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Exclusive breastfeeding or more properly called exclusive breastfeeding. The reality in the field shows the production and ejection of breast milk is a bit of a constraint in breastfeeding. One solution to overcome the insufficiency of breast milk production is through techniques acupressure points for lactation. This study aimed to determine the effect of mother's milk production with acupressure point for lactation intervention in the work area of Muaro Paiti sub-district Kapur IX Lima Puluh Kota Regency 2018. A quasi-experimental design with control group pretest-posttest design. The study was conducted in the working area of Muaro Paiti Community Health Center in April 2018. The population was breastfeeding mother in the work area of Muaro Paiti health center which was 118 people, with purposive sampling of 16 people. Processing and data analysis is done computerized. Univariate results revealed the average production of breast milk before acupressure point for lactation intervention in breastfeeding mothers was 67,9 ml and after intervention 85. 7 ml . Bivariate results have the effect of acupressure point for lactation intervention on maternal breastmilk production in the work area of Muaro Paiti District Health Center Kapur IX Lima Puluh Kota Regency 2018 (p = 0,0005). It is expected that health workers should be able to teach acupressure point for lactation techniques in breastfeeding mothers to increase milk production for mothers with breastfeeding production

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides foods, education, and referrals to participants who are considered to be at nutritional risk. The outreach of the program is impressive, and nearly 9.17 million people participated in the program in 2010. WIC participation is associated with many positive outcomes, including improved birthweights and childhood dietary practices. Despite these benefits, WIC mothers experience lower breastfeeding rates when compared with demographically similar women who do not participate in the WIC program. According to WIC, “A breastfeeding mother and her infant shall be placed in the highest priority level.” Despite this statement and others that support breastfeeding, WIC allocates only 0.6% of its budget toward breastfeeding initiatives. Formula expenses accounted for 11.6% ($850 million) of WIC’s 2009 expenses. The inconsistency between WIC’s policies that encourage breastfeeding vs. practices that favor formula begs further examination. Research shows consistent success with peer counseling programs among WIC participants; however, little money is budgeted for these programs. Rebates included, WIC spends 25 times more on formula than on breastfeeding initiatives. The American Academy of Nursing Expert Panel on Breastfeeding is calling for a re-evaluation of how these taxpayer dollars are spent. Additionally, the American Academy of Nursing recommends a shift from formula bargaining to an investment in structured peer counseling programs. All WIC programs should offer peer counseling support services that encourage breastfeeding and meet the needs of the families they serve.

Kelakai is known as traditional remedy for treating several diseases, such as fever, anemia, and stimulate the production of breast milk for breastfeeding mother. Instead of those benefits, kelakai also proved has several kinds of antioxidant properties. Therefore, extracting antioxidant properties from kelakai is one way to discover the amount of antioxidant activity contained in kelakai. In this research, the multiple-stage extraction process was done in order to optimize the antioxidant activity. Moreover, based on data obtained from single stage extraction process, the most suitable condition was discovered. It turns out that the use of milled sample in water solvent for 12 hours at 44°C produce the highest antioxidant activity, which is 919.95 mg to inhibit 50% of DPPH. Referred to the experiment, the antioxidant activity of the extract which gained from multiple-stage was higher than from single stage. Multiple-stage process has proven the increasing of antioxidant activity up to 72.43%, which is need 404 mg to inhibit 50% of DPPH.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine levels of montelukast in human milk and to develop a simple, sensitive analytical method using mass spectrometry. Methods: Milk samples were collected from seven breastfeeding mothers, age 26–35 years, at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours after oral ingestion of 10 mg montelukast. The samples were analyzed using a new Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry method. Area under the milk concentration time curve from zero to the time of the last sample (12 hours) was estimated by the linear trapezoidal rule. Results: Average montelukast levels (Cavg) in milk were 5.3 ng/mL, and the relative infant dose was 0.68% of the maternal dose. The maximum concentration (Cmax) observed at 4 hours (Tmax) was 9.7 ng/mL. Conclusion: The exposure to the infant seems to be very low, far below therapeutic ranges in an infant. Our data suggest that montelukast is probably safe to use in a breastfeeding mother.

