersurface and only gravity has access to all dimensions. Thus, observational tests involving gravity may provide a way of verifying the existence of extra dimensions. With this idea in mind, in this work, we find black hole solutions in a regularized version of a RSII type brane and then we consider two classical tests of general relativity to these solutions. We studied the in uence of transversal movement in the four-dimensional path of the particles. We note that the de ection of light and the time delay, in this scenario, depend on the energy ( frequency ) of the light signal and can, therefore, give rise to the phenomenon of gravitational rainbow. We also discuss a model of thick branes known as the split fermion model. In this model electrons and protons are located on di¤erent hypersurfaces of the brane. We found that, in the presence of a gravitational eld generated by a massive body, these particles will experience di¤erent four-dimensional geometries. This violation of the equivalence principle, from the viewpoint of four-dimensional observers, produces interesting phenomena as, for instance, the gravitational induction of an electric dipole in a hydrogen atom. We veri ed that the Hamiltonian that describes this e¤ect has the same form of the Stark Hamiltonian, i.e., H = ~A ~r, where the tidal acceleration ~A(due to the separation of electron and proton in the extra dimension) substitutes the electric eld and the reduced mass atom replaces the electric charge. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES Teorias de dimensões extras têm sido amplamente estudadas nos últimos anos, com o intuito original de resolver o problema da hierarquia. Entre os modelos de dimensões extras podemos citar o modelo de branas Randal-Sundrum, que trata o nosso universo como uma brana imersa em um espaço ambiente com uma dimensão extra de comprimento infinito. O aspecto fundamental do cenário de branas é que a matéria e os campos estão confinados em uma hipersuperfície e, apenas, a gravidade tem acesso a todas as dimensões. Sendo assim, testes observacionais envolvendo a gravitação podem oferecer meios de se verificar a existência das dimensões extras. Com esta ideia em mente, neste trabalho, encontramos soluções de buracos negros em uma versão regularizada de uma brana (ou seja, com espessura) do tipo RSII e aplicamos, então, dois testes clássicos da relatividade geral para estas soluções de buracos negros, estudando a influência do movimento transversal nas trajetórias quadrimensionais das partículas. Constatamos que o desvio da luz e o atraso temporal, neste cenário, passam a depender da energia (frequência) do sinal luminoso, podendo, portanto, dar origem ao fenômeno de arco-íris gravitacional. Discutimos também um modelo de branas com espessura, conhecido como modelo de separação de férmions, formulado com o propósito de explicar a estabilidade do próton sem recorrer a algum tipo de simetria. Neste modelo, elétrons e prótons estão localizados em diferentes hipersuperfícies da brana. Verificamos que na presença de um campo gravitacional gerado por um corpo massivo, estas partículas irão sentir diferentes geometrias quadrimensionais. Esta aparente violação do princípio da equivalência, do ponto de vista de observadores quadrimensionais, produz interessantes fenômenos como, por exemplo, a indução, pela gravidade, de um dipolo elétrico em um átomo de Hidrogênio. Verificamos que a Hamiltoniana que descreve este efeito tem a mesma forma da Hamiltoniana de Stark, ou seja, H = ~A ~r, onde a aceleração de maré ~A (devido à separação de elétron e próton na dimensão extra) está no lugar do campo elétrico e a massa reduzida do átomo substitui a carga elétrica.

Orientador: Olexandr Zhydenko Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, 2014

