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Semen cryopreservation is an important tool that has massively contributed to the progression of animal reproduction, especially in cattle. Nonetheless, a large part of the sperm population suffers from cryostress and loses fertility during the process. Although bovine semen cryopreservation is more advanced than any other species, there are still some missing links in the technology knowledge. The aim of the current study was to detect the effect of cryopreservation steps on sperm rheotaxis. Semen samples were collected from sex bulls and analyzed inside a microfluidic platform with CASA after each step of cryopreservation, including control, dilution with yolk citrate, cryoprotectant addition, and cooling or freezing. The results showed that positive rheotaxis % (PR) was not affected during cryopreservation. On the contrary, the sperm kinematics of the positive rheotactic sperm undergo significant changes, as velocity parameters (VCL, VSL, and VAP) were lower in both the cryoprotectant adding and cooling/freezing steps than in the control and yolk citrate dilution steps, while progression parameters (LIN and BCF) were higher in the cryoprotectant and cooling/freezing steps than in the control and yolk citrate dilution steps. Beside these results, an interesting phenomenon of sperm backward positive rheotaxis has been observed. The results of backward sperm rheotaxis samples revealed a significant decrease in PR%, while all sperm kinematics except BCF were significantly higher than normal rheotaxis samples. Based on these results, we conclude that positive rheotactic sperm cells are the elite of the sperm population; however, they still get some sublethal cryodamage, as shown by alterations in sperm kinematics. We also suggest that the sperm-positive rheotaxis mechanism is a mixture of an active and passive process rather than a passive physical one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Seasonal microclimatic fluctuations can cause changes in sperm quality even in dairy bulls bred under temperate climate. These changes can vary between sires of different age and affect sperm freezability. Aims: We aimed to evaluate the modulating effect of bull age and equilibration time before freezing on the seasonal pattern of sperm viability and DNA integrity post-thaw. Methods: In the frame of systematic sperm quality control, we assessed the integrity of sperm plasma membrane and acrosome (PMAI) in 15,496 cryopreserved bovine batches, and the percentage of sperm with high DNA fragmentation index (%DFI) after 0 h and 3 h incubation at 38°C post-thaw (3 h) in 3422 batches. Semen was equilibrated for 24 h before freezing if collected on Monday or Wednesday and 72 h if produced on Friday. We investigated the effect of season, bull age, equilibration, and temperature-humidity index (THI) on the day of semen collection on sperm traits using mixed-effects linear models. Key results: PMAI and %DFI (0 h and 3 h) deteriorated with increasing THI. The effect of THI on %DFI was detected with a 30-day time lag. Seasonal fluctuations of sperm quality were similar between young, mature, and older sires. Prolonged equilibration did not affect PMAI but was linked to elevated %DFI (3 h) in summer. Conclusions: Extending equilibration from 24 to 72 h is compatible with commercial standards of bovine sperm quality post-thaw; however, it could interfere with the seasonal pattern of the latter. Implications: Systematic monitoring of bovine sperm quality enables the prompt detection of stress factors related to microclimate and semen processing. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) plot for the categorical variables of season of semen collection and age class of 262 individual bulls. Points represent the score of each bull for the quantitative variables (percentage of sperm with intact plasma membrane and acrosome and percentage of sperm with high DNA fragmentation index (immediately after thawing and after 3 h of incubation at 38°C) in different seasons of the year. Photograph by Eleni Malama. This article belongs to the Collection Dedication to Jim Cummins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of Sustainable Development Goal target 2.5 established by the United Nations is to ensure the preservation of genetic diversity in domesticated animals. The ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources in India has been actively engaged in the conservation of cattle and buffalo bull semen for long-term storage. This present study aimed to assess the genetic diversity present in the conserved cattle bull semen, which would aid in determining the most suitable strategy for future conservation management. A total of 192 bull semen belonging to 19 cattle breeds were selected to evaluate genetic diversity using 17 pairs of FAO recommended microsatellite primers. Total 267 alleles were detected across all the samples which indicates substantial amount of allelic variation is being maintained in conserved bulls. Further, all cattle bulls semen conserved showed higher observed heterozygosity than expected heterozygosity which indicates excess genetic diversity in all the populations. The FST, F IT and FIS value across the loci and population is 0.146 ± 0.009, 0.054 ± 0.038, and − 0.105 ± 0.035, respectively, which suggests lack of inbreeding in conserved cattle bull semen. This study has established genetic diversity in conserved cattle semen samples to achieve sustainable development goals. In addition, it provides compelling evidence that the current approach for conserving cattle bull semen is heading in the correct direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Bovine seminal plasma proteins perform several functions related to sperm function. Changes in the expression pattern or abundance of seminal proteins are related to changes in the fertilizing capacity of bulls. Considering the role of seminal plasma proteins in sperm function and animal reproduction, we investigated changes in the protein abundance profile in response to sperm morphological changes using a proteomic approach. Datadescription: In our present investigation, we employed liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to elucidate the proteomic composition of seminal plasma obtained from Nellore bulls exhibiting varying percentages of sperm abnormalities. Following semen collection, seminal plasma was promptly isolated from sperm, and proteins were subsequently precipitated, enzymatically digested using porcine trypsin, and subjected to analysis utilizing the Acquity nano UHPLC System in conjunction with a mass spectrometer. This dataset encompasses a total of 297 proteins, marking the inaugural instance in which a comparative profile of seminal plasma proteins in young Nellore bulls, categorized by their sperm abnormality percentages, has been delineated using LC-MS/MS. The comprehensive nature of this dataset contributes pivotal proteomic insights, representing a noteworthy advancement in our understanding of the reproductive biology of the Nellore breed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to identify a marker for freezability and in vitro fertility of sperm samples before freezing. Methods: Semen was collected from nine Nelore bulls; half of the ejaculate was used for seminal plasma cell–free DNA (cfDNA) quantification, and the other half was cryopreserved. Evaluation of sperm movement using computer-assisted semen analysis and plasma membrane integrity and stability, acrosomal integrity, apoptosis, and mitochondrial potential using flow cytometry were performed on fresh and frozen/thawed semen at 0, 3, 6, and 12 h after thawing. Frozen/thawed sperm was also used for in vitro embryo production. cfDNA was extracted from each bull, and the total DNA and number of cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cfmtDNA) copies were quantified. Semen from each animal was used for IVF, and cleavage, blastocyst formation, and cell counts were evaluated. Results: Two groups were formed and compared based on the concentrations of cfDNA and cfmDNA present: low-cfDNA and high-cfDNA and low-cfmtDNA and high-cfmtDNA. Up to 12 h post-thawing, there were no differences between the groups in the majority of the sperm parameters evaluated. Cleavage, day 6 and 7 blastocyst rates, and the number of cells were higher in the high cfDNA group than in the low cfDNA group. Similar results were observed for cfmtDNA, except for the number of cells, which was similar between the groups. Conclusion: The concentration of cfDNA and the relative number of copies of cfmtDNA in seminal plasma cannot predict the freezability of semen but can be used to predict in vitro embryo production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to enhance the cryo-survivability and fertilization potential of poor freezable Sahiwal bull semen by devising a modified extender and freezing protocol. This protocol incorporated a combination of trehalose and glycerol as cryoprotectants and freezing with an aluminium block. The semen samples were split into three; the split 1 was extended in routine tris fructose egg yolk glycerol (TFEG) extender and underwent the conventional vapour freezing (Control group). The other split samples considered as treatment samples were extended with diluent having 75 % of TFEG and 25 % of trehalose (280 mOsm/l both) with glycerol percentage being 5, and frozen using a conventional vapour freezing (T1) and modified freezing protocol with an aluminium block (T2). After freezing-thawing, the