This study is based on interviews conducted with 3 breastfeeding mothers and the amount of milk her breast is little caused crying baby and mother's milk punting blisters. Meanwhile, two other women told her normal milk production. The mother said the lack of information that were made of treatments to improve the production of breast milk (ASI) and they do not know about massage oxytocin to help increase milk production. This study aimed to observe the effect of oxytocin massage to increase milk production of breastfeeding mother in Plus Mandiangin Public Health Center Bukittinggi 2016. The study design using quasi experimental method, with the approach of one group pretest and posttest. Retrieving data using a questionnaire containing questions regarding milk production mother lactating. The research sample is 21 people who were in Plus Mandiangin Public Health Center Bukittinggi. In this study showed that there is a massage effect of oxytocin to increase milk production of breastfeeding mother in Plus Mandiangin Public Health Center Bukittinggi 2016 with a p-value of 0.000. It was concluded that there is a massage effect of oxytocin to increase milk production of breastfeeding mother in Plus Mandiangin Public Health Center Bukittinggi 2016. It is expected that this study can be used as a therapy to increase milk production of breastfeeding mothers.

Breastfeeding initiation and duration increase because of physician encouragement. However, many physicians have not received education on breastfeeding, and some may not have a supportive attitude or commitment to breastfeeding. Patients identify dissatisfaction with their current provider as a motivating factor in seeking health information on the Internet. This survey was performed to determine how many physicians with an interest and expertise in breastfeeding are being contacted for breastfeeding information over the Internet and to examine physicians' attitudes to these requests.An e-mail describing the survey, inviting participation, and containing a link to the online questionnaire was posted on the Web site of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine and as well as on the Listserv of the American Academy of Pediatrics-Section on Breastfeeding. Information collected included physician training, successes and challenges related to providing breastfeeding medicine support by e-mail, and current level of e-mail communication with patients regarding breastfeeding issues.One-fourth of physicians in our survey receive e-mails with questions about breastfeeding issues from patients with whom they have no preexisting relationships. More receive e-mail from known patients. This suggests that breastfeeding mothers seek expert information on the Internet. Over half of the physicians replied to e-mails individually and without any financial reimbursement.Many breastfeeding mothers reach out to breastfeeding experts over the Internet. Our findings suggest that physicians who provide care to breastfeeding mothers need further education on breastfeeding to provide adequate support to their own patients.

The recognition of the benefits of breastfeeding and the perils of formula feeding makes it incumbent upon the nursing profession to become knowledgeable in the realm of evidence-based care for all breastfeeding women. This is even more apparent with the rise in the number of multiple births and the potential subsequent sequelae that frequently arises from multiple gestations, that is, preterm births. Breastfeeding organizations such as La Leche League promote and support breastfeeding for women with multiple births. The aim of this article is to address those issues that hinder a mother's desire to breastfeed her twins, triplets, or even quadruplets. The numerous benefits of breastfeeding are elucidated together with guidelines for the health care professional to use in assisting the breastfeeding mother.

When a breastfeeding mother is depressed--or even at risk for depression--she is often advised to supplement with formula so that she can get more sleep. Results of recent studies suggest, however, that exclusively breastfeeding mothers actually get more sleep than their mixed- or formula-feeding counterparts. The present study examines the relationship between feeding method, maternal well-being, and postpartum depression in a sample of 6,410 mothers of infants 0-12 months of age. Our findings revealed that women who were breastfeeding reported significantly more hours of sleep, better physical health, more energy, and lower rates of depression than mixed- or formula-feeding mothers. Further, there were no significant differences on any measure between mixed- and formula-feeding mothers, suggesting that breastfeeding is a qualitatively different experience than even mixed feeding.

