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Copyright of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Education Faculty is the property of Mehmet Akif Ersoy Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Erciyes Akademi is the property of Erciyes Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Eskişehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Theology is the property of Journal of Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Theology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Divorce is a complex process with psychological, sociological, economic, cultural, and social effects. Divorce, which means the deterioration of family unity for various reasons, is a social phenomenon because it affects not only two people who are legally separated, but also all family members and the immediate environment. The reflection of social and cultural changes in the family is accepted as an important factor in divorce. In particular, developments such as industrialization, urbanization, developing technology, production and consumption relations, increased education level, women's rights, and women's more active presence in the public sphere have led to changes in the social roles of women and men. All these factors are considered among the most common reasons for divorce today, as they cause changes in expectations from marriage, role conflicts between men and women, as well as many positive developments. Since the beginning of the Republic in Turkey, social problems in playwriting have generally been handled on the basis of conflicts within the family. The family, which is the smallest unit of social life, has been found suitable for conveying the deadlocks and problems experienced in society. However, the handling of family relations has updated itself according to the changing social conditions. The changing demands of men and women due to urbanization, technology, and changing social roles, which are considered among the important factors of divorce today, are handled through a divorced Man and Woman relationship in the contemporary playwright Behiç Ak's "Separation". This study aims to evaluate how the divorce phenomenon is handled in Behiç Ak's play "Separation". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bilindiği gibi Osmanlı Devleti’nde, kuruluşundan sona erdiği tarihe kadar özel hukuk alanında İslam hukuku hükümleri uygulanmıştır. Aile hukuku alanında kimi zaman örfi düzenlemeler yapılmış olsa bile devlet tarafından yapılan bu düzenlemeler çok sınırlı kalmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Konya 42 numaralı şer’iyye sicilinden seçtiğimiz bazı örnek dava ve belgelerden hareket ederek 18. yüzyılın başında Konya’da aile hukuku ile ilgili somut verilere ulaşılması amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında, 1705-1707 yıllarına ait olan şer’iyye defterinde yer alan hükümler konularına göre nişanlanma, evlenme, boşanma ve nafaka başlıkları altında incelenmiştir. Mahkeme kayıtlarından, aile hukukuna ilişkin davalarda kimlerin hangi nedenlerle mahkemeye başvurdukları tespit edilirken, nişanın bozulması halinde uygulanan usuller, nikâh işleminin ne sıklıkla sicile işlendiği, büluğ muhayyerliğinin kullanılması, talâk ve muhâlea ile evliliğin sona ermesi ve nafaka talepleri konularında somut bazı veriler elde edilmiştir.

Parental alienation syndrome is a clinical condition in which the child is consciously and programmatically alienated from one parent by the other parent, constantly subjected to an unfair defamation campaign against the target parent. Despite the definition of clinical features, there is serious debate about the validity and reliability of this syndrome. Therefore, it is not included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM 5) and International Classification of Diseases 11 (ICD 11). With the increase in divorce and custody cases, this syndrome is encountered more and more, but it is not sufficiently recognized and often overlooked by mental health professionals, forensic experts, judges and prosecutors. In this case report, an 8-year-old girl who was alienated from her mother by her father is presented and parental alienation syndrome is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the civil war in Syria, Turkey faced a massive refugee wave, making Turkey the top refugee-hosting country in the world. Besides the economic burden of this refugee population, various field surveys reveal that Turkish citizens have some negative perceptions about the refugees. One of the leading concerns on refugees is their possible effects on native family formation by affecting marriage and divorce rates. This study examines the effect of the Syrian refugees on family formation by comparing the trends in different geographical areas of Turkey. While border cities and relatively developed cities host a significant number of Syrians, there are few Syrians living in cities away from the border. By conducting spatial analysis, the study checks whether there is a change in divorce/marriage rates in cities with a high concentration of refugees compared to cities with fewer refugees. By considering the endogenous location choice of the refugees, the study proposes a distance-based instrument to overcome the endogeneity problem in a Difference-in-Differences setting. Results indicate that the refugees do not affect the existing trends in divorce rates and divorce cases. However, there is a limited adverse impact on official marriages. A 1% increase in the refugee ratio corresponds to a 0.03% reduction in official marriages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to develop the Children's Adjustment to Divorce Scale-Family Form (CADS-Family Form). The CADS-Family Form is designed to collect data from adults (parents/caregivers) who observe the behavior of children whose parents are divorced or in the process of divorce. A total of 368 parents, 85.5% female (315) and 14.4% male (53) participated in the research. The CADS-Family Form is a Likert-type scale. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) analysis were conducted within the scope of scale validity and reliability studies. According to the results of EFA, it was understood that the responsibility was 0.85 for the dimension of emotional-behavioral problems, and 0.89 for all scale items. The results of the analysis show that the CADS-Family Form with a 5-point Likerttype rating consists of 13 items and two dimensions (responsibility, emotionalbehavioral problems) and is a reliable and valid scale for measuring children's adjustment to divorce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kalemname is the property of Kalemname and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Social Sciences (IJSS) / Uluslararasi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of International Journal of Social Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Academic Social Science Studies is the property of Journal of Academic Social Science Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bu çalışmada, boşanmış kadınların çalışma hayatında kendilerine yönelik damgalama ve sosyal dışlanma unsurlarına dair görüşlerinin elde edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Nitel araştırma yöntemi kapsamında fenomenolojik yaklaşımın benimsenmiş olduğu çalışmada, Türkiye’de Ege, İç Anadolu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde olmak üzere farklı şehirlerde faaliyet gösteren üç büyük işletmedeki 21 (S=21) boşanmış kadın çalışandan veri toplanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizi doğrultusunda, katılımcıların damgalamaya ait görüşleri i) geniş özgürlük sınırı, ii) başarısız ikili ilişkiler; sosyal dışlanmaya ait görüşleri i) zayıflayan sosyal ilişkiler, ii) azalan kurumsal destek ana temaları altında gruplanmıştır. Bu bulgular göz önünde bulundurularak, kadınların boşanmış olmaları nedeniyle çalışma hayatında damgalama ve sosyal dışlanmaya maruz kalmalarını en aza indirgemek ve örgütsel barış ortamını devam ettirmek için öneriler ortaya konmuştur.

Modern yaşamın etkilediği kurumlardan biri olan aile özellikle Batı kültürünün egemen olduğu coğrafyada birçok problemle boğuşmaktadır. Toplumların geleceği olan nüfusun düşmesi gelecek adına büyük bir endişeye sebebiyet vermektedir. Bunun için alınan önlemler ise sonucu değiştirmeye yetmemiştir. Bir yandan farklılaşan yeni beraberlikler denilen eşcinsel evlilikler, diğer yandan normal evliliklerde ailelerin çocuk yapmamaları veya kısa süre sonra bu evliliklerin bozulması toplumsal hayatın en önemli problemlerindendir. Buna bağlı olarak ebeveyni olmayan çocuklar, ebeveyn terbiyesinden uzak kalarak büyümeleri değişik suçlara meyil, kültürel kopma ve bağımlılık gibi başka problemleri de beraberinde getirmektedir. Dağılan aile bireyleri yalnız yaşamaya ve tek başına ölüme mahkûm olmaktadır. Modern aile anlayışının geldiği bu durum karşısında Müslüman aile de bu durumdan zaman zaman olumsuz etkilenmektedir. Bu durumda modern aile çıkmazlarına karşı tek reçete İslam inancı ekseninde kurulan İslam ailesi modelidir. Onun kabul ettiği esaslar günümüz aile problemlerine karşı bizlere çareler sunmaktadır.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, bir yanda modern çağın kaçınılmaz döngüsü diğer yanda ise gelenek, kültür ve aşiret dokusuyla oluşturduğu toplumsal desene sahip olan Van’da aşiret mensupları arasında gerçekleşen ve bir tabu olarak görülen boşanmaları sosyolojik açıdan irdelemektir. Karakteristik özelliği itibariyle dominant bir eril yapı özelliği sergileyen aşiret yapılarında, modernleşmeyle birlikte, birey ve bireyciliğin etken bir söylem olarak yankı bulduğu günümüzde, gelenekten uzaklaşma, kitle iletişim ve rasyonelleşme hareketleri beraberinde aile ve evlilik kurumunu temelinden sarsmıştır. Türkiye’de 2000’li yıllarla birlikte yükselen bir trend olan boşanma yalnızca modern toplumları değil dirençli bir yapıya sahip olan aşiret örgütlenmelerini de etkilemiştir. Van’daki boşanmış aşiret üyelerini odağına alan bu çalışmada, Van’daki boşanmaları geniş bir açıdan değerlendirmeyi hedeflediğinden 2001-2016 TÜİK boşanma istatistikleri ile birlikte Van’da aşiret üyesi boşanmış 5 kadın, 5 erkek ve boşanma davalarına bakan 5 avukat ile gerçekleştirilen nitel görüşmelerden edinilen geniş veri seti üzerinden çalışıldı. Geleneğin baskın karakteri ile bir tabu olarak görülen boşanmanın, günümüzde Van’da aşiret üyelerinde günlük hayatın pratikleri arasında yer edinmeye başladığı görülmektedir. Boşanmaların gerçekleşmesinde ise kentin sosyolojik dokusu yanında evlilik şekli, ailelerin rolü, aile içi şiddet ve aldatmanın baskın olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır.