progressive sperm motility, viability, HOS response and acrosome integrity were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved in treatment 2 compared to the control and treatment 1 groups. Along with this, the degree of oxidative stress (MDA production) was substantially lower in treatment groups (T1 and T2) compared to control group. The results highlight the promising effectiveness of the modified freezing method incorporating trehalose and glycerol as cryoprotectants and using an aluminium block. The significance of these findings lies in the potential application of this technique for freezing-thawing semen, particularly from bulls with poor freezability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of current investigation was to ascertain the impact of carnitine as an additive in tris-egg yolk-based extender on Hariana bull semen (32 ejaculates) chosen for cryopreservation. Progressive motility, viability, HOS response, and acrosomal integrity were estimated after equilibration (pre-freeze) and after thawing. The activity of enzymes malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were quantified in post-thaw seminal plasma. Semen ejaculates from Hariana bulls (n=4) were diluted in tris egg yolk glycerol (TEYG) and were divided into four equal groups. Aliquot/Group I was processed without carnitine and served as control, while Groups II, III and IV received carnitine at concentration of 2.5 mM, 5 mM and 10 mM per 80x106 spermatozoa, respectively. Carnitine at 5 mM concentration significantly (p<0.05) enhanced sperm viability, acrosomal integrity, and intact plasma membranes both at pre-freeze and post-thaw stage. The addition of 5 mM and 2.5 mM carnitine reduced oxidative stress considerably (p<0.05). The results of this investigation revealed that carnitine has cryoprotective properties on bull spermatozoa via reducing oxidative stress and free radicals. Hence to improve post-thaw sperm functional dynamics, it was suggested that 5 mM of carnitine be supplemented as an additive to semen extender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years the bull ant Myrmecia midas Clark, 1951, has attracted attention for its impressive visual navigation during its nocturnal activity. Still, a basic understanding of this species' ecology is lacking. Nest relocation and colony fissions are rarely observed and largely undocumented in M. midas colonies. In the current study, we quantified the nest-relocation and colony-splitting behaviour of suburban populations of M. midas in response to flooding in its habitat, caused by record rainfalls in eastern Australia in 2022. The flooding caused the destruction of nest chambers and disrupted colony activities. We documented nine relocations of the fifty observed colonies with another four split into 12 different colonies. Most relocations occurred a few days after one period of especially heavy rains. We collected several characteristics of these relocations: the distance of a nest from the nearest tree, the elevation of the nest above ground level and the diameter of the nest entrance, with all of these metrics predicting whether a colony moved after heavy rains. Moreover, we conducted excavations of some abandoned colonies, uncovering evidence of an internal collapse of nest chambers due to heavy flooding, which likely induced the nest relocation and colony fission in M. midas. In normal weather, we have not observed any colony relocating, suggesting that moving may bear a fitness cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spermatozoa can experience negative changes when subjected to freezing and thawing, including lowered motility, viability and acrosome response. Herein, the effects of different concentrations of soybean lecithin nanoparticles on cryopreserved Holstein bull semen were examined. Semen was collected, cryopreserved and utilized for sperm kinetic parameter analysis following dilution, equilibration and thawing with 0.5% soybean lecithin (E1), the control extender, and 0.75% (E2), 0.5% (E3), 0.25% (E4) and 0.125% (E5) of lecithin nanoparticles. Results revealed that following dilution, the progressive motility (PM) at E3, E4 and E5 of lecithin nanoparticles was higher (p <.05) than it was for E2. After equilibration, compared to the E1, E2, and E3 values, the PM, vitality, normal morphology, membrane integrity and intact acrosome values at the E5 were consistently greater (p <.05). Comparing the percentages of intact acrosome and membrane integrity at E2 and E3 to E4 and E5, a substantial decrease (p <.05) was seen. Following thawing, the percentage of PM improved at E2 and E5, even though their mean PM values were similar (p >.05) compared to E1, E3 and E4. Vigour and progression parameters of sperm (DAP, DCL, DSL, VAP, VCL, VSL and STR) at E5 were higher (p <.05) than those at E1, E2, E3 and E4. In conclusion, the cryopreserved sperm from Holstein bulls revealed outstanding properties both after equilibration and after thawing with 0.125% lecithin nanoparticles, and they were sensitive to high dosages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the potential effects of transport distance, animal weight, and muscle position on meat quality in young bulls under commercial conditions across four slaughtering weeks during the summer months (May to September). Data on transport distance, lairage time, and ambient temperature during slaughtering days were collected from 80 young bulls from North German farms. Meat quality parameters, including pH, temperature, and meat color were also recorded at several post-mortem times from two different carcass locations (shoulder clod and silverside). Meat texture was evaluated both by sensory and instrumental analysis, and their values were compared to find possible correlations between them. All of the aforementioned main factors (transport distance, animal weight, and muscle position), as well as the interaction between animal weight and transport distance, significantly influenced (p < 0.01) meat quality traits. The results of the assessment of the meat texture from the cooked meat patties suggested that silverside cuts were consistently harder than shoulder clod cuts, despite having lower pH48 values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the beef industry, bull calves are usually castrated to improve flavor and meat quality; however, this can reduce their growth and slaughter performance. The gut microbiota is known to exert a significant influence on growth and slaughter performance. However, there is a paucity of research investigating the impact of castration on gut microbiota composition and its subsequent effects on slaughter performance and meat flavor. Result: The objective of this study was to examine the processes via which castration hinders slaughter productivity and enhances meat quality. Bull and castrated calves were maintained under the same management conditions, and at slaughter, meat quality was assessed, and ileum and epithelial tissue samples were obtained. The research employed metagenomic sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics techniques to investigate the makeup of the microbiota and identify differential metabolites. The findings of this study revealed the Carcass weight and eye muscle area /carcass weight in the bull group were significantly higher than those in the steer group. There were no significant differences in the length, width, and crypt depth of the ileum villi between the two groups. A total of 53 flavor compounds were identified in the two groups of beef, of which 16 were significantly higher in the steer group than in the bull group, and 5 were significantly higher in the bull group than in the steer group. In addition, bacteria, Eukaryota, and virus species were significantly separated between the two groups. The lipid metabolism pathways of α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and unsaturated fatty acids were significantly enriched in the Steers group. Compared with the steer group, the organic system pathway is significantly enriched in the bull group. The study also found that five metabolites (LPC (0:0/20:3), LPC (20:3/0:0), LPE (0:0/22:5), LPE (22:5/0:0), D-Mannosamine), and three species (s_Cloning_vector_Hsp70_LexA-HP1, s_Bacteroides_Coprophilus_CAG: 333, and s_Clostridium_nexile-CAG: 348) interfere with each other and collectively have a positive impact on the flavor compounds of beef. Conclusions: These findings provide a basic understanding that under the same management conditions, castration does indeed reduce the slaughter performance of bulls and improve the flavor of beef. Microorganisms and metabolites contribute to these changes through interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the work was to determine whether the loin eye area of m. longissimus dorsi as a criterion for evaluating the yield of high-value cuts from beef carcasses, is associated with beef characteristics from bulls of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed. The purpose of the study was to establish correlations between the loin eye area and the slaughter characteristics by the chemical composition, sensory, physical and technological properties of beef. The correlation between the cross-sectional area of the oblong muscle and slaughter indicators, the quality of carcasses, the chemical composition, sensory, physical and technological properties of beef was studied in the bulls of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed (UBWDB) aged from 18 to 24 months. A linear correlation was established between the loin