We present a revised measurement of themass of the central black hole (MBH ) in the Seyfert 1 galaxyNGC4151. The new stellar dynamical mass measurement is derived by applying an axisymmetric orbit-superposition code to nearinfrared integral field data obtained using adaptive optics with the Gemini Near-infrared Integral Field Spectrograph (NIFS).When our models attempt to fit both the NIFS kinematics and additional low spatial resolution kinematics, our results depend sensitively on how χ2 is computed—probably a consequence of complex bar kinematics that manifest immediately outside the nuclear region. The most robust results are obtained when only the high spatial resolution kinematic constraints in the nuclear region are included in the fit. Our best estimates for the black holemass and H-band mass-to-light ratio are MBH ∼ 3.76±1.15 × 107 M (1σ error) and ϒH ∼ 0.34±0.03 M /L (3σ error), respectively (the quoted errors reflect themodel uncertainties). Our black holemassmeasurement is consistent with estimates from both reverberation mapping (3.57+0.45 −0.37 × 107 M ) and gas kinematics (3.0+0.75 −2.2 × 107 M ; 1σ errors), and our best-fit mass-to-light ratio is consistent with the photometric estimate of ϒH = 0.4 ± 0.2 M /L . The NIFS kinematics give a central bulge velocity dispersion σc = 116 ± 3 kms−1, bringing this object slightly closer to the MBH–σ relation for quiescent galaxies. Although NGC 4151 is one of only a few Seyfert 1 galaxies in which it is possible to obtain a direct dynamical black hole mass measurement—and thus, an independent calibration of the reverberation mapping mass scale—the complex bar kinematics makes it less than ideally suited for this purpose.

What is the ultimate fate of something that falls into a black hole? From this question arises one of the most intricate problems of modern theoretical physics: the black hole information loss paradox. Bekenstein and Hawking have been shown that the entropy in a black hole is proportional to the surface area of its event horizon, which should be quantized in a multiple of the Planck area. This led G.’t Hooft and L. Susskind to propose the holographic principle which states that all the information inside the black hole can be stored on its event horizon. From this results, one may think if the solution to the information paradox could lies in the quantum properties of the black hole horizon. One way to quantize the event horizon is to see it as a fuzzy sphere, which posses a closed relation with Hopf algebras. This relation makes possible a topology change process where a fuzzy sphere splits in two others. In this work it will be shown that, if one quantize the black hole event horizon as a fuzzy sphere taking into account its quantum symmetry properties, a topology change process to black holes can be defined without break unitarity or locality, and we can obtain a possible solution to the information paradox. Moreover, we show that this model can explain the origin of the black hole entropy, and why black holes obey a generalized second law of thermodynamics.

Orientador: Roldão Da Rocha Junior Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, 2014

We perform an exploratory study of the physical properties of accretion flows and jets in low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (LLAGNs) by modeling the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of 12 LLAGNs in low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions (LINERs). These SEDs we constructed from high-resolution radio, X-ray and optical/UV observations of the immediate vicinity of the black hole. We adopt a coupled accretion-jet model comprising an inner advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF) and an outer standard thin disk. We present best-fit models in which either the ADAF or the jet dominate the X-ray emission. Six sources in our sample display an optical-UV excess with respect to ADAF and jet models; this excess can be explained as emission from the truncated disk with transition radii 30-225 Rs in four of them. In almost all sources the optical emission can also be attributed to unresolved, old stellar clusters with masses ~1E7-1E8 Msun. We find evidence for a correlation between the accretion rate and jet power and an anti-correlation between the radio-loudness and the accretion rate. We confirm previous findings that the radio emission is severely underpredicted by ADAF models and explained by the relativistic jet. We find evidence for a nonlinear relation between the X-ray and bolometric luminosities and a slight IR excess in the average model SED compared to that of quasars. We suggest that the hardness of the X-ray spectrum can be used to identify the X-ray emission mechanism and discuss directions for progress in understanding the origin of the X-rays., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 27 pages, 22 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1112.4640

We study the complete time evolution of scalar fields propagating in space-times of higher dimensional Lifshitz Black Holes with dynamical critical exponent $z=2$, obtained from a theory including the most general quadratic curvature corrections to Einstein-Hilbert gravity in $D$ dimensions. We also computed the quasinormal spectrum after performing a numerical integration and solving exactly the Klein-Gordon equation obeyed by the massive scalar field. We found that quasinormal modes are purely imaginary for all dimensions., 26 pages, 9 figures, 6 tables