The present review descriptively introduced psychological interventions employed during divorce process to contribute to the development of effective mental health practices. As a life crisis, divorce might have negative impacts both on spouses and children. In recent years, the terms such as constructive and healthy divorce have also started to be underlined in the related literature. In fact, increasing divorce rates necessitate well-established post-divorce support programs. Hence, more information regarding psychological interventions during divorce process is needed to employ effective practices for affected families. Psychological post-divorce interventions usually aim to reduce the negative effects of the termination of the marriage and to support the family members in terms of functional coping skills. Such interventions might include the entire family, a subsystem (e.g., spouses, parents, siblings) or the affected individual alone. Psychological interventions during divorce process might also be delivered in the form of psychotherapy, mediation, or psychoeducational programs. In psychotherapy settings, cognitive-behavioral therapy, forgiveness therapy, and grief therapy can be employed depending on the nature and intensity of the problems. Accordingly, the principles, approaches, and stages of psychological interventions during divorce process were summarized in the current review. Particularly, lack of longitudinal and controlled studies in post-divorce interventions, inadequacy of training for conducting such programs, and contextual factors compromising the effectiveness were emphasized. The limitations of the current literature on psychological interventions during divorce process were also addressed and suggestions have been made for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Divorce is a stressful life transformation process that includes the post-divorce stage as well as the stages of decision making and divorce proceedings. This process affects almost all areas of life and causes many changes in living conditions. On the one hand, the divorced individual confronts the reality of the divorce and realizes the intense emotions and changes to deal with. On the other hand, the individual focuses on his/her transition to a new identity and lifestyle. Current statistics reveal the increase in divorce rates both in the world and in our country. Therefore, it seems important to consider the divorce process in terms of adjustment. There are many approaches to examine divorce and post-divorce adjustment process. Although these models differ in explaining post-divorce adjustment, all of them consider adjustment as a part of the divorce process. Thus, this review study has several purposes. First of all, current divorce rates and effects of divorce in legal, economic, social terms and in terms of psychological and physiological health will be included. Then, divorce and post-divorce adjustment models and assessment of adjustment will be explained. It is believed that a comprehensive review of divorce and post-divorce adjustment would facilitate divorced individuals to access appropriate information and support. Besides, correct understanding of the process regarding divorce and divorce-adjustment will be useful for further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Emerging Economies & Policy is the property of JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies & Policy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Inonu University Law Review / İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Inonu University Law Review (IULR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cumhuriyet Ilahiyat Dergisi / Cumhuriyet Theology Journal is the property of Cumhuriyet Universitesi, Ilahiyat Fakultesi / Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Theology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Akademik Hassasiyetler is the property of Huzeyfe Suleyman Arslan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of National Education / Millî Eğitim Dergisi is the property of Milli Egitim Bakanligi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, it was aimed to examine the couple relationships of adult individuals whose marriage experience resulted in divorce, their perspectives regarding the relational interactions with divorce and the interactions with their family of origin. The study is a descriptive one, and employs the phenomenological design, one of the qualitative research methods. In this study, data was collected from the participants through the interview technique in the spring term of 2019, and the content analysis method was used to analyze the data. The study group consisted of 39 divorced (27 female; 12 male) individuals aged between 23-55, who did not have any psychiatric diagnosis and living in a city center in Central Anatolia. Semi-structured interview form was used to collect data. As a result, it was concluded that the participants had too much difficulty in couple relationships, and the relationships were affected from the family of origin relationships, premarital experiences and socio-cultural elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Divorce, in brief, can be described as the legal dissolution of marriage between the spouses. High-conflict divorce or parental separation, the children might be able to develop an alienation state towards the targeted parent because of a parent's denigration against the other one through his/her words, behaviors, and attitudes with rage/anger, and by being precluded from the rights of personal contact with that parent. Literature on divorce, parental alienation (parental alienation syndrome) is conceptualized as a dynamic process resulting in forming a strong