eye area and the slaughter weight (r = 0.404; P > 0.95), the amount of muscle tissue (r = 0.355; P > 0.95), including the highest (r = 0.680; P > 0.999) and the first (r = 0.501; P > 0.99) grades, the content of fat tissue in the carcass (r = 0.477; P > 0.99). The loin eye area correlated inversely (r = -0.607; P > 0.95) with the amount lost in boiling beef, the amount of second-class muscle tissue (r = -0.377; P > 0.95), the development of subcutaneous fat (r = -0.395; P > 0.95), the total ash mass (r = -0.560; P > 0.95), the juiciness of boiled meat (r = -0.522; P > 0.95), taste and aroma of broth (r = -0.587; P > 0.95). There was a tendency for an inverse correlation between the loin eye area and the total fat content of beef (r = -0.119), protein (r = -0.401), dry matter (r = -0.403), acidity (r = -0.458), muscle tissue colour (r = -0.126), conformation (r = -0.127), penetration (r = -0.477), taste (r = -0.214) and aroma (r = -0.363) of boiled meat, tenderness (r = -0.256), residue after chewing (r = -0.442), the thickness of broth (r = -0.207), and to a linear correlation - with the amount of tendons and ligaments (r = 0.331), marbling (r = 0.162), the colour of fat tissue on the carcass (r = 0.276), transparency of the broth (r = 0.180). The practical significance of the data is to obtain knowledge that allows formulating marketing strategies for predicting food quality, quantity of premium and first-grade beef, its technological properties and intended use based on the correlation between the loin eye area of m. longissimus dorsi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Indigenous beef cattle engaged in bullfighting in Southern Thailand represent a distinctive and valuable breed. Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites, which are recognized as important pathogens, have a negative impact on the overall health and physical performance of these fighting bulls. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of GI parasitic infections and identify factors associated with these infections in a fighting bull population in Southern Thailand. Materials and Methods: Fecal samples (n = 4,244) from fighting bulls were submitted to the Laboratory and Diagnostic Centre of the Teaching Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya. We examined the samples using simple flotation and centrifugal sedimentation methods. Individual animal profiles and demographic data were collected. Results: The overall prevalence of GI parasitic infections was 93.2%. Nine GI parasites were identified as Paramphistome spp. [PP]. being the most prevalent (93.2%), and the highest annual prevalence occurred in 2019 (97.9%). The infection rates of various parasite species were significantly related to the years of study, geographic area, season, and age group (p < 0.05). The prevalence of parasitic infection was higher on the west coast (98.6%) than on the east coast (98.0%). PP, Eurytrema spp., Strongyles spp., and Buxtonella spp. infections differed significantly among the seven provinces of Southern Thailand (p < 0.05). The prevalence of GI parasitic infections was higher during the rainy season (98.5%) than during the summer (97.7%). Bulls aged 7.0--7.9 years and 8.0--8.9 years had the highest parasite infection rate (99.2%) compared with those aged 8.0--8.9. Conclusion: GI parasitic infections continue to be a significant health concern among fighting bulls in Southern Thailand. Regular epidemiological investigations are crucial for developing effective preventive programs and control strategies and providing basic knowledge for bull farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to compare the serum and seminal plasma pharmacokinetic profiles of florfenicol (FLO) and florfenicol amine (FLA) after the administration of FLO either by IM or SC routes in beef bulls. Four clinically healthy Hereford bulls underwent a comprehensive physical exam, including breeding soundness examination, CBC, and chemistry profile panel. Bulls were healthy and classified satisfactory potential breeders. In one group (n = 2), a single dose of FLO was administered SC in the middle of the neck at a dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight. In the second group (n = 2), a single dose was administered IM in the muscles of the neck at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Concentrations of FLO and FLA in serum and seminal plasma were determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Blood and semen samples were collected before the administration of FLO and at 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h after injection. The blood was collected from the coccygeal vessels, and semen was collected by electroejaculation. All samples were immediately refrigerated, processed within the first hour after collection, and finally stored at −80 °C. The mean level of total FLO in serum was higher when administered by the SC route (1,415.5 ng/mL) than by the IM route (752.4 ng/mL; P = 0.001). Differences were observed between the percentage of FLA in serum (1.8%; ranging from 1.3 to 2.9) and in seminal plasma (27.5%; ranging from 15.9 to 34.2; P = 0.0001). The mean level (±SD) of FLA was higher in seminal plasma compared to serum (467 ± 466 ng/mL and 18 ± 16 ng/mL, respectively; P = 0.001). The mean level of total FLO in seminal plasma was 1,454.8 ng/mL for the SC route and 1,872.9 ng/mL for the IM route without differences between the two routes (P = 0.51). Differences in the mean level of total FLO between serum and seminal plasma were detected (1,187 ± 2,069 ng/mL and 1,748 ± 1,906 ng/mL, respectively; P = 0.04). From the present investigation, it was concluded that FLO is a suitable antibiotic based on its pharmacokinetic attributes and may be employed for the treatment of bull genital infections when its use is indicated. To study the pharmacokinetics of FLO in seminal plasma, the analysis of FLA should be incorporated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates and compares the physiological and behavioral characteristics of Kundhi buffalo bull calves focusing on the impact of age and size. Ten bull calves, aged between 14 to 18 months were selected and categorized into two groups: Group A: young (up to 14 months), with 210kg average body weight, and Group B: smaller (up to 18 months) with 305kg average body weight. The body weight of Kundhi buffalo calves linearly increased from the 1st to the 7th fortnight, with significant differences (p<0.05) observed between the two groups. The final body weight was higher in Group B (344.72 kg) when compared to Group A (262.04 kg). Similarly, scrotal circumference, girth, and length exhibited linear increases throughout the experiment with significant differences between the groups (p<0.05). Group B consistently showed larger scrotal circumferences (21.96 cm), girths (66.28 cm), and lengths (51.54 cm) compared to Group A (18.38 cm, 60.36 cm, and 47.44 cm, respectively). While testosterone and estradiol concentrations were non-significant (p>0.05) between the groups, they were higher in Group B (0.1504 ng/ml and 2.4724 pg/ml) than in Group A (0.1082 ng/ml and 2.2724 pg/ml). Behavioral observations, including nuzzling, sniffing, licking, bellowing, protrusion, and mounting, indicated higher scores in Group B. In both groups, mean nuzzling scores were (3.71 and 5.00), sniffing (0.28 and 1.28), licking (3.14 and 4.14), bellowing (0.85 and 2.14), protrusion (0.00 and 0.42), and mounting (0.00 and 1.28) in the "yes" category. These findings offer comprehensive insights into the physiological and behavioral differences influenced by age and size in Kundhi buffalo bull calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The set of degrees of maps D(M,N), where M,N are closed oriented n-manifolds, always contains 0 and the set of degrees of self-maps D(M) always contains 0 and 1. Also, if a,b\in D(M), then ab\in D(M); a set A\subseteq \mathbb {Z} so that ab\in A for each a,b\in A is called multiplicative. On the one hand, not every infinite set of integers (containing 0) is a mapping degree set (Neofytidis, Wang, and Wang [Bull. Lond. Math. Soc. 55 (2023), pp. 1700–1717]) and, on the other hand, every finite set of integers (containing 0) is the mapping degree set of some 3-manifolds (Costoya, Muñoz and Viruel [ Finite sets containing zero are mapping degree sets , arXiv: 2301.13719 ]). We show the following: Not every multiplicative set A containing 0,1 is a self-mapping degree set. For each n\in \mathbb {N} and k\geq 3, every D(M,N) for n-manifolds M and N is D(P,Q) for some (n+k)-manifolds P and Q. As a consequence of (ii) and Costoya, Muñoz and Viruel, every finite set of integers (containing 0) is the mapping degree set of some n-manifolds for all n\neq 1,2,4,5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kaempferol (KAE) is a natural flavonoid with powerful reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging properties and beneficial effects on ex vivo sperm functionality. In this paper, we studied the ability of KAE to prevent or ameliorate structural, functional or oxidative damage to frozen–thawed bovine spermatozoa. The analysis focused on conventional sperm quality characteristics prior to or following thermoresistance tests, namely the oxidative profile of semen alongside sperm capacitation patterns, and the levels of key proteins involved in capacitation signaling. Semen samples obtained from 30 stud bulls were frozen in the presence of 12.5, 25 or 50 μM KAE and compared to native ejaculates (negative control—CtrlN) as well as semen samples