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-18T18:35:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LUIZ CORDEIRO DE LIMA NETO – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2013.pdf: 963611 bytes, checksum: 83952da12a3c82dcd16e85616b111271 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-18T18:35:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUIZ CORDEIRO DE LIMA NETO – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2013.pdf: 963611 bytes, checksum: 83952da12a3c82dcd16e85616b111271 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-26 Capes Este trabalho apresenta elementos complementares da formação no nível de mestrado em Física. Discutimos, principalmente, aspectos de Relatividade Geral e Teoria Quân- tica de Campos. Deforma detalhada, explanamos a obtenção das soluções de Reissner- Nordström para as equações de Einstein que mostram a dependência dos buracos negros carregados da sua massa e da sua carga. Analisamos, também, os casos onde a massa difere numericamente da carga conhecidos como casos não-extremos, e os casos onde estas grandezas são equivalentes conhecidos como extremos. Discutimos, também, as leis da mecânica dos buracos negros e a inevitável comparação com as leis usuais da Termodinâmica e, conforme foi demonstrado por Hawking, que essas semelhanças são um fenômeno físico explicado pela a mecânica quântica. Ao rever estes estudos, Unruh percebeu que um observador acelerado em um espaço plano mede radiação térmica. Os estudos apresentados nesta dissertação constituem o embasamento necessário para o trabalho em inúmeras áreas de desenvolvimento da Física na atualidade, visto que os buracos negros carregados (em dimensões extras) possuem uma ligação com a teoria das cordas, uma das teorias mais promissoras para a construção da teoria quântica da gravitação. This work presents complementary elements of training at the master’s degree level in Physics. We discussed, mainly, aspects of General Relativity and Quantum Field Theory. In details we expounded the obtaining of Reissner-Nordström’s solutions for Einstein’s equations that show the dependence of charged black holes on their massand charge. We also the cases in which the mass differs numerically from charge, known as non- extreme cases, and cases where the sequantities are equivalent, known as extreme. We also discuss the laws of mechanics of black holes and thein evitable comparison with the usual law softhermo dynamics and still, as demonstrated by Hawking, that the se similarities are physical phenomena explained by Quantum Mechanics. By reviewing thes estudies, Unruh realized that an accelerated observerina flat space me asures thermal radiation. The studies presented in this dissertation formed the necessary principles for research in several are as of development of physics now a days, where as the charged black holes (in extradimensions) are connected with the String Theory, one of the most promising theories for construction of the Quantum Theory of Gravitation.

Submitted by Boris Flegr (boris@uerj.br) on 2021-01-06T21:12:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoPaula Clemente.pdf: 1958612 bytes, checksum: 14b077e0b02c0f554a7d533e5b75340b (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-01-06T21:12:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoPaula Clemente.pdf: 1958612 bytes, checksum: 14b077e0b02c0f554a7d533e5b75340b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-20 Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro We have considered the problem which refers to scattering and absorption of perturbations from a black hole. These perturbations can be scalar, gravitational or eletromagnetic waves and satisfy a Schrödinger-type equation, where the potential is specified by the black hole under consideration. Unfortunately, this problem can not be solved by a standard pseudospectral method,the reason is that does not exist a infinite interval basis set, capable of modelling the ingoing and outgoing waves. By using the rational Chebyshev functions and, adding to it, special functions called "radiation" functions, we are able to compute with high precision the transmission and reflection coefficients. We have adapted and modified the pseudospectral method devised by Boyd, (Computers and Physics, 83, (1990)) which consists in a potential barrier problem in one dimension, the concept of numerical implementation remains the same. In order to show the effectiveness and versatility of the algorithm, the scattering by Schwarzschild, standard acoustic and charged black holes were considered. Nós consideramos o problema que se refere ao espalhamento e absorção de perturbações por um buraco negro. Estas perturbações podem ser ondas escalares, gravitacionais ou eletromagnéticas e satisfazem uma equação tipo-Schrödinger, em que o potencial efetivo de espalhamento é especificado pelo buraco negro sob consideração. Infelizmente, este problema não pode ser resolvido pelo método pseudoespectral padrão, a razão é que não existe um conjunto de bases de intervalo infinito, capaz de modelar as ondas que entram e que saem. Ao utilizar as funções racionais de Chebyshev, acrescentando-lhes, funções especiais chamadas "funções de radiação", somos capazes de calcular com grande precisão os coeficientes transmissão e de reflexão, proveniente do espalhamento. Nós adaptamos e modificamos o método pseudoespectral concebido por Boyd, (Computers and Physics, 83, (1990)), que consiste no problema de barreira de potencial em uma dimensão, o conceito associado a implementação numérica permanece o mesmo. A fim de mostrar a eficácia e versatilidade do algoritmo, consideramos os casos de espalhamento por buraco negro de Schwarzschild, buraco acústico canônico e buracos negros carregados.