alliance with one of the childrens' parents (alienating parent) and the denial of communication with the other parent (the targeted or the alienated parent) without any legitimate reason especially in highconflict divorce suits and It is indicated that the process is a type of emotional abuse for the children. The goal of this paper is to review the dynamic interactions of the factors which are considered effective during the parental alienation process from the ecological system theory perspective. The general specifications of the parental alienation concept are emphasized and the common effects of the alienation on the children with the risk factors that might affect the parental alienation process in each system level (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem) are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Faculty of Theology / Kilis 7 Aralik Universitesi Ilahiyat Fakultesi Dergisi is the property of Kilis 7 Aralik Universitesi Ilahiyat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bozok University Journal of Faculty of Theology / Bozok Üniversitesi Ilahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Bozok University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Inonu University Law Review / İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Inonu University Law Review (IULR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Great importance is attached to marriage in Islam. Various measures have been taken to ensure the continuation of this establishment. However, in some cases, the relationship between spouses can be unbearable. At this point, divorce has been legitimized as a solution. Divorce right/authority is given to the husband in principle, especially to ensure the balance of blessing and burden, but this authority can also be shared with the woman under certain conditions. This authority should be applied as the last solution when the marital life turns into suffering for the spouses, but it may also be used by the spouses as a means of harming the other party. At this point, Islamic jurists examined both the religious and legal dimensions of such malevolent behaviors and tried to prevent this by specifying various provisions based on the relevant texts. In this framework, firstly, the concept of "et-ta‘assuf fi't-talak" used by contemporary Islamic jurists for this kind of divorce and the important specification and criteria sought in its realization were tried to be explained. Afterwards, the legal provision of this kind of divorce/separation was examined together with the different approaches of the fukahâ (a person who has advanced knowledge of fiqh in the science of fiqh enough to express opinions). In addition, the fact that what is essential in talaq, which is at the center of their different approaches, is permissibility or haram is also briefly discussed. Another important issue included in the study is the legal consequence of the divorce/separation performed by the spouses for the sole purpose of harming the other party without any sharia reason, which is called "abuse of right". In this context, firstly, the criteria that play a fundamental role in talking about the phenomenon of "abuse of right" were briefly mentioned. Then, the legal consequences of divorcing the wife or the separation of the woman from her husband, who suffered from the disease of death, referred to as in the literature "death disease or feared disease", was explained. The different views of the Fukahâ on this and the factors that affect the formation of these different views have been examined. In addition, in the study, the legal consequences of the husband divorcing his wife for an insignificant purpose such as the realization of another marriage without a justifiable reason considered as abuse of right, or the woman's separation from her husband with the rights granted to her were also discussed. In the examination, it is concluded that it is not permissible to divorce only to harm the other party or to gain an insignificant personal benefit. And that the husband or wife who committed this should be treated in violation of this bad purpose and that it would be more appropriate to make a deterrent decision. Accordingly, designating an heir to the wife who the death-sick husband divorced without a legitimate reason, -without restricting her inheritance to the end of the iddah or marrying another person; and designating an heir to the husband who the wife on her deathbed divorced without any reasonable grounds by the tefvîz method, without his right of inheritance is restricted by any reason would be more suitable. Likewise, giving the husband the least from the hul cost or the inheritance in the event that the woman who suffers death leaves her husband with this method by keeping the hul cost high in order to harm her other heirs; and in the event that the woman takes such a way to deprive her husband of the inheritance, it will be more appropriate to give her husband the most of the hul price or inheritance. Again, in the event that the other party suffers material or moral damage due to the divorce of the husband, who is in good health without a legitimate reason, or the divorce of the wife from her husband, it has come to the conclusion that it would be more beneficial in terms of the result to make the person who caused the damage pay the compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Buca Faculty of Education Journal / Buca Egitim Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Buca Faculty of Education Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Eurasian Education & Culture is the property of Ayse Burcu Ulusoy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Selcuk Law Review / Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Selcuk Law Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Education Faculty is the property of Mehmet Akif Ersoy Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