cryopreserved in the absence of KAE (positive control—CtrlC). A significant post-thermoresistance test maintenance of the sperm motility (p < 0.001), membrane (p < 0.001) and acrosome integrity (p < 0.001), mitochondrial activity (p < 0.001) and DNA integrity (p < 0.001) was observed following supplementation with all KAE doses in comparison to CtrlC. Experimental groups supplemented with all KAE doses presented a significantly lower proportion of prematurely capacitated spermatozoa (p < 0.001) when compared with CtrlC. A significant decrease in the levels of the superoxide radical was recorded following administration of 12.5 (p < 0.05) and 25 μM KAE (p < 0.01). At the same time, supplementation with 25 μM KAE in the cryopreservation medium led to a significant stabilization of the activity of Mg2+-ATPase (p < 0.05) and Na+/K+-ATPase (p < 0.0001) in comparison to CtrlC. Western blot analysis revealed that supplementation with 25 μM KAE in the cryopreservation medium prevented the loss of the protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC), which are intricately involved in the process of sperm activation. In conclusion, we may speculate that KAE is particularly efficient in the protection of sperm metabolism during the cryopreservation process through its ability to promote energy synthesis while quenching excessive ROS and to protect enzymes involved in the process of sperm capacitation and hyperactivation. These properties may provide supplementary protection to spermatozoa undergoing the freeze–thaw process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melatonin is an intracellular antioxidant of sperm membrane that protects the cells from lipid peroxidation. Yet, its role as an antioxidant on semen quality of buffalo bulls is still obscure. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of exogenous melatonin implant (18 mg/50 kg bodyweight) on post-thaw sperm characteristics, oxidative stress, endocrinological profiles and fertility of buffalo bulls. Six apparently healthy breeding Murrah buffalo bulls were randomly selected at bull farm, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University for the present study and divided into two groups viz. control (n = 3) and melatonin implanted group (n = 3). A total of 120 ejaculates were collected from bulls of both groups (n = 60 each) throughout the study period. Most beneficial effects of melatonin implants were observed during post-implantation period. The percentages of post-thaw sperm total and progressive motility, viability and mitochondrial membrane potential were higher (p < .05) in melatonin implanted buffalo bulls compared to controls during post-implantation period. Following melatonin implantation, MDA production in post-thaw semen was lower (p < .05) in melatonin implanted group than in control group. Plasma melatonin and testosterone concentrations were higher (p < .05) in buffalo bulls implanted with melatonin as compared to their control counterparts. No differences (p > .05) in plasma LH concentrations were observed in both groups. First service pregnancy rate was 43.3% using semen of melatonin implanted bulls and 30.0% with semen of controls (p > .05). Thus, melatonin was able to protect sperm membrane against oxidative damage and improve post-thaw semen quality, thereby resulting in higher fertilizing potential of spermatozoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Psychology of Political Communication: Politicians Under the Microscope" by Peter Bull and Maurice Waddle explores the relationship between contemporary politics and mass communication. The book provides an overview of the concepts and methods used in the microanalysis of political communications, including speeches, debates, and political journalism. It highlights the importance of communication skills for politicians and examines various techniques used in political discourse, such as equivocation and adversarial communication. While the book primarily focuses on the UK, it offers valuable insights into communication practices in a wide array of political contexts. [Extracted from the article]

Simple Summary: Aggressiveness in fighting bulls is a natural characteristic of this breed, but little is known regarding it physiological mechanisms. Hormones such as serotonin, dopamine and testosterone are known to be involved in the development of aggressive behaviour. This study determines that serotonin and dopamine levels are correlated with combative behaviour, and its determination in calves is a useful indicator for the selection of combative bulls. The fighting bull is characterised by its natural aggressiveness, but the physiological mechanisms that underlie its aggressive behaviour are poorly studied. This study determines the hormonal component of aggressiveness in fighting bulls by analysing their behaviour during a fight and correlating it to their serotonin, dopamine and testosterone levels. We also determine whether aggressive behaviour can be estimated in calves. Using 195 animals, samples were obtained when the animals were calves and after 5 years. Aggressiveness scores were obtained by an observational method during bullfights, and serotonin, dopamine and testosterone levels were determined in all animals using validated enzyme immunoassay kits. The results revealed a strong correlation of serotonin and dopamine levels with aggressiveness scores in bulls during fights, but no correlation was found with respect to testosterone. These correlations led to established cut-off point and linear regression curves to obtain expected aggressiveness scores for calves at shoeing. There were no significant differences between the expected scores obtained in calves and the observed scores in bulls. Therefore, this study demonstrates that hormone determination in calves may be a great indicator of combativeness in bulls and can reliably be used in the selection of fighting bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenol-rich grape pomace (GP) represents a valuable processing by-product with considerable potential as sustainable livestock feed. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of GP on the growth performance and nitrogen utilization efficiency, antioxidant activity, and rumen and rectum microbiota of Angus bulls. Thirty Angus bulls were allocated three dietary treatments according to a completely randomized design: 0% (G0), 10% (G10), and 20% (G20) corn silage dry matter replaced with dried GP dry matter. The results showed that the average daily gain (ADG) of the G0 group and G10 group was higher than that of the G20 group (p < 0.05); urinary nitrogen levels decreased linearly with the addition of GP (linear, p < 0.05). In terms of antioxidants, the levels of catalase (CAT) in the G10 group were higher than in the G0 and G20 groups (p < 0.05), and the total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC) was significantly higher than that in the G20 group (p < 0.05). In addition, in the analysis of a microbial network diagram, the G10 group had better microbial community complexity and stability. Overall, these findings offer valuable insights into the potential benefits of incorporating GP into the diet of ruminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a series of results about the fuzzy degree of a hypergoup. It is considered a sequence of membership functions and of join spaces, obtained by starting with a hypergroupoid (H, ⊗), see Corsini's paper [Southeast Asian Bull. Math. 27 (2003) 221-229]. The fuzzy grade is the minumum natural number i such that two consecutive associated join spaces, of the above mentioned sequence, Hi and Hi+1 are isomorphic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Understanding the principles of beef cattle behavior and their attitudes, whether as a result of the learning process or as a response to environmental stimuli, is important for providing greater sensitivity and efficiency to modern production systems. Our study evaluated the behavior of young zebu (Nelore) and composite (Canchim) bulls kept in pasture production systems, either in a crop–livestock–forest integration (ICLF) or without afforestation. The behavior of animals was assessed electronically and by direct observation. The results revealed that the breed and production system influenced the expression of the animals' daily activities. The ICLF system had a milder microclimate and favored thermal comfort. Natural shading influenced grazing, resting, and rumination time, but did not interfere with cortisol concentration. Grazing and rumination times were longer for Canchim than Nelore bulls, while Nelore bulls spent more time resting, either standing or lying. The breed had no impact on the frequency of water and mineral mixture intake. This investigation sheds light on the differences in animal behavior depending on their breed and the configuration of production systems, which vary with the availability of natural shade. This knowledge can help producers make decisions, ensuring greater animal welfare, better working conditions, and greater management efficiency. The behavior of ruminants can influence their productive efficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of young zebu and composite bulls kept in pasture production systems, either in a crop-livestock-forest integration or without afforestation. The work was carried out in São Carlos, Brazil (21°57′42″ S, 47°50′28″ W), in a high-altitude tropical climate, from March to July, 2022. Forty young bulls were evaluated, being 20 Nelore (Bos indicus) (342.5 ± 36.6 kg BW; 16.9 ± 1.8 months) and 20 Canchim (5/8 Bos taurus × 3/8 Bos indicus) (338.4 ± 39.8 kg BW; 19.1 ± 1.9 months), equally distributed in full-sun (FS) and integrated crop–livestock–forestry (ICLF) production systems. Behavior was monitored uninterruptedly by an acoustic sensor and accelerometer attached to a collar, and complemented by direct visual assessment, in two one-day campaigns per month. Serum cortisol concentration was assessed monthly. Statistical analyses were conducted using a general linear model at a 5% significance level (SAS, version 9.4). The ICLF system had a milder microclimate and favored thermal comfort. Natural shading influenced grazing, resting, and rumination time. The Canchim bulls were more active when moving and grazing (p < 0.05), even at the hottest times of the day. In turn, the Nelore bulls spent more time resting at all times (p < 0.001), which was shown to be an adaptive strategy in response to environmental stimuli. The Canchim bulls had a longer rumination time than the Nelore bulls (p < 0.001), due to their longer grazing time. The frequency of water and mineral mixture intake did not differ between genotypes, regardless of the production system (p > 0.05). There was no difference in the serum cortisol concentrations of the Nelore and Canchim bulls kept in FS or ICLF (p = 0.082). Thus, young bulls of the different genotypes showed different behaviors, regardless of whether they were kept on pasture without afforestation or in an integrated crop–livestock–forestry system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The Republic of Kazakhstan showcases a diverse range of specialized breeds of beef cattle, both local and exotic. Among these breeds, Aberdeen Angus exhibits the most promise for producing superior quality beef. This is due to its harmonious exterior and constitutional features, precocity, and endurance, which render it highly adaptable to the sharply continental climate of the northern region of Kazakhstan. Given the current surge in demand for high-quality marbled beef derived from Aberdeen Angus cattle, it would be judicious to undertake large-scale breeding of this breed in enterprises of varying ownership structures while utilizing elite breeding bulls for reproduction. In this study, a scientifically rigorous approach was adopted to select the best breeding bulls by assessing the quality of their offspring, daughters, and cows in a comparative context, which underscores the efficacy of using top-quality animals of imported breeding. The results of this research can be utilized in the development of industrial-scale plans to enhance local beef cattle, as well as in private farms with Aberdeen Angus cattle, with a view to creating new genotypes, highly productive lines, and herds in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In this study, we evaluated the progeny quality of proven bulls of the Aberdeen Angus breed in different selections. Reliable information about the productive qualities of the daughters and cows of proven bulls is limited in Kazakhstan's scientific literature. We aimed to identify bull-improvers by comparatively evaluating cows of different genotypes in terms of productive qualities. The study was conducted in the period of 2021–2023, during which four groups of cows were formed based on origin. In conclusion, the high influence of inheritance of breeding features from bull-improvers should be highlighted: 78.6% to the daughters of cows of group I (Estonian selection from Kolos-firma LLP: EE 14465116 ABAJA PORTOS 95283, DK 1989501341 FREDERIK 95220, and EE 16966079 ABAJA PATRICK 95305) and 74.5% to the daughters of cows of group III (Canadian selection from Vishnevskoe LLP: BH BRUIN 54X 1644270 and JL DISTRICT 0311 1594050). There was less influence from proven bulls of deteriorators of the Kazakh selection: 21.4% to the daughters of cows of group II from Kolos-firma LLP (KZP156547191) and 25.5% to the daughters of cows of group IV from Vishnevskoe LLP (Henri KZT157789649 and Argus KZT155778964). Therefore, it is recommended that valuable genotypes of imported selection are used in breeding work in the Kostanay and North Kazakhstan regions for the improvement of Aberdeen Angus cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The objective was to identify candidate miRNAs and their integrated genes regulating acrosome function in capacitated sperm of high- versus low-fertility dairy bulls and to elucidate functional biological pathways using a systems biology approach featuring miRNA–mRNA cluster analyses. Based on categorized bovine miRNAs (n = 84), 19 were differentially expressed in high- compared to low-fertility capacitated sperm (p ≤ 0.05, fold regulation ≥ 2 magnitudes). mRNA expression of highly scored integrated genes of differentially expressed miRNAs was greater, ranging from 2.0 to 9.1-fold (p < 0.05) in high- compared to low-fertility sperm, with predicted pathways regulating acrosome vesicle exocytosis, acrosome reaction, and binding of sperm to zona pellucida. In conclusion, highly differentially expressed miRNAs in high-fertility bovine sperm regulating acrosome function have potential for predicting bull fertility. Bioinformatics envisage experimental data as illustrated biological networks, exploring roles of individual proteins and their interactions with other proteins in regulation of biological functions. The objective was to identify differentially expressed miRNAs and their associated genes regulating the acrosome reaction in capacitated sperm of high- compared to low-fertility dairy bulls and to elucidate biological functional pathways using a systems biology approach, featuring miRNA–mRNA cluster analysis. Categorized bovine-specific miRNAs (n = 84) were analyzed by RT-PCR; 19 were differentially expressed in high- compared to low-fertility sperm (p ≤ 0.05, fold regulation ≥ 2 magnitudes). Six miRNAs (bta-miR-129-5p, bta-miR-193a-3p, bta-miR-217, bta-mir-296-5p, bta-miR-27a, and bta-miR-320a) were highly upregulated (p < 0.05; fold regulation ≥ 5 magnitudes) in high- compared to low-fertility sperm. Highly scored integrated genes of differentially expressed miRNAs predicted associations with pathways regulating acrosome vesicle exocytosis, acrosome reaction, and sperm-oocyte binding. The mRNA expressions of genes associated with the acrosome reaction (including hub genes) were greater, ranging from 2.0 to 9.1-fold (p < 0.05) in high- compared to low-fertility capacitated bull sperm. In conclusion, differentially expressed miRNAs in high-fertility bovine sperm regulating acrosome functions have potential for predicting bull fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although, it is well understood that sperm DNA damage is associated with infertility, the molecular details of how damaged sperm DNA affects fertility are not fully elucidated. Since sperm proteins play an important role in fertilization and post-fertilization events, the present study aimed to identify the sperm proteomic alterations in bulls with high sperm DNA Fragmentation Index (DFI%). Semen from Holstein-Friesian crossbred breeding bulls (n = 50) was subjected to Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay. Based on DFI%, bulls were classified into either high- (HDFI; n = 6), or low-DFI (LDFI; n = 6) and their spermatozoa were subjected to high throughput proteomic analysis. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis identified 4567 proteins in bull spermatozoa. A total of 2660 proteins were found common to both the groups, while 1193 and 714 proteins were unique to HDFI and LDFI group, respectively. A total of 265 proteins were up regulated and 262 proteins were down regulated in HDFI group. It was found that proteins involved in capacitation [heparin binding (molecular function), ERK1 and ERK2 cascade (biological process), PI3K-Akt signalling (pathway), Jak-STAT signalling (pathway)], spermatogenesis [TLR signalling (pathway), gamete generation (biological process)] and DNA repair mechanism (biological process) were significantly altered in the bulls with high DFI%. • Comparative sperm proteomic profile between bulls with high- (HDFI) and low-DNA Fragmentation Index (LDFI) was studied. • Identified 1193 and 714 unique proteins in HDFI and LDFI bulls, respectively. • A total of 265 and 262 proteins were up- and down-regulated in HDFI bulls. • Proteins involved in DNA repair mechanism were significantly altered in HDFI bulls. • Expression of proteins involved in spermatogenesis and capacitation were dysregulated in HDFI bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulls with varying freezability exhibit substantial variation in semen characteristics after cryopreservation. Sperm freezability is positively correlated with membrane cholesterol content, membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity and antioxidant content. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal concentration of hyaluronic acid (HA) in bull sperm with different cryotolerances. Simmental bulls (n = 10) semen samples were taken and categorized based on their progressive motility (PM) after freeze‐thawing: Group I, consisting of bulls (n = 5) with progressive sperm motility ≥45%, was considered good freezability ejaculates (GF), and Group II, including bulls (n = 5) with progressive sperm motility ≤30%, was considered poor freezability ejaculates (PF) bulls. Semen samples were diluted with a Tris‐egg‐yolk‐glycerol (TEYG) extender containing various concentrations of HA: without HA (control), 1 mM HA, 2 mM HA and 4 mM HA. After the freeze‐thaw process, sperm kinematics, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity, mitochondrial activity and apoptotic status were evaluated. The addition of 1 mM HA to the diluent of bulls with GF increased PM and linearity (LIN) compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Normal morphology was improved after thawing in the samples treated with 1 and 2 mM HA in the GF and PF bulls respectively. The membrane and acrosome integrity of GF bulls treated with 1 mM HA was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than that of the control groups. Adding 1 mM HA to the extender of bulls with GF and PF improved the proportion of viable cells compared with the highest concentration (4 mM) of HA. The mitochondrial activity of PF bulls treated with 1 and 2 mM HA was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than that of the controls and 4 mM HA. Finally, it can be concluded that adding low doses of HA (1 mM) to the TEYG extender of GF and PF bulls ameliorated the post‐thaw semen quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, in order to serve credit risk management, we introduce a pricing model for a vulnerable Bull Spread options in a Mixed Modified Fractional Hull-White-Vasicek stochastic volatility and stochastic interest rate model. We use Milstein scheme to find the sample paths of asset price and its volatility, and the sample paths of interest rates of asset price movement. We use the double Mellin transform to obtain an analytical vulnerable bull spread call option formula and an analytical vulnerable bull spread put option formula under fractional stochastic volatility and fractional stochastic interest rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the concentration of some fatty acids in seminal plasma and semen characteristics of Holstein bulls with different sperm freezabilities. The semen straws that cryopreserved for two years were divided into three groups according to the sperm’s freezability: medium (MF,73.02%), good (GF,83.76%), and high (HF,91.20%). The sperm’s cell individual motility (SCIM) in fresh semen was superior (P≤0.05) in bulls with MF and GF as compared with HF bulls. Concomitantly, the HF bulls were significantly (P≤0.05) superior to those MF bulls in total fatty acid concentrations. Moreover, HF bulls recorded lesser (P≤0.05) DNA damage percentage as compared with those of GF bulls. The differences among the three groups in concentrations of some fatty acid and SCIM at 48 hours and two years post-cryopreservation lacked significance. In conclusion, greater SCIM in bull's fresh semen recorded the lowest freezability, which indicated more sensitivity to freezing conditions and may reflect fertilizing ability of these bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of different sperm freezability on some semen characteristics and amino acid concentrations in the seminal plasma of Holstein bulls cryopreserved for two years. The semen straws (0.25 ml) that cryopreserved for two years were divided into three equal groups (7 bulls per group) according to the sperm’s freezability: medium (73.02%; F1), good (83.76%; F2), and high (91.20%; F3). The F1 bulls were superior (P≤ 0.05) in sperm’s cell individual motility (SCIM) for fresh semen as compared with F2 and F3 bulls. The F2 and F3 groups were superior (P≤ 0.01) to the F1 group in live sperm percentage at cryopreservation. The sperm’s DNA damage percentage was lesser (P≤ 0.05) in the F1 and F3 groups as compared with the F2 group. The differences among groups in normal sperm percentage, sperm’s plasma membrane and acrosome integrity percentage, malondialdehyde, and total antioxidant concentrations lacked significance. The essential and non-essential amino acid concentrations in seminal plasma did not differ among groups. In conclusion, sperm freezability influenced some semen attributes but did not affect amino acid concentrations in the seminal plasma of Holstein bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the effect of melatonin implantation on the fresh and cryopreserved semen quality of Iraqi buffalo bulls (Bubalus bubalis). Nine adult bulls were used and divided equally into three groups. The first group was left without treatment and regarded as control (T1), whereas the second (T2) and third (T3) groups were subcutaneously implanted with 72 and 90 mg of melatonin respectively on the left ear base and repeated one month post the first implantation. Semen was collected for 12 weeks and evaluated weekly for fresh, cooling, and post-cryopreserved (PC) protocols. The T3 group exhibited a higher (P≤0.05) sperm cell individual motility percentage, whereas, the T1 and T2 groups recorded better (P≤0.05) sperm acrosome integrity percentage for fresh semen. A lesser (P≤0.05) total sperm abnormality (TSA) percentage in the T2 and T3 groups and a greater (P≤0.05) sperm acrosome integrity (SAI) percentage in the T3 group were noticed during the cooling preservation. Moreover, the T3 group exhibited a lesser (P≤0.05) TSA percentage whereas, the T2 and T3 groups revealed a leaser (P≤0.05) SAI percentage during the PC period. Concomitantly, lower (P≤0.05) PC malondialdehyde concentration in seminal plasma was observed in the T2 and T3 groups than control group. In conclusion, the melatonin implantation (72 and 90 mg) ameliorated some fresh and PC semen attributes of the Iraqi buffalo bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solitarily foraging ant species differ in their reliance on their two primary navigational systems— path integration and visual learning. Despite many species of Australian bull ants spending most of their foraging time on their foraging tree, little is known about the use of these systems while climbing. "Rewinding" displacements are commonly used to understand navigational system usage, and work by introducing a mismatch between these navigational systems, by displacing foragers after they have run-down their path integration vector. We used rewinding to test the role of path integration on the arboreal and terrestrial navigation of M. midas. We rewound foragers along either the vertical portion, the ground surface portion, or across both portions of their homing trip. Since rewinding involves repeatedly capturing and releasing foragers, we included a nondisplacement, capture-and-release control, in which the path integration vector is unchanged. We found that rewound foragers do not seem to accumulate path integration vector, although a limited effect of vertical rewinding was found, suggesting a potential higher sensitivity while descending the foraging tree. However, the decrease in navigational efficiency due to capture was larger than the vertical rewinding effect, which along with the negative impact of the vertical surface, and an interaction between capture and rewinding, may suggest aversion rather than path integration caused the vertical rewinding response. Together these results add to the evidence that M. midas makes minimal use of path integration while foraging, and the growing evidence that they are capable of quickly learning from aversive stimulus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that l¹(ℕʌ) is ᵠ-amenable for each multiplicative linear functional ᵠ : l¹(ℕʌ) → C. This is a counterexample to the final corollary of Jaberi and Mahmoodi ['On ᵠ-amenability of dual Banach algebras', Bull. Aust. Math. Soc. 105 (2022), 303-313] and shows that the final theorem in that paper is not valid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of β-adrenergic agonist feed additives, namely two commercially available types of zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) molecules denoted as ZH-A and ZH-B, on the beef quality of feedlot bulls over extended aging periods. The research stems from concerns that zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) may compromise beef quality during exportation by boat as an alternative to the exportation of live animals. Typical South African feedlot bulls were fed a finisher ration supplemented with either ZH-A or ZH-B (both at 105 g ZH/ton) or a negative control (CT) diet during the finishing period. ZH supplementation decreased meat tenderness of both ZH-A and ZH-B treatments compared to the CT when compared at 7, 14, 28, 56 and 120 days of post-mortem aging. ZH supplementation had no effect on meat quality characteristics during post-mortem aging when compared to the CT. The duration of the post-mortem aging period significantly influenced all meat quality characteristics that were investigated, showing improvements in meat tenderness, a decrease in meat colour and an increase in drip and cooking losses from day 56 to 120. This study researched the effects of two commercially available zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) β-adrenergic agonists, denoted as ZH-A and ZH-B, on the meat quality characteristics of typical South African feedlot bulls (taurine × indicus composites), over extended aging periods of up to 120 days. The effects of ZH were studied to address concerns about the possible adverse effects of ZH on beef quality following extended aging, which typically occurs during the exportation of beef by boat. The completely randomized control study consisted of 3 homogenous experimental groups, with 3 replicates per treatment and 50 bulls per replicate = 450 animals. Treatments were a negative control (CT) with no ZH supplementation added to the basal diet or a basal diet supplemented with either zilpaterol hydrochloride A (ZH-A) or zilpaterol hydrochloride B (ZH-B), both at 105 g ZH/ton, fed from the first