Apresentamos mapas bidimensionais (2D) para a cinemática do gás e das estrelas e fluxo das linhas de emissão na região central (algumas centenas de parsecs) das galáxias ativas M 81, NGC 1667, NGC 2110 e NGC 7213. As observações foram feitas com a Unidade de Campo Integral (IFU) do GMOS (Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph) nos telescópios Gemini. Obtivemos campos de velocidades, mapas de dispersão de velocidades e mapas de fluxos pelo ajuste das linhas de emissão do gás Hα, [NII] λ6584˚A e [SII] λλ6717,31˚A. Obtivemos medidas da cinemática estelar a partir da aplicação da técnica pPXF. Utilizamos modelagens da cinemática estelar e do gás, além de técnicas de PCA, com o objetivo de detectar movimentos não circulares do gás e investigar a natureza desses movimentos. Detectamos influxos de gás em todas as quatro galáxias e ejeções de gás nas galáxias NGC 2110 e M 81. Verificamos que movimentos não circulares interpretados como influxos de gás se relacionam a espirais e filamentos associados a poeira vista em mapas de estrutura. Obtivemos taxas de influxo de massa para todas as galáxias e taxas de ejeções de massa para a galáxia NGC 2110 e comparamos estes resultados à taxa de acreção de matéria de cada galáxia. Encontramos que as taxas de influxo de gás ionizado variam de 0,01 a 1 M⊙/ano e são, em todos os casos, maiores que a taxa de acreção, o que sugere que a maior parte desse gás se acumulará na região central.

We use near-infrared (near-IR) spectroscopic data from the inner few hundred parsecs of a sample of 47 active galaxies to investigate possible correlations between the stellar velocity dispersion (σ ), obtained from the fit of the K-band CO stellar absorption bands, and the gas velocity dispersion (σ), obtained from the fit of the emission-line profiles of [S III] λ0.953 μm, [Fe II] λ1.257 μm, [Fe II] λ1.644 μm and H2 λ2.122 μm. While no correlations with σ were found for H2 and [S III], a good correlation was found for the two [Fe II] emission lines, expressed by the linear fit σ = 95.4 ± 16.1 + (0.25 ± 0.08) × σ[Fe II]. Excluding barred objects from the sample, a better correlation is found between σ and σ[Fe II], with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.80 and fitted by the following relation: σ = 57.9 ± 23.5 + (0.42 ± 0.10) × σ[Fe II]. This correlation can be used to estimate σ in cases where it cannot be directly measured and the [Fe II] emission lines are present in the spectra, allowing us to obtain the mass of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) from the M•–σ relation. The scatter from a one-to-one relationship between σ and its value derived from σ[Fe II] using the equation above for our sample is 0.07 dex, which is smaller than that obtained in previous studies which use σ[O III] in the optical as a proxy for σ . The use of σ[Fe II] in the near-IR instead of σ[O III] in the optical is a valuable option for cases in which optical spectra are not available or are obscured, as in the case of many active galactic nuclei. The comparison between the SMBH masses obtained using the M•–σ relation in which σ was directly measured with those derived from σ[Fe II] reveals only a small average difference of ΔlogM• = 0.02 with a scatter of 0.32 dex for the complete sample and ΔlogM• = 0.00 with a scatter of 0.28 dex for a subsample excluding barred galaxies.