Exclusive breastfeeding is one program that is quite difficult to develop because it deals with various problems in social society. Until now exclusive breastfeeding coverage in Yogyakarta still has not reached the target expected. The factors that are suspected in this case is lack of exclusive breastfeeding motivation.One cause of this is husband support. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between husband’s support in giving brestfeeding and breastfeeding self-efficacy with mother’s exclusive breastfeeding motivation in Puskesmas Sewon II Bantul. The method of this research used non-experimental research with cross-sectional design. Respondents in this study were breastfeeding mothers who had infants

Latar Belakang; Masa menyusui sangat penting seorang ibu dan bayinya. Kelancaran produksi air susu ibu yang diberikan ke bayi dapat memberikan dampak positif terhadap keadaan gizi bayi. Tujuan; untuk melihat factor yang berhubungan dengan kelancaran produksi ASI pada ibu menyusui. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Puskesmas Maradekaya Kota Makassar Tahun 2016.Bahan dan Metode; Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah observasional dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional Study. Sampel penelitian ini adalah ibu menyusui dengan pengambilan sampel secara purposive sampling dengan jumlah 97 ibu menyusui.Hasil; diperoleh pengetahuan gizi ibu berhubungan dengan kelancaran produksi ASI pada ibu menyusui dengan nilai p (0,003), status gizi ibu berhubungan dengan kelancaran produksi ASI pada ibu menyusui dengan nilai p (0,024), pola makan berhubungan dengan kelancaran produksi ASI pada ibu menyusui dengan nilai p (0,013), pantangan makanan berhubungan dengan kelancaran produksi ASI pada ibu menyusui dengan nilai p (0,001).Kesimpulan; pengetahuan ASI dan Gizi, status gizi, pola makan dan pantangan makanan berhubungan dengan kelancaran produksi ASI pada ibu menyusui. Diharapkan kepada ibu agar menambah pengetahuan mengenai ASI dan gizi dengan cara aktif mengikuti penyuluhan, membaca informasi kesehatan melalui media cetak (pamflet) dan menyimak dari media elektronik

Although breastfeeding is encouraged by the medical community, many women do not breastfeed because of perceived social sanctions. This experiment examines the level of positive evaluations, negative affect, and normalcy accorded a woman who is breastfeeding. 106 undergraduates and 80 older adults from the Midwestern U.S. were shown photos of a woman breastfeeding in public or private. It was hypothesized that the breastfeeding mother would be seen more positively when breastfeeding in private than in public, and that this response would be moderated by participants’ familiarity with breastfeeding, gender, and levels of benevolent and hostile sexism. Results supported these predictions. Three explanations for the negative view of public breastfeeding are discussed: familiarity, sexist attitudes, and hypersexualization of the breast.

1. Meredith Renda, MD* 2. Philip Fischer, MD* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn Vegetarianism is becoming more common among adults, with 1 in 40 adults currently choosing a vegetarian diet. Consequently, more children are raised as vegetarians. Vegetarianism is adopted for various reasons, including moral, religious, and health. Numerous studies have shown significant health benefits for individuals following this type of diet. Pediatricians should be well informed about vegetarianism and its role in our pediatric population. A first-time mother and her 2-month-old boy present to the clinic for a health supervision visit. The mother is breastfeeding, and her baby is growing appropriately. At the end of the visit, the mother mentions that she is a vegetarian and that she would like to raise her son in the same way. She would like to know what she should be doing as a breastfeeding mother and how she can make sure that her son has the appropriate nutrition in the future . The physician should begin by taking a dietary history from the mother to determine what type of vegetarianism she practices. He or she should explain to the mother that her infant's nutrition is based on her own dietary intake for as long as she continues to breastfeed. The pediatrician should counsel the mother on the importance of diet variety. If the mother is vegan, the pediatrician must take time to ensure that she is getting enough vitamin B12 and calcium in her diet. When she is ready to wean her infant, she should continue to focus on dietary variety. The mother should be cautioned that adult vegetarian diets that are high in bulk and low in calories are not always appropriate for the growing and developing child. Finally, the pediatrician should ensure that the mother has the appropriate resources to guide her in finding the best foods for her child's nutritional needs. …

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurological disease characterized by inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. Relapsing-Remitting MS is characterized by acute attacks followed by remission. Treatment is aimed at halting these attacks; therapy may last for months to years. Because MS disproportionately affects females and commonly begins during the childbearing years, clinicians treat pregnant or nursing MS patients. The intent of this review is to perform an in-depth analysis into the safety of drugs used in breastfeeding women with MS. This paper is composed of several drugs used in the treatment of MS and current research regarding their safety in breastfeeding including immunomodulators, immunosuppressants, monoclonal antibodies, corticosteroids, and drugs used for symptomatic treatment. Typically, some medications are large polar molecules which often do not pass into the milk in clinically relevant amounts. For this reason, interferon beta is likely safe for the infant when given to a breastfeeding mother. However, other drugs with particularly dangerous side effects may not be recommended. While treatment options are available and some data from clinical studies does exist, there continues to be a need for investigation and ongoing review of the medications used in breastfeeding mothers.