When making a marriage contract, one of the first conditions of the entire legal system is based on the continuity of the marriage. For this reason, legal systems require the parties to be together until the end of their life. Although this is the case in the beginning, divorce may occur due to some reasons or events or even psychological changes. Divorce is permitted in Islamic law for several reasons, as well as in Kazakhstan’s civil law, when evidence is proven or via petition. Since Kazakh society adopted Islam, it can be said that the social and individual traditions have observed the conditions of Islam. Therefore, traditions of Kazakh society have been influenced by the Islamic religion and law. Thus, marriage, responsibilities between spouses, education of children, divorce and aftermath have strengthened with new norms. It is the proof of this that the Great Karakhanids declared themselves as their homeland of Islam in the current Kazakh lands of the stew in Central Asia before a long time passed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islamic law seeks the harmonious continuation of families and family structure, setting out detailed principles of family life in the main sources of sharī‘a, the Qur‘an and Sunna. That said, the termination of marriage is considered an acceptable solution by Islamic jurists, if the spouses do not fulfil their obligations toward each other due to inharmonious relationship or existing dissention and where there is no hope of reconciliation. This paper seeks to compare the types of divorce within the Ḥanbalī and Ja‘farī schools in order to shed light on the classical period divorce practices and the methodologies of these two schools. Successful divorces are categorised into wājib, mubāh, makrūh, or ḥaram according to their legal validity. In addition to this, divorce practices are also divided into four main types which extend from their implementation and procedural methods; ṭalāq, khulʿ, ṭāliq or tafwīḍ, and tafrīq. The research aims to compare the unilateral divorce right of the man (ṭalāq), woman-initiated divorce (khulʿ), conditional divorce (ṭāliq or tafwīḍ) and judicial termination (tafrīq) by focusing on the opinions of authoritative Ḥanbalī and Ja‘farī scholars. Applying textual comparative methodology and legal perceptual analysis, the study aims to uncover the existent connection between Islamic legal methodologies and different schools when the scholars address any problems and issues related to divorce practice. Although both schools use different methodologies and sources, the similarity of rulings prevail over the differences due to the fact that the marital issues concerning divorce are mainly solved with the main sources (aslī) rather than secondary sources (fer‘ī). This comparative research, therefore, aims to shed lights on the similarities between these schools and to clarify the differences regarding the interpretation of legal sources. At the same time, the paper seeks to identify the convergences and divergences between the divorce practices of the two schools. Comparative analysis of divorce types in Ḥanbalī and Ja‘farī schools intents to offer a broad perspective to explore the contemporary divorce practices in Muslim countries whose citizens are the followers of these schools. Instead of making a general comparison between the Sunnī and Shi‘ī traditions, the research aims to compare the classical Ḥanbalī school which forms the basis of family law in contemporary Saudi jurisprudence with the classical Ja‘farī school which forms the basis of family law in the contemporary Iranian jurisprudence. This comparison brings out the influence of the classical schools upon the modern jurisprudences of Saudi Arabia and Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "fatwa" includes the answer to questions asked about not only subjects of worship of a Muslim but also his behaviors, in his family and daily life, whether conforms to religious rules. The fatwa practice was mainly applied within the framework of the Hanafi school in the Ottoman society. In the fatwa process, the views of the Hanafi school were taken as the main source and from time to time one of the few views on a subject was preferred and the fatwa was given according to that view. However, to practice the views of other schools were approached differently in different periods. İn fact, while in the works written at the beginning of the 15th century was looked positively to the practice of the views of other schools either through "tahkim" (by the appointment of a hakam from a different school) or directly. But in the works written in the 16th century and later, this practice was not allowed. While, in principle, judges are not empowered to act with the views of different schools or Mujtahids, on certain issues it appears that the practice of the views of different mujtahids commands by public authority. It is understood from here that, when needed, it is possible to benefit from the views of the mujtahids other than the Hanafi school only with the initiative of the public authority. The fatwas given by Sheikh al-lslam and Muftis within this framework were compiled in works called "fatwa collections". These works are not only a source of Fiqh but also a reference for the examination of the historical conditions and social structure for the relevant period. ln this study, rather than the printed and widely used collections containing the fatwas of Sheikh al-lslam, the fatwas of the muftis called in "kenâr muftis" which means who served in the provinces, were discussed. In