The problem of deforming geometries is particularly important in the context of constructing new exact solutions of Einstein's equation. This issue often appears when extensions of the general relativity are treated, for instance in brane world scenarios. In this paper we investigate spacetimes in which the energy-momentum tensor obeys a linear constraint. Extensions of the usual vacuum and electrovacuum solutions of general relativity are derived and an exact solution is presented. The classes of geometries obtained include a wide variety of compact objects, among them black holes and wormholes. The general metric derived in this work generalizes several solutions already published in the literature. Perturbations around the exact solution are also considered., Comment: 4 pages

We have conducted an archival Spitzer study of 38 early-type galaxies (ETGs) in order to determine the origin of the dust in approximately half of this population. Our sample galaxies generally have good wavelength coverage from 3.6um to 160um, as well as visible-wavelength HST images. We use the Spitzer data to estimate dust masses, or establish upper limits, and find that all of the ETGs with dust lanes in the HST data are detected in all of the Spitzer bands and have dust masses of ~10^{5-6.5} Msun, while galaxies without dust lanes are not detected at 70um and 160um and typically have, ApJ Accepted. 22 pages, 15 figures in emulateapj format

Submitted by Teresa Silva CTC/D (teresadasilvarj@gmail.com) on 2022-01-06T21:14:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Anderson Mendonça da Silva - 2012 - Completa.pdf: 6896035 bytes, checksum: 4f72ace312eebbaf365a5d202516fe00 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-01-06T21:14:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Anderson Mendonça da Silva - 2012 - Completa.pdf: 6896035 bytes, checksum: 4f72ace312eebbaf365a5d202516fe00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-30 The motion of massive particles in an external magnetic field around a black hole can be found using the Hamiltonian formalism adapted for General Relativity, with the particle’s proper time serving as the independent variable. The resulting dynamical systems are, in general, non-integrable, opening up the possibility of chaotic motion. It is therefore interesting to develop and apply numerical integration methods which are both efficient and precise for calculating the particle trajectories. The main aim of the work presented in this dissertation is to develop programs which are both fast and highly accurate, with a precision which can be adapted according to the application and needs of the user. To this end, we have implemented a program for integrating differential equations based on the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method, using C++ and the multiple precision library MPFR. The program was compared with equivalent implementations in double precision C and Maple, and showed greater accuracy than the former, while being faster than the latter at the same level of precision. As a physical application, the program was used to investigate chaos in particle trajectories around black holes. O movimento de partículas massivas imersas em um campo magnético externo a um buraco negro pode ser determinado pelo formalismo hamiltoniano adaptado à Relatividade Geral, com o tempo próprio definido como variável independente. Esses sistemas dinâmicos, em geral, não são integráveis, possibilitando o surgimento de movimentos caóticos. Por isso é interessante utilizar métodos numéricos de integração precisos e eficientes para determinar as trajetórias das partículas. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal desenvolver programas que sejam simultaneamente rápidos e altamente precisos, com um nível de acurácia adaptável às necessidades. Por esse fim, foi implementado um integrador de equações diferenciais baseado no método de Runge-Kutta de quarta ordem, usando C++ e a biblioteca de múltipla precisão MPFR. O programa foi comparado com implementações equivalentes em dupla precisão em C e em Maple, mostrando-se mais preciso do que a primeira, e mais rápido do que a segunda. Como aplicação, o programa foi usado para investigar caos em trajetórias de partículas em torno de buracos negros.

In this work we present a class of geometries which describes wormholes in a Randall-Sundrum brane model, focusing on de Sitter backgrounds. Maximal extensions of the solutions are constructed and their causal structures are discussed. A perturbative analysis is developed, where matter and gravitational perturbations are studied. Analytical results for the quasinormal spectra are obtained and an extensive numerical survey is conducted. Our results indicate that the wormhole geometries presented are stable., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures

We present stellar and gaseous kinematics of the inner ≈350-pc radius of the Seyfert galaxy Mrk 1066 derived from J and Kl bands data obtained with the Gemini’s Near-Infrared Integral Field Spectrograph (NIFS) at a spatial resolution of ≈35 pc. The stellar velocity field is dominated by rotation in the galaxy plane but shows an S-shape distortion along the galaxy minor axis which seems to be due to an oval structure seen in an optical continuum image. Along this oval, between 170 and 280 pc from the nucleus we find a partial ring of low σ (≈50 km s-ˡ) attributed to an intermediate-age stellar population. The velocity dispersion of the stellar bulge (σ ≈ 90 km s-ˡ) implies a supermassive black hole mass of ≈5.4 × 10 6Mʘ. From measurements of the emission-line fluxes and profiles ([P II]λ1.1886 μm, [Fe II]λ1.2570 μm, Paβ and H2λ2.1218 μm), we have constructed maps for the gas centroid velocity, velocity dispersion as well as channel maps. The velocity fields for all emission lines are dominated by a similar rotation pattern to that observed for the stars, but are distorted by the presence of two structures: (i) a compact rotating disc with radius r ≈ 70 pc; (ii) outflows along the radio jet which is oriented approximately along the galaxy major axis. The compact rotating disc is more conspicuous in the H2 emitting gas, which presents the smallest σ values (≤70 km s-ˡ) and most clear rotation pattern, supporting a location in the galaxy plane. We estimate a gas mass for the disc of ~10 7Mʘ. The H2 kinematics further suggests that the nuclear disc is being fed by gas coming from the outer regions. The outflow is more conspicuous in the [Fe II] emitting gas, which presents the highest σ values (up to 150 km s-ˡ) and the highest blue and redshifts of up to 500 km s-ˡ, while the highest stellar rotation velocity is only ≈130 km s-ˡ. We estimate a mass-outflow rate in ionized gas of ≈6 × 10-²Mʘ yr-ˡ. The derived kinematics for the emitting gas is similar to that observed in previous studies supporting that the H2 is a tracer of the active galactic nucleus feeding and the [Fe II] of its feedback.

Orientador: Vilson Tonin Zanchin Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, 2011

A galáxia espiral barrada NGC 1097 possui um núcleo ativo do tipo LINER (do inglês, Low-lonization Nuclear Emission Line Region) de baixa luminosidade, o qual em 1991, através de observações espectroscópicas, foi descoberto como o primeiro LINER emissor de linhas da série de Balmer largas (FWHM -10.000 km s-1) com duplo-pico. Após a sua descoberta, o perfil de duplo-pico foi monitorado pelos 11 anos seguintes e a sua variabilidade foi atribuída à emissão de gás de um disco em rotação Kepleriana não axialmente simétrico. Durante o monitoramento, a presença d perfil ficou gradativamente menos evidente, quase desaparecendo nas observações de 2001. Em 2006 Nemmen et al. modelou a distribuição espectral de energia deste núcleo ativo como devido à emissão por um "toróide de íons" que estaria localizado na parte interna do disco, num regime de acreção radiativamente ineficiente (RIAF), que seria a fonte responsável pela ionização da parte mais externa do disco (que emite a linha de duplopico). Neste trabalho apresentamos onze novas observações espectroscópicas do núcleo da galáxia NGC 1097 obtidas com o Telescópio Gemini Sul, entre Março de 2010 e Março de 2011. A partir destas observações constatamos que a emissão da linha em duplo-pico não desapareceu; pelo contrário, tornou-se mais intensa em Dezembro de 2010 do que nas observações anteriores, e sua variabilidade está novamente presente. Utilizamos dois modelos de discos de acreção para modelar a variabilidade no perfil observado. Ambos os modelos consistem de gás em rotação em um disco Kepleriano, cuja porção emissora de linhas é delimitada por um raio interno e um externo. Além disso, possui uma emissividade axialmente assimétrica sob a forma de um braço espiral. Através dos modelos vinculamos um período de rotação para o braço espiral entre 17 e 18 meses. A observação dos perfis revelou duas escalas de tempo de variação: (1) a primeira, de 7 dias, que interpretamos como a escala de tempo de viagem dos fótons emitidos pela fonte ionizante central até o disco de acreção. (2) a segunda, de 5 - 6 meses, é atribuída à escala de tempo de rotação do braço espiral no disco. Este trabalho reforça as evidêncidas obtidas em trabalhos anteriores de que as linhas de emissão de duplo-pico da série de Balmer observadas em NGC 1097, e possivelmente também em outros LINERs, são provenientes de gás em rotação num disco de acreção ionizado por um RIAF central. The spiral barred galaxy NGC 1097 has a low luminous active galactic nucleus classified as LINER, which in 1991, through spectroscopic observations, was found to be the first LINER emitting broad double-peaked Balmer lines (FWHM - 10,000 km s-1). After the discovery, the double-peaked profile was monitored for the following 11 years, and its variability was attributed to the rotation of gas in a non-axisymmetric Keplerian disk. During the monitoring, the presence of the profile became gradually less evident, nearly disappearing from the spectra in 2001. In 2006, Nemmenl et al. modelled the spectral energy distribution for this active nucleus as due the emission from an "ion torus" located in the inner parts of the disk, in a radiatively inefficient accretion flow regime (RIAF), which would be the ionizing source of the gas in the disk. In this work we present eleven new spectroscopic observations of the nucleus of the galaxy NGC 1097 obtained with the Gemini South Telescope, from March 2010 to March 2011. From our observations we found that the profile did not disappear; on the contrary, in December 2010, it became even stronger than in previous observations, and its variability is present again. We used two accretion disk models to fit theoretical profiles to our data. Both models consist of gas rotating in a Keplerian disk, in which the line emitting portion is bound by an inner and an outer radius, having a non-axisymmetric emissivity in the form of a spiral arm. From our modelling we constrained a rotation period for the spiral arm between 17 and 18 months. The observations of the profiles displayed variation on two time scales: (1) the first, of 7 days, was interpreted as the Iight travel time between the central ionizing source and the accretion disk. (2) the second, from 5 to 6 months, was attributed to the rotation time scale of the spiral arm. This work supports the evidence from previous works that broad double-peaked Balmer emission lines in NGC 1097 and possibly in other LINERs originate from an accretion disk ionized by a central RIAF.

