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The Bay of Pasaia is one of the highest heritage value portside cultural landscapes in the Basque Country, Spain. In order to understand the factors that have led to the current complex configuration, this study traces the historical development of this landscape. It analyzes economic and social dynamics that led to transformations of the historic areas, port, and natural environment, and documents the remaining historical traces and heritage elements that have resulted from this interaction in a GIS database. Following the recommendations of the HUL Approach and the Valletta Principles, three historical periods have been identified, which bear similarity with other port areas around the world. The results of this study are expected to serve as a basis for future urban regeneration plans and heritage enhancement strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of historical archaeology in the Iberian Peninsula has opened new and stimulating avenues of research into its most recent times. One of these has been the archaeology of the Carlist Wars, a series of nineteenth-century conflicts related to the overarching process of the emergence of liberal governments in Europe and, contemporarily, of counter-revolutionary movements. This paper will describe recent excavations at Carlist sites in the southern part of the Basque Country in order to tackle two interrelated questions: the limits and possibilities of a Carlist archaeology and the close connection of the specific materialities of these events and the politics of memory surrounding them. It is argued that the Carlist War materiality has not been considered in the process of the construction of the Basque heritage because these conflicts are not introduced into the legitimating narratives of the failed-state formation project of the Basque identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public policies to promote the social economy (Morandeira, 2013) have been progressively reformulated in the Basque Country over the last five years, moving from a centralized model based on direct economic aid to one that seeks to incorporate a more holistic, ecosystemic and local approach. In the path of the main studies that collect these regulatory changes at the state level (Chaves, 2019; Fajardo, 2019; Chaves et al., 2020), in this paper address the main changes detected in the implementation of public action in the Basque Country. In this new, more territorialized and ecosystemic scheme, to the implementation of all public policy tools, both soft and hard (Chaves, 2009), organizational elements are added that tend towards models based on the co-construction of public policies (Vaillancourt, 2008). A proposal for public intervention is presented in which a model is defined with measures in collaboration with social economy entities to TRANSFORM the local development framework, the so-called "transformative public intervention". Finally, based on this third intervention model proposal, "Hernani Burujabe" is presented as a pioneering experience in the Basque Country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Facultad de Filosofia y Humanidades, Intituto de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Austral de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia y Memoria de la Educación is the property of Historia y Memoria de la Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En el Antiguo Régimen los lugares sagrados fueron escenario de delitos violentos de naturaleza diversa. Las iglesias eran, por un lado, espacios de refugio de delincuentes que se acogían en ellas amparándose en el derecho de asilo, circunstancia que creaba situaciones de conflictividad. Al mismo tiempo, fueron también testigos de diversos actos delictivos, desde agresiones a clérigos hasta insultos, desórdenes y albortos protagonizados en su interior por personas laicas. Pero, sobre todo, abundaron los delitos contra la propiedad cometidos en los lugares sagrados: robos sacrílegos en iglesias, ermitas, conventos o casas de curas, utilizando la violencia, en busca de dinero o alhajas. Eran, no obstante, delitos realizados por individuos aislados, con ganada fama de comportamiento reprobable, o por gente asociada en cuadrilla de malhechores con ánimo de cometer robos y asaltos en casas y caminos. Antzinako Erregimenean, era askotako indarkeriazko delituak gertatu ziren leku sakratuetan. Elizak, alde batetik, delitugileen babeslekuak ziren, haietan asilo-eskubidearen babesa baitzuten, eta gatazka-egoerak sorrarazten zituen horrek. Era berean, hainbat delitu-ekintzaren lekuko ere izan ziren, besteak beste, elizgizonen aurkako erasoak, irainak, desordenak eta pertsona laikoek eragindako zalapartak. Baina, batez ere, jabetzaren aurkako delitu ugari egin ziren leku sakratuetan: sakrilegiozko lapurretak elizetan, ermitetan, komentuetan edo apaizetxeetan, indarkeria erabiliz, diru edo bitxi bila. Hala ere, gizabanako bakan batzuek egiten zituzten delitu haiek, portaera gaitzesgarriaren fama handia zutenak, edo taldeetan elkartzen ziren gaizkileek etxeetan eta bideetan lapurretak eta erasoak egiteko asmoz. In the Ancien Régime, holy places were the scene of violent crimes of different types. On the one hand, churches were places of refuge for criminals who sheltered in them under the right of asylum, a circumstance which created conflict. On the other hand, they also bore witness to diverse criminal acts, from assaults on clergymen to insults, disturbances and brawls between laypersons inside churches and convents. But, above all, there was an abundance of crimes against property committed in holy places: sacrilegious robberies in churches, chapels, convents or clergy houses, using violence, in search of money or jewels. However, they were crimes committed by isolated individuals, notorious for reprehensible behaviour, or by people in delinquent gangs aiming to commit robberies and assaults in houses and on roads.

Este artículo analiza las iniciativas que trataron de implementar en Irlanda durante la Guerra Civil española algunos nacionalistas vascos, el Gobierno de Euzkadi y las organizaciones y partidos políticos irlandeses que simpatizaban con la República Española, a fin de promover en Irlanda la causa vasca. Artikulu honetan, Espainiako Gerra Zibilean euskal nazionalista batzuek, Euzkadiko Gobernuak eta Espainiako Errepublikaren aldeko ziren Irlandako erakunde eta alderdi politiko batzuek Irlandan gauzatu nahi izan zituzten ekimenak aztertzen dira, Irlandan euskal kausa sustatzeko. This article surveys the initiatives promoted in Ireland by the Provisional Government of the Basque Country, some Basque nationalists and Irish political parties and organisations who supported the Spanish Republic, in order to defend the Basque cause in Ireland during the Spanish Civil War.

El Museo de la Educación de la Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea fue creado en 2014 e inaugurado en 2016. En este artículo hacemos una presentación de su organización. El museo está estructurado en tres grandes espacios dedicados al euskara y la educación, al espacio escolar y a las enseñanzas y aprendizajes y, posteriormente, describimos las nuevas audiencias que se han ido conformando a lo largo del tiempo a través de actividades formativas: alumnado universitario y no universitario, personas adultas y personas con algún tipo de demencia. Para estos colectivos hemos organizado estas actividades, cuyo objetivo es fomentar la ciudadanía activa y la consideración del museo desde una perspectiva inclusiva. En el desarrollo de las mismas hemos tenido presente las tareas, talleres y discusiones que se han producido, así como una evaluación de las mismas. Todas estas actividades resultan fundamentales para dar nuevas funciones al museo, potenciando la transferencia de resultados a la sociedad.

The paper is dedicated to the issues of transnationalism and development of nationalism in Basque self-government. In 2021, the Basque Country resumed the debate on updating the Statute of Guernica (the Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country, 1979). These debates are backed by the Parliament of the Basque Country. Some key points of this discussion and current Basque regional initiatives in the European Union attract attention and may indicate the development of nationalism in the context of transnational trends and the forming of new regional identity. Methodology of the article is based on the transnationalism theory and the concept of coexistence of postnational and national as simultaneous or competing forms. Transnationalism is not a brand-new idea to Basques: some traces of transnational identity may be found in previous history. In most cases one talks about Basque nationalism (not transnationalism) referring to the period of ETA terrorist group activity which lasted till the beginning of 2010th. Since the end of the terrorist era the need for new terms and definitions for Basques nationalist movement is recognized. Despite the current high level of opponents of independence, the society is still not satisfied with the level of self-government. As a result, the problem of nationalism is greatly modified in Basque society: this is no longer a demand for the creation of an independent state, but a request for a new level of relations between the Basque Country and Spain, the Basque Country and European Union, the Basque Country and other regions; this is the demand for forming and recognition of new European regional identity. The study provides the evidence for defining this new stage in Basque self-determination movement as a nationalist and transnationalist one at the same time. In terms of this definition the concept of “Europe of the regions” is becoming relevant again and the whole situation may provide the basis for nationalist development in other European regions with similar issues.

Highlights: -Adi-Adian is an initiative of human rights and peace education implemented at the schools of the Basque Country and related to the experience of victims of political violence -This Adi-Adian initiative has been applied at Teacher Training School upon future teachers of Primary School -The testimony of victims has proven to be effective at rising the empathy and the comprehension of other point of views Purpose: The Basque Country has been suffering political conflict and human rights' violation for decades, tearing the social fabric. Human rights and peace education carried out through the testimony of the victims and their memory about this recent violent past can play an essential role in reestablishing the social understanding. This article aims to make known the experience of Adi-Adian initiative developed with the victims of the politic violence in the Teacher Training School of the University of Basque Country and asses its effectiveness in terms of critical thinking and empathy. Design/methodology/approach: This research is based on group discussion and personal surveys focused on students' feedback as a suitable method to analyze the way of thinking of students, their feelings and opinions about the violence. Findings: The results indicate that these initiatives implemented at school might be suitable to achieve the goals of human rights and peace education and deepen on democratic citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of avian dispersal patterns is basic to our understanding of the processes that characterise populations. We describe here the natal and breeding dispersal of White-throated Dippers Cinclus cinclus inhabiting three coastal catchments of the Basque Country, based on recaptures of ringed birds. Natal dispersal data were available for 70 Dippers, from a total of 789 nestlings ringed. Most of the birds (62.8%) were recaptured within 5 km of their natal nest (median 3.92 km). Natal dispersal differed between sexes, females moving longer distances than males. About 20% of the birds moved between catchments. Breeding dispersal data were available for 72 birds among 152 ringed adults. Both sexes showed strong fidelity to the breeding site. Only 8.7% of the birds recaptured changed their breeding site between seasons. These results are similar to those obtained in Britain, Ireland and central Europe, which suggests the existence of a shared pattern of dispersal among western European populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kantujira is an initiative which, once a month, convokes a substantial number of people in order to sing traditional songs in Basque in the streets of the Old Quarter of Donostia (as well as in different neighbourhoods in the city). There are similar initiatives in towns and cities throughout the Basque Country. In this paper, I analyse the multiple dimensions of the Kantujira, which is much more than a cultural event and a way of maintaining tradition, since it plays a significant role in sociability and in shaping collective identity, while at the same time it is a form of resistance and of protest; a resistance with a particular feature, that it is made up and expressed on the basis of shared pleasure, the pleasure of singing in a group in the street, so we can consider it as a playful form of resistance. My aim is to show that we cannot understand the satisfaction of group singing without alluding to all these other dimensions. In order to achieve that, I base the study on information gathered during my ethnographic participation in the Kantujira since early 2017 to present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hispania: Revista Española de Historia is the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Constelaciones (2340-177X) is the property of Fundacion Universitaria San Pablo - CEU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociologia Italiana is the property of EGEA S.p.A and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The global pandemic generated a crisis of still unpredictable consequences, further aggravated by the war in Ukraine. In 2008 a broad consensus had emerged on the need for far-reaching reforms, which basically meant doing away with the neoliberal consensus that had prevailed since the 1980s, although the chances of recovery were soon made dependent on the economic cycle. Once again, the current crisis is calling into question the quality and effectiveness of the social protection system and the welfare state itself. The responses seem to indicate a change of direction, towards safeguarding and strengthening the public sector. The Basque Country and Navarre are affected too. Two symptoms of this are the reinforcement of investment in health, which implies reversing previous cuts, and the approval of systems to cover the most disadvantaged groups. These measures require, however, the backing of other structural measures, particularly fiscal ones.

This article analyzes the political leadership of the President of the Spanish State Pedro Sánchez in the management of COVID-19 during the fifteen months following the first declaration of the state of alarm and the counterweight exercised by the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) to incorporate the Autonomous Communities in such management. The systematization and analysis of the information obtained from different documentary sources, as well as the legal techniques used by the central government, allows us to identify four leadership patterns that correspond to their respective pandemic management models, shaped, in part, by the action of the PNV. The identified leadership patterns show that, although the pandemic made it possible for Sánchez to demonstrate his leadership capacity, the latter is diluted when he decides in the fourth phase to judicialize political decisions on the pandemic, which means questioning the role of leadership politicians to deal with crises.

This work aims to define the structural elements of aristocratic rule, noble lords in Álava and Parientes Mayores (heads of household) in Guipúzcoa and Biscay, over their lordships and church patronages; the fiscal and political opposition presented by hidalgos (petty nobility), peasants, ferrones (metal-industry workers) and townspeople; and the evolution of the resulting conflict over time. We also outline the discourses elaborated to legitimise lordly authority or to reject it, and those mobilised to denounce the arbitrary fiscal demands of the nobility and conditions of political exclusion. In order to illustrate this, we examine the rule of the Rojas and the Hurtado de Mendoza families over the small towns of Antoñana and Santa Cruz de Campezo, and the steadfast opposition to this rule from the towns' residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the measurement of quality in public health services in the Basque Country, which are provided by the public body Osakidetza - Basque Health Service. It describes general quality methods and tools in the field of business and health management, together with others specific to Osakidetza, the latter of which are analysed in greater depth. Specifically, the concept of quality has been studied from a multi-faceted perspective, which includes different aspects of the term. Such as contracted versus funded quality; certified, comparative, perceived and evaluated quality. The main conclusion is the confirmation of the importance of objectives aimed at the quality of the health service and management quality in the Basque Health Service. These are achieved, among other things, through knowledge of the perception of patients and users of the health care received through satisfaction surveys, as well as the establishment of contracted quality commitments which, when achieved, receive specific funding through the formula of formalising programme contracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines ways in which the left-wing nationalist movement in the Basque Country has offered a framework of opportunity for the construction of activist youth agency. It also identifies transformations in youth activist practices over the last decade, following the cessation of ETA´s armed activity. Based on in-depth interviews, we set out to reconstruct the evolution of the political learning and trajectories of youth from the Basque Nationalist left during this period. The analysis of these young peoples' narratives allows us to understand some of the meanings that they attach to their current political practices. With respect to inherited political traditions, continuity was manifest in the existence of enduring dispositions favourable to counter-hegemonic activism. Changes were manifest in the adaptation of these dispositions to new political conditions through progressively more individualized forms of political action, connected to emerging contemporary agendas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past decades, studies have paid a growing attention to the relationships between celebrities and tourism because of their influence on travel behaviours. Based on the literature of celebrity-induced film tourism, chefs have emerged as a source of celebrity-induced food tourism which awards value to food as art. This exploratory research note is focused on the culinary empire of Karlos Arguiñano in Zarautz (Basque Country, Spain) and argues that celebrity chefs are powerful cultural and social agents who have developed their own brands and influence on food consumption. This research innovatively illustrates the potential of celebrity chefs for food tourism management and marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ager: Journal of Depopulation & Rural Development Studies / Revista de Estudios sobre Despoblación y Desarrollo Rural is the property of Rolde de Estudios Aragoneses and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Historica. Historia Contemporánea is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hispania: Revista Española de Historia is the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma: Serie V, Historia Contemporánea is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lengas is the property of Presses Universitaires de la Mediterranee and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article compares the positioning behaviour of parties and reveals why one party joins a coalition, while others do not. The cases of two regionalist parties of the UK and Spain are depicted: the Scottish National Party (SNP) and Basque National Party (BNP). The study is a contribution to the problems of positioning behaviour of parties in decentralised systems with strong regionalist elements and incentives of regionalist parties (RPs) to enter a coalition with state-wide parties (SWPs). Based on process tracing and comparative analysis of the main regionalist parties, electoral data, public statements, and media statements we conclude that the ideological proxi mity on the economic dimension of the parties, and the territorial dimension are of key importance in evaluating the coalition potential between SWPs and the RPs. Moreover, competition at the regional level creates incentives for RPs to enter a coalition with SWPs and there is no evident support for the minority government to be disposed to enter a coalition rather than a majority government.

The aim of the study is to identify the beliefs of undergraduate students doing the degree in Early Childhood and Primary Education towards Basque, Spanish, English and French. The investigation analyzes the following five specific characteristics: the proficiency level, the importance given to the languages, its difficulty, the language choice when completing the questionnaire and its justification. The research follows a quantitative approach and gathers the beliefs of 564 undergraduate students through an online questionnaire. Findings show that pre-service teachers hold firm beliefs towards a Basque-focused trilingualism, as Basque is considered the most important language. Although they report equal proficiency levels of Spanish and Basque, these future teachers believe that Basque is a difficult language to learn, even more difficult than English.

Ikaselkar (Baga-Biga) and Erein editorials’ Elementary Education math textbooks are studied. The following was analyzed for each graph: the type of graph, the type of activity, the reading level and the semiotic complexity. In both editorials the bar graphs and the calculating and completing activities prevail. As regards to the level of readability, only activities reading the data and reading between the data appeared in Ikaselkar. Erein, on the other hand, adds some level of reading activities of level reading beyond the data (10.64 %). In terms of semiotic difficulties, Erein attributes the maximum weight to level data distribution representation (64.29 %), whereas Ikaselkar also offers space to level representation of a data set without representing the distribution in an attempt to reinforce the idea of a statistical variable.

Resumen: Introducción: La incidencia del melanoma cutáneo está aumentando rápidamente y ha duplicado su prevalencia durante las últimas tres décadas. Tener un conocimiento detallado de la epidemiología local es fundamental para el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención comunitaria y optimizar los recursos hospitalarios. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron todos los pacientes diagnosticados de melanoma cutáneo en el Hospital Universitario Araba, en la provincia de Álava del País Vasco, entre enero de 2015 y diciembre de 2018. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables clínico-patológicas y un análisis de la incidencia ajustado a la población europea. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 242 nuevos casos de melanoma entre 2015 y 2018. La incidencia estandarizada por edad ha aumentado de 12,92 en 2015 a 18,30 casos por 100.000 habitantes y año en 2018. Conclusiones: Hemos observado una incidencia de melanoma más elevada que en la publicada en series nacionales en los años 2017 y 2018. Además, existe una gran proporción del subtipo histológico de tipo lentigo maligno, ocupando el segundo subtipo histológico en frecuencia. Abstract: Introduction: The incidence of cutaneous melanoma is rising fast, and its prevalence has doubled in the past 3 decades. Detailed local epidemiological information is essential for informing community-based prevention strategies and optimizing hospital resources. Material and methods: We included all patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma at Hospital Universitario Araba in the Basque province of Álava, Spain, between January 2015 and December 2018. We described clinical and pathologic characteristics and calculated annual incidence rates adjusted to the European standard population. Results: A total of 242 new cases of melanoma were diagnosed between 2015 and 2018. The age-standardized annual incidence rose from 12.92 cases per 100 000 population in 2015 to 18.30 cases per 100 000 population in 2018. Conclusions: The incidence of melanoma in our area is higher than that reported for Spanish series in 2017 and 2018. Lentigo maligna accounted for a high proportion of cases and was the second largest histologic subgroup.

The Spanish spoken in the Basque Country contains some features due to its contact with Basque, one of those being the production of non-standard gender agreement (N-SGA) (Etxebarria Arostegui, 2007, 2008; Fernández Ulloa, 1997, 2006; Urrutia Cárdenas, 2006), since, unlike in Spanish (RAE, 2016), there is no such category in Basque (Zubiri & Zubiri, 2012). This characteristic is typically attributed to elder Basque native speakers without a high level of education (Fernández Ulloa, 1997), but this affirmation is not based on empirical studies. To investigate this gap, this study triangulates data from three sources: conversations, a grammaticality test, and a metalinguistic questionnaire taking education level and participants’ gender as independent variables. Twelve young adult (between 21 and 29 years) native speakers of Basque have been recruited. The results suggest that the scope of the population that produces N-SGA is broader than what scholars (Fernández Ulloa, 1997) believed: participants produced N-SGA in speech, despite their grammar knowledge being evident. Finally, these participants believe that N-SGA forms part of the variety of Spanish in the Basque Country and their own idiolect.

Our contemporary age is one where national identity retains important salience which can partly facilitate explanation. Teaching the Basque and Catalan questions since 1980 to British university students poses a number of challenges to educators. Themes that emerge in teaching about these political conflicts in Spain include state violence, terrorism, nationalism and social movements, minority languages and immigration. Some issues are more complex than others to consider particularly those around political violence and terrorism. However potentially sensitive material does not mean it cannot be tackled. This was a course that sought to demonstrate that questions of identity are contingent and continually subject to re-creation and re-interpretation. The goal of university education should be to explain why these disputes and their causation are contested and inseparable from historically inflected political framing.

Historically, the relationship between work and organizational psychology and trade union organizations has been one of mutual indifference and neglect. The aim of this study is to explore whether trade union members' social representations of organizational psychology affect their organizations' engagement with this discipline, conditioning their ability to derive benefit from its findings. In a sample of 448 members of the four main trade unions of the Basque Autonomous Community in Spain, social representations of six concepts relating to Psychology or Trade Union Activity were explored using the free association technique. Forty-five categories were created and their frequency and percentages were calculated. In addition, the means of the categories shared by the representations of two different concepts were crossed and statistically tested. Although some associations were found between the representations of the two sets of concepts, most were non-significant. These results highlight that the structure of the representations of Psychology gives only a partial explanation for this lack of connection. The implications of the study and its limitations are discussed, and some recommendations for future research are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the critically acclaimed Basque-language period drama Handia (The Giant, 2017), directed by Aitor Arregi and Jon Garaño. Handia, which won 10 Goyas, is the most viewed Basque film in history. Based on the true story of Miguel Joaquín Eleizegui Arteaga (1818–1861), a man with acromegaly who traveled throughout Spain and Europe as a freak show attraction, Handia centers on the complicated relationship between brothers Joaquín (the titular "giant") and Martín, who are raised in a farmhouse near the tiny Gipuzkoan village of Altzo. Handia documents the brothers' struggle to come to terms with the liberal victory in the First Carlist War and the overturning of the Ancien Régime. Martín seeks to escape the agrarian lifestyle of his upbringing, while Joaquín longs to remain on the homestead. I interpret the brothers as doubles who narratively and visually separate and merge throughout the film. As Martín strives to blend into urban settings by adopting the trappings of the European bourgeois man, the reluctant Joaquín's body grows increasingly large, peculiar and conspicuous. Through the lenses of disability and gender theory, I contend that Joaquín's nonstandard body represents an othered, agrarian Basque culture facing extinction within a modernizing Europe, and that the resolution of the conflict between Martín and Joaquín models a minority culture's survival by embracing change without erasing its essential difference. To do this, I will illustrate how the portrayal of fitting and misfitting bodies in Handia articulates an alternative way of being characterized by interdependency, vulnerability, non-heteronormativity and stubborn resistance to homogenizing external forces. I conclude that Handia exemplifies how the Basques may continually redefine themselves – through strategic misfitting – in a way that merges the dichotomies of change and tradition, universality and particularity and wanderlust and rootedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin of the union ESK (Ezker Sindikalaren Konbergentzia) took place in the context of the Spanish Democratic Transition in the Basque Country and Navarre, when many radical unions and political parties emerged and disappeared. Its survival may help us trace better the effectiveness of union renewal strategies. Characterized by high conflict and mobilization rates at the company level, ESK militants sought to promote direct action and horizontal organizational structures standing at the opposite end of the model promoted by the new brand CCOO (Comisiones Obreras). The origin and development of ESK cannot be understood without the parallel analysis of the communist political party EMK (Euskadiko Mugimendu Komunista). ESK turned out to be the most effective and long-lasting materialization of EMK's strategy of mass politics, and of what we conceive as a form of 'integral militancy' that is reflected in the immersion of union activists in ecologist, feminist, internationalist and anti-NATO struggles among others. EMK had a significant role in the promotion of unitary candidacies during the late 1970s and early 1980s, becoming the consolidation of a non-independentist non-centralized radical union model that continues to be referential among Basque struggles today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Learning to explore the embodied affect of discomfort allows us to identify the violence that is usually concealed in structures of power, and to identify our complicity and responsibility in sustaining that violence. From the starting point of my refusal to stay with discomfort in the process of writing an academic article, I put into question how easily we can drag ourselves into the same power structures that we criticise. Exploring my own discomfort leads me to delve into the violence of dichotomies that permeate my research context, the Basque Country, and myself as a researcher. The experiences of those who lived through the Basque armed conflict illuminate the possibilities of the disruption of binaries that embracing the vulnerability inherent to discomfort can entail. The teetering movement of tambaleo emerges, adding a new dimension to the interpretation of discomfort. Tambaleo represents the internal move of the body shaken by discomfort. Tambaleo is a proposal for knowledge generation in academic settings and in periods of crisis such as post-ceasefire processes, where certainties get blurred, and the unstable ground of shattered identities makes of wobbling steps potential spins for social transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In light of ongoing debates in England over the urgency of new devolution deals to 'level up' the country, this article investigates how devolved powers have been used to transform and sustain the economy in one of the most economically successful regions in Europe: the Basque Country. Drawing upon interviews conducted with Basque politicians, researchers and practitioners, the article examines the role that multi‐level governance and public‐private collaboration have played in shaping the region's economic development, as well as the challenges that derive from its complex institutional structure. The article concludes by suggesting that one of the most significant takeaways from the Basque experience is the importance of using devolution to build a collaborative web of actors and institutions at regional and local level with an enduring common knowledge and purpose that far outlives any one government, as well as the social capital needed to sustain that. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arrival of tourism in Biarritz and on the French Basque coast in the mid-nineteenth century accentuated the national sentiment of the area and its distinctive Basque cultural attributes alike. This article analyzes such dualism, emphasizing both transformations that turned Biarritz into a resort popular across France and Europe and modifications to local culture that made it a key feature of the tourist experience in the Basque Country. The contribution of the local population to the folklorization of its culture was key to its survival, underscoring the importance of regional folklore for the touristic success of France as a whole. Mid-nineteenth-century governments' support of local cultural initiatives, in turn, was necessary for their accomplishment, as well as for the maturing of an idea of France as unitary yet culturally diverse that came to define the early Third Republic after 1870. Le début de l'expérience touristique à Biarritz et sur la côte basque française au milieu du dix-neuvième siècle a accentué le sentiment national de la région et les particularités culturelles basques. Cet article analyse ce dualisme et souligne deux aspects : les changements qui ont transformé Biarritz en une station touristique célèbre en France et en Europe, et les transformations de la culture locale qui était une partie importante de l'expérience touristique au Pays basque. La participation de la population à la création d'une culture folklorique fut fondamentale pour son existence et pour le succès touristique de la France entière. Le soutien des gouvernements du milieu du siècle aux initiatives culturelles locales fut nécessaire aussi pour l'achèvement et la maturation d'une idée de la France comme unitaire mais culturellement différenciée qui définit le début de la Troisième République. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the influence of the French composer and musicologist Charles Bordes (1863–1909) on the definition of 'Basque music' both in the peninsular Basque Country and in Paris. On the one hand, it studies Bordes' ideological background, his vision of traditional Basque music and the acceptance of his shared musicological legacy in Basque regionalist and nationalist circles. On the other hand, it pays particular attention to the reception of his ideas in the Parisian musical milieu through the analysis of the criticism aroused by the premieres of two Basque‐themed operas: Ramuntcho (1908) and Chiquito (1909). This article frames Bordes' activity within the regionalist movement in France. However, it also draws attention to the transnational and ambivalent nature of regionalism, especially in cross‐border spaces, where regionalist discourses could take divergent forms according to the different nationalist agendas with which they were associated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]