this context, the collections containing the fatwas of Skopje Mufti Pir Mehmed Usk Ubî, Akkerman Mufti Ali Akkirmânî, and Kayseri Mufti Ali en-Nisârî and the collection compiled by Corum Mufti Ahmed Feyzi Efendi is among the reference sources. In this article, there are some determinations and analyses made about the family structure of the preTanzimat period based on the highly representative examples selected from fatwa collections. lt was beyond the aim and limits of this study to examine all fatwas on all issues regarding the family. Rather, examples that are thought to be suitable for demonstrating the thought and mentality behind the provisions are emphasized. The fact that a significant part of the related fatwas is based on ijtihad, some of them reflect the perspective and mentality of their time and therefore are open to criticism should not be overlooked when analyzing these fatwas. In this study, the juridical context of İslamic law on the matter in hand was revealed, the mentality behind the provisions was analyzed, and the connections showing the relationship between Fiqh rules were pointed out. The article also includes the criticism of these provisions, in where necessary, in terms of the general world view of Islam. In this context, the high point is that, while determining the provisions regulating the establishment of the contract, the rights and responsibilities of the parties, and even the termination of the contract, the Fiqh scholars, who define the marriage contract as "an act that ensures that men have the right to benefit from women sexually", have included the rules that are in line with the definition they make. However, some provisions presented within this framework are open to criticism in terms of the values revealed by the "Nusûs". On the other hand, the article also pointed out the effect that the customs and traditions of the society by revising some strict provisions within the framework of Fiqh and fatwa rules on the formation of the classical family structure. To emphasize as an example, according to Fiqh rules, theoretically, the man's power to end the marital union unilaterally (talaq) can be used quite freely by legally. When a man uses his right to talaq, despite it is not a valid reason, his divorce is legally valid even if he is considered to have sinned. However, the reaction of the society, especially their own families and close circles against those who divorce for no reason, has significantly prevented the use of this right without reason. Hence, this difference between the theoretical framework in Fiqh and family life shaped by the customs of the society had attracted the attention of Western researchers living in the Ottoman society. As a result, the article not only has the characteristics of a study of Fiqh and legal history but also has to shed light on the background of today's problems in family issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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From 2000 onwards, divorce has become prevalent in Turkey like many other developed countries. The rise in divorce rates might not only affect divorced people themselves. In this study, we examine whether divorce rates in the city in which the individual lives has an effect on the person's satisfaction with marriage using individual level data obtained from Life Satisfaction Survey over the 2003-2017 period. Moreover, we analyze the factors that determine marital satisfaction. Our results are based on 300,000 observations. During the 2003-2017 period, we observe a pronounced drop in the proportion of people who are very satisfied with their marriage. However, average satisfaction did not change considerably. In addition to this, there are significant differences in satisfaction with marriage in different cities. Women have statistically significantly lower satisfaction from their marriage compared to men. The relationship between age and marital satisfaction is U shaped. On average, it makes a dip when the partners are around 55-60 years old then starts to increase in old age. Income, education level and subjective health assessment are positively related to marital satisfaction. We did not find any support for the spill-over effect of divorce on marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amaç: Genç işsizliği, Türkiye’nin önemli sosyo-ekonomik problemlerinden biridir. Türkiye’de genç işsizliği üzerinde yapılan daha önceki araştırmalar, özellikle genç işsizliğinin nedenleri ve ekonomik etkileri üzerine odaklanmıştır. Genç işsizliğinin ortaya çıkardığı toplumsal sorunlar üzerine yapılmış çalışmalar ise oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de genç işsizliğinin suç, göç, intihar ve boşanmalar gibi diğer toplumsal sorunlar üzerinde etkili olup olmadığının ampirik olarak incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.Yöntem: Analizlerde, Türkiye’nin 26 bölgesinin (Düzey-II) 2004-2016 dönemi verileri kullanılmıştır. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler ise klasik panel regresyon (en küçük kareler) analizi ve ikinci nesil panel nedensellik analizlerinden Dumitrescu ve Hurlin (2012) nedensellik testi yardımıyla incelenmiştir.Bulgular ve Sonuç: Panel en küçük kareler tahmin sonuçlarına göre, genç işsizlik suç, göç, intihar ve boşanmalar üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve pozitif yönde etkilidir. Dumitrescu ve Hurlin nedensellik testi sonuçlarına göre, genç işsizliği göç, intihar ve boşanma gibi toplumsal sorunların nedenlerinden biridir. Bu bulgulardan hareketle, Türkiye’de istihdam politikaları oluşturulurken gençlere odaklanmış daha pro- aktif kamu politikası araçlarının üretilmesi gerektiği söylenebilir.

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