We present stellar and gaseous kinematics of the inner 120x250pc^2 of the Liner/Seyfert 1 galaxy M81, from optical spectra obtained with the GMOS integral field spectrograph on the Gemini North telescope at a spatial resolution of 10pc. The stellar velocity field shows circular rotation but deviations are observed close to the minor axis which can be attributed to stellar motions possibly associated to a nuclear bar. The stellar velocity dispersion of the bulge is 162km/s leading to a black hole mass of M_BH=5.5x10^7M_sun based on the M_BH-sigma relationship. The gas kinematics is dominated by non-circular motions and the subtraction of the stellar velocity field reveals blueshifts of ~-100km/s on the far side of the galaxy and a few redshifts on the near side. These characteristics can be interpreted in terms of streaming towards the center if the gas is in the plane. On the basis of the observed velocities and geometry of the flow, we estimate a mass inflow rate in ionized gas of ~4.0x10^-3M_sun/year, which is of the order of the accretion rate necessary to power the LINER nucleus of M81. We have also applied the technique of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to our data, which reveals the presence of a rotating nuclear gas disk within ~50pc from the nucleus and a compact outflow, approximately perpendicular to the disk. The PCA combined with the observed gas velocity field shows that the nuclear disk is being fed by gas circulating in the galaxy plane. The presence of the outflow is supported by a compact jet seen in radio observations at a similar orientation, as well as by an enhancement of the [OI]\Halpha line ratio, probably resulting from shock excitation of the circumnuclear gas by the radio jet. With these observations we are thus resolving both the feeding -- via the nuclear disk and observed gas inflow, and the feedback -- via the outflow, around the nucleus of M81., Accepted by MNRAS; 14 pages; 13 figures

In this work, we obtain isotropic extensions of the usual spherically symmetric vacuum geometries in general relativity. Exact and perturbative solutions are derived. The classes of geometries obtained include black holes in compact and noncompact universes, wormholes in the interior region of cosmological horizons, and anti-de Sitter geometries with excess/deficit solid angle. The tools developed here are applicable in more general contexts. © 2011 American Physical Society., This work was partially supported by MICINN (Spain) under research Project No. FIS2008-06332, CNPq (Brazil) and FAPESP (Brazil).