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In this paper 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction has been studied. An efficient synthesis of 4′-[3-methyl-5-thioxo-1H-1,2,4-triazol-4(5H)-yl]-2′,5′-diphenyl-2′,4′-dihydro spiro(indolin-3,3′[1,2,4]triazol)-2-one derivatives using triethylamine in MeCN at room temperature is reported. The structures of the obtained compounds were confirmed by means of elemental analysis, MS and spectral (IR, 1H, and 13C NMR) methods.

Public-private partnership (PPP) is a complex mechanism, which includes a variety of industry legislation, which together form a system of legislative regulation of relations at the interaction of private and public parties in the realization of long-term capital-intensive investment projects for the development of public infrastructure. The article describes the current state of PPP in the Russian Federation, the analysis of the main problems and needs integrated action (regulatory, institutional and investment) to improve and develop this project.

Experimental treatment (long-term fractionated γ-irradiation, antiorthostatic hypodynamia, and the combination of these factors) simulating the effect of space flight in ground-based experiments rapidly restored the motor and orienting-investigative activity of animals (rats) in "open-field" tests. The study of the dynamics of discriminant learning of rats of experimental groups did not show significant differences from the control animals. It was found that the minor effect of these factors on the cognitive performance of animals correlated with slight changes in the concentration ofmonoamines in the brain structures responsible for the cognitive, emotional, and motivational functions.

The first spike-wave discharges (SWDs) in WAG/Rij rats begin to appear at age of 2-3 months and are fully manifested by 5-6 months. Occurrence of SWDs in the EEG is the main indicator of absence epilepsy. Extensive absence epilepsy in 5-6 months-old WAG/Rij rats is accompanied by decreases in dopamine and its metabolites concentrations in the meso-cortico-limbic and nigro-striatal dopaminergic brain systems, resulting in the expression of depression-like behavioral symptoms. In 36 day-old WAG/Rij rats, SWDs are not manifested, deficiency of dopamine is not revealed, and symptoms of depression-like behavior are not expressed. In this study, behavior and monoamines and their metabolites concentrations were investigated in 5 brain structures (prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, striatum, hippocampus) in 2 month-old WAG/Rij rats in comparison with Wistar rats of the same age. Reduction of the dopamine and its metabolites concentration in 2 month-old WAG/Rij rats was found only in the prefrontal cortex, indicating rapid response of the prefrontal cortex or its high sensitivity. Rapid response of the prefrontal cortex is supposed to be a.fundamental property of this brain structure. Decreases in the dopamine and its metabolites concentration in the prefrontal cortex in 2 month-old WAG/Rij rats were associated with features of behavior which can be regarded as a state of so called pre-pathology (increased anxiety and stress reactivity) preceding the development of depression-like behavior typical for 5-6-months old rats of this strain.

Edited and expanded text of a speech given by Dr. Hatem Bazian at the Reviving the Islamic Spirit Conference, December 27th, 2015, Toronto, Canada.

This article has been retracted at the request of the Author Please see http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy . Reason: The author of this review has requested that the Editor withdraw it because it: (i) omits relevant studies, (ii) contains inaccuracies in the tabulated data. The Editor has reviewed these errors and omissions and has agreed that the paper be withdrawn.

“In the hours and days immediately following [the September 11] attacks, Attorney General John Ashcroft … directed that FBI and INS agents question anyone they could find with a Muslim-sounding name … in some areas … they simply looked for names in the phone book … … Anyone who could be held, even on a minor violation of law or immigration rules, was held under a three-pronged strategy, fashioned by Ashcroft and a close circle of Justice Department deputies including criminal division chief at the time Michael Chertoff, that was intended to exert maximum pressure on these detainees …” (From a summary of Ashcroft strategy sessions contained, in further detail, in Steven Brill's After: How America Confronted the September 12 Era)”

Effects of 1.5 and 3 Gy from high-energy protons (165 MeV) on rat's motor and oriented trying activities, rate of the Y-labyrinth learning with electric pain stimulation, and levels of monoamines and their metabolites in different brain structures were studied. The experimental results showed that irradiation with these proton doses caused considerable inhibition of the motor and oriented trying activities, and strengthening of passive defense reactions in the open field test; however, no significant change was induced in the learning rate or monoamines turnover. Apparently, emotional and motivational systems were affected to a greater degree than cognitive functions.

Chailakhyan's views of sources of the origin of consciousness and mentality have been analyzed. It is supposed that the information interaction alone is not sufficient for the occurrence of consciousness. Something else is necessary that distinguishes a live system from lifeless and can be transmitted to the progeny and evolve. It is assumed that this is an "information-physical interaction", namely, a power profile of conformational reorganizations of proteins during their interaction. L.M. Chailakhyan proves the point of view that this profile during the interaction of proteins cannot be calculated and therefore cannot be cognized. This conclusion is supported by the Godel theorem of incompleteness.

In work the molecular structure and function of GABA(A)-receptor, dependence of allosteric regulation features from subunit composition of receptors are described. Processes of GABAA-receptor plasticity at kindling are described. The process of GABA(A)-receptor allosteric plasticity by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) kindling induced automodification of receptor activity and consolidated (keeps by means of updating of an expression of genes) its activity. In some days activity of a receptor is restored to a test objective level. In 6 months PTZ subconvulsive dose administration of kindling rats reproduced the severity of seizures and restored of GABA(A)-receptor activity to the level found 6 months before, at the time of termination of kindling, independent of receptor presence activity and age changes. GABA(A)-receptor activity is consolidated by modification of receptor molecule, it is probably by receptor subunit compositions. The study of learning, memory and PTZ amnesia processes have allowed to make a conclusion that similar mechanisms of GABA(A)-receptor plasticity underlie of learning and memory processes. On the basis of the described results the scheme of intraneuronal modulators integration or integration of transduction signals are described.

The current review describes the modem Parkinson's disease models in animals, their advantages, limitations and disadvantages. It was noted that the most widespread up-to-date models based on etiology of the Parkinson's disease. Although toxins mostly produce the Parkinson's disease, a study of involved genes allows investigating not only inherited but also sporadic (not inherited) forms of disease since the same genes are involved in both cases. Mutations of genes lead to formation of "mutant" toxic proteins, which produce a death of the specialized neurons of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system and the development of Parkinson's disease. A significant place in the review takes adescription of characteristics of the toxic models produced by 6-OHDA, MPTP and rotenone, their similarities and differences in pathogenetic mechanisms of the Parkinson's disease development. On the basis of the considered experimental models of Parkinson's disease a conclusion has been done that none of these models may in full and adequate scale imitate the entire clinical, pathophysiological, morphological, biochemical and other aspects of the Parkinson's disease development.

In this paper we have attempted to relate and explain the activity of the brain different integrative levels, which ends up with occurrence of a goal-directed behaviour and reinforcement. Two main mechanisms of responding to subjects and events of external environment, as rapid executive reactions and slow motivational-emotional states, have been marked out. Each mechanism gets its own neurochemical basis, ways of information transmission and molecular-genetic programs for the specialized metabolic reactions. Together both mechanisms form a unique spatial-temporal continuum of neural processes aimed to produce the beneficial activity and reinforce it by subjectively perceived emotional states.

The chronic (21 days duration) administration of tricyclic antidepressant melipramine of Wistar rats strain (15 mg/kg daily, intraperitoneally) evoked weight loss of animals. The 7 days after melipramine abolition its sedative effect was observed in the "open field" test by decrease of locomotion and the number of boles. The 7 and 14 days after melipramine abolition the difference between control and melipramine treated animals in passive and active avoidance learning and memory not found. The experimental results comparison with the literature data show, that chronic melipramine administration of intact animals evokes a sedative state. This conclusion does not contradict to idea of punishment function of brain serotoninergic system.

Comparative analysis of behaviors of two rat strains, Wistar and WAG/Rij, was performed. No behavioral differences between Wistar and WAG/Rij were found in the emotional resonance test. Disulfiram injection produced similar effects in both rat strains. Animals of the first group (with slow acquisition of emotional resonance reaction) transformed into the animals of the second group (with fast acquisition). Passive avoidance conditioning was successfully reproduced in Wistar and was significantly impaired in WAG/Rij. A low dose of disulfiram injected before or immediately after conditioning substantially improved the reproduction to a greater extent in WAG/Rij than Wistar strains thus eliminating in interstrain differences. Active avoidance conditioning was more successful in WAG/Rij than in Wistar rats However, on the next day conditioning in WAG/Rij was substantially impaired. Administration of the low dose of disulfiram or L-DOPA prior to conditioning impaired the acquisition but improved the reproduction on the following day in both strains, but disulfiram injection after conditioning improved conditioning in WAG/Rij to a greater extent than in Wistar. Thus, the pharmacologic enhancement of the reward system substantially changed animal behavior and improved memory consolidation.

Wistar rats were injected with haloperidol (3.5 mg/kg) that resulted in a high level of cataplexy. Next day after haloperidol injection rat behavior was studied in the open field. The animals were divided in two groups. The first group of animals was tested in the daylight without additional illumination of the open-field chamber. The second group was tested in a darkened room with additional intense illumination of the open-field center with a 60W bulb. The testing time was 240 s. The high level of the open-field locomotor activity in the first group was attributed to anxiety. The low level of locomotor activity in the second group was qualified as depressive state.

A simple and efficient one-pot route for the synthesis of novel spiro [indolin–3,3'-1,2,4-triazol] derivatives by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nitrilimines and isatin imines under classical or microwave irradiation conditions is described. Spiro heterocyclic compounds possess pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimycobacterial, antifungal, antitumor and antiviral activities.