170 results on '"Besozzi, G."'
Search Results
52. Evidence of primary transmission of drug-resistant tuberculosis in five co-workers that developed illness in the last 10 years
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Ortu, S., Molicotti, P., Alessandro Fois, Ibba, A., Spada, V., Besozzi, G., Zanetti, S., and Pirina, P.
53. New diagnostic tests for diagnosis of TB latent infection,Documento sull'utilizzo dei nuovi test immunologici per la diagnosi di infezione tubercolare latente
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Fiorentini, F., Bugiani, M., Besozzi, G., Casali, L., Codecasa, L. R., Saltini, C., Richeldi, L., Giovanni Ferrara, Bocchino, M. G., and Piersimoni, C.
54. Effectiveness of infection control measures in controlling a nosocomial outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among HIV patients in Italy
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Maria Luisa Moro, Errante, I., Infuso, A., Sodano, L., Gori, A., Orcese, C. A., Salamina, G., D Amico, C., Besozzi, G., and Caggese, L.
55. Acceptance of isoniazid preventive treatment by close contacts of tuberculosis cases: a 692-subject Italian study
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luigi codecasa and Besozzi, G.
56. Surveillance of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance: Results of the 1998/1999 proficiency testing in Italy
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Migliori, G. B., Ambrosetti, M., Fattorini, L., Penati, V., Vaccarino, P., Besozzi, G., Ortona, L., Saltini, C., Orefici, G., Moro, M. L., Iona, E., Cassone, A., Santis, A., Giorgio, V., Vinciguerra, P., Angarano, G., Petrozzi, L., Costa, D., Gozzellino, F., Perboni, A., Marchetti, D., Pascali, A., Falcone, F., Mariano, V., Rizza, F., Pretto, P., Turano, A., Alberto Matteelli, Carosi, G. P., Tedoldi, S., Pinsi, G., Farris, A. G., Ligia, G. P., Orani, G., Farris, B., Foschi, C., Trucco, G., Aiolfi, S., Ceruti, T., Parpanesi, M., Calabro, S., Felisatti, G., Tortoli, E., Nutini, S., Montini, G., Fiorentini, F., D Ambrosio, V., Ceraminiello, A., Bernorio, S., Buono, L., Montesano, P., Vinci, E., Sabato, E., Gamba, S., Crepaldi, P., Bertoli, G., Rupianesi, F., Losi, M., Richeldi, L., Ferrara, G., Minuccio, E., Napolitano, G., Molinari, G. L., Saini, L., Garzone, A., Vertuccio, C., Marcias, S., Menozzi, M., Marone, P., Peona, V., Nascimbene, C., Pasi, A., Cascina, A., Casali, L., Monaco, A., Penza, O., Pasticci, M. B., Bistoni, F., Sposini, T., Colorizio, V., Confalonieri, M., Bottrighi, P., Orsi, A., Schiavi, L., Macor, G., Moretti, G., Fatigante, R., Barbaro, A., Agati, G., Zacarra, F., Viola, S., Le Donne, R., Farinelli, G., Mancini, D., and Ermeti, M.
57. The Italian AIPO study on tuberculosis treatment results, report 1995
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Marco Ambrosetti, Besozzi, G., Codecasa, L. R., Farris, B., Nutini, S., Saini, L., Casali, L., Nardini, S., and Migliori, G. B.
58. Prevalence of resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs: results of the 1998/99 national survey in Italy
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Gb, Migliori, Fattorini L, Vaccarino P, Besozzi G, Saltini C, Orefici G, Iona E, Matteelli A, Fiorentini F, luigi codecasa, Casali L, Cassone A, and Smira, Study Group
59. Tuberculosis among immigrants from developing countries in the province of Milan, 1993-1996
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luigi codecasa, Ad, Porretta, Gori A, Franzetti F, Degli Esposti A, Lizioli A, Carreri V, Mc, Di Proietto, Perozziello F, and Besozzi G
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Adult ,Male ,Asia ,Emigration and Immigration ,Middle Aged ,Health Surveys ,Age Distribution ,Latin America ,Italy ,Risk Factors ,Africa ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Tuberculosis ,Female ,Europe, Eastern ,Registries ,Sex Distribution ,Developing Countries ,Retrospective Studies - Abstract
The Province of Milan, which has high rates of immigration from developing countries, and the Villa Marelli Institute (VMI), Reference Centre for Tuberculosis Control of Lombardy.To describe epidemiology and clinical patterns of tuberculosis among immigrants from developing countries (IDCs) in the Province from 1993 to 1996.Retrospective analysis of the registries of the Regional Bureau for Public Health and of the VMI concerning immigrant patients with active TB living in the Province. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the available strains to detect recent transmission among immigrants.IDCs represented 22.8% of all TB cases. The standardised incidence rate was eight times higher in IDCs compared to Italians. Of 596 cases notified in IDCs, 524 (87.9%) had been referred at least once to the VMI. Of these, 77.2% were diagnosed within 5 years of arrival, and 86.6% were brought to medical attention because of symptoms. RFLP fingerprinting demonstrated that the mean period of stay in Italy was significantly higher in clustered than in non clustered patients (61.5 versus 37.3 months). Spread to the native population was episodic.The incidence of TB is higher among more recent immigrants (i.e., Peruvians). TB cases are largely due to reactivation of infection occurring in the country of origin. Preventive measures for early diagnosis of disease or chemoprophylaxis of dormant infection are not regularly performed, but should be implemented for those immigrants at high risk.
60. Evaluation of the impact of guidelines on tuberculosis control in Italy
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Migliori, G. B., Casali, L., Nardini, S., ANTONIO SPANEVELLO, Besozzi, G., and Faravelli, B.
61. The XDR-TB emergency: Answers from the scientific community,Emergenza XDR-TB: Le risposte della comunità scientifica
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Giovanni Battista Migliori, Centis, R., D Ambrosio, L., Besozzi, G., and Sotgiu, G.
62. Prevalence of resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs: Results of the 1998/99 national survey in Italy
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Giovanni Battista Migliori, Fattorini, L., Vaccarino, R., Besozzi, G., Saltini, C., Orefici, G., Iona, E., Matteelli, A., Fiorentini, F., Codecasa, L. R., Casali, L., Cassone, A., Santis, A., Giorgio, V., Vinciguerra, P., Angarano, G., Petrozzi, L., Costa, D., Gozzellino, F., Perboni, A., Marchetti, D., Pascali, A., Falcone, F., Mariano, V., Rizza, F., Pretto, P., Turano, A., Carosi, G. P., Farris, A. G., Ligia, G. P., Orani, G., Farris, B., Foschi, C., Trucco, G., Aiolfi, S., Ceruti, T., Parpanesi, M., Calabro, S., Felisatti, G., Tortoli, E., Nutini, S., Montini, G., D Ambrosio, V., Ceraminiello, A., Bernorio, S., Buono, L., Montesano, P., Vinci, E., Sabato, E., Gamba, S., Crepaldi, P., Magliano, E., Penati, V., Vaccarino, P., Astolfi, A., Bertoli, G., Rupianesi, F., Losi, M., Richeldi, L., Ferrara, G., Minuccio, E., Napolitano, G., Molinari, G. L., Saini, L., Garzone, A., Vertuccio, C., Marcias, S., Menozzi, M., Marone, P., Peona, V., Nascimbene, C., Pasi, A., Cascina, A., Monaco, A., Penza, O., Pasticci, M. B., Bistoni, F., Sposini, T., Colorizio, V., Confalonieri, M., Bottrighi, P., Macor, G., Moretti, G., Fatigante, R., Barbaro, A., Agati, G., Zaccara, F., Viola, S., Le Donne, R., Farinelli, G., Mancini, D., Ermeti, M., Longi, R., Tronci, M., Bisetti, A., Altieri, A., and Fadda, G.