Traditionally, women have relied upon the wisdom and experience of other women to learn about mothering and breastfeeding. In the United States, however, this once-standard mother-to-mother interaction was almost nonexistent by the mid-20th century. Recent advances in the understanding of the benefits of breastfeeding for maternal and child health have led most professional organizations to advocate breastfeeding as the norm of infant feeding. Promotional breastfeeding efforts over the past 3 decades include strategies to strengthen support for breastfeeding in the health care system and in the community. Breastfeeding peer counseling represents a model of mother-to-mother support which emerged in the 1980s as a community-based resource to provide mothers with the support and assistance needed to establish and maintain breastfeeding in the early weeks and months postpartum. This article describes the role, training, and effectiveness of breastfeeding peer counselors and discusses ways that mothers and peer counselors might benefit from the connection and relationship that develops between the breastfeeding mother and her peer counselor. An exemplar of a breastfeeding peer counseling program is presented.

Do we have an ethical imperative to treat pain in women who are breastfeeding? In essence, there are two patient entities to be considered: the mother and the breastfed infant. The drugs used in the treatment of maternal pain may have potentially deleterious effects on the breastfed infant. Safety of the infant is paramount, but inadequate treatment of maternal pain seems unethical. In fact, under treatment of pain in a breastfeeding woman may make it difficult for the woman to breast feed the baby, and may contribute to maternal depression ⇓. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants be exclusively breastfed up to 6 months, followed by continuation of breastfeeding (along with complementary foods) up to the first year of life or even longer depending on the mother and the child ⇓. However, one of the factors affecting the decision to breast feed may …

The promotion of breastfeeding has been established as a global public health issue. Despite this global agenda, breastfeeding initiation and duration rates remain low in many countries. The lack of provision of adequate support to the breastfeeding mother is an important contributory factor to shorter duration of breastfeeding. Health professionals and voluntary breastfeeding supporters are in a prime position to work collaboratively to provide comprehensive support to the breastfeeding mother. However, a comparative evaluation of the breastfeeding support skills of voluntary breastfeeding supporters and health professionals has never been conducted. This study aimed to assess the breastfeeding support skills of midwives and Breastfeeding Network (BfN) supporters. Breastfeeding support skills were assessed using a between-subjects design conducted with 15 midwives and 15 BfN supporters in the north-west of England. Support skills were measured using the prevalidated Breastfeeding Support Skills Tool (BeSST), a questionnaire and video tool. Total scores on the BeSST were significantly higher in the BfN group (mean = 42.5 +/- 6.4 SD) than in the midwife group (mean = 30.7 +/- 8.2 SD) [t (26.5) = 4.4, P < 0.0001]. The BfN group has the breastfeeding support skills necessary to provide adequate assistance for breastfeeding mothers. An interagency and interdisciplinary collaborative model is crucial to developing a coherent and cohesive approach to the support infrastructure for breastfeeding women.

Infections of the mammary ducts in lactating women are frequently unrecognized and undiagnosed, partially because they have only been recognized in the literature since the early 1990s. In addition, the terminology used to refer to this condition is varied and includes ductal infections, mammary candidosis or candidiasis, ductal candidiasis, and deep pain syndrome. This article documents 3 mothers' cases. The first is representative of a typical presentation of a candidal infection after antibiotic therapy. The second case reveals an infection with Staphylococcus aureus resistant to multiple oral antibiotics. The third case documents a new presentation and interesting mixed microbial growth.

