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Reviewing historical medical manuscripts shows that neurological disorders have been previously described in the Islamic Golden Age. Ibn Sina, also known as Avicenna (980-1037 AD), was one of the most renowned scientists during this period. He widely practiced medicine, especially those disorders related to neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry in conventionalmedicine. In his extant book al-Qānūn fī al-Tibb (the Canon of Medicine), he claimed that some types of brain diseases can be related to the “marāqq” and called them marāqq-related disorders. From Avicenna’s viewpoint, “marāqq” is considered a membranous structure in the abdomen. Ibn Sina has illustrated the association between the “marāqq” and the brain through some direct and indirect pathways. As a result, some disturbances in the “marāqq” can influence the brain, which can contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of brain diseases. Accordingly, those patients who regularly had gastrointestinal discomfortsexperienced a higher prevalence of headache, melancholia, and epilepsy. This study aimed to explore the relationship between abdominal and brain diseases from Avicenna’s viewpoint. Furthermore, the definition, clinical manifestation, and therapeutic strategies of marāqq-related disorders were described., Pregled povijesnih medicinskih rukopisa pokazuje da su neurološki poremećaji već bili opisani u islamskome zlatnom dobu. Ibn Sina, poznat i kao Avicenna (980. – 1 037.), bio je jedan od najpoznatijih znanstvenika toga vremena. Djelovao je u mnogim područjima medicine. Posebno je proučavao poremećaje vezane uz neurologiju, neurokirurgiju i psihijatriju u konvencionalnoj medicini. U svojoj knjizi „al-Qānūn fī al-Tibb“ (Kanon medicine) tvrdio je da se neke bolesti mozga mogu povezati s „marāqqom“ i nazvao ih poremećajima povezanim s marāqqom. S Avicennina stajališta, „marāqq“ je membranska struktura u abdomenu. Ibn Sina ilustrirao je vezu između „marāqqa“ i mozga pomoću nekih izravnih i neizravnih veza. Kao rezultat toga, neki poremećaji u „marāqqu“ mogu utjecati na mozak, što može pridonijeti patogenezi brojnih bolesti mozga. Sukladno tome, pacijenti s redovitim gastrointestinalnim tegobama imali su učestalije glavobolje, melankolije i epilepsije. Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio istražiti odnos između bolesti abdomena i mozga s Avicennina stajališta. Opisana je i definicija, klinička manifestacija i terapijske strategije poremećaja povezanih s „marāqqom“.

Since its emergence, COVID-19 has caused a great impact in health and social terms. Governments and health authorities have attempted to minimize this impact by enforcing different mandates. Recent studies have addressed the relationship between various socioeconomic variables and compliance level to these interventions. However, little attention has been paid to what constitutes people’s response and whether people behave differently when faced with different interventions. Data collected from different sources show very significant regional differences across the United States. In this paper, we attempt to shed light on the fact that a response may be different depending on the health system capacity and each individuals’ social status. For that, we analyze the correlation between different societal (i.e., education, income levels, population density, etc.) and healthcare capacity-related variables (i.e., hospital occupancy rates, percentage of essential workers, etc.) in relation to people’s level of compliance with three main governmental mandates in the United States: mobility restrictions, mask adoption, and vaccine participation. Our aim was to isolate the most influential variables impacting behavior in response to these policies. We found that there was a significant relationship between individuals’ educational levels and political preferences with respect to compliance with each of these mandates.

Customer patronage behavior has been widely studied in market share modeling contexts, which is an essential step toward estimating retail sales and finding new store locations in a competitive setting. Existing studies have conducted surveys to estimate merchants' market share and factors of attractiveness to use in various proposed mathematical models. Recent trends in Big Data analysis allow us to better understand human behavior and decision making, potentially leading to location models with more realistic assumptions. In this article, we propose a novel approach for validating the Huff gravity market share model, using a large-scale transactional dataset that describes customer patronage behavior at a regional level. Although the Huff model has been well studied and widely used in the context of sales estimation, competitive facility location, and demand allocation, this article is the first in validating the Huff model with a real dataset. Our approach helps to easily apply the model in different regions and with different merchant categories. Experimental results show that the Huff model fits well when modeling customer shopping behavior for a number of shopping categories, including grocery stores, clothing stores, gas stations, and restaurants. We also conduct regression analysis to show that certain features such as gender diversity and marital status diversity lead to stronger validation of the Huff model. We believe we provide strong evidence, with the help of real-world data, that gravity-based market share models are viable assumptions for retail sales estimation and competitive facility location models.