day of the finishing period (D0) for 30 days. Subsamples were collected from 38 random carcasses from each treatment for proximate analysis and meat quality analysis using Longissimus dorsi samples. ZH supplementation decreased meat tenderness (Warner–Bratzler shear force values (WBSF)) of bulls fed ZH-A or ZH-B, compared to those fed the CT diet (p < 0.05; η2 = 0.24). The WBSF values of both ZH treatments were about 0.5–0.8 kg higher during the aging periods compared to the CT, but ZH did not affect post-mortem meat aging or meat quality characteristics differently compared to the CT. Post-mortem aging per se influenced all meat quality characteristics investigated (p < 0.001; η2 > 0.30), showing improvements in WBSF, a decrease in meat colour and an increase in drip and cooking losses. L*-values increased from 3 to 56 days of aging and then decreased to day 120 (p < 0.001; η2 = 032). Chroma values decreased from day 3 to day 120 (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.50). Hue° decreased from day 3 to day 7 and stabilized until day 120 (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.40). Moisture and cooking loss (CL) increased to 56 days and then decreased to 120 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by a determinantal inequality for partial traces given by Lin [Can Math Bull 59 (2016)], we present some inequalities related to the partial determinants of positive semidefinite block matrices. Some interesting inequalities involving determinants are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine reproduction, including male fertility traits like semen quality, are influenced by a variety of different factors like breed, nutrition, environment, and feeding management. Diet in a crucial determinant, and in this regard although corn silage is generally considered to be a favorable roughage for fattening meat type breeds, it tends to have a negative impact on semen quality. In the current study, alfalfa hay was substituted by corn silage as a roughage source in the diet of bulls to investigate its effects on the fertility of breeding bulls. A feeding trail spanning 140 days was conducted, with semen collection occurring twice a week commencing 60 days after the start of trial. Semen quality parameters, serum antioxidant indexes, sex hormone content in semen, rumen microflora, and sperm transcriptome were characterized. Feeding corn silage enhanced host antioxidant capacity, significantly decreased spermatozoal motility and increased sperm deformity rate in bulls. Furthermore, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) content in semen were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the inhibin B (INHB) content was significantly increased (P < 0.01). Feeding corn silage led to significant changes in the diversity of rumen microbiota of cattle at the phylum and genus levels, some of which were significantly correlated with semen quality. Subsequent RNA sequencing indicated that DHH and PITHD1, two genes related to sperm and reproductive development, were differentially expressed, and enrichment analysis also identified several pathways and biological functions relevant to sperm development and reproduction. These results indicate that feeding corn silage modulates semen quality via different pathways. Firstly, corn silage metabolites likely affect the secretion of INHB through the testicular capillaries, which affects semen quality by regulating genes involved in spermatogenesis. Secondly, low lignin content in silage corn appears to reduce abundance of rumen flora that are positively correlated with semen quality. Overall, results indicate that feeding bulls corn silage as the primary source of forage could negatively impact semen quality and may not be appropriate as the primary roughage of forage for breeding bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elite bull plays an extremely important role in the genetic progression of the dairy cow population. The previous results indicated the potential positive relationship of large scrotal circumference (SC) with improved semen volume, concentration, and motility. In order to improve bull's semen quantity and quality by selection, it is necessary to estimate the genetic parameters of semen traits and their correlations with other conformation traits such as SC that could be used for an indirect selection. In this study, the genetic parameters of seven semen traits (n = 66,260) and nine conformation traits (n = 3,642) of Holstein bulls (n = 453) were estimated by using the bivariate repeatability animal model with the average information-restricted maximum likelihood (AI-REML) approach. The results showed that the estimated heritabilities of semen traits ranged from 0.06 (total number of motile sperm, TNMS) to 0.37 (percentage of abnormal sperm, PAS) and conformation traits ranged from 0.23 (pin width, PW) to 0.69 (hip height, HH). The highest genetic correlations were found between semen volume per ejaculation (SVPE), semen concentration per ejaculation (SCPE), total number of sperm (TNS), and TNMS traits that were 0.97, 0.98, 1.00, and 0.99, respectively. Phenotypic correlations between SC and SVPE, SCPE, TNS, and TNMS were 0.35, 0.35, 0.48, and 0.42, respectively. In summary, the moderate or high heritability of semen traits indicates that genetic improvement of semen quality by selection is feasible, where SC could be a useful trait for indirect selection or as correlated information to improve semen quantity and production in the practical bull breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the impacts of a-amylase (AM) and coated a-amylase (CAM) on bull performance, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation. This study randomized 60 Holstein bulls of 365 ± 11.5 days of age and 457.5 ± 9.35 kg body weight into three groups: without AM addition, adding AM 0.6g/kg dry matter (DM), and adding CAM 0.6gAM/kg DM, separately. This whole experimental period was 80 days, including a 20-day adaptation period and a 60-day data and sample acquisition period. In comparison with the unsupplemented control, dry matter intake (DMI) was unaltered; however, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE) were greater for AM or CAM addition. Bulls receiving AM or CAM supply had greater total-tract nutrient digestibility, ruminal total volatile fatty acids (VFA) content, propionate molar proportion, cellulolytic enzyme and AM activities, and the number of microorganisms. In addition, the activities of AM and trypsin in the jejunum and ileum and glucose, albumin, and total protein concentrations in serum were greater for AM or CAM addition compared to the control. When comparing the supplementation mode of AM, bulls receiving CAM addition had greater ADG and FE. The crude protein and starch digestibility and intestinal AM and trypsin activity were higher, while acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility was lower for CAM addition than for AM addition. The lower propionate molar proportion and cellobiase and carboxymethyl cellulase activities, together with Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Fibrobacter succinogenes populations were observed for CAM addition compared with AM addition. However, there were greater glucose, albumin, and total protein concentrations in serum after adding CAM. According to the data, the supply of AM improved ADG, nutrient digestion, and rumen fermentation. Notably, the optimum supplementation mode was in the form of CAM in bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was investigated the relationship between Holstein bulls' fertility with some biomarkers (amino، fatty، and organic acids) and semen characteristics. The study included exploring the relationship among the fertility of Holstein bulls، several biomarkers، and semen characteristics in straws (20-25 straws/bull) preserved for three years. The cows were artificially inseminated (9-10 cows/bull) from semen. Based on the fertility rate، the bulls were divided into three groups، the first bulls of medium fertility (˂65%)، the second of good fertility (65-79%)، and the third of high fertility (>80%). The semen characteristics were evaluated، and the concentration of some amino acids and organic fatty acids was measured in the seminal plasma of bulls using gas chromatography and HPLC. The results revealed significant differences in the fertility rate among the different groups of bulls in favor of the highly fertile bulls. The results did not show any differences in most of the characteristics of the semen، except for a significant increase in the percentage of live sperm in good bulls compared to highly fertile ones. There were no significant differences for all the concentrations of carboxylic and most amino and fatty acids concentrations، except for an increase in the concentration of glycine acid (P˂0.05) and a decrease in the concentration of omega 9 (P˂0.05) in the highly fertile bulls compared to the medium fertile ones. In conclusion، glycine and omega-9 in the seminal plasma of bulls can be regarded as biomarkers of their fertility and the level of carboxylic acids (volatile fatty acids) can be adopted as an indicator of semen quality or energy level in the diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the current study was to investigate the influence of adding resveratrol (Res) to a milk-based extender on some post-thawed semen quality of Iraqi buffalo bulls for different preservation periods (cooling at 5˚C, 48 h, 1, and 2 months post-cryopreservation; PC). Four bulls, 3.5 to 4 