63. Evaluation of tuberculosis treatment results in Italy, report 1998
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Centis, R., Ianni, A., Migliori, G. B., Casali, L., Agati, G., Aiolfi, S., Altieri, A., Ambrosetti, M., Angarano, G., Arossa, W., Bagnasco, G., Bazzerla, G., Berra, A., Besozzi, G., Bottrighi, P., Bugiani, M., Calabro, S., Castiglioni, G., Cavallero, M., Cicchitto, G., luigi codecasa, Colorizio, V., Confalonieri, M., D Ambrosio, L., D Ambrosio, V., Dellatommasa, S., Di Pisa, G., Ermeti, M., Faccini, E., Falcone, F., Farinelli, G., Fatigante, R., Farris, B., Fatur Volante, T., Felisatti, G., Ferranti, P., Fiorentini, F., Foschi, C., Garzone, A., Giorgio, V., Gozzellino, F., Jacopino, L., Lauriello, G., Le Donne, R., Longi, R., Macor, G., Mancini, D., Marchesani, M. F., Marcias, S., Mariano, V., Mennea, G., Monaco, A., Montesano, G., Moretti, G., Napolitano, G., Nardini, S., Nutini, S., Orani, G., Orsi, A., Parpanesi, M., Pasi, A., Penza, O., Perboni, A., Petrozzi, L., Pretto, P., Rossi, S., Sabato, E., Saini, L., Schiavi, L., Tazza, R., Trucco, G., Vertuccio, C., Viviani, U., Volante, M., Vinciguerra, P., Viola, S., Zaccara, F., Barelle, L., Bertoli, G., Bisetti, A., Bistoni, F., Buono, L., Carbonara, S., Carosi, G. P., Cascina, A., Cassone, A., Costa, D., Crepaldi, P., Santis, A., Diamare, F., Fabbro, L., Fadda, G., Farris, A. G., Fattorini, L., Ferrara, G., Gamba, S., Iona, E., and Losi, M.
64. On the vaccination against tuberculosis with BCG in health structures [2],Sulla vaccinazione contro la tubercolosi con BCG nelle strutture sanitarie
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Bugiani, M., Besozzi, G., luigi codecasa, Migliori, G. B., and Fiorentini, F.
65. Hospital admission policy for tuberculosis in pulmonary centres in Italy: a national survey
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Nutini, S., Fiorentini, F., luigi codecasa, Casali, L., Besozzi, G., Di Pisa, G., Nardini, S., and Migliori, G. B.
66. Epidemiological and clinical patterns of intrathoracic lymph node tuberculosis in 60 human immunodeficiency virus-negative adult patients
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luigi codecasa, Besozzi G, De Cristofaro L, Miradoli A, Sabolla L, and Tagliaferri B
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Adult ,Male ,Asia ,India ,Mycobacterium tuberculosis ,Emigration and Immigration ,Tuberculosis, Lymph Node ,Senegal ,Italy ,HIV Seronegativity ,Humans ,Female ,Tomography, X-Ray Computed ,Lung ,Retrospective Studies - Abstract
We retrospectively evaluated a group of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative adult patients with hilar and/or mediastinal tubercular adenopathy to assess their epidemiological, clinical and radiological features. Out of 3,003 intrathoracic tuberculosis (TB) cases (of which 745 were immigrants from various developing countries) observed in our Institute from 1986-1996, 8 Italians and 52 immigrants were selected. Case history analysis, and standard chest radiography were performed in all cases, while other investigations such as a tuberculin test, sputum and culture examination for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, computed tomography (CT) scanning and biopsy were performed in the majority of patients. Less frequently, bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy, and echography were also performed. Right paratracheal adenopathy was found most frequently (29 cases), as previously described. CT scanning showed a central necrosis pattern in 31 cases, while normo/hyperdensity occurred in 11 cases. M. tuberculosis was detected in sputum smear and/or culture in only 16 patients. Our study confirms that, when HIV-positive patients are excluded, this peculiar TB location occurs more frequently in immigrants than in the indigenous Italian population (7.0 versus 0.3%, p0.001). People from the Indian subcontinent and Senegal are the most frequently involved nationalities among the immigrants present in Milan.
67. Risk factors for poor treatment outcome in Italy
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Migliori, Gb, Marco Ambrosetti, Besozzi, G., Codecasa, Lr, Farris, B., Nutini, S., and Saini, L.
68. Cost-comparison of different management policies for tuberculosis patients in Italy
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Migliori, G. B., Ambrosetti, M., Besozzi, G., Farris, B., Nutini, S., Saini, L., Casali, L., Nardini, S., Bugiani, M., Neri, M., and Mario RAVIGLIONE
69. The Italian AIPO study on tuberculosis treatment results, report 1997
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Marco Ambrosetti, Besozzi, G., Codecasa, L. R., Farris, B., Nutini, S., Sainit, L., Casali, L., Nardini, S., and Migliori, G. B.
70. Use of commercial interferon-gamma assays in immunocompromised patients for tuberculosis diagnosis.
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Piana F, Codecasa LR, Besozzi G, Migliori GB, Cirillo DM, Richeldi L, Ferrara G, Losi M, Piro R, Roversi P, Fabbri LM, Piana, Federica, Codecasa, Luigi R, Besozzi, Giorgio, Migliori, G B, and Cirillo, Daniela M
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- 2006
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71. HIV and tuberculosis. The paradox of dual illnesses and the challenges of their fighting in the history
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Diana, Canetti, Niccolò, Riccardi, Mariano, Martini, Simone, Villa, Antonio, Di Biagio, Luigi, Codecasa, Antonella, Castagna, Ilaria, Barberis, Valentina, Gazzaniga, Giorgio, Besozzi, Canetti, D., Riccardi, N., Martini, M., Villa, S., Di Biagio, A., Codecasa, L., Castagna, A., Barberis, I., Gazzaniga, V., and Besozzi, G.
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Stereotyping ,Anti-HIV Agents ,Coinfection ,Tuberculosis ,HIV ,co-infected patients ,Antitubercular Agents ,HIV Infections ,Prognosis ,Risk Assessment ,Risk Factors ,Africa ,Humans ,Pandemics ,Prejudice - Abstract
Tuberculosis is an ancient infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is still nowadays afflicting humans all over the world. It causes ill-health for 10 million people each year. Tuberculosis (TB) has been the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, ranking above HIV/AIDS. In recent years, infection with HIV represents a major risk factor predisposing for infection and TB is the most common cause of AIDS-related death. Despite the treatment of HIV-associated TB has essentially retraced that recommended in HIV-negative cases, it has disclosed some additional challenges over the years. The association of delayed and missed diagnoses, logistic accidents and some well-known complications of HIV and TB treatment co-administration has contributed to 300,000 people living with HIV died from a preventable and curable disease like TB in 2017. The evaluation of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches with the struggle to erase stigma are essential to successfully manage HIV-TB coinfection.