Over the past thirty years much research and medical study has seen breastfeeding reconfirmed as the best option for the health of infants, so much so that it has influenced public health policies. As a result, research on the beneficial effects of breastfeeding on the health of mothers is somewhat limited. But information, which supports the view that there are significant positive health benefits for the breastfeeding mother, is growing. Most significant is information on breastfeeding's links to limiting the risks of various cancers, osteoporosis and diabetes. It is also found to be beneficial for uterine involution, weight loss, natural contraception and reducing stress. Yet, it is still the case in the UK that women are not opting to breastfeed in large enough numbers, or are breastfeeding for a very short time. Mothers need to be encouraged to breastfeed for their own health benefits as well as those of their child's. When making infant feeding decisions, women need to be well-informed about all aspects.

A variety of arbitrary and often unphysiological rules for breastfeeding are frequently suggested to breastfeeding mothers. Many of these rules duplicate strategies commonly used to increase milk supply, and thus, when undertaken by the many women who already have a generous milk supply, can lead to overproduction. Oversupply, or hyperlactation, is a frequent yet often unrecognized problem that can present with a variety of distressing symptoms for the breastfeeding mother and her infant. Infants may present with symptoms suggesting colic, milk protein allergies, or gastroesophageal reflux, or may present with unusually rapid or slow growth. Mothers may present with tender leaking breasts, sore infected nipples, plugged ducts or mastitis, or even the perception of insufficient milk supply. With an understanding of the pathophysiology of these symptoms, proper diagnosis and breastfeeding management can allow milk production to return to homeostatic levels and provide dramatic symptom relief.

Introduction: Breastfeeding pattern is a form of mother's behavior in giving breast milk to her baby. Breast milk supports the growth and development of the baby. The most common immunoglobulin in breast milk is secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). SIgA levels can be evaluated, one of the ways, from saliva samples examination. The purpose of the research were to determine the breastfeeding pattern and its association with nutritional status and salivary secretory immunoglobulin A level in 3-to 6-month-old infants.Methods: The research with cross sectional design was conducted in Kiara Social Pediatric-Growth and Developmental Polyclinic, Cipto Mangunkusomo Hospital Jakarta. A total of 54 healthy infants subjects aged 3–6 months old were taken using consecutive sampling method. Descriptive analysis, Chi Square, and Mann-Whitney test were used. P-values 0.145), and no significant differences regarding to salivary sIgA level between good breastfeeding pattern group and poor breastfeeding pattern group (P> 0.34).Conclusion: Despite its un-significant results, this study showed that normal nutritional status tended to be more prevalent in group with good breastfeeding pattern than in poor breastfeeding pattern. Re-encouragement, socialization, and education to the breastfeeding mothers is needed to improve the good breastfeeding pattern.

X-ray studies, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) do not require an interruption of breastfeeding. This also applies to mammography and computer tomography without contrast media. Limitations apply for iodine- and gadolinium-containing contrast media and radioisotopes. Before applying contrast media or radioisotopes all possible alternatives should be considered. For iodine containing contrast media, breastfeeding should be interrupted for 24–48 hours if possible. For gadolinium-containing contrast media, compounds with a low risk of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis should be chosen to minimize any possible risk for the breastfed infant. The application of radioisotopes, especially 131Iodine, to the breastfeeding mother should be avoided.

To describe public perceptions on breastfeeding constraints, the authors studied the responses of 2369 US adults who participated in the Healthstyles 2000 national mail survey (response rate = 75%). Among them, 2351 answered at least 1 of the 12 breastfeeding items. Public perceptions were positive for 8 of the 12 items. Among the other 4, however, almost half of US adults (45%) agreed that a breastfeeding mother has to give up too many lifestyle habits, 31% thought that babies ought to be fed cereal or baby food by age 3 months, 31% said that 1-yearolds should not be breastfed, and 27% considered breastfeeding in public embarrassing. The results revealed more negative perceptions among non-whites, people under 30 or above 65 years, and those who had low income and less education. To promote and support breastfeeding in society as a whole, these messages need to be considered in planning and implementing breastfeeding interventions.