years old, were used from 11th November 2020 to 1st June 2021. Semen samples were collected, pooled, and divided into four groups using different Res concentrations (0, 100, 150, and 200 μM) added to the milk extender. The Res-150 μM group exhibited higher (P≤0.01) plasma membrane, acrosome integrity percentages, and total antioxidants concentration (TAC) compared to the other groups. Sperm abnormalities and DNA damage percentages, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, were lesser (P≤0.01) in the Res-150 μM group. Finally, Res-150 μM added to a milk-based extender increased the percentage of post-thawed live sperm and TAC in seminal plasma and minimized abnormal sperm percentage, DNA damage percentage, and MDA concentration in the seminal plasma of Iraqi buffalo bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Formulating diets using agro-industrial by-product concentrates to increase the growth performance and cost efficiency of Ongole crossbred bulls. Aims. This study was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of agro-industrial by-products of dried cassava powder (DCP), mixed copra meal (CM), palm kernel cake (PKC) and soybean hull (SBH) into rations at low and high levels of feeding on bull liveweight gain and farmer profitability. Methods. Fifty Ongole crossbred bulls with an initial bodyweight (BW) of 227 ± 66.5 kg and aged between 12 and 18 months, were arranged in a randomised complete-block design of five treatments, with 10 heads per treatment. The control group (T0) was provided the current feeding system (CFS) fed ad libitum. The supplemented treatments consisted of CFS ad libitum + concentrate (50% DCP, 25% CM, 25% PKC) at 1% BW/day (T1), CFS ad libitum + concentrate (50% DCP, 25% CM, 25% SBH) at 1% BW/day (T2), CFS ad libitum + concentrate (50% DCP, 25% CM, 25% PKC) at 2% BW/day (T3), CFS ad libitum + concentrate (50% DCP, 25% CM, 25% SBH) at 2% BW/day (T4). The experiment was conducted for 12 weeks. Key results. The BW gain over 12 weeks (kg) for T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 39.5, 56.2, 68.9, 57.5 and 62.1 kg respectively. The income over feed cost was significantly higher in T2. Conclusions. Supplementation with by-products increased bull liveweight gain compared with current feeding practices. A concentrate supplementation of DCP mixed with CM and SBH at 1% BW/day was the most effective and profitable supplementation method to increase income of farmers in this district and there was no advantage of increasing the level of supplement. Implications. A combination of DCP, CM and SBH to form a concentrate supplement and fed at 1% BW/day will increase bull liveweight gain and income of farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antecedentes: Entre os fatores não genéticos, a idade de abate é apontada como o fator mais significativo que influencia as propriedades de qualidade da carne e a quantidade de carne bovina. Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos da idade de abate e tipos de músculos nas características de carcaça e atributos de qualidade da carne de touros da raça Holstein Friesian. Métodos: Touros foram abatidos com 18 meses (grupo jovem=YG) e 24 meses (grupo velho=GO) de idade. No final do período de engorda, foram abatidos os 30 touros (YG=14 cabeças; OG=16 cabeças) que foram engordados numa quinta privada. Em seguida, foram avaliadas as características de carcaça e qualidade da carne dos músculos Longissimus dorsi (LD) e Gluteus medius (GM). Resultados: Foi determinado que os touros podem ser abatidos mais tarde porque suas características de carcaça não foram significativamente afetadas ao longo do tempo. Embora as medidas de gordura da carcaça, como escore de marmoreio, espessura de toucinho, o escore de gordura do European Beef Carcass Classification System (SEUROP) aumentou numericamente com o avanço da idade de abate, apenas o aumento da porcentagem de rim, pelve e coração (KPH) o teor de gordura foi estatisticamente significativo (p<0,05). Touros abatidos aos 24 meses de idade tiveram área LD 13,4% maior (p<0,01) do que os do grupo YG. Os touros Holstein Friesian no grupo OG tiveram peso de abate significativamente (p<0,01) maior, bem como pesos de carcaça quente e fria. No entanto, as porcentagens de rendimento de carcaça quente e fria não foram significativamente afetadas pela idade de abate. Os valores de L* (luminosidade), a* (vermelhidão), b* (amarelamento), croma (intensidade da cor) e matiz da carne de touros da raça Holstein Friesian no grupo OG não diferiram significativamente dos touros no YG grupo. No entanto, os valores de L*, a* e croma do músculo GM foram maiores do que os do músculo LD, enquanto o valor de pH24 do músculo GM foi significativamente (p<0,01) maior do que o do músculo LD. Conclusões: Parece mais vantajoso abater touros aos 24 meses de idade para obter carcaças não apenas mais pesadas, mas também com maior pontuação de marmoreio e mais musculosas e, portanto, mais adequadas às exigências atuais do consumidor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to reconsider some previous explanations, and to propose new reflections on the genesis and function of the hagiographical text known as the Apparitio Sancti Michaelis in Monte Gargano. After a brief consideration of the narrative's environmental setting, the sections of the legend are presented and analysed. The analysis focuses on selected topics: the hagiographer's intention to convey the idea of a cultic substitution in the Gargano, the hagiographical topos of the animal uncovering the divinity, and the symbolic value of the characters involved. The date of the work's composition, its intent, and issues of authorship are therefore examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study comprehensively evaluates the postnatal growth, hematology, telomere length, and semen attributes of multiple clones and re-clone derived from superior buffalo breeding bulls. To the best of our knowledge, we successfully produced multiple clones and a re-clone of an earlier cloned buffalo bull from an embryo developed from an adult bull's skin-derived cell for the first time. The cloned bulls' growth, blood hematology, plasma biochemistry, and telomere length were all shown to be normal at various stages of development. The bulls were used for semen production after being screened for testicular growth and training. Semen characteristics such as volume, concentration, and initial motility of fresh sperm as well as motility and kinetics characteristics such as straightness (STR), average lateral head displacement (ALH), and beat cross frequency (BCF) of frozen-thawed sperms of the cloned bulls were found to be similar to those of non-cloned bulls, including the donor bulls. Additionally, it was found that cloned bulls' functional sperm attributes, including acrosome intactness, mitochondrial membrane potential, and superoxide anion status, were comparable to those of non-cloned bulls. These characteristics are necessary for sperm to pass through the female reproductive system, penetrate the oocyte, and efficiently fertilize. Finally, this study adds to our understanding of the postnatal development, hematology, telomere length, and sperm characteristics of superior buffalo breeding bulls that have been cloned and re-cloned. The findings provide the groundwork for improving cloning practices, refining reproductive procedures, and optimizing the use of cloned genetic material in animal breeding and conservation. • Using skin-derived cells, the study produced multiple clones and effectively re-cloned a buffalo bull, achieving major scientific breakthrough. • Clones of buffalo bulls demonstrated normal postnatal growth, indicating that the cloning procedure had no negative impact on their overall health and development. • The cloned bulls' telomere length, remained within normal ranges, indicating that their cells maintained genetic stability over time. • Multiple clones produce high-quality sperm, a key aspect of their reproductive potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to determine the incidence of fighting cattle farms in the Spanish dehesa, defining those that are in this territory, and quantifying the hectares they occupy and some productive aspects in order to verify the importance of the breeding of the fighting bull in the maintenance and conservation of its biodiversity. To this end, different documentary sources of livestock associations and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food were consulted; and 304 surveys were carried out among fighting bull farmers in the Spanish provinces with dehesa. The area of the dehesa is 3'515,846 ha distributed in the Autonomous Communities of Andalusia, Extremadura, Castile and Leon, Castilla-La Mancha and Madrid, where there are 726 registered fighting cattle farms, although only 631 of them are active in the Stud Book of the Fighting Bovine Breed (2022), with a downward trend in recent years, and with an average census of 144 dams and 9 bulls, a low stocking rate. The estimated number of farms in the dehesa engaged exclusively in fighting bull farming is 581, with an average area of 534 ha and occupying 315,301 ha, representing 8.97 % of the total Spanish dehesa, although it would amount to 347,744 ha (9.89 %) considering the entire farm with the presence of other complementary activities. These farms are located in 358 municipalities, in which 72.61 % of the census is less than 5,000 inhabitants, which could help to fix the rural population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]