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- 2020
72. 298-PA11 Drug resistant TB in Italian and immigrant pts
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Besozzi, G., Sarassi, A., Codecasa, L.R., Mantellini, P.V., and Lombardi, S.
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- 1995
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73. Circulating,Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific lymphocytes from PPD skin test-negative patients with tuberculosis do not secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and lack the cutaneous lymphocyte antigen skin-selective homing receptor
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C. Confetti, R. Lang, G. A. Rossi, G. Besozzi, L. R. Codecasa, S. E. Burastero, Z. I. Magnani, P. Panina-Bordignon, R. Pardi, Magnani, Z. I., Confetti, C., Besozzi, G., Codecasa, L. R., Panina-Bordignon, P., Lang, R., Rossi, G. A., Pardi, R., and Burastero, S. E.
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Adult ,Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte ,CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ,Male ,Tuberculosis ,T-Lymphocytes ,Immunology ,Population ,Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing ,In Vitro Techniques ,Lymphocyte Activation ,Cell Line ,Mycobacterium tuberculosis ,Skin test ,Interferon-gamma ,Antigen ,Antigens, Neoplasm ,medicine ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Interferon gamma ,Receptor ,education ,Aged ,Skin ,Aged, 80 and over ,education.field_of_study ,Membrane Glycoproteins ,biology ,Tuberculin Test ,Immunity to Infection ,T lymphocyte ,Middle Aged ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Cutaneous lymphocyte antigen ,Female ,Homing (hematopoietic) ,medicine.drug - Abstract
SUMMARYIndividuals with a negative intradermal reaction to tuberculin PPD have long been described in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis exposed, immune-competent population. Here, we studied PPD-specific blood T lymphocytes from these subjects for phenotypic markers relevant to skin migration, including the expression of the skin-selective homing receptor, the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA). Out of 82 patients with active tuberculosis we identified four subjects who were repeatedly PPD skin test-negative. CD4 T lymphocytes specific to mycobacterial antigens were derived from these individuals, which (i) proliferated in vitro to M. tuberculosis antigens comparably to those from PPD+ patients; (ii) secreted comparable amounts of IL-2 but lower amounts of IFN-γ; (iii) were confined within the CLA-negative T cell subset. We conclude that the negative tuberculin reaction in a small subset of patients exposed to mycobacteria is associated with impaired production of IFN-γ by circulating PPD-specific T cells that are lacking CLA expression. On this basis in vitro proliferation to PPD can discriminate bona fide non-responders from infected patients with a deficit in the margination of M. tuberculosis-specific T lymphocytes.
- Published
- 2000
74. Real-World Outcomes of a Loading Phase with Intravitreal Faricimab in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration (n-AMD) and Diabetic Macular Edema (DME).
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Giancipoli E, Guglielmi A, Bux AV, Clima GME, Pignatelli F, Boscia F, Viggiano P, Boscia G, Fortunato F, Besozzi G, Niro A, Dore S, and Iaculli C
- Abstract
Introduction: The aims of this work were to evaluate the real-world efficacy and safety of a loading dose of intravitreal faricimab in eyes with active neovascular age-related macular degeneration (n-AMD) or diabetic macular edema (DME) and to analyze the treatment outcome in relation to specific biomarkers., Methods: Patients with active n-AMD or DME, treated with four monthly intravitreal injections of faricimab, were enrolled in this retrospective, uncontrolled study. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central subfield thickness (CST), presence of retinal fluid (RF) on optical coherence tomography (OCT), and adverse events were assessed at baseline and at weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16. Predefined biomarkers were evaluated at baseline (BL) and at last visit., Results: Sixteen eyes of 15 patients with n-AMD (n-AMD group) and 15 eyes of 12 patients with DME (DME group) were included. Mean (± standard deviation) logarithm of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) BL BCVA changed from 0.68 (± 0.43) to 0.53 (± 0.36; P = 0.13) and from 0.51 (± 0.34) to 0.32 (± 0.24; P: 0.048) at week 16 in n-AMD and DME group, respectively. A statistically significant mean CST reduction was reported in both groups at last visit (n-AMD: - 166.5 μm; P = 0.0009/DME: - 110.8 μm; P = 0.0086). Seventy-five and 33% of eyes with n-AMD and DME respectively achieved complete RF resolution at last visit. Subfoveal inner and outer retinal damage correlated with a lower final BCVA in n-AMD group. The presence of large (> 100 μm) juxtafoveal microaneurysms (MAs) was significantly correlated with a higher chance of residual fluid in eyes with DME., Conclusions: Both n-AMD and DME groups achieved satisfactory anatomical results after a loading-dose of intravitreal faricimab. BCVA improvement might be hampered by pre-existing retinal damage in eyes with n-AMD. Large, juxtafoveal MAs might represent a hallmark of a slower anatomical response to the treatment in eyes with DME., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
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- 2024
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75. Tailored treatment for tuberculosis in transgender individuals: a call for a patient-centered approach from a large Italian cohort.
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Riccardi N, Antonello RM, Ferrarese M, Repossi A, Saderi L, Fumagalli G, Besozzi G, Sotgiu G, and Codecasa L
- Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and management in special populations remain challenging. Data about TB and transgender individuals is scarce, and strategies aimed at reducing the TB burden in this at-risk group are needed. We conducted an observational monocentric study from a national reference center for TB, including transgender individuals with active TB in a low-TB burden country (Italy), over 34 years (1990-2023). Sixty-six transgender males and two transgender females (median age 30 years, interquartile range 26-38 years, 65 migrants) were included. Most patients (38/66, 57.6%) lived in poor social conditions. 65.2% (43/66) of patients were people living with HIV. Multidrug- and rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis and isoniazid-resistant TB were diagnosed in five (7.6%) and three (4.5%) patients, respectively. The overall treatment success rate was 72.7% (48/66 patients), with differences observed according to social conditions. Our study highlights the need for a tailored approach to increase treatment success in this at-risk population.
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- 2024
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76. How We Treat Drug-Susceptible Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Practical Guide for Clinicians.
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Riccardi N, Occhineri S, Vanino E, Antonello RM, Pontarelli A, Saluzzo F, Masini T, Besozzi G, Tadolini M, Codecasa L, and On Behalf Of StopTB Italia
- Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and pulmonary TB (PTB) is the main variant responsible for fueling transmission of the infection. Effective treatment of drug-susceptible (DS) TB is crucial to avoid the emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis -resistant strains. In this narrative review, through a fictional suggestive case of DS PTB, we guide the reader in a step-by-step commentary to provide an updated review of current evidence in the management of TB, from diagnosis to post-treatment follow-up. World Health Organization and Centre for Diseases Control (CDC) guidelines for TB, as well as the updated literature, were used to support this manuscript.
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- 2023
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77. Tuberculosis in migrants: epidemiology, resistance and outcome in Milan, Italy.
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Riccardi N, Antonello RM, Ferrarese M, Saderi L, Besozzi G, Sotgiu G, and Codecasa L
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- Humans, Antitubercular Agents pharmacology, Antitubercular Agents therapeutic use, Retrospective Studies, Italy epidemiology, Transients and Migrants, Tuberculosis drug therapy, Tuberculosis epidemiology, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant drug therapy, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant epidemiology, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Abstract
Background: Human migration and the ever-changing geopolitical scenarios are redefining the epidemiology and the management of tuberculosis (TB), especially in low-TB burden countries welcoming high rates of people from high-TB burden countries., Methods: We conducted an observational retrospective mono-centric study in a Northern-Italy TB reference centre from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 2019, focusing on the differences in epidemiology, resistance patterns and treatment outcomes between Italians and migrants with active TB. Data were collected from medical records., Results: A total of 10555 patients were included, 4614 Italians and 5941 migrants. Among migrants, higher rates of rifampin-resistant (RR) or multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB were reported, as well as higher rates of loss to follow-up. Among Italians, higher mortality rates and a higher number of extrapulmonary TB cases were found., Conclusion: Our study describes one of the largest cohorts of patients with active TB in Italy, highlighting the need for tailored approaches in native and migrant populations.
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- 2023
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78. Extrapulmonary TB: a 30-year observational study of an Italian cohort.
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Ferrarese M, Antonello RM, Torri S, Saderi L, Repossi A, Besozzi G, Sotgiu G, Riccardi N, and Codecasa L
- Subjects
- Humans, Tuberculosis drug therapy, Tuberculosis epidemiology, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary, Tuberculosis, Extrapulmonary
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- 2023
- Full Text
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79. Pole to Pole Surgery in Ocular Trauma: Standardizing Surgical Steps.
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Frisina R, Besozzi G, Gius I, Greggio A, De Salvo G, and Meduri A
- Abstract
This commentary describes steps in ocular reconstruction surgery following ocular globe injuries in both the anterior and posterior segment causing corneal opacity and aphakia. The authors propose to reorder the sequence of surgical manoeuvres during pars plana vitrectomy combined with keratoplasty and aphakia treatment without capsular support and highlight the advantages in the choice of the intraocular lens to implant. A mental outline of all surgical manoeuvres, being aware of the complications that can arise during surgery and knowing the long-term benefits of making more careful choices, can make this surgery more effective and safer., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
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- 2022
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80. Microscope-assisted pneumatic retinopexy for the management of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.
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Besozzi G, Montericcio A, Costa MC, Nitti G, Parolini B, Giancipoli E, Greggio A, Tozzi L, Gius I, and Frisina R
- Abstract
Purpose: Outcomes of pneumatic retinopexy (PnR) using surgical microscope, wide-angle viewing system, and chandelier endoilluminator (microscope-assisted pneumatic retinopexy) for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD)., Methods: Retrospective study. 43 consecutive eyes with RRD undergoing microscope-assisted PnR surgery (MAPR) were analysed. Inclusion criteria comprehend phakic eyes with single retinal break or a group of breaks in detached retina in the same quadrant above 8- and 4-o'clock meridians. Follow-up was at least 6 months., Results: Of the 43 eyes, a total of 25 (58%) presented preoperatively a single retinal break, 15 (35%) had two retinal breaks in the same quadrant and 3 (7%) presented three or more retinal breaks in the same quadrant. Other retinal breaks not observed preoperatively were discovered intraoperatively in 12 eyes (28%). In 9 (21%) the missed retinal breaks were in the same quadrant as the main diagnosed break(s), while 3 (7%) had missed retinal breaks in a different one. These 3 eyes as no longer adhering to the PnR indication criteria switched intraoperatively to other surgical procedures and were excluded in the reattachment rate results. The total primary reattachment rate with MAPR was achieved in 37 eyes (92.5%). No significant BCVA changes were observed postoperatively., Conclusion: MAPR is an effective and safe surgical option, it allows to work with both hands free and provides an adequate visualization of the retina during the procedure minimizing the risk of missed retinal breaks potentially leading to surgical failure.
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- 2022
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81. Inter-observer and intra-observer reliability of the myopic traction maculopathy staging system.
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Frisina R, Besozzi G, Finzi A, Pinackatt SJ, Palmieri M, and Parolini B
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- Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Retrospective Studies, Tomography, Optical Coherence methods, Traction, Visual Acuity, Epiretinal Membrane, Macular Degeneration, Myopia, Degenerative diagnosis, Retinal Perforations diagnosis
- Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the inter-observer and intra-observer agreement of the myopic traction maculopathy (MTM) staging system (MSS)., Methods: The agreement test for MSS was based on the evaluation of 104 optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans from 104 myopic eyes. According to the MSS, six observers were asked to identify, in each image, one among four retinal patterns and one among three foveal patterns of MTM, the presence of an outer lamellar macular hole (OLMH) and an epiretinal membrane (ERM). Each observer repeated the agreement test after a 60 days interval., Results: Inter-observer reliability: the agreement of the test for the retina pattern was substantial (0.724), for the fovea pattern was 0.821, for the OLMH was 0.656, and for the ERM was 0.463. When all the criteria are included in the validation test the agreement was 0.657. Regarding the weighted statistics (Gwet's AC2, 95% CI), the validation test was statistically significant both when the variables were considered one by one, with an excellent agreement, respectively for the retina pattern (0.955) and the fovea pattern (0.963) and when all the variables were included in the tests (0.930). Intra-observer repeatability: all observers rerun the test after 2 months with a statistically significant percentage of confirmation of the previous test., Conclusion: The MSS offers in one Table information on diagnosis, natural history, function, prognosis, and management of MTM. The MSS is user-friendly and highly reproducible.
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- 2022
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82. Pretomanid for tuberculosis treatment: an update for clinical purposes.
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Occhineri S, Matucci T, Rindi L, Tiseo G, Falcone M, Riccardi N, and Besozzi G
- Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic determined a 10 years-set back in tuberculosis (TB) control programs. Recent advances in available therapies may help recover the time lost. While Linezolid (LZD) and Bedaquiline (BDQ), previously Group D second line drugs (SLDs) for TB, have been relocated to Group A, other drugs are currently being studied in regimens for drug resistant TB (DR-TB). Among these, Pretomanid (PA), a recently introduced antimycobacterial drug derived from nitroimidazole with both solid bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect, and with an excellent effectiveness and tolerability profile, is in the spotlight. Following promising data obtained from recently published and ongoing randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the World Health Organization (WHO) determined to include PA in its guidelines for the treatment of rifampicin-resistant (RR), multi drug resistant (MDR) and pre-extensively drug resistant TB (pre-XDR-TB) with BDQ, LZD and Moxifloxacine (MFX) in a 6-month regimen. Although further studies on the subject are needed, PA may also represent a treatment option for drug-susceptible TB (DS-TB), latent TB infection (LTBI) and non tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). This narrative review aims to examine current implementation options and future possibilities for PA in the never-ending fight against TB., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Author(s).)
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- 2022
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83. The new Myopic Traction Maculopathy Staging System.
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Parolini B, Palmieri M, Finzi A, Besozzi G, Lucente A, Nava U, Pinackatt S, Adelman R, and Frisina R
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- Humans, Retrospective Studies, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Traction, Visual Acuity, Macular Degeneration, Myopia, Degenerative diagnosis, Retinal Perforations
- Abstract
Purpose: To describe a comprehensive OCT-based classification of myopic traction maculopathy (MTM)., Methods: Two hundred eighty-one eyes with MTM (visited from 2006 to 2018), were retrospectively reviewed for age, best-corrected-visual-acuity (BCVA), axial length (AL), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and wide-field color fundus-photographs. The study was divided in two Phases. Phase 1: MTM types were categorized with OCT and correlated with age and BCVA. The type of staphyloma was described. Phase 2: the evolution of MTM was studied evaluating at least three OCT exams of each eye taken at different timings (interval between each exam: 1-10 years)., Results: Phase 1: We identified, four MTM retinal stages (1. Inner/Outer Maculoschisis; 2. Predominantly outer Maculoschisis; 3. Maculoschisis-Macular Detachment; 4. Macular Detachment) and three foveal stages (a. Normal fovea; b. Inner Lamellar-Macular-Hole; c. Full-Thickness-Macular-Hole). Outer-Lamellar-Macular-Holes and epiretinal abnormalities were associated findings. Stages 1 to 2 were younger than stages 3 to 4 ( p < 0.05). BCVA in stages 1, 2 was similar, and higher than stages 3, 4 ( p < 0.02). About 14% of eyes had no staphyloma, 73% of eyes had staphyloma type 1 or 2. MTM stages were not correlated with AL. Phase 2: The retina could change in time from stage 1 to 4, or the fovea could change from stage a to c. Mean evolution time from stage 1 to 2, stage 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 were 20, 12, 3 months, respectively. BCVA decreased over time as stages increased ( p = 0.47)., Conclusion: The MSS Table displays a new classification, the natural evolution, and practical insights for the management of MTM.
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- 2021
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84. Standardized Flanged Intrascleral Intraocular Lens Fixation with the Double-Needle Technique for Cataract Luxation in the Vitreous Chamber during Phacoemulsification.
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Besozzi G, Posarelli C, Costa MC, Montericcio A, Nitti G, Giancipoli E, L'Abbate M, Pignatelli F, Parolini B, and Figus M
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Purpose: To assess the visual and refractive outcome of immediate intraoperative vitrectomy and intrascleral intraocular lens implantation using a "standardized" sutureless Yamane technique during cataract luxation in the vitreous chamber as a complication of phacoemulsification., Design: A prospective, interventional, consecutive case series., Materials and Methods: Twelve patients underwent vitrectomy and intrascleral intraocular lens fixation using a standardized Yamane technique as the primary procedure during complicated phacoemulsification. Patients were evaluated preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively for best-corrected distance visual acuity, correspondence to the preoperative refractive target in the spherical equivalent, endothelial cell count, and complications., Results: Mean preoperative best-corrected visual acuity was 1.16 ± 0.3 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), the endothelial cell count was 1910.5 ± 297.64, and target refraction at baseline was -0.197 ± 0.087. Postoperatively, best-corrected visual acuity was significantly improved; the mean value was 0.05 logMAR ± 0.06. Mean baseline target refraction in the spherical equivalent was -0.20 ± -0.09 (range: -0.08 to -0.37), and mean final refraction was -0.44 ± -0.14 (range: -0.25 to -0.75) with no significant difference ( p =0.87). No complication was registered intra- and postoperatively., Conclusion: Standardization of the Yamane technique seemed a valuable option for patients who had complicated phacoemulsification to achieve a predictable refractive outcome. Synopsis . The predictable refractive outcome could be achieved with the immediate standardized Yamane technique in patients with intraoperative cataract luxation in the vitreous chamber during phacoemulsification., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Gianluca Besozzi et al.)
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- 2021
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85. Tuberculosis treatment outcomes in a rural area of Senegal: a decade of experience from 2010 to 2019 by StopTB Italia.
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Riccardi N, Villa S, Giacomelli A, Diaw MM, Ndiaye M, Gning L, Robbiano M, Alagna R, Saderi L, Biagio AD, Bassetti M, Cirillo DM, Sotgiu G, Codecasa LR, Sarr M, and Besozzi G
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- Adult, Antitubercular Agents therapeutic use, Coinfection diagnosis, Coinfection drug therapy, Coinfection epidemiology, Female, HIV Infections diagnosis, HIV Infections drug therapy, HIV Infections epidemiology, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolation & purification, Public Policy, Senegal epidemiology, Treatment Outcome, Tuberculosis diagnosis, Tuberculosis epidemiology, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary diagnosis, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary drug therapy, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary epidemiology, Young Adult, Rural Population, Tuberculosis drug therapy
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Background: Tuberculosis (TB) unevenly affects individuals across the globe, especially in rural areas of low-income countries. Aim of the study was to assess the impact of social protection to increase TB awareness on treatment outcomes among TB patients in a rural area of Senegal. Materials & methods: The study, conducted in Fimela district (Senegal) from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2019 and the intervention started from 31 January 2013, includes activities to increase awareness, active case finding, active follow-up and social protection. Results: Overall, 435 subjects - mainly male and young - were included in the analysis. Among TB cases, 94% had pulmonary involvement, 87% had no previous TB history, and 6% resulted positive HIV. Improved outcome was observed once intervention began (from 71 to 91%, p < 0.001); whereas mortality decreased (from 15 to 5%; p < 0.001), especially for those HIV co-infected for whom TB mortality rate dropped from 70 to 29%. Conclusion: After beginning the cooperation program, TB treatment success increased as a result of the decline of mortality, especially in people living with HIV.
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- 2021
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86. Myopic Traction Maculopathy: A New Perspective on Classification and Management.
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Parolini B, Palmieri M, Finzi A, Besozzi G, and Frisina R
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- Humans, Myopia, Degenerative complications, Myopia, Degenerative surgery, Retinal Detachment surgery, Retinal Perforations diagnosis, Retinal Perforations etiology, Retinal Perforations surgery, Retrospective Studies, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Traction, Visual Acuity, Vitrectomy, Macular Degeneration
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Abstract: Myopic traction maculopathy (MTM) is a complex disease affecting approximately 30% of eyes with pathologic myopia. A review of the history of treatment of MTM with success rates and limitations of different surgical techniques are reported.The pathogenesis, the definition and the management were clarified in a recent study(cit). The MTM Staging System (MSS) table summarizes all the stages of MTM offering insights on the pathogenesis and natural evolution of the disease.Guidelines of management of MTM were therefore proposed, but customized for each stage.Initial stages 1a and 2a, which define maculoschisis in the inner or inner-outer or only outer layers of the retina, should be observed. Stages 3a and 4a, defining macular detachment with and without associated schisis, should be treated with a macular buckle (MB).Stage 1b, which is a lamellar macular hole in a myopic eye, should be treated with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) only in symptomatic cases. Stages 2b, 3b, and 4b should be treated with a MB and PPV should be added in a second step only if the presence of a lamellar macular hole requires intervention to improve visual function.Stage 1c, which is a full thickness macular hole in a myopic eye, should be treated with PPV. Stages 2c, 3c and 4c should be treated with a combination of simultaneous MB + PPV to treat both the retinal pattern of schisis or detachment and the full thickness macular hole., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology.)
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- 2021
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87. Missed opportunities in tb clinical practice: How to bend the curve? A medical, social, economic and ethical point of view.
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Riccardi N, Villa S, Canetti D, Giacomelli A, Taramasso L, Martini M, Di Biagio A, Bragazzi NL, Brigo F, Sotgiu G, Besozzi G, and Codecasa L
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- Coinfection economics, Coinfection epidemiology, Coinfection therapy, Health Care Costs, Humans, Incidence, Latent Infection economics, Latent Infection epidemiology, Latent Infection therapy, Predictive Value of Tests, Prognosis, Socioeconomic Factors, Tuberculosis economics, Tuberculosis epidemiology, Tuberculosis therapy, Coinfection diagnosis, Health Services Accessibility economics, Health Services Accessibility ethics, Latent Infection diagnosis, Mass Screening economics, Mass Screening ethics, Tuberculosis diagnosis
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- 2021
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88. The Role of the Outer Lamellar Macular Hole in the Surgical Management of Myopic Traction Maculopathy.
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Palmieri M, Frisina R, Finzi A, Besozzi G, and Parolini B
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- Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Retina, Retrospective Studies, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Traction, Visual Acuity, Vitrectomy, Macular Degeneration, Myopia, Degenerative complications, Myopia, Degenerative diagnosis, Myopia, Degenerative surgery, Retinal Perforations diagnosis, Retinal Perforations etiology, Retinal Perforations surgery
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Purpose: To evaluate the anatomical and functional surgical outcomes of eyes affected by myopic traction maculopathy (MTM) with and without an outer lamellar macular hole (O-LMH)., Methods: Forty-eight eyes affected by MTM were included: a study group of 24 eyes with an O-LMH and a control group of 24 eyes without an O-LMH. All patients underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and were staged according to the MTM staging system. The surgical techniques applied were pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), macular buckle (MB), or combined surgery. The follow-up visit was 12 months after the latest intervention., Results: Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved significantly in both groups after surgery (p < 0.05). A successful surgical result was obtained in both groups at the final follow-up. In the study group, 3 eyes underwent PPV, 14 eyes underwent MB, and 7 underwent a combined surgery. Six patients developed an iatrogenic full-thickness macular hole (FTMH). In the control group, 5 eyes underwent PPV, 16 underwent MB, and 3 had combined surgery. Four patients developed a FTMH. In both groups, all the eyes with an iatrogenic FTMH received PPV as first surgery (alone or combined). A topographical correspondence between the interruption of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) and the backscattering phenomenon was found on OCT., Conclusion: The O-LMH is an OCT sign that may occur in eyes affected by MTM. Its presence is correlated with a higher risk of developing an iatrogenic FTMH after PPV (alone or combined) probably due to the thinner residual retinal tissue. Postoperative BCVA is not limited in eyes with an O-LMH and this may be explained by the restoration of the EZ after surgery., (© 2021 S. Karger AG, Basel.)
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- 2021
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89. Tuberculosis and pharmacological interactions: A narrative review.
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Riccardi N, Canetti D, Rodari P, Besozzi G, Saderi L, Dettori M, Codecasa LR, and Sotgiu G
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Even if major improvements in therapeutic regimens and treatment outcomes have been progressively achieved, tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death from a single infectious microorganism. To improve TB treatment success as well as patients' quality of life, drug-drug-interactions (DDIs) need to be wisely managed. Comprehensive knowledge of anti-TB drugs, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters, potential patients' changes in absorption and distribution, possible side effects and interactions, is mandatory to built effective anti-TB regimens. Optimization of treatments and adherence to international guidelines can help bend the curve of TB-related mortality and, ultimately, decrease the likelihood of treatment failure and drop-out during anti-TB treatment. Aim of this paper is to describe the most relevant DDIs between anti-TB and other drugs used in daily clinical practice, providing an updated and "easy-to-use" guide to minimize adverse effects, drop-outs and, in the long run, increase treatment success., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2020 The Author(s).)
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- 2020
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90. Preliminary observations on IGRA testing for TB infection in patients with severe COVID-19 eligible for immunosuppressive therapy.
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Torre A, Aliberti S, Castellotti PF, Cirillo DM, Grisolia A, Mangioni D, Marchetti G, Rossotti R, Santus P, Besozzi G, Villa S, and Codecasa LR
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- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized therapeutic use, Antirheumatic Agents therapeutic use, COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 virology, Female, Humans, Immunity physiology, Interferon-gamma Release Tests statistics & numerical data, Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein therapeutic use, Italy epidemiology, Latent Tuberculosis epidemiology, Latent Tuberculosis immunology, Latent Tuberculosis prevention & control, Lymphopenia immunology, Male, Retrospective Studies, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, Severity of Illness Index, COVID-19 therapy, Immunosuppression Therapy methods, Interferon-gamma Release Tests methods, Latent Tuberculosis diagnosis
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COVID-19, the novel coronavirus pandemic, has already spread around the globe affecting more than 18 million people. As previously observed with other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 deeply dysregulate the immune system eliciting respiratory failure and a state of systemic hyperinflammation in severely ill individuals. Immunotherapy is often used to downgrade the detrimental effects of the disease sustained by high-level of cytokines. Those treatments, however, are known to undermine patients' ability to contain tuberculosis (TB) infection. This study aims to describe interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) results in severe COVID-19 patients eligible for immunosuppressive treatment. Aggregate data were gathered from five hospitals in Milan, Italy, from March 1 to May 15, 2020 and retrospectively analyses. Results were summarized using absolute frequencies and percentages and compared using a two-sided Chi-squared test. Overall, 462 COVID-19 patients were eligible for immunosuppressive therapy, among which 335 were tested using IGRA testing. More than one-third of them (122/335; 36.4%) had an indeterminate IGRA result because of insufficient immune response to mitogen control, 19 (5.7%) tested positive and 194 (57.9) negative. The majority of patients with lymphocytopenia (i.e., total lymphocyte count [TLC] below 1000 cells/mm
3 ) had indeterminate IGRAs (81/155; 52.3%). The proportion becomes even higher in patients with severe lymphocytopenia (i.e., TLC<500 cells/mm3 ) (36/57; 63%). Our results suggest a possible negative impact of COVID-19 related immune dysregulation on TB infection assessment and management. Close monitoring of individuals with or without retesting of individuals with indeterminate IGRAs and further basic science investigations should to be sought to better comprehend their implication on TB epidemiology., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2020
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91. From the past, a long way to future challenges for a greater control of tuberculosis.
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Villa S, Riccardi N, Canetti D, Alagna R, Castellotti P, Ferrarese M, Cirillo D, Barberis I, Bragazzi NL, Gazzaniga V, Ricucci V, Codecasa LR, Besozzi G, and Martini M
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- Diffusion of Innovation, Forecasting, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Humans, Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunology, Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenicity, Tuberculosis immunology, Tuberculosis microbiology, Antitubercular Agents therapeutic use, Drug Development trends, Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug effects, Tuberculosis drug therapy, Tuberculosis Vaccines therapeutic use
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Tuberculosis (TB) and humans have coexisted for more than 40,000 years; however TB remains a global threat to human kind. The international community has developed new tools for early detection, but TB strains evolved acquiring resistance to first-line therapeutic drugs with increasing treatment challenges. Furthermore, TB has formed also an alliance with human immunodeficiency virus; in this way the poorest populations are most affected. The current vaccine planning activity includes 14 new vaccines against TB (11 of those in the phaseII/III) developed with different techniques. Now, more than ever, new anti-TB drugs and new anti-TB regimens are urgently required as well as universal health care and social protection in order to tackle down both hard to treat TB and the social determinants of TB. Coordinated actions and sharing of information are needed to aspire everywhere to the best clinical practices and improve quality of life of patients and their families., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
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- 2020
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92. Clofazimine: an old drug for never-ending diseases.
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Riccardi N, Giacomelli A, Canetti D, Comelli A, Intini E, Gaiera G, Diaw MM, Udwadia Z, Besozzi G, Codecasa L, and Biagio AD
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- Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents adverse effects, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Humans, Leprosy microbiology, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous microbiology, Mycobacterium leprae drug effects, Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug effects, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Clofazimine therapeutic use, Leprosy drug therapy, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous drug therapy
- Abstract
Clofazimine (CFZ), an old hydrophobic riminophenazine, has a wide range of antimycobacterial activity ranging from leprosy to nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. CFZ has several advantages such as a favorable pharmacokinetic profile, dose-dependent side effects as well as low price. In this narrative review, we have assessed the clinical development of CFZ, starting from the potential in vitro mechanism of actions, to the spectrum of side effects and potential drug-drug interactions, highlighting its current place in therapy and future possible use in leprosy, nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases and drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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- 2020
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93. HIV and tuberculosis: The paradox of dual illnesses and the challenges of their fighting in the history.
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Canetti D, Riccardi N, Martini M, Villa S, Di Biagio A, Codecasa L, Castagna A, Barberis I, Gazzaniga V, and Besozzi G
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- Africa epidemiology, Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use, Antitubercular Agents therapeutic use, HIV Infections drug therapy, HIV Infections mortality, HIV Infections virology, Humans, Prejudice, Prognosis, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Stereotyping, Tuberculosis drug therapy, Tuberculosis microbiology, Tuberculosis mortality, Coinfection, HIV Infections epidemiology, Pandemics, Tuberculosis epidemiology
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Tuberculosis is an ancient infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is still nowadays afflicting humans all over the world. It causes ill-health for 10 million people each year. Tuberculosis (TB) has been the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, ranking above HIV/AIDS. In recent years, infection with HIV represents a major risk factor predisposing for infection and TB is the most common cause of AIDS-related death. Despite the treatment of HIV-associated TB has essentially retraced that recommended in HIV-negative cases, it has disclosed some additional challenges over the years. The association of delayed and missed diagnoses, logistic accidents and some well-known complications of HIV and TB treatment co-administration has contributed to 300,000 people living with HIV died from a preventable and curable disease like TB in 2017. The evaluation of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches with the struggle to erase stigma are essential to successfully manage HIV-TB coinfection., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
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- 2020
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94. The evolution of a neglected disease: tuberculosis discoveries in the centuries.
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Riccardi N, Canetti D, Martini M, Diaw MM, DI Biagio A, Codecasa L, Barberis I, Bragazzi NL, and Besozzi G
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- History, 17th Century, History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, Ancient, History, Medieval, Humans, Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolation & purification, Mycobacterium tuberculosis physiology, Risk Factors, Tuberculosis drug therapy, Tuberculosis microbiology, Neglected Diseases, Tuberculosis history
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Tuberculosis (TB) and humans have coexisted for more than 40,000 years. The word "tuberculosis" derives from "tubercle", the histological lesion which appears in the organs, described by Pott in the late Eighteenth century and found, by molecular biology, in human skeletons dating back to 5000 BC. Early description of TB can be found in the writings of ancient India and China and in the Bible. In ancient Greece tuberculosis was not considered contagious, but Aristotle recognized the contagious nature of the pig's and ox's scrofula. The suspicion that phthisis is a contagious disease and that isolation can reduce the risk of transmission was expressed for the first time by the Arabian Avicenna, in his work "The canon of medicine". In 1699, the Health Council of the Republic of Lucca founded the "sanatorium" concept as place of care and isolation. In 1865 Villemain inoculated tubercular material from a human lymph node into a rabbit, obtaining for the first time the typical tubercular lesions. Some years later, on March 24, 1882, Robert Koch announced to the Berlin Society of Physiology the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the same period Virchow improved awareness of risk factors and correct behaviours among the general population. In 1952 Waksman won the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the first active drug against TB: streptomycin. Nevertheless, drug resistance appeared rapidly some years later and it is still a great challenge in TB fight nowadays., (©2020 Pacini Editore SRL, Pisa, Italy.)
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- 2020
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95. Tuberculosis. The never ending story: past, present and future challenge (Part I).
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Icardi G, Martini M, Besozzi G, and Gazzaniga V
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- 2020
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96. Celebrating World Tuberculosis Day at the time of COVID-19.
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Alagna R, Besozzi G, Codecasa LR, Gori A, Migliori GB, Raviglione M, and Cirillo DM
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- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, Humans, SARS-CoV-2, World Health Organization, Anniversaries and Special Events, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral, Tuberculosis
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: R. Alagna has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: G. Besozzi has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: L.R. Codecasa has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: A. Gori has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: G.B. Migliori has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: M. Raviglione has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: D.M. Cirillo has nothing to disclose.
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- 2020
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97. LONG-TERM RESULTS OF AUTOLOGOUS RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM AND CHOROID TRANSPLANTATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF EXUDATIVE AND ATROPHIC MACULOPATHIES.
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Parolini B, Di Salvatore A, Pinackatt SJ, Baldi A, Besozzi G, Finzi A, Cardillo D, Sallam AB, and Frisina R
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- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Atrophy, Female, Fluorescein Angiography methods, Follow-Up Studies, Fundus Oculi, Humans, Macula Lutea surgery, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Time Factors, Tomography, Optical Coherence methods, Transplantation, Autologous, Treatment Outcome, Wet Macular Degeneration diagnosis, Choroid transplantation, Macula Lutea pathology, Retinal Pigment Epithelium transplantation, Visual Acuity, Wet Macular Degeneration surgery
- Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the long-term results of autologous retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid transplantation (RPE-choroid patch) for exudative and atrophic maculopathies., Methods: Consecutive chart review of 120 eyes, which underwent RPE-choroid patch, from 2007 to 2017 for RPE atrophy or choroidal neovascular membrane secondary to exudative and hemorrhagic age-related macular degeneration, myopia, angioid streaks, and laser. Eyes were tested with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), reading ability, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography, autofluorescence, and microperimetry., Results: Eighty-eight eyes of 84 patients had complete data, with 2- to 10-year follow-up. Mean age was 71.9 ± 9.06 years. Mean preoperative and postoperative BCVA was 20/320 (1.2 ± 0.2 logMAR) and 20/200 (0.94 ± 0.36 logMAR), respectively (P = 0.009). Reading ability recovered in 43% of cases. Microperimetry showed central fixation. A gain of at least 15 letters was obtained in 40% of eyes. Integrity (P = 0.009) of external limiting membrane and higher preoperative BCVA (P = 0.001) predicted better final BCVA. Complications were retinal detachment (11.4%), macular atrophy (7%), subretinal hemorrhage (4.5%), epiretinal membrane (4.5%), recurrent choroidal neovascular membrane (4.5%), macular hole (3.4%), and cystoid edema (3%)., Conclusion: Autologous RPE-choroid patch achieved long-lasting BCVA improvement and central fixation, in eyes with choroidal neovascular membrane and intact external limiting membrane. Atrophic maculopathies only obtained temporary visual benefit.
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- 2020
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98. Microscope-Assisted ab externo Surgery for the Treatment of Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment - New Tech Meets Old Art.
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Frisina R, Forlini M, Date P, Meduri A, Pinackatt JS, Sborgia L, Besozzi G, and Parolini B
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- Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Microscopy methods, Middle Aged, Retinal Perforations surgery, Retrospective Studies, Visual Acuity, Cryotherapy methods, Endotamponade methods, Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures methods, Retinal Detachment surgery
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Aim: To report the outcomes of ab externo surgery using a surgical microscope, wide-angle viewing system, and chandelier endoilluminator (microscope-assisted ab externo surgery) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD)., Methods: This was a retrospective study. Consecutive charts of patients with RRD who underwent microscope-assisted ab externo surgery were analyzed. The following demographic parameters were analyzed: age (years), gender (male/female), and eye (right/left). Clinical parameters were axial length (AL) measured in millimeters (mm), preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) measured in logarithm of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), intraocular pressure (IOP), and lens status (phakic/pseudophakic). The parameters of RRD were number and type of retinal breaks, location of retinal breaks, extent of retinal detachment (RD) (number of detached quadrants), and macular detachment (MD), as well as retinal breaks not detected preoperatively. Use of cryopexy, circumferential or segmental scleral buckle, drainage of subretinal fluid, injection of air or gas, and duration of surgery were recorded. The postoperative parameters analyzed were BCVA, IOP and recurrence of RD and postoperative complications. Follow-up was established at 3 months., Results: A total of 213 eyes (97 right, 116 left) of 205 patients (114 males, 91 females) affected by primary RRD were included. Fifty-two eyes (24.4%) were affected by high myopia (AL >26.5 mm), and 160 patients (75.1%) were affected by RRD caused by a single retinal break and involving only one quadrant. The superior quadrant was the most frequently involved (49.3%). Forty-two eyes (19.7%) were affected by MD. In 13 eyes (11.3%), retinal breaks were not detected preoperatively. The duration of surgery was 75.5 ± 42 min. No significant BCVA changes were observed in the whole group, whereas a significant improvement of BCVA from the baseline (2.83 ± 0.87 logMAR) to each time point of follow-up was observed in the subgroup of patients affected by MD. Six eyes (2.8%) developed a recurrent RD, secondary to proliferative vitreoretinopathy (3 eyes) and secondary to a new retinal break (3 eyes). Two eyes developed a persistent vitreous hemorrhage, and one eye developed a macular hole after 1 week. PPV was performed for both., Conclusion: Microscope-assisted ab externo surgery is effective and safe, it reduces discomfort, it allows the surgeon to work with both hands free, and provides an adequate visualization of each step being performed., (© 2019 S. Karger AG, Basel.)
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- 2020
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99. Towards tailored regimens in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: a retrospective study in two Italian reference Centres.
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Riccardi N, Alagna R, Saderi L, Ferrarese M, Castellotti P, Mazzola E, De Lorenzo S, Viggiani P, Udwadia Z, Besozzi G, Cirillo D, Sotgiu G, and Codecasa L
- Subjects
- Adult, Amikacin pharmacology, Amikacin therapeutic use, Antitubercular Agents pharmacology, Drug Resistance, Bacterial drug effects, Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis diagnosis, Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis drug therapy, Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis mortality, Female, Humans, Italy, Laboratories, Hospital, Linezolid pharmacology, Linezolid therapeutic use, Male, Meropenem pharmacology, Meropenem therapeutic use, Retrospective Studies, Treatment Outcome, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant diagnosis, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant mortality, Antitubercular Agents therapeutic use, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant drug therapy
- Abstract
Background: The increased incidence of drug-resistant TB is a major challenge for effective TB control. Limited therapeutic options and poor treatment outcomes of DR-TB may increase drug-resistance rates. The objective of the study is to retrospectively compare MDR-TB and pre-XDR-TB treatment regimens and outcomes in two large TB reference centres in Italy from January 2000 to January 2015., Methods: A retrospective, multicentre study was conducted at the Regional TB Reference Centre Villa Marelli Institute (Milan) and at the Reference Center for MDR-TB and HIV-TB, Eugenio Morelli Hospital (Sondalo). The supra-national Reference Laboratory in Milan performed DST. Inclusion criteria were: age ≥ 18 and culture-confirmed diagnosis of MDR- or pre-XDR TB. Chi-square or Fisher exact test was used to detect differences in the comparison between treatment outcomes, therapeutic regimens, and drug-resistances. Computations were performed with STATA 15., Results: A total of 134 patients were selected. Median (IQR) age at admission was 33 (26-41) years and 90 patients (67.2%) were male. Pulmonary TB was diagnosed in 124 (92.5%) patients. MDR- and pre-XDR-TB cases were 91 (67.9%) and 43 (32.1%), respectively. The WHO shorter MDR-TB regimen could have been prescribed in 16/84 (19.1%) patients. Treatment success was not statistically different between MDR- and pre-XDR-TB (81.3% VS. 81.4%; P = 0.99). Mortality in MDR-TB and pre-XDR-TB groups was 4.4 and 9.3%, respectively (P = 0.2). Median duration of treatment was 18 months and a total of 110 different regimens were administered. Exposure to linezolid, meropenem, and amikacin was associated with a better outcome in both groups (P = 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.004, respectively)., Conclusions: Tailored treatment regimens based on DST results can achieve successful outcomes in patients with pre-XDR-TB.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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100. Towards ending TB: civil community engagement in a rural area of Senegal: results, challenges and future proposal.
- Author
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Riccardi N, Alagna R, Motta I, Ferrarese M, Castellotti P, Nicolini LA, Diaw MM, Ndiaye M, Cirillo D, Codecasa L, and Besozzi G
- Subjects
- Disease Eradication trends, Humans, Senegal epidemiology, Tuberculosis epidemiology, Community Participation, Disease Eradication methods, Rural Population, Tuberculosis prevention & control
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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