1. The number of women who breastfeed their infants after returning to work is disappointingly low. Many women stop breastfeeding soon after they return to work because of lack of preparation and support. 2. Continued breastfeeding provides health and psychosocial benefits for both mother and infant. 3. The employer experiences a cost saving benefit by keeping the postpartum employee working and by keeping her infant healthy as a result of breastfeeding. 4. Occupational and environmental health nurses can help bridge the gap between the postpartum employee and her primary health care provider. One strategy is to develop a lactation program for the work setting as described in a stepwise approach.

The content of certain ingredients of human milk, such as flavonoids, depend on the types and amounts of plant products consumed and may vary from woman to woman. The aim of the study was to determine to what extent consumption of an average amount of grapefruit juice (250 ml) affected naringenin content in human milk. A total of 14 breastfeeding mothers were included in the study. The subjects remained on a diet with restricted intake of naringenin for a total of five days except on the third day, when they drank a single serving of 250 ml of grapefruit juice. A considerable subject-to-subject variability in naringenin content was observed in both initial and subsequent determinations. Baseline concentration values, which may reflect naringenin content in the milk produced by the breastfeeding mother who eat an everyday (unmodified) diet, ranged from 420.86 nmol/l to 1568.89 nmol/l, with a mean of 823.24 nmol/l. Switching to the modified diet resulted in a decrease in naringenin concentrations to the mean value of 673.89 nmol/l measured 48 hours after the switch. The highest mean values were observed four and 12 hours after consumption of the juice, equalling 908.25 nmol/l (SD ± 676.84 nmol/l) and 868.96 nmol/l (SD ± 665.54 nmol/l), respectively. Naringenin is commonly found in human milk in quantities expressed in nmol/l, and its concentrations vary from woman to woman. Consumption of 250 ml of red grapefruit juice by breastfeeding mothers does not significantly alter naringenin concentrations in their milk.

The achievement of exclusive breastfeeding is still not reach the maximum target, although the achievement target in Jember is 80%. Arjasa is one of districts with the lowest breastfeeding coverage, its amount to 14.40%. Discontinuity of breastfeeding expenditure became one of the causes. This research explained the correlation of parity and employment with breast milk expenditure on breastfeeding mother 0-6 months. This research was a correlation study with cross sectional approach which consisted of 30 breastfeeding mothers in Public Health Center of Arjasa, Jember. Data were analyzed by Spearman Rho test (α

Lack of knowledge about the pathophysiology of infantile colic limits the development of effective drugs and treatment modalities including acupuncture. Acupuncture research has targeted the baby without considering the mother. However, the pathophysiological clues indicate that infantile colic is a shared pathology between the mother and the baby, especially in the case of breastfeeding mothers. A new theory proposed in this paper involves levels of the cytokine tumour necrosis factor α in the mother's milk and its influences on melatonin and serotonin metabolism in the baby as major components of the pathophysiology of infantile colic. These can be normalised by applying acupuncture to the breastfeeding mother alone or also to the baby.

Breastfeeding has been shown to be beneficial in the development of infants, but sometimes, the breastfeeding mother may require anesthesia. It is important for perianesthesia caregivers to understand how the breastfed infant may be affected by the anesthetic medications received by the breastfeeding mother. This article reviews current literature on drug transfer into breast milk and specifically how anesthetic drugs may affect breastfed infants. The pharmacokinetics of drug transfer during lactation is described as well as considerations for perianesthesia providers when caring for breastfeeding patients. The results of this literature review provide evidence that there is little risk to the breastfed infant after the mother receives surgical anesthesia. However, the type of drug, the dosage, the timing of treatment, and the infant's age and health must be taken into consideration.

The prevalence of breastfeeding among women in the United States is increasing along with the understanding of the importance of continually and exclusively breastfeeding an infant in the first half year of life. Modern necessities and problems evoke questions about what medications can be safely utilized by a breastfeeding mother and which procedures she may safely undergo. Planning elective surgery for a patient who is breastfeeding is a challenge because of insufficient studies regarding medication safety, apprehension among patients, and inadequate information from care providers. Nonetheless, information on the pharmacokinetics of drugs in the maternal system, the possible adverse effects to the infant, and how to minimize drug exposure to the infant is easily accessible to both patients and their surgeons. Positively informed providers and breastfeeding mothers who elect to undergo surgery, willing to take the proper steps and precautions, ensure healthy outcomes postoperatively.

The number of women in the workforce is continuing to increase and surveys suggest that one-fourth of employed women with a child less than 1 year of age will be concurrently breastfeeding and working for at least 1 month. Combining breastfeeding and employment is a complex process in American society. Women will be seeking practical, sound advice on how to be successful in this combination. This article offers suggestions for promoting its success, describes the pre-planning that needs to occur, and provides current lactation recommendations and resources. It also offers information about working with employers, the importance of a support network, decisions that each family must make, the use of breast pumps, milk storage, lactation enhancement including the use of herbs, and practical tips for the mother’s working day.

The CBM system has enabled our laboratory to measure breast growth and demonstrate the importance of the short-term local control of milk synthesis in lactating women. Although the specific mechanism by which the short-term control of milk synthesis occurs has yet to be fully understood, it is now apparent that the interaction between storage capacity, degree of fullness, and frequency of milk removal plays a significant role. These factors demonstrate that the breastfeeding mother can take comfort in the individuality of her breast development and feeding pattern, which is uniquely adapted to suit the physiology of her breasts and the developmental requirements of her infant.

Objective: To evaluate the training of health professionals about breastfeeding. Method: Exploratory and descriptive field study with 614 professionals who were part of the multidisciplinary team of basic care network and two hospitals in the city of Marilia / SP. The collected data were stored and analyzed using the EPI INFO vs.6.02. Results: It was found that 22.6% received no information during training; 51.0% had no training for their professional performance. Most of the professionals assess the situation to identify the problem experienced by a woman, but there are still professionals who support the decision of the breastfeeding mother to stop breastfeeding and suggest the early introduction of other foods. In addition, 50.0% of professionals consider the knowledge about breastfeeding for decision making to be important. Conclusion: This confirms the need for ongoing instruction of our team, through training for the control and management of breastfeeding.

To the Editors:Young women of childbearing age can experience pregnancy and lactation while taking new antipsychotics. When a breastfeeding mother requires a psychotropic treatment, she should benefit from the more effective treatment while the nursing infant should be protected from untoward effect

Puerperal is likely in the occurrence of maternal deaths, and should receive health care during childbirth to be visited by a health worker at least 3 times since birth. This type of research was descriptive quantitative. The quantitative data obtained from questionnaires, using T-test. The research sample was breastfeeding mothers in the village of Balecatur as the intervention group and breastfeeding mothers in the village of Ambarketawang as the control group. There are significant differences of knowledge, behavior in the treatment of post-partum mothers between the intervention group and the control group with significant value in total of

A central goal of The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine is the development of clinical protocols for managing common medical problems that may impact breastfeeding success. These protocols serve only as guidelines for the care of breastfeeding mothers and infants and do not delineate an exclusive course of treatment or serve as standards of medical care. Variations in treatment may be appropriate according to the needs of an individual patient.

Background In recent years closer attention has been paid to the role of fathers in both the decision about whether to breastfeed and in supporting a breastfeeding mother. This qualitative study explores couples' decision-making regarding infant feeding, parents' views on the father's role in relation to breastfeeding, and examines some dilemmas fathers face when supporting a breastfeeding partner. Methods Eighteen men and women using maternity services at the Royal Sussex County Hospital were interviewed by telephone. Results Fathers acknowledged that the decision to breastfeed should be made by the mother and a father's role was to endorse his partner's decision and provide practical and emotional support. Those who faced breastfeeding difficulties described the processes involved in deciding whether to continue. Conclusions This small study draws upon the views of men and women living in the south-east of England in a city with high rates of breastfeeding initiation. Findings may not be generalizable to the wider population. However, in this setting new parents need information about breastfeeding and support to make informed decisions about duration and further input from health professionals when facing difficulties.

Drawing from the objectification literature, three experiments tested the hypothesis that breastfeeding mothers are the victims of bias. In Study 1, participants rated a woman who had breastfed as incompetent. Study 2 replicated these effects and determined that the bias was specific to conditions that sexualized the breast. In Study 3, participants interacted with a confederate in which attention was drawn to her as a mother, as a mother who breastfeeds, as a woman with sexualized breasts, or in a neutral condition. Results showed the breastfeeding confederate was rated significantly less competent in general, in math and work specifically, and was less likely to be hired compared to all other conditions, except for the sexualized breast condition. Importantly, the breastfeeding mother emphasis and the sexualized breast emphasis resulted in equally negative evaluations. Results suggest that although breastfeeding may be economical and healthy, the social cost is potentially great.

Although prenatal drug exposure is associated with a variety of effects on the fetus and the developing child, there are a number of similarities in the consequences resulting from maternal use of the different drugs discussed in this booklet. Here are some generalizations that can, be made about the childbearing risks involved and other findings from research in this area:When a mother uses drugs, her unborn or nursing infant is also affected. During gestation, almost all drugs cross the placenta and enter the bloodstream of a developing baby. A breastfeeding mother's milk also contains the drugs she takes.Drug use during the early weeks of pregnancy, from the fourth to the eighth weeks following conception, is more likely to cause spontaneous abortions or noticeable physical abnormalities in the newborn than use later in the pregnancy. Many women do not even realize they are pregnant during this very important period when the major skeletal and organ systems are forming and are most vulnerable to toxic ...

An estimated 70% of mothers in the United States initiate breastfeeding annually. Mothers often discuss breastfeeding problems with their infant's pediatrician. Pediatricians may feel unsure about their role when assisting the nonpatient, breastfeeding mother. By having practical solutions and support systems in place to anticipate and tend to breastfeeding mothers' needs, pediatricians can be instrumental in preventing early weaning. The purpose of this article is to provide practical suggestions to outpatient-based pediatric health care providers when assisting the breastfeeding dyad. J Hum Lact. 24(2):335-339.

Doctors are often asked to express an opinion on the infant safety profile of a drug taken by the breastfeeding mother. Information available in textbooks or on the internet is not always exhaustive. In fact, scientific evidence on medication safety profile during lactation is often lacking, due to difficulties in study design and, probably, limited interest on this issue by pharmaceutical industry. To avoid any litigation on potential side effects to the nursing infant, pharmaceutical companies generally prefer to warn against the use of any drug. As a consequence, …

Breastfeeding and employment are often viewed as mutually exclusive activities. However, women who choose to breastfeed are more likely than other mothers to return to paid employment outside the home, and many of these mothers want to continue breastfeeding. The midwife is in a unique position to assist these mothers as they make plans for infant feeding during their pregnancy, while they are learning how to breastfeed, and after they have returned to the labor force. This paper presents relevant research findings and specific guidelines designed to assist the midwife in counseling mothers who are planning to breastfeed while employed outside the home. The author suggests that establishing lactation before the return to employment is a key to enabling breastfeeding to continue as long as the mother wishes. The importance of expressing milk during periods of separation is discussed. Key questions to ask when recommending breast pumps are identified.

In Hindu communities, breastfeeding is nearly universal and continues for most children beyond infancy. This review examines the religious and cultural basis for the contemporary breastfeeding practices amongst the Hindu. Practices at the time of birth and feeding rituals like prelacteal feeds, importance and timing of complementary feeds, and protections for the breastfeeding mother are examined from the published medical literature and available religious texts. Hindu Vedic literature and ancient ayurvedic texts underscore the importance of breastfeeding in the Hindu society. Although almost every Hindu child gets some breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding for the recommended duration and early initiation of breastfeeding are not that common. As birth of a baby is a celebration for family and society, breastfeeding is strongly influenced by cultural and religious ceremonies. In today's context, although women may receive guidance from health care professionals, relatives--especially grandmothers--have an important influence on breastfeeding practices.

Myelofibrosis is an uncommon condition that causes anaemia, failure to thrive and massive splenomegaly. This case report describes migrant Sudanese twins who developed myelofibrosis secondary to severe rickets from a combination of poor diet, inadequate sun exposure, and a breastfeeding mother who wore hijab